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2017 – Maintained high-temperature plasma for 72 seconds, Temperature: 70×106 K, and successfully fully deterred ELM for 34 seconds, using 9.5 MW heating system. 2019 – Maintained high-temperature plasma for 1.5 seconds, Temperature: >100×106 K. 2020, March – Maintained high-temperature plasma for 8 seconds, Temperatur... | Wikipedia - KSTAR - Timeline | 181 | 736 | null |
Section: Organization. The organization is so small that there is only one position under the direction of the president, it's the director general; the secretary general (member of the standing committee of the Nuclear Security Committee). Chair (Deputy Minister level) - Secretary-General (Deputy Chair of the NSSC) - ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear Safety and Security Commission - Organization | 176 | 1,029 | null |
Article: South Korea and weapons of mass destruction. South Korea has the raw materials and equipment to produce a nuclear weapon. However, it has not opted to make one. South Korea has continued on a stated policy of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons since 2004 and has adopted a policy to maintain a nuclear-free Ko... | Wikipedia - South Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Summary | 220 | 1,136 | null |
Section: Early nuclear ambitions. When the United States notified the South Korean administration of its plan to withdraw USFK in July 1970, South Korea first considered the possibility of an independent nuclear program. Under the direction of South Korea's Weapons Exploitation Committee, the country attempted to obtai... | Wikipedia - South Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Early nuclear ambitions | 167 | 912 | null |
Section: Post-NPT programs > Previously unreported experiments. In 1982, scientists at the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute performed an experiment in which they extracted several milligrams of plutonium. Although plutonium has uses other than the manufacture of weapons, the United States later insisted that Sou... | Wikipedia - South Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Post-NPT programs > Previously unreported experiments | 268 | 1,391 | null |
Section: Post-NPT programs > IAEA response. Following Seoul's disclosure of the above incidents, the IAEA launched a full investigation into South Korea's nuclear activities. In a report issued on November 11, 2004, the IAEA described the South Korean government's failure to report its nuclear activities a matter of "s... | Wikipedia - South Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Post-NPT programs > IAEA response | 187 | 920 | null |
Section: American nuclear weapons in South Korea. The US first deployed nuclear weapons to South Korea in 1958, and numbers peaked in the late 1960s at close to 950, including a mix of tactical and strategic weapons. Following its accession to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1985, the government of North Korea ... | Wikipedia - South Korea and weapons of mass destruction - American nuclear weapons in South Korea | 328 | 1,725 | null |
Section: Nuclear-capable state. Although currently, South Korea is under the US nuclear umbrella of protection, it could very well break away and try to develop its own nuclear weapons if necessary. Like Japan, South Korea has the raw materials, technology, and resources to create nuclear weapons. Previous incidents sh... | Wikipedia - South Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear-capable state | 325 | 1,616 | null |
However, if a conflict erupts with the North, South Korea could quickly evolve into a nuclear-armed state and pose even with the North with the support of the US. According to Suh Kune-yull, a professor of nuclear engineering at Seoul National University, “If we decide to stand on our own feet and put our resources tog... | Wikipedia - South Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear-capable state | 286 | 1,444 | null |
Section: Delivery systems. South Korea missile development originates in 1970 with creation of Defense Ministry's research arm the Agency of Defense Development with development starting in 1971 under orders of then president Park Chung Hee. In 1970 South Korea was allowed to service MIM-23 Hawk and MIM-14 Nike Hercule... | Wikipedia - South Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Delivery systems | 313 | 1,641 | null |
In 1995 South Korea requested permission to have 300 km range missiles from the US in line with MTCR with request in 1999 for expansion to 500 km. Development of 300 km range Hyunmoo-2 started in mid to late 1990s with first test in April 1999 with entering service in 2008 as Hyunmoo-2A after restrictions were lifted f... | Wikipedia - South Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Delivery systems | 195 | 947 | null |
Article: Clab. The Clab, also known as Centralt mellanlager för använt kärnbränsle (Swedish for 'Central holding storage for spent nuclear fuel') is an interim radioactive waste repository located at Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant about 25 km north of Oskarshamn. Clab used to be owned by Oskarshamnsverkets Kraftgrupp A... | Wikipedia - Clab - Summary | 248 | 1,132 | null |
Section: Today. After being dismantled, the hall that R1 sat was deemed safe and was used for events like art exhibitions, concerts and music videos due to its interesting aesthetic and acoustics. It is open to the public during limited times for tours. In 2016, the reactor hall was used to film the music video for Ala... | Wikipedia - R1 (nuclear reactor) - Today | 305 | 1,413 | null |
Article: MS Sigyn. M/S Sigyn was a ship that transported spent nuclear fuel and nuclear waste from Swedish nuclear power plants to Clab, the storage facility at Oskarshamn and the waste facilities at Studsvik and Forsmark. She was named after the goddess Sigyn, the mythological wife of Loki. Her name alluded to the rol... | Wikipedia - MS Sigyn - Summary | 306 | 1,306 | null |
Section: Power demand. In 2011, Pricha Karasuddhi, technical adviser for the Nuclear Power Programme Development Office stated that power demand will double in the next 12 years. According to him, if the government goes for nuclear power, it must make a decision to do so now to pave the way for preparation. It is cruci... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Thailand - Power demand | 306 | 1,499 | null |
Section: Protests. On 3 November 2009 anti-nuclear plant protesters in the Tha Chana District of Surat Thani Province dispersed, but demanded the electricity authority carry out a public hearing before proceeding with the construction plan. More than 500 protesters trespassed into a meeting room of the Tha Chana Distri... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Thailand - Protests | 318 | 1,545 | null |
Article: Office of Atoms for Peace. The Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) of Thailand (สำนักงานปรมาณูเพื่อสันติ) in Chatuchak district, Bangkok, Thailand, was established in 1961 as the Office of Atomic Energy for Peace. The OAP serves as the main authority for nuclear research in Thailand. The OAP employs approximately ... | Wikipedia - Office of Atoms for Peace - Summary | 267 | 1,204 | null |
Section: Official response. On Sunday 19 March, radioactive substances were detected in bags containing 24 tonnes of furnace dust from a steel foundry in Kabin Buri that has not been named; the area was immediately cordoned off. Some of the contaminated furnace dust was used as ground-fill inside the steelworks' compou... | Wikipedia - Prachin Buri radiation incident - Official response | 194 | 971 | null |
Section: Risk to public health. Public health and environmental safety concerns were raised about potential exposure to the radioactive substance, categorised as Class 3 by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This means it can cause "permanent injury to a person who handled it, or were otherwise in contact w... | Wikipedia - Prachin Buri radiation incident - Risk to public health | 329 | 1,688 | null |
Article: Samut Prakan radiation accident. A radiation accident occurred in Samut Prakan Province, Thailand in January–February 2000. The accident happened when an insecurely stored unlicensed cobalt-60 radiation source was recovered by scrap metal collectors who, together with a scrapyard worker, subsequently dismantle... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Summary | 233 | 1,185 | null |
Section: Background. Cobalt-60 (60Co) is a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt, with a half-life of 5.27 years, and emits highly penetrating gamma rays. It is commonly used as a radiation source for radiotherapy and equipment sterilization in hospital settings, and also has industrial uses. The device involved in t... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Background | 344 | 1,645 | null |
The old unit and its 60Co source could not be returned either to its original German manufacturer Siemens, which had stopped producing or servicing them, or to the Canadian supplier Nordion, which was not the original manufacturer. Consequently, the hospital sold the old unit to KSE, which already had another licensed ... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Background | 220 | 1,045 | null |
Section: Accident. On 24 January 2000, the part of the radiation therapy unit containing the radiation source was acquired by two scrap collectors, who claimed to have bought it from some strangers as scrap metal for resale. They took it home, planning to dismantle it later. On 1 February, the two, together with anothe... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Accident | 323 | 1,452 | null |
The scrap collectors succeeded in taking the lead cylinder apart, and took the parts to sell at the scrapyard the next day. The scrapyard employees continued to feel sick during the following week, and on 12 February the scrapyard owner, believing the metal to be causing the illness, asked the scrap collector to take i... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Accident | 302 | 1,407 | null |
Section: Response. Upon receiving notification, the OAEP sent two officers to investigate, who met the doctors and patients at the hospital shortly after noon on 18 February. After questioning the scrapyard owner, they searched for the cylindrical metal pieces initially suspected to be the radiation source, but found t... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Response | 345 | 1,759 | null |
A high range radiation dose rate probe was used to screen these metal pieces for radioactivity. A fluorescent screen was used to ultimately determine the exact location of the source, but the team had to wait for cloud cover to reduce moonlight enough to see properly. The source capsule was finally retrieved shortly af... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Response | 238 | 1,174 | null |
Section: Casualties. In total, ten people were admitted to hospital with radiation sickness: the four scrap collectors, the two scrapyard employees, the scrapyard owner, her husband, her mother, and her maid. Of these, four people (those working at the scrapyard) were estimated to have received radiation doses of over ... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Casualties | 264 | 1,236 | null |
Section: Public reaction and aftermath. The accident became a subject of intense news coverage. The origin of the poorly stored radioactive source was traced to KSE, which was charged with possessing radioactive substances without permission and was fined 15,000 baht (about US$450 in 2015). Environmental Litigation and... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Public reaction and aftermath | 328 | 1,587 | null |
It also commented that the lead aprons worn by some members of the response team were not appropriate for use in the situation, as they would not offer adequate protection against ionizing radiation. As public concern over the accident grew while information and education was limited, misconceptions arose about the nat... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Public reaction and aftermath | 346 | 1,808 | null |
Although the symbol was displayed on the teletherapy head, none of those handling the device were aware of its meaning, nor were there written warnings in Thai. Together with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the IAEA developed a new symbol that would serve as an intuitive warning for large sour... | Wikipedia - Samut Prakan radiation accident - Public reaction and aftermath | 343 | 1,796 | null |
Article: ÇNAEM. The Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Center (Turkish: Çekmece Nükleer Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi), known as ÇNAEM, is the primary nuclear research and training center of Turkey. The organization was established on March 6, 1958 as a subunit of Turkish Atomic Energy Administration (Turkish: Türkiye... | Wikipedia - ÇNAEM - Summary | 210 | 890 | null |
Section: Laboratories. SANAEM is accredited to perform following metrology: total alpha and beta radioactivity analysis in drinking water, Tritium analysis in drinking water, analysis of Cs-134 and Cs-137 radionuclides in food, analysis of Ra-226, Th-232, Cs-137 and K-40 radionuclides in earth and building materials, a... | Wikipedia - Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center - Laboratories | 288 | 1,521 | null |
Section: Proton accelerator facility. The country's first proton accelerator facility (Turkish: Proton Hızlandırıcı Tesisi, TAEK-PHT) is housed in a separate building of two stories built on a ground area of 3,100 m2 (33,000 sq ft). The building consists of a cyclotron room, four target rooms, six production laboratori... | Wikipedia - Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center - Proton accelerator facility | 334 | 1,436 | null |
With the proton bombardment following radioisotopes are produced in three separate target rooms: Indium-111, gallium-67, thallium-201 on solid target material, Fluorine-18 on liquid target material, Iodine-123 on evaporated target material. These radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals produced from those radioisotopes ... | Wikipedia - Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center - Proton accelerator facility | 151 | 686 | null |
Article: Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant radioactive dumps. The now-defunct Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant (Ukrainian: Придніпровський хімічний завод, ПХЗ; Prydniprovsky khimichnyi zavod, PHZ, also PChP) in the city of Kamianske, Ukraine, processed uranium ore for the Soviet nuclear program from 1948 through 1991, preparing... | Wikipedia - Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant radioactive dumps - Summary | 344 | 1,552 | null |
From 1946 to 1972, the company was engaged in uranium enrichment (production of its nitrous oxide) - the plant processed 65% of uranium ores in the Soviet Union. Attempts to recycle fuel elements began in 1974, but due to the growing number of oncological diseases in the city, this idea was abandoned. The isolated dump... | Wikipedia - Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant radioactive dumps - Summary | 220 | 1,035 | null |
Section: History. Founders Edward Williams, David Keeling, Steve Garnett, and Ralph McCready formed the society during a meeting held July 1966 at the Prince Alfred pub in Queensway, London. The BNMS began its life as a Nuclear Medicine Society, which was meant to enhance the future prospects of physicians in nuclear m... | Wikipedia - British Nuclear Medicine Society - History | 150 | 711 | null |
Section: Activities. BNMS publishes a monthly journal, Nuclear Medicine Communications. Key events of the society include the biannual conference as well as participation in smaller, subject-specific, meetings and workshops. BNMS publishes a range of guidance documents for nuclear medicine departments including on; pat... | Wikipedia - British Nuclear Medicine Society - Activities | 159 | 858 | null |
Section: Awards and fellowships. The Society sometimes gives awards to individuals and teams in the area of nuclear medicine in UK for using innovation and creativity to improve their service to public. The Society's Norman Veall Medal is offered to those members who contributed to BNMS and the history of nuclear medic... | Wikipedia - British Nuclear Medicine Society - Awards and fellowships | 234 | 1,202 | null |
Section: Terms of reference and function. The terms of reference of COMARE are: "to assess and advise Government and the devolved authorities on the health effects of natural and man-made radiation and to assess the adequacy of the available data and the need for further research". COMARE is an independent expert advis... | Wikipedia - Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment - Terms of reference and function | 212 | 1,179 | null |
Section: CERRIE. The Department of Health and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs asked COMARE to review the risks from internal radiation emitters and advise on any further research required. To help them to do this they set up the Committee Examining Radiation Risks from Internal Emitters (CERRIE) ... | Wikipedia - Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment - CERRIE | 194 | 1,046 | null |
Article: Direct Rail Services. Direct Rail Services (DRS) is a rail freight company in Great Britain, and is one of the publicly owned railway companies in the United Kingdom. DRS was created as a wholly-owned subsidiary of British Nuclear Fuels Ltd (BNFL) during late 1994 with the primary purpose of taking over the ra... | Wikipedia - Direct Rail Services - Summary | 255 | 1,243 | null |
Section: History > Early operations. The origins of Direct Rail Services (DRS) can be traced back to the privatisation of British Rail during the 1990s; British Nuclear Fuels Ltd (BNFL) had a long-standing arrangement with British Rail for the latter to undertake the haulage of nuclear flask traffic, but the pending di... | Wikipedia - Direct Rail Services - History > Early operations | 343 | 1,586 | null |
In May 2020, DRS announced it had launched a new electrified freight route between the Daventry Freight Terminal and Mossend Yard, outside Glasgow. The ownership of DRS was transferred from BNFL to the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), following the creation of the NDA on 1 April 2005 under the terms of the Ener... | Wikipedia - Direct Rail Services - History > Early operations | 331 | 1,494 | null |
Section: History > Passenger services. In 2007, seven Mark 3 carriages from Virgin Trains were refurbished at the Oxley depot. The following year saw the coaches used to operate charter services under the Stobart Rail banner, however, the Stobart Rail operation ceased in July 2008. In June 2009, DRS commenced operating... | Wikipedia - Direct Rail Services - History > Passenger services | 330 | 1,623 | null |
By April 2018, the train was being hauled by Class 57s operated by West Coast Railways, the owner of the Northern Belle, instead. On 9 January 2012, a trial service was introduced for six weeks by the NDA for its workers, with DRS supplying a Class 37 to haul four Mark 2 carriages between Carlisle and Sellafield. Altho... | Wikipedia - Direct Rail Services - History > Passenger services | 336 | 1,548 | null |
Section: Fleet. The initial fleet of locomotives were five Class 20/3s which were overhauled at Brush Traction, Loughborough for their new duties. In 1997, six Class 37/6s were purchased from international high speed passenger operator Eurostar. DRS would later build up an extensive fleet of Class 37 and 47 locomotives... | Wikipedia - Direct Rail Services - Fleet | 349 | 1,504 | null |
On 8 January 2016, DRS announced it would sell 12 of its older locomotives, including one Class 20 locomotive (20312), six Class 37 locomotives (37503/510/521/608/611/670) and five Class 47 locomotives (47810/13/18/28/53) along with two of its Mark 2 coaches. By January 2022, the company was in the process of disposing... | Wikipedia - Direct Rail Services - Fleet | 163 | 608 | null |
Article: Dragon reactor. Dragon was an experimental high temperature gas-cooled reactor at Winfrith in Dorset, England, operated by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). Its purpose was to test fuel and materials for the European High Temperature Reactor programme, which was exploring the use of tristruct... | Wikipedia - Dragon reactor - Summary | 316 | 1,652 | null |
Section: Concept. During the 1950s, the tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) fuel concept became an area of significant interest. In this concept, the nuclear fuel is encapsulated in a ceramic material that is capable of sustaining extremely high temperatures. This ensures the fuel remains encapsulated even if the reactor i... | Wikipedia - Dragon reactor - Concept | 319 | 1,651 | null |
At the time, helium was available in the required quantities only from the USA, who classified it as a strategic material and carefully controlled its international sales. Risley Nuclear Laboratories, developing the carbon dioxide (CO2) cooled Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR), argued that the supply would be a serious... | Wikipedia - Dragon reactor - Concept | 335 | 1,610 | null |
Section: The reactor. The Atomic Energy Establishment at Winfrith was built for the construction and operation of experimental and research nuclear reactors. Dragon used helium gas as the coolant and graphite as the neutron moderator. Fuel was formed into tiny spherical pellets and then coated with ceramics. These were... | Wikipedia - Dragon reactor - The reactor | 302 | 1,547 | null |
Section: Decommissioning. The Winfrith site extended to 129.4 hectares (320 acres) of heathland in rural south Dorset, and nine different experimental reactors were located there. Of the nine reactors, only the Dragon Reactor and the Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor remain, and they are in the process of being deco... | Wikipedia - Dragon reactor - Decommissioning | 180 | 863 | null |
Article: GLEEP. GLEEP, which stood for Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile, was a long-lived experimental nuclear reactor in Oxfordshire, England. Reaching criticality for the first time on 15 August 1947, it was the first reactor to operate in western Europe, and the second in Eurasia, beat only by the F-1 in the US... | Wikipedia - GLEEP - Summary | 329 | 1,553 | null |
Section: Continued use. In 1988, a new system was introduced placing waste in containers rather than clay trenches later covered with stone and soil. In early 2008, Cumbria County Council granted permission for a new vault, Vault 9, to be built to accommodate about 700 ISO steel containers per year and be able to hold ... | Wikipedia - Low Level Waste Repository - Continued use | 211 | 1,064 | null |
Section: Operation. The plant was commissioned in 1964 as both a replacement for the UK's First Generation Reprocessing Plant, and to process spent fuel from the national fleet of Magnox reactors. The First generation Plant was then converted into a pre-handling plant for Magnox reprocessing and was recommissioned in 1... | Wikipedia - Magnox Reprocessing Plant - Operation | 286 | 1,259 | null |
Section: Process. The process used mixer settlers as the basis of the plant operation. The unit comprised a set of mixing compartments where the solvent and aqueous liquids mixed. The mix then passed to an associated settler compartment where the solvent separated from the aqueous and forms two separate layers. These t... | Wikipedia - Magnox Reprocessing Plant - Process | 344 | 1,726 | null |
Section: Present day. As of 2018 the School has over 100 academics, over 1000 undergraduate students, 400 taught full-time and part-time postgraduate students and 200 postgraduate research students. The range of research topics studied by the students covers many areas of engineering, and includes theoretical and compu... | Wikipedia - Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester - Present day | 194 | 1,119 | null |
Section: Work. Research on ionizing radiation included: plutonium exposure; internal dosimetry; radioactive discharges; nuclear accidents and wastes; radon hazards; medical x rays; epidemiology and molecular biology. Research on non-ionizing radiation included the physics and biology of exposure to ultraviolet sources,... | Wikipedia - National Radiological Protection Board - Work | 216 | 1,200 | null |
Article: Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998. The Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998 (c. 7) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to implement and enforce the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty of 1996. It is not yet in force. The Act explicitly declares that to knowi... | Wikipedia - Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998 - Summary | 302 | 1,529 | null |
Section: Building. The archives are housed on former Royal Air Force land adjacent to Wick Airport in Caithness, North-East Scotland. The facility was constructed by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) at the cost of £21 million. The site was chosen from a shortlist of four areas selected by the NDA as being af... | Wikipedia - Nucleus, the Nuclear and Caithness Archives - Building | 247 | 1,179 | null |
Section: Archives > Nuclear archive. The UK nuclear industry archive was previously spread around at least 16 separate sites, often in buildings associated with current or former nuclear power stations. The NDA began looking for a suitable site to accommodate the consolidated records in 2005. Since the opening of Nucle... | Wikipedia - Nucleus, the Nuclear and Caithness Archives - Archives > Nuclear archive | 169 | 893 | null |
Section: Background. PLUTO was one of five reactors on the site. The site was selected as the scientific center for research and development of UK's expanding nuclear programs. Designed by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), the reactor was built by Head Wrightson Processes Ltd, an industrial firm in Te... | Wikipedia - PLUTO reactor - Background | 186 | 861 | null |
Section: Design. PLUTO was based on the design of DIDO and used enriched uranium metal fuel, and heavy water as both neutron moderator and primary coolant. The core was a cylinder with a diameter of 87.5 centimetres (34.4 in) and a height of approximately 61 centimetres (24 in). The radioactive shielding consisted of 0... | Wikipedia - PLUTO reactor - Design | 172 | 755 | null |
Section: Tests Performed. The multipurpose PLUTO reactor had many diverse functions; testing materials for commercial reactors to investigating crystal structures. Its main functions were fuel production, materials testing and sample activation experiments which involved testing the effects of graphite behavior under i... | Wikipedia - PLUTO reactor - Tests Performed | 282 | 1,461 | null |
Section: Decommissioning. PLUTO reactor went critical in 1957 and reached its end of life in 1990. It is expected to be completely dismantled by 2024. Decommissioning is carried out in three stages, as defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Standards. It began with the shutdown of the reactor followin... | Wikipedia - PLUTO reactor - Decommissioning | 156 | 780 | null |
Section: PWR1. The first British naval reactor was the PWR1. It was based on a core and reactor assembly of purely British design. The reactor first went critical in 1965, four years later than planned. Technology transfers under the US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement eventually made Rolls-Royce entirely self-sufficient in... | Wikipedia - Rolls-Royce PWR - PWR1 | 289 | 1,398 | null |
Section: PWR2. The PWR2 was developed for the Vanguard-class Trident missile submarines and is a development of the PWR1. The first PWR2 reactor was completed in 1985 with testing beginning in August 1987 at the Vulcan Naval Reactor Test Establishment. The reactor fuel is highly enriched uranium (HEU) enriched to betwe... | Wikipedia - Rolls-Royce PWR - PWR2 | 325 | 1,599 | null |
In January 2012 radiation was detected in the PWR2 test reactor's coolant water, caused by a microscopic breach in fuel cladding. This discovery led to HMS Vanguard being refueled early and contingency measures being applied to other Vanguard and Astute-class submarines, at a cost of £270 million. This was not revealed... | Wikipedia - Rolls-Royce PWR - PWR2 | 202 | 968 | null |
Section: PWR3. Three propulsion options were considered for the replacement of the Vanguard-class, the Dreadnought-class: PWR2, PWR2b (derivative with improved performance) and PWR3. PWR3 was a new system "based on a US design but using UK reactor technology". The Royal Institution of Naval Architects reported that it ... | Wikipedia - Rolls-Royce PWR - PWR3 | 340 | 1,461 | null |
In June 2012, the MoD awarded Rolls-Royce a £600 million contract to produce reactors for the Dreadnought-class and also for the final boat of the Astute-class HMS Achilles. The MoD also awarded Rolls-Royce a further £500 million to refurbish their Rolls-Royce Marine Power Operations reactor core manufacturing plant at... | Wikipedia - Rolls-Royce PWR - PWR3 | 229 | 1,068 | null |
Article: Rolls-Royce Submarines. Rolls-Royce Submarines, a subsidiary of Rolls-Royce, operates three sites licensed to handle nuclear material, two of which are at Raynesway in Derby, and the other at Vulcan Nuclear Reactor Testing Establishment (NRTE), Dounreay, UK. The Manufacturing Site was licensed in August 1960 a... | Wikipedia - Rolls-Royce Submarines - Summary | 205 | 1,023 | null |
Article: Sceptre (fusion reactor). Sceptre was a series of early fusion power devices based on the Z-pinch concept of plasma confinement, built in the UK starting in 1956. They were the ultimate versions of a series of devices tracing their history to the original pinch machines, built at Imperial College London by Cou... | Wikipedia - Sceptre (fusion reactor) - Summary | 199 | 906 | null |
Section: History > Background. Fusion research in the UK started on a shoestring budget at Imperial College in 1946. When George Paget Thomson failed to gain funding from John Cockcroft's Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), he turned over the project to two students, Stanley (Stan) W. Cousins and Alan Alfred W... | Wikipedia - Sceptre (fusion reactor) - History > Background | 312 | 1,554 | null |
The decision was made to move both teams to secure locations. Imperial team under Ware was set up at the new Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) labs at Aldermaston in November while the Oxford team under Thonemann were moved to UKAEA Harwell. By 1951 there were numerous pinch devices in operation; Cousins and Ware ... | Wikipedia - Sceptre (fusion reactor) - History > Background | 223 | 1,053 | null |
Section: History > Practical work. At Aldermaston, the Imperial team was put under the direction of Thomas Allibone. Compared to the team at Harwell, the Aldermaston team decided to focus on faster pinch systems. Their power supply consisted of a large bank of capacitors with a total capacity of 66,000 Joules (when ful... | Wikipedia - Sceptre (fusion reactor) - History > Practical work | 331 | 1,585 | null |
This version suffered arcing between the two halves. Convinced that the metal tube was the way ahead, the team then started a long series of experiments with different materials and construction techniques to solve the arcing problem. By 1955 they had developed one with 64 segments that showed promise, and using 60 kJ ... | Wikipedia - Sceptre (fusion reactor) - History > Practical work | 324 | 1,620 | null |
Section: History > Sceptre. At Aldermaston, using the same information, Ware's team calculated that with the 60 kJ available in the existing capacitor bank, they would reach the required conditions in a copper-covered quartz tube 2 inches in bore and 10 inches in diameter, or an all-copper version 2 inches in bore and ... | Wikipedia - Sceptre (fusion reactor) - History > Sceptre | 338 | 1,653 | null |
Section: Activities on the site. The site has been making nuclear fuels since the mid-1940s. The site is notable for being the first nuclear plant in the world to produce Magnox fuel for a commercial power station (Calder Hall). The four main activities carried out on the site are: Production of oxide fuels for advance... | Wikipedia - Springfields - Activities on the site | 179 | 865 | null |
Article: Steam-Generating Heavy Water Reactor. The Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor (SGHWR) was a United Kingdom design for commercial nuclear reactors. It uses heavy water as the neutron moderator and normal "light" water as the coolant. The coolant boils in the reactor, like a boiling water reactor, and drives th... | Wikipedia - Steam-Generating Heavy Water Reactor - Summary | 221 | 1,051 | null |
Section: History. SGHWR was a departure from previous UK designs, which had used graphite as the moderator and carbon dioxide gas as the coolant. The original Magnox was designed to run on natural uranium but the subsequent Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) abandoned this for a variety of reasons, using low-enriched ur... | Wikipedia - Steam-Generating Heavy Water Reactor - History | 330 | 1,571 | null |
Section: Design. SGHWR is similar to the Canadian CANDU reactor designs in that it uses a low-pressure reactor vessel containing the moderator and high-pressure piping for the coolant. This both reduces the total amount of expensive heavy water required, as well as reducing the complexity of the reactor vessel, which i... | Wikipedia - Steam-Generating Heavy Water Reactor - Design | 323 | 1,598 | null |
Article: Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant. The Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant, or THORP, is a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield in Cumbria, England. THORP is owned by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority and operated by Sellafield Ltd, the site licensee. Spent nuclear fuel from nuclear reactors was repro... | Wikipedia - Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant - Summary | 218 | 957 | null |
Section: History. Between 1977 and 1978 an inquiry was held into an application by British Nuclear Fuels plc for outline planning permission to build a new plant to reprocess irradiated oxide nuclear fuel from both UK and foreign reactors. The inquiry was to answer three questions: Should oxide fuel from United Kingdom... | Wikipedia - Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant - History | 289 | 1,342 | null |
By early 1998 over 1400 t of irradiated fuel has been reprocessed in THORP, and the plant was steadily and successfully ramped up to its normal operating throughput throughout this time. At this time, the performance of the THORP Chemical Separation Plant had been excellent, above all, the uranium-plutonium separation ... | Wikipedia - Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant - History | 307 | 1,484 | null |
Section: Design. The chemical flowsheet for THORP is designed to add less non-volatile matter to the first cycle PUREX raffinate. One way in which this is done is by avoiding the use of ferrous compounds as plutonium reducing agents. In this plant the reduction is done using either hydrazine or HAN (hydroxylamine nitra... | Wikipedia - Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant - Design | 331 | 1,475 | null |
The 1BXX mixer/settler completes the removal of Pu from the solvent phase. The 1BS column removes any remaining Uranium from the aqueous phase by the use of fresh solvent. Pulsed columns then purify the plutonium, removing the troublesome fission products that remain. A mixer/settler (1C) is used to transfer (washes) t... | Wikipedia - Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant - Design | 233 | 1,091 | null |
Section: 2005 internal leak. On 9 May 2005 it was announced that THORP suffered a large leak of a highly radioactive solution, which had started in July 2004. British Nuclear Group's board of inquiry determined that a design error led to the leak, while a complacent culture at the plant delayed detection for nine month... | Wikipedia - Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant - 2005 internal leak | 350 | 1,796 | null |
Article: Winfrith. Winfrith Atomic Energy Establishment, or AEE Winfrith, was a United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority site near Winfrith Newburgh in Dorset. It covered an area on Winfrith Heath to the west of the village of Wool between the A352 road and the South West Main Line. Winfrith was set up in order to test a... | Wikipedia - Winfrith - Summary | 198 | 912 | null |
Section: Nuclear research. The initial steps that led to the formation of Winfrith began with the creation of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) from the former Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) in 1954. John Cockcroft, in charge of the Research Group, immediately began pressing for a new site t... | Wikipedia - Winfrith - Nuclear research | 329 | 1,655 | null |
To house the staff, they also purchased 153 homes in Bournemouth and Poole for staff to rent, as well as 127 in Weymouth, 100 in Dorchester, 24 in Wareham and 12 in Wool. The Durley Hall Hotel at Branksome Chine was bought in 1958 for single staff and temporary accommodation. Construction began in 1957, and the first l... | Wikipedia - Winfrith - Nuclear research | 348 | 1,662 | null |
NESTOR (Neutron Source Thermal Reactor) built in 1961. Based on the JASON reactor operated by the Hawker Siddeley Nuclear Power Corporation at Langley, Berkshire. NESTOR was a small research reactor which produced a large amount of neutrons making it a useful tool for investigating the design of power-producing reactor... | Wikipedia - Winfrith - Nuclear research | 332 | 1,663 | null |
Section: Winfrith Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor > Design. The largest reactor at Winfrith was a steam-generating heavy water reactor (SGHWR) commonly known as the Winfrith Reactor. It was designed by the UKAEA, and was intended to combine the features of the CANDU reactor and PWR. The core consisted of a bank of... | Wikipedia - Winfrith - Winfrith Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor > Design | 185 | 895 | null |
Article: ZETA (fusion reactor). ZETA, short for Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly, was a major experiment in the early history of fusion power research. Based on the pinch plasma confinement technique, and built at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment in the United Kingdom, ZETA was larger and more powerful than a... | Wikipedia - ZETA (fusion reactor) - Summary | 343 | 1,808 | null |
The neutrons were later explained as being the product of instabilities in the fuel. These instabilities appeared inherent to any similar design, and work on the basic pinch concept as a road to fusion power ended by 1961. Despite ZETA's failure to achieve fusion, the device went on to have a long experimental lifetime... | Wikipedia - ZETA (fusion reactor) - Summary | 174 | 886 | null |
Section: Conceptual development. The basic understanding of nuclear fusion was developed during the 1920s as physicists explored the new science of quantum mechanics. George Gamow's 1928 exploration of quantum tunnelling demonstrated that nuclear reactions could take place at lower energies than classical theory predic... | Wikipedia - ZETA (fusion reactor) - Conceptual development | 323 | 1,663 | null |
Section: Confinement. Taking advantage of this possibility requires the fuel plasma to be held together long enough that these random reactions have time to occur. Like any hot gas, the plasma has an internal pressure and thus tends to expand according to the ideal gas law. For a fusion reactor, the problem is keeping ... | Wikipedia - ZETA (fusion reactor) - Confinement | 348 | 1,718 | null |
Section: Pinch concept. A potential solution to the confinement problem had been detailed in 1934 by Willard Harrison Bennett. Any electric current creates a magnetic field, and due to the Lorentz force, this causes an inward directed force. This was first noticed in lightning rods. Bennett showed that the same effect ... | Wikipedia - ZETA (fusion reactor) - Pinch concept | 313 | 1,512 | null |
The toroidal pinch concept as a route to fusion was explored in the UK during the mid-1940s, especially by George Paget Thomson of Imperial College London. With the formation of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) at Harwell, Oxfordshire, in 1945, Thomson repeatedly petitioned the director, John Cockcroft, ... | Wikipedia - ZETA (fusion reactor) - Pinch concept | 282 | 1,423 | null |
Section: First machines. In 1947, Cockcroft arranged a meeting of several Harwell physicists to study Thomson's latest concepts, including Harwell's director of theoretical physics, Klaus Fuchs. Thomson's concepts were poorly received, especially by Fuchs. When this presentation also failed to gain funding, Thomson pas... | Wikipedia - ZETA (fusion reactor) - First machines | 326 | 1,548 | null |
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