text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Section: By country > Iran. Iran is one of the five countries on Reporters Without Borders' March 2013 list of "State Enemies of the Internet", countries whose governments are involved in naturally active efforts to news providers . The government runs or controls almost all of the country's institutions for regulating... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > Iran | 344 | 1,836 | null |
Section: By country > Netherlands. According to a 2003 report, the Netherlands has the second highest number of wiretaps per capita in the Western world. The Dutch military intelligence service MIVD operates a satellite ground station to intercept foreign satellite links and also a facility to eavesdrop on foreign high... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > Netherlands | 199 | 1,046 | null |
Section: By country > North Korea. Having attained the nickname 'surveillance state', North Korea's government has complete control over all forms of telecommunications and Internet. It is routine to be sent to a prison camp for communicating with the outside world. The government enforces restrictions around the types... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > North Korea | 171 | 890 | null |
Section: By country > Russia. The SORM (and SORM-2) laws enable complete monitoring of any communication, electronic or traditional, by eight state agencies, without warrant. These laws seem to be in conflict with Article 23 of the Constitution of Russia which states: Everyone shall have the right to the inviolability ... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > Russia | 262 | 1,406 | null |
Section: By country > Singapore. Singapore is known as a city of sensors. Singapore's surveillance structure spreads widely from closed-circuit television (CCTV) in public areas even around the neighbourhood, internet monitoring/traffic monitoring and to the use of surveillance metadata for government initiatives. In S... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > Singapore | 333 | 1,769 | null |
Section: By country > Sweden. Prior to 2009, the National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA) was limited to wireless signals intelligence (SIGINT), although it was left largely unregulated. In December 2009, new legislation went into effect, allowing the FRA to monitor cable bound signals passing the Swedish border. Com... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > Sweden | 237 | 1,228 | null |
Section: By country > Syria. Ba'athist government of Syria has been ruling the country as a totalitarian surveillance state, policing every aspect of Syrian society for decades. Commanders of government's security forces – consisting of Syrian Arab Army, secret police, Ba'athist paramilitaries – directly implement the ... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > Syria | 325 | 1,645 | null |
In addition, there are hundreds of thousands of part-time employees and informers in various Syrian intelligence departments. According to estimates, there is one member of various branches of the Ba'athist secret police for every 158 citizens, which is one of the largest ratios in the world. The general intelligence, ... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > Syria | 324 | 1,694 | null |
Section: By country > United Arab Emirates. In October 2016, The Intercept released a report detailing the experience of an Italian security researcher Simone Margaritelli, of allegedly being hired for mass surveillance operations run by United Arab Emirates. According to Margaritelli, he was called for an interview wi... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > United Arab Emirates | 320 | 1,582 | null |
However, soon the project began being used as a surveillance program to spy on rival leaders, critical dissidents and journalists. In December 2019, Google Play Store and Apple App Store removed an Emirati messaging application called ToTok following allegations that it was a state surveillance application, according t... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > United Arab Emirates | 206 | 1,116 | null |
Section: By country > United Kingdom. State surveillance in the United Kingdom has formed part of the public consciousness since the 19th century. The postal espionage crisis of 1844 sparked the first panic over the privacy of citizens. However, in the 20th century, electronic surveillance capabilities grew out of wart... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > United Kingdom | 290 | 1,579 | null |
The Investigatory Powers Tribunal, a judicial oversight body for the intelligence agencies, ruled in December 2014 that the legislative framework in the United Kingdom does not breach the European Convention on Human Rights. However, the Tribunal stated in February 2015 that one particular aspect, the data sharing arra... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > United Kingdom | 341 | 1,946 | null |
In 2002 the UK government announced plans to extend the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act so that at least 28 government departments would be given powers to access metadata about citizens' web, e-mail, telephone and fax records, without a warrant and without a subject's knowledge. The Protection of Freedoms Act 2... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > United Kingdom | 326 | 1,789 | null |
It may yet require amendment as a consequence of legal cases brought before the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. Many advanced nation-states have implemented laws that partially protect citizens from unwarranted intrusion, such as the Human Rights Act 1998, the Data Protect... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > United Kingdom | 264 | 1,391 | null |
Section: By country > United States. Historically, mass surveillance was used as part of wartime censorship to control communications that could damage the war effort and aid the enemy. For example, during the world wars, every international telegram from or to the United States sent through companies such as Western U... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > United States | 326 | 1,675 | null |
Created in 2001 following the anthrax attacks that killed five people, it is a sweeping expansion of a 100-year-old program called "mail cover" which targets people suspected of crimes. The FBI developed the computer programs "Magic Lantern" and CIPAV, which they can remotely install on a computer system, in order to m... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > United States | 338 | 1,768 | null |
government had been conducting electronic surveillance of domestic telephone calls without warrants. In 2013, the existence of the Hemisphere Project, through which AT&T provides telephone call data to federal agencies, became publicly known. Traffic cameras, which were meant to help enforce traffic laws at intersectio... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > United States | 343 | 1,845 | null |
Section: By country > Vietnam. Vietnam is one of the five countries on Reporters Without Borders' March 2013 list of "State Enemies of the Internet", countries whose governments are involved in active, intrusive surveillance of news providers, resulting in grave violations of freedom of information and human rights. Mo... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - By country > Vietnam | 272 | 1,448 | null |
Section: Commercial mass surveillance. As a result of the digital revolution, many aspects of life are now captured and stored in digital form. Concern has been expressed that governments may use this information to conduct mass surveillance on their populations. Commercial mass surveillance often makes use of copyrigh... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - Commercial mass surveillance | 322 | 1,818 | null |
Google, Facebook and others are increasingly becoming more guarded about this data as their reach increases and the data becomes more all inclusive, making it more valuable. New features like geolocation give an even increased admission of monitoring capabilities to large service providers like Google, where they also ... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - Commercial mass surveillance | 332 | 1,754 | null |
The operator one is "required", if you will, and the Google one will be optional. And today I would say, a minority choose to do that, but I think over time a majority will... because of the stored values in the servers and so forth and so on.... Organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation are constantly info... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - Commercial mass surveillance | 283 | 1,376 | null |
Section: Surveillance state. A surveillance state is a country where the government engages in pervasive surveillance of large numbers of its citizens and visitors. Such widespread surveillance is usually justified as being necessary for national security, such as to prevent crime or acts of terrorism, but may also be ... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - Surveillance state | 194 | 1,098 | null |
Section: Surveillance state > Smart cities. The development of smart cities has seen the increased adoption of surveillance technologies by governments, although the primary purpose of surveillance in such cities is to use information and communication technologies to control the urban environment. The implementation o... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - Surveillance state > Smart cities | 292 | 1,682 | null |
Section: Surveillance state > Electronic police state. An electronic police state is a state in which the government aggressively uses electronic technologies to record, collect, store, organize, analyze, search, and distribute information about its citizens. The first use of the term "electronic police state" was like... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - Surveillance state > Electronic police state | 190 | 1,037 | null |
Section: In popular culture. The concept of being monitored by our governments collects a large audience of curious citizens. Mass surveillance has been prominently featured in a wide array of books, films, and other media. Advances in technology over the last century have led to possible social control through the Int... | Wikipedia - Mass surveillance - In popular culture | 347 | 1,744 | null |
Section: Characteristics of the market. E-commerce in Mexico takes place primarily through the use of websites and apps, but it can also be conducted through messaging platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger (sometimes using chatbots), and leads generated on social media. According to estimates in 2016, around 7... | Wikipedia - E-commerce in Mexico - Characteristics of the market | 169 | 860 | null |
Article: Electronic voting by country. Electronic voting by country varies and may include voting machines in polling places, centralized tallying of paper ballots, and internet voting. Many countries use centralized tallying. Some also use electronic voting machines in polling places. Very few use internet voting. Sev... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Summary | 236 | 1,301 | null |
Section: Australia > Internet voting. iVote is a remote electronic voting system in New South Wales that allows eligible voters a chance to vote over the Internet. However, during the New South Wales state election in 2015, there were several reports that over 66,000 electronic votes could have been compromised. Althou... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Australia > Internet voting | 212 | 1,179 | null |
Section: Belgium. Electronic voting in Belgium started in 1991. It is widely used in Belgium for general and municipal elections and has been since 1999. Electronic voting in Belgium has been based on two systems known as Jites and Digivote. Both of these have been characterized as "indirect recording electronic voting... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Belgium | 218 | 1,112 | null |
Section: Brazil. Electronic voting in Brazil was introduced in 1996, when the first tests were carried in the state of Santa Catarina. Since 2000, all Brazilian elections have been fully electronic. By the 2000 and 2002 elections more than 400,000 electronic voting machines were used nationwide in Brazil and the result... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Brazil | 246 | 1,321 | null |
Section: Canada. Federal and provincial elections use paper ballots, but electronic voting has been used since at least the 1990s in some municipalities. Today optical scan voting systems are common in municipal elections. There are no Canadian electronic voting standards. Committee reports and analysis from Nova Scoti... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Canada | 301 | 1,715 | null |
Section: Estonia. Electronic voting was first used in Estonia during the October 2005 local elections. Estonia became the first country to have legally binding general elections using the Internet as a means of casting the vote. The option of voting via the Internet in the local election was available nationally. It wa... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Estonia | 347 | 1,767 | null |
Votes are not considered final until the end of election day, so Estonian citizens can go back and re-cast their votes until election day is officially over. The popularity of online voting in Estonia has increased widely throughout the nation, as in the elections of 2014 and 2015, nearly one third of Estonian votes we... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Estonia | 184 | 996 | null |
Section: Finland. On 24 October 2016 the Finnish government announced it would study the introduction of national online voting. On 21 February 2017 the working group studying Internet voting for Finland launched, with a target date for completion of its work of 30 November 2017. The working group recommended against I... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Finland | 322 | 1,712 | null |
Section: France. In January 2007 France's UMP party held a national presidential primary using both remote electronic voting and with 750 polling stations using touch screen electronic voting over the Internet. The election resulted in over 230,000 votes representing a near 70% turnout. Elections in France utilized rem... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - France | 224 | 1,232 | null |
Section: Germany. In Germany the only accredited voting machines after testing by the PTB for national and local elections are the ESD1 and ESD2 from the Dutch company Nedap. About 2000 of them have been used in the 2005 Bundestag elections covering approximately 2 million voters. These machines differ only in certain ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Germany | 342 | 1,789 | null |
Section: India. Electronic voting was first introduced in 1982 and was used on an experimental basis in the Paravur Assembly constituency in the State of Kerala. However the Supreme Court of India struck down this election as against the law in A. C. Jose v. Sivan Pillai case. Amendments were made to the Representation... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - India | 338 | 1,662 | null |
There were earlier claims regarding EVMs' tamperability and security which have not been proved. After rulings of Delhi High Court, Supreme Court and demands from various political parties, Election Commission of India decided to introduce EVMs with voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system. The VVPAT system was ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - India | 328 | 1,629 | null |
Section: India > Background. From the initial introduction in 1982, to the country-wide use of EVM in 2004, the Election Commission of India took long and measured steps spanning over a period of nearly two decades, in the matter of electronic voting. In the meanwhile, general elections to various legislative assemblie... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - India > Background | 288 | 1,403 | null |
The Commission has in place elaborate administrative measures and procedural checks and balances aimed at total transparency and prevention of any possible misuse or procedural lapses. These measures include rigorous pre-election checking of each EVM by the technicians, two level randomization with the involvement of p... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - India > Background | 308 | 1,575 | null |
Section: Ireland. Ireland bought voting machines from the Dutch company Nedap for about €40 million. The machines were used on a 'pilot' basis in 3 constituencies for the 2002 Irish general election and a referendum on the Treaty of Nice. Following a public report by the Commission on Electronic Voting, then Minister f... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Ireland | 191 | 948 | null |
Section: Kazakhstan. In 2003, the Kazakh Central Election Commission entered into a partnership with the United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus to develop an electronic voting system. This system, known as the Sailau Electronic Voting System (АИС «Сайлау»), saw its first... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Kazakhstan | 260 | 1,276 | null |
Section: Netherlands. From the late 1990s until 2007, voting machines were used extensively in elections. Most areas in the Netherlands used electronic voting in polling places. After security problems with the machines were widely publicized, they were banned in 2007. The most widely used voting machines were produced... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Netherlands | 341 | 1,655 | null |
In the other three polling places combined he received only 11 votes. Only circumstantial evidence could be found, because the voting machine was a direct-recording electronic voting machine; in a poll by a local newspaper the results were totally different. The case is still under prosecution. In September 2007 a comm... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Netherlands | 201 | 1,001 | null |
Section: Norway. The Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development of Norway carried out pilots in three municipalities at local elections in 2011 on voting machines in the polling stations using touch screens. Norway tried to conduct voting by using the online voting method and it “did not increase voter turno... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Norway | 222 | 1,217 | null |
Section: Philippines. In May 2010, the government of the Philippines planned to carry out its first ever entirely electronically tabulated election, using and optical scan voting system. The government invested $160 million into the new system. This included the electronic voting machines, printers, servers, power gene... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Philippines | 344 | 1,845 | null |
Section: Switzerland. Several cantons (Geneva, Neuchâtel and Zürich) have developed Internet voting test projects to allow citizens to vote via the Internet. In 2009 and 2011, the 110,000 Swiss voters living abroad will have the option of voting using the Internet through a new pilot project introduced in September 200... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - Switzerland | 346 | 1,713 | null |
Section: United Arab Emirates > 2011 Federal National Council Elections. After the first electoral experience in the UAE in 2005, the National Election Committee (NEC) approved electronic voting instead of traditional voting procedures as it had been attracting the attention of governments around the world. The same el... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - United Arab Emirates > 2011 Federal National Council Elections | 199 | 1,154 | null |
Section: United Kingdom > Scotland. An optical scan voting system was used to electronically count paper ballots in the Scottish Parliament general election and Scottish council elections in 2007. A report commissioned by the UK Electoral Commission found significant errors in ballot design produced more than 150,000 s... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - United Kingdom > Scotland | 200 | 1,157 | null |
Section: United States. Electronic voting in the United States involves several types of machines: touch screens for voters to mark choices, scanners to read paper ballots, scanners to verify signatures on envelopes of absentee ballots, and web servers to display tallies to the public. Aside from voting, there are also... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting by country - United States | 349 | 1,765 | null |
Section: History. In 2007 SM Lutfar Kabir, head of the ICT division of BUET took the charge of building EVMs and submitted the proposal to the Caretaker government. A EVM manufacturer named Pilab Bangladesh was involved in the project. They proposed to the government to use EVMs in all national elections after its succ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Bangladesh - History | 347 | 1,800 | null |
Article: Electronic voting in Belgium. Electronic voting in Belgium started in 1991 when two locations were chosen to experiment on different electronic voting systems during the 24 November 1991 general elections. The law of 16 July 1991 to permit this experiment was passed by an absolute majority with no opposition a... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Belgium - Summary | 346 | 1,823 | null |
That committee discovered the high dependency of the ministry of interior toward the vendor of the eVoting system. In 2000 the local elections in Auderghem (part of Brussels) were contested in all available Belgian courts and the issue of legality of eVoting was raised before the European Court of Human Rights. The Eur... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Belgium - Summary | 312 | 1,550 | null |
Section: Reported problems. In the elections on 18 May 2003 there was an electronic voting problem reported in Schaerbeek where MARIA (a political party) got 4096 extra votes. The error was only detected because the party had more preferential votes than their own list which is impossible in the voting system. The offi... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Belgium - Reported problems | 237 | 1,171 | null |
Section: Development. The first Brazilian voting machines were developed in 1996 by a Brazilian partnership of three companies Omnitech (previously known as TDA), Microbase and Unisys do Brasil attending the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) RFP for the Brazilian Elections in 1996. This machine was a modified IBM PC 80386... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Brazil - Development | 281 | 1,240 | null |
Section: Concerns. There still remain some questions about the security of the electronic voting system, but no case of election fraud has been uncovered. Critics argue that the voting machines do not produce a receipt for the voter. The application program which verifies the internal integrity of the system is itself ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Brazil - Concerns | 188 | 929 | null |
Section: Process. On the eve of an election, the election authorities in each State select a number of voting machines by lot (all available voting machines take part in that lot, identified by their serial number), and those machines so selected, instead of being used in actual polling stations, are retained in the se... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Brazil - Process | 324 | 1,690 | null |
At the end of the process, then, when all the parties have directed that certain number of votes then chosen are to be registered for each candidate in the audit vote, the votes ordered to be inserted by each party representative for each candidate are added up, and the total number of votes of the mock election is kno... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Brazil - Process | 254 | 1,330 | null |
Section: Benefits. Supporters of the electronic vote claim that unless the fraud were intentionally designed into the machines, it would be impossible to carry an extensive fraud in such a small amount of time. The Brazilian Superior Electoral Court (TSE) regularly promotes an event called Public Safety Test (PST). Any... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Brazil - Benefits | 193 | 1,023 | null |
Section: Federal. There is no electronic or online voting in Canadian federal elections. Paper ballots are hand-counted. For national elections, there is a uniform set of standards for voting. This governing law is the Canada Elections Act. The Act is c. 9, assented to (made law) 31 May 2000. It has been amended severa... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Canada - Federal | 239 | 1,204 | null |
Section: Federal > 2017 Communications Security Establishment Report and Minister of Democratic Institutions Mandate Letter. Released 1 February 2017, the Mandate Letter for incoming Minister of Democratic Institutions Karina Gould signaled concern about cyber threats to the Canadian electoral process: In collaboration... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Canada - Federal > 2017 Communications Security Establishment Report and Minister of Democratic Institutions Mandate Letter | 254 | 1,446 | null |
Section: Provincial > Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia does not permit the use of Internet voting in provincial elections, with the exception of military members deployed outside of Nova Scotia. In a 2013 report, the Election Commission of Nova Scotia concluded that "it is premature to entertain either Internet-based or teleph... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Canada - Provincial > Nova Scotia | 195 | 1,035 | null |
Section: Provincial > Ontario. Ontario does not permit the use of Internet voting in provincial elections. A three-year study of "network voting" concluded in 2013: "At this point, we do not have a viable method of network voting that meets our criteria and protects the integrity of the electoral process." Ontario pilo... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Canada - Provincial > Ontario | 168 | 792 | null |
Section: Municipal > Ontario > 2018 Municipal Elections. Over 150 municipalities in Ontario conducted their elections primarily online, with physical polling stations either abandoned entirely or limited to only a few central polling stations for voters who could not or did not want to vote online. Municipalities contr... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Canada - Municipal > Ontario > 2018 Municipal Elections | 227 | 1,260 | null |
Section: Municipal > Ontario > 2010 Municipal Elections. 44 communities with a combined population of 800,887 used Internet voting as a voting method in the 2010 Ontario municipal elections. CTV reported that 33 municipalities used the Intelivote Internet and telephone voting system. "The online and telephone voting sy... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Canada - Municipal > Ontario > 2010 Municipal Elections | 205 | 1,075 | null |
Section: Municipal > Ontario > Previous Elections. Since 1988, the City of St. Catharines has been using optical scan voting technology for tabulating votes during the Municipal Elections. Jonathon Hollins, Canadian director of Election Systems & Software reports that "Voting on standalone touch-screen machines (Direct... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Canada - Municipal > Ontario > Previous Elections | 185 | 879 | null |
Section: Overview of Estonian internet voting. The Estonian internet voting system builds on the Estonian ID card. The card is a regular and mandatory national identity document as well as a smart card, allowing for both secure remote authentication and legally binding digital signatures using the Estonian state suppor... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Estonia - Overview of Estonian internet voting | 328 | 1,782 | null |
Section: Overview of Estonian internet voting > Transparency and verifiability. According to the recommendations of OSCE/ODIHR election observers, and because of a voting client hacking case brought to the Supreme Court in 2011, Estonia implemented vote verification for individual voters in 2013. Voters verify their ba... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Estonia - Overview of Estonian internet voting > Transparency and verifiability | 337 | 1,784 | null |
Universal tally verification is not a mandatory part of the process, and is conducted by a dedicated data auditor. Tallying the votes with mixnet is done in parallel with plain text extraction of the votes from encrypted envelopes, which are decrypted using the voting commission's secret key and from which the digital ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Estonia - Overview of Estonian internet voting > Transparency and verifiability | 272 | 1,389 | null |
Section: Criticism. Despite praise from Estonian election officials, computer security experts from outside the country who have reviewed the system have criticized it, warning that any voting system that transmits ballots electronically cannot be secure. This criticism was underscored in May 2014, when a team of inter... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Estonia - Criticism | 301 | 1,610 | null |
The main author of a white paper on Estonian electronic voting from 2001, Helger Lipmaa, criticized the system, and wrote in a 2011 blog post that he used paper ballot on that year's election. The main author of the second white paper on Estonian electronic voting from 2001, Tanel Tammet, has been campaigning for the o... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Estonia - Criticism | 325 | 1,752 | null |
In 2013 Free Software Foundation Europe criticized partial publishing of the source code of e-voting system and for using non-software licenses for publication. FSFE also suggests researching into solutions that lessen reliance on system administrators and instead build the system on cryptographic models of trust. Sinc... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Estonia - Criticism | 320 | 1,594 | null |
Being only one among 176,491 e-voters to do it, the activist explained to the media that client application source code should be opened up and taught as part of general education in public schools to make people trust e-voting. Later negotiating with electoral commission, an activist went on to stress that end-to-end ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Estonia - Criticism | 331 | 1,716 | null |
After contested 2023 parliamentary elections the distrust in e-voting reached 40% of the population and parliamentary filibuster that lasted until 2024. After series election complaints the Supreme Court repeated their 2019 prescription to stipulate important parts of e-voting in law. Estonian election observers demand... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Estonia - Criticism | 350 | 1,866 | null |
After the findings were presented in Estonian media in early 2025, the supervisor of the student with the authorities engaged in media campaign to claim that manipulation was outruled by manual checks. In October 2024 the Standing Committee on Cybersecurity of the Academy of Sciences introduced its risk analysis for Es... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Estonia - Criticism | 190 | 1,027 | null |
Article: Electronic voting in India. Electronic voting is the standard means of conducting elections using Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) in India. The system was developed for the Election Commission of India by state-owned Electronics Corporation of India and Bharat Electronics. Starting in the late 1990s, they we... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - Summary | 337 | 1,793 | null |
After the 2019 ruling by the Supreme Court, EVMs with accompanying VVPAT are used in all the elections with a small percentage (2%) of the VVPATs verified to ensure the reliability before certifying the final results. The Election Commission of India has also claimed that the machines, system checks, safeguard procedur... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - Summary | 171 | 820 | null |
Section: History > Design and introduction. The idea of using an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) was proposed in 1977 and Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL) was tasked with the development of the same. A working model was evolved in 1979 and was showcased to various political parties in August 1980. Bharat Electro... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - History > Design and introduction | 230 | 1,134 | null |
Section: History > Wider adoption. Post the court ruling, as there was no provision explicitly permitting the usage of EVMs, it was not deployed immediately. An amendment to the Representation of the People Act, 1951 which allowed the usage of EVMs, was passed by the Parliament of India in December 1988 and came into f... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - History > Wider adoption | 221 | 1,126 | null |
Section: History > Further improvements. As it was possible to know how many people from a polling station exactly voted for a candidate, there was a probability that a winning candidate might show favoritism or hold a grudge on specific areas depending on the votes received. In order to mitigate the issue, a totaliser... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - History > Further improvements | 320 | 1,553 | null |
Section: Design and technology. The EVM was designed by a team led by A.G. Rao and Ravi Poovaiah, professors at IIT Bombay. An EVM consists of two units, a control unit, and the ballot unit which are connected by a cable. The ballot unit facilitates the actual voting by a voter and consists of a ballot paper screen wit... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - Design and technology | 326 | 1,622 | null |
Section: Usage. The EVMs are inventoried and stored at secure locations when not in use. They are tracked by the Election Commission of India on a real-time basis and distributed randomly to the polling booths. In 2017, the Election Commission decided to replace all first generation machines and most of the machines in... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - Usage | 348 | 1,783 | null |
With the VVPAT system, when a vote is cast, it is recorded in its memory and simultaneously a serial number and vote data is printed out for the voter to verify the same. The Election Commission maintains a database of thumb impressions and signatures of the voters along with identification, which is matched in order t... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - Usage | 212 | 1,088 | null |
Section: Cost and efficiency. The manufacturing cost per EVM was ₹5,500 (equivalent to ₹59,000 or US$690 in 2023) for the first batch of machines that were purchased in 1989–90. The cost of the production of later models was estimated to be ₹8,670 (equivalent to ₹28,000 or US$330 in 2023) in 2006. The cost was estimate... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - Cost and efficiency | 255 | 1,131 | null |
Section: Reliability. The use of EVMs and questions of their reliability have been raised by academics and politicians. In February 2010, an international conference held under the chairmanship of Subramanian Swamy blamed the Election Commission for shirking from its responsibility on proving the transparency of EVMs. ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - Reliability | 338 | 1,822 | null |
In the same year, the Election Commission organized an open hackathon encouraging people to attempt hacking of EVMs used by the commission in various Indian elections. While the Commission announced that no attempts were made to demonstrate any vulnerabilities in the event, the registered participants claimed that the ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in India - Reliability | 318 | 1,809 | null |
Section: Background. At the 17 May 2002 general election, electronic voting machines were used in three of 42 constituencies (Dublin North, Dublin West and Meath) on a trial basis, with the intention that it would be extended to the whole country for future elections. For the 19 October 2002 referendum on the Treaty of... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the Republic of Ireland - Background | 199 | 1,048 | null |
Section: Proposed implementation. Following the 2002 trial of the machines, in 2004 the government undertook plans to introduce a nationwide electronic voting system for the local and European Parliament elections. The proposed change was under the supervision of then Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Go... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the Republic of Ireland - Proposed implementation | 226 | 1,355 | null |
Section: Scrapping of project. The prime issue was the lack of verifiability by the absence of an audit mechanism or verified paper trail. The former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern had defended the flawed system in the Dáil, bemoaning the use of "stupid old pencils". The voting machines bought by the government from Dutch firm... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the Republic of Ireland - Scrapping of project | 324 | 1,541 | null |
Article: Electronic voting in Switzerland. Electronic voting in Switzerland started in 2003 in the canton of Geneva, where the residents of Anières cast their vote using the Internet. This was the first trial of e-voting in Switzerland. In the following years, the number of people able to use electronic voting grew as ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Summary | 256 | 1,319 | null |
Section: History. During the late 1990s, the idea of modernizing elections by providing a remote form of voting spread among European countries. In that matter, Switzerland was no exception, but unlike others it had already been using a form of remote voting systems, the postal voting. It was previously well establishe... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - History | 329 | 1,826 | null |
In Geneva and Zürich cases, there is no initial registration required since the voters are mailed the necessary information before every election. The first internet voting trials were conducted in 2003 in a municipality of Geneva, and within two years Zürich and Neuchâtel had also held their first trials. In the early... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - History | 323 | 1,725 | null |
However, what is interesting is that all Swiss cantons can make internet voting available to their expatriate voters even if their own domestic residents are not yet allowed. By 2009 Basel-City had become the first of the non-pilot cantons to use it for its voters abroad and within a two years timeframe by nine other c... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - History | 204 | 929 | null |
Section: Usage of internet voting (2003–2015). The argument that internet voting would increase voter turnout was frequently used in parliamentary debates by advocates; also its high usage would justify the means such as the high financial costs and allocated resources. To keep track of the internet voting usage rates ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Usage of internet voting (2003–2015) | 340 | 1,745 | null |
However, a small-sized increase in e-voting is observed in 2011, which can be explained by the introduction of the opportunity to file taxes electronically through the same e-government portal, which seem to enticed some citizens to try and use internet voting. Usage rates of the expatriate have a growth rate of 2% eac... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Usage of internet voting (2003–2015) | 232 | 1,108 | null |
Section: Socio-demographic profile of internet voters > Education. Like the other factors, education is also positively correlated to internet voting usage. People with the highest educational attainment tend to be the most over-represented. According to a study for instance, more than one-third of voters with a univer... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Socio-demographic profile of internet voters > Education | 152 | 819 | null |
Section: Advantages and disadvantages > Advantages. Convenience E-voting is a location and time-independent way of voting, which makes it extremely comfortable and convenient for voters who have the means. Increasing participation E-voting offers people an alternative way of voting for those who may not be able to use ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Advantages and disadvantages > Advantages | 250 | 1,382 | null |
Section: Advantages and disadvantages > Disadvantages. High investment costs The development of the infrastructure of e-voting is costly, since it includes computers, building up servers, hiring experts and buying the software. For example, the cost of the pilot system used in Zürich during 2004-2006 amounted to 7.9 mi... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Advantages and disadvantages > Disadvantages | 337 | 1,693 | null |
Section: Case analysis. An important motivation for the Swiss government to pass e-voting is fast changes in information and communications technologies and indeed political life. Switzerland considered e-voting to make participation in elections easier, add new and appealing forms of participation, increase participat... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Case analysis | 265 | 1,342 | null |
Section: Case analysis > Geneva Case. Geneva is considered as a “designated candidate” for the introduction of e-voting for several different reasons. One is the fact that there is a centralized electronic voting registry. In Geneva, local voters’ registries have been linked electronically since before the start of the... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Case analysis > Geneva Case | 342 | 1,772 | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.