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Two keys are necessary in order to open the electronic ballot box. To ensure security, different political parties have the keys. It is impossible to match a ballot and a voter because voter's identity and ballot are kept in two distinct files. E-voting lasts 3 weeks and ends the day before the election. Geneva's syste... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Case analysis > Geneva Case | 234 | 1,181 | null |
Section: Case analysis > Zürich Case. The e-voting project in the canton of Zürich was launched in 2002. The very first implementations of the Zürich's system were introduced for student elections at University of Zürich in 2004. Following the system's success in student elections, it was tested out for public election... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Case analysis > Zürich Case | 258 | 1,294 | null |
Section: Case analysis > Swiss Post System. Swiss Post's e-voting system is designed by Barcelona-based company Scytl. In this system, voters authenticate themselves to the voting website using their birthdate and an initialization code they receive from Swiss Post by mail. After voters make their selections, the votes... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Case analysis > Swiss Post System | 167 | 859 | null |
Section: Security measurements. Switzerland doesn't expect e-voting to be %100 secure but it has to be as secure and reliable as the traditional voting methods (i.e. postal voting and voting at polling stations). Articles 27a-27q of the Order on Political Rights indicate security measurements needed to be fulfilled to ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Security measurements | 350 | 1,771 | null |
In this case, an attacker may access all the data stored in the computer including any personal information and be able to manipulate them. In the existence of such a malware, elections can be influenced by malware by storing data transmitted during the voting process, simulating the voting process and vote later, or v... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Security measurements | 306 | 1,610 | null |
Section: Opinion of the swiss public > General opinion. According to a survey conducted in 2016, the Swiss public generally thinks that introducing the possibility of voting electronically would be an improvement to the voting system, although this opinion is nuanced. Age class and region have a different view. Older p... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Opinion of the swiss public > General opinion | 284 | 1,442 | null |
Section: Opinion of the swiss public > Trust in E-voting. The Swiss population shows greater trust in voting at the polling station or with the postal system than via the internet. This result can be expected since most voters do not have access to such a system, and therefore no experience with it. Although the skepti... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in Switzerland - Opinion of the swiss public > Trust in E-voting | 175 | 829 | null |
Section: Voluntary guidelines. The Election Assistance Commission (EAC) is an independent agency of the United States government which developed the 2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG). These guidelines address some of the security and accessibility needs of elections. The EAC also accredits three test labor... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Voluntary guidelines | 247 | 1,282 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting. In an optical scan voting system, each voter's choices are marked on one or more pieces of paper, which then go through a scanner. The scanner creates an electronic image of each ballot, interprets it, creates a tally for each candidate, and usually stores the image for later review. The... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting | 333 | 1,625 | null |
Hand-marked paper ballots more clearly have been reviewed by voters, but some places allow correction fluid and tape so ballots can be changed later. Two companies, Hart and Clear Ballot, have scanners which count the printed names, which voters had a chance to check, rather than bar codes and QR codes, which voters ar... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting | 156 | 763 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting > Errors in ballot marking devices. Ballot marking devices display contests and candidates on a screen where voters can make, change and check selections before printing the choices on paper to put in a ballot box. The election worker provides a code for each voter, to tell the machine wh... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in ballot marking devices | 291 | 1,450 | null |
In a 2022 election in Marietta, GA, up to 157 voters were presented lists of contests which were partly in error, due to recent changes in district boundaries. In a 2019 election in Philadelphia, PA, 40% of polling locations had problems with BMDs, including "touchscreens that were hypersensitive or that froze; paper v... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in ballot marking devices | 158 | 767 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans. Some scanners have a row of photo-sensors which the paper ballot passes by, and they record light and dark pixels from the ballot. Other scanners work by scanning the ballot to create an electronic image (i.e. a picture) of the ballot. Then the resulting image (... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans | 252 | 1,130 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2024. In the 2024 general election in Sandoval County, NM, the memory device from one precinct became unreadable when a worker mishandled it, totals were inconsistent, and two voting machines were used without seals. Officials certified results anyway, and one ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2024 | 315 | 1,549 | null |
Polls stayed open late and ballots were counted later. In the 2024 general election in Nevada and Shasta Counties, CA, bar codes on the edges of ballots which tell machines the "style" or contests on the ballot were imprecisely printed ("ink overspray") by Runbeck, the ballot printing company, so scanners could not rea... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2024 | 303 | 1,464 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2022. In a 2022 election in Monmouth County, NJ, software did not notice when staff uploaded six flashdrives of ballot images twice, which added more votes to candidates and switched a school board winner. It was caught by a council member who thought the numbe... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2022 | 313 | 1,538 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2021. in a 2021 election in Williamson, TN, precinct scanners had two errors: They misread QR codes, mistakenly classifying some ballots as provisional and not to be tallied, then kept that not-to-be tallied classification for later ballots, so large numbers of... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2021 | 196 | 960 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2020. in 2020 elections in Collier and Volusia Counties, FL, the election's optical scanners mis-interpreted voters' marks on 0.1% and 0.2% of ballot sheets respectively. These were not enough to change any outcomes, and involved voters' marks which barely touc... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2020 | 270 | 1,350 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2010-2019. In a 2019 election in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, the software under-counted one candidate by 99%, reporting 164 votes, compared to 26,142 found in a subsequent hand-count, which changed the candidate's loss to a win. In 2018 scanners in variou... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2010-2019 | 335 | 1,616 | null |
In 2016 Wisconsin elections statewide, some voting machines did not detect some of the inks used by voters. In a 2016 Rhode Island election in Foster and North Kingstown, ballot formatting errors resulted in obviously wrong results for a ballot question, which was noticed and quickly corrected. Fear that other incorrec... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > 2010-2019 | 261 | 1,308 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > Before 2010. Errors from 2002 to 2008 were listed and analyzed by the Brennan Center for Justice in 2010. Errors before 2006 were listed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation in 2006. In a 2004 Yakima, Washington, election 24 voters' choices on 4 races were ign... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Errors in optical scans > Before 2010 | 291 | 1,522 | null |
Section: Optical scan counting > Cost of scanning systems. If most voters mark their own paper ballots and one marking device is available at each polling place for voters with disabilities, Georgia's total cost of machines and maintenance for 10 years, starting 2020, has been estimated at $12 per voter ($84 million to... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Optical scan counting > Cost of scanning systems | 309 | 1,552 | null |
Section: Direct-recording electronic counting. A touch screen displays choices to the voter, who selects choices, and can change their mind as often as needed, before casting the vote. Staff initialize each voter once on the machine, to avoid repeat voting. Voting data and ballot images are recorded in memory component... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Direct-recording electronic counting | 225 | 1,059 | null |
Section: Direct-recording electronic counting > Errors in direct-recording electronic voting. This approach can have software errors. It does not include scanners, so there are no scanner errors. When there is no paper record, it is hard to notice or research most errors. The only forensic examination which has been do... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Direct-recording electronic counting > Errors in direct-recording electronic voting | 314 | 1,645 | null |
There were also votes lost by garbled transmissions, which the state election commission saw but did not report as an issue. 49 machines reported that their three internal memory counts disagreed, an average of 240 errors per machine, but the machines stayed in use, and the state evaluation did not report the issue, an... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Direct-recording electronic counting > Errors in direct-recording electronic voting | 342 | 1,635 | null |
In another precinct 20 extra memory cards were uploaded before polls closed. The central election management system let the number of memory cards be changed by hand, and reducing it could erase memory cards which had been loaded. In a 2011 Fairfield Township, New Jersey, election a programming error in a machine witho... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Direct-recording electronic counting > Errors in direct-recording electronic voting | 187 | 995 | null |
Section: Online, email and fax voting > Receiving ballots online. In many states, voters with a computer and printer can download a ballot to their computer, fill it out on the computer, print it and mail it back. This "remote access vote by mail" (RAVBM) avoids transmitting votes online, while letting distant voters a... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Online, email and fax voting > Receiving ballots online | 350 | 1,675 | null |
Alternatives for local voters with disabilities are to use a ballot marking device (BMD) at a polling place, if they can get there, or have election staff bring a BMD and ballot box to the voter. The voter's printer does not necessarily use the weight and size of paper expected by the election scanners, so, after separ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Online, email and fax voting > Receiving ballots online | 163 | 815 | null |
Section: Online, email and fax voting > Individuals voting online. States which allow individual voters to submit completed ballots electronically in the United States are: Hawaii allows email voting by any permanent absentee voter who has not received a ballot by five days before an election Idaho allows email and fax... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Online, email and fax voting > Individuals voting online | 282 | 1,256 | null |
Section: Online, email and fax voting > Problems in online voting. Security experts have found security problems in every attempt at online voting, including systems in Australia, Estonia, Switzerland, Russia, and the United States. in 2019-2020 researchers found insecurities in online voting systems from Voatz, and De... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Online, email and fax voting > Problems in online voting | 248 | 1,307 | null |
Section: Electronic processing of postal and absentee ballots. Checking signatures on envelopes of absentee ballots is hard, and is often computerized in jurisdictions with many absentee ballots. The envelope is scanned, and the voter's signature on the outside of the envelope is instantly compared with one or more sig... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Electronic processing of postal and absentee ballots | 345 | 1,860 | null |
Where reasons for rejection were known, in 2018, 114,000 ballots arrived late, 67,000 failed signature verification, 55,000 lacked voter signatures, and 11,000 lacked witness signatures in states which require them. The intent of the signature verification step was to catch and reject forged signatures on ballot envelo... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Electronic processing of postal and absentee ballots | 232 | 1,228 | null |
Section: E-pollbooks. An electronic pollbook, also known as an e-pollbook, is a combination of hardware and software which maintains voter register information at a polling place to check if each voter is registered and has not already voted in the election. When voters have a choice of multiple vote centers where they... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - E-pollbooks | 212 | 1,025 | null |
Section: State and local websites for election results. Election offices display election results on the web by transferring USB drives between offline election computers, and online computers which display results to the public. USB drives can take infections from the online computers to the election computers. Local ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - State and local websites for election results | 350 | 1,902 | null |
Section: Election security > Decentralized system. In 2016 Homeland Security and the Director of National Intelligence said that United States elections are hard to hack, because they are decentralized, with many types of machines and thousands of separate election offices operating under 51 sets of state laws. Others ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Election security > Decentralized system | 155 | 832 | null |
Section: Election security > Security reviews. The Brennan Center summarized almost 200 errors in election machines from 2002 to 2008, many of which happened repeatedly in different jurisdictions, which had no clearinghouse to learn from each other. More errors have happened since then. Cleveland State University liste... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Election security > Security reviews | 291 | 1,557 | null |
Section: Election security > Audits. Five states check all contests by hand tallies in a small percent of locations, AK, CA, PA, UT, WV, though California excludes about half the ballots, the ones counted after election day, and Alaska excludes small precincts. Two states check all contests by machines independent of t... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Election security > Audits | 227 | 1,011 | null |
Section: Election security > Public attitudes. The Pew Research Center found in October 2018 wide mistrust of election security in both parties, especially among Democrats 8% of voters were "very confident that election systems are secure from hacking and other technological threats". 37% were "somewhat confident", and... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Election security > Public attitudes | 315 | 1,526 | null |
For any of the foreign actions (hacks, contributions or lies), 72% of voters support economic sanctions, 59% support cutting diplomatic relations, 25% support a military threat, and 15% support a military strike. There was less support for action, by 4-20 percentage points, if the foreign country helped one's own party... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Election security > Public attitudes | 210 | 1,018 | null |
Section: Election companies. Many election companies are members of the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's Election Infrastructure Subsector Council. Three vendors sell most of the machines used for voting and for counting votes. As of September 2016, the American Election Systems & Software (ES&S)... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Election companies | 335 | 1,676 | null |
Section: Timeline of development. 1964: The Norden-Coleman optical scan voting system, the first such system to see actual use, was adopted for use in Orange County, California. 1974: The Video Voter, the first DRE voting machine used in a government election, developed by the Frank Thornber Company in Chicago, Illinoi... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Timeline of development | 339 | 1,640 | null |
Computer experts in Leon County, Fl lead a simulation where they changed the outcome of a mock election by tampering with the tabulator without leaving evidence of their actions. September 13, 2006: It was demonstrated that Diebold Electronic Voting Machine can be hacked in less than a minute. Princeton's Professor of ... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Timeline of development | 298 | 1,488 | null |
Section: Legislation. In the summer of 2004, the Legislative Affairs Committee of the Association of Information Technology Professionals issued a nine-point proposal for national standards for electronic voting. In an accompanying article, the committee's chair, Charles Oriez, described some of the problems that had a... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Legislation | 339 | 1,806 | null |
Currently, this bill has been turned over to the United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration and a vote date has not been set. During 2008, Congressman Holt, because of an increasing concern regarding the insecurities surrounding the use of electronic voting technology, submitted additional bills to Cong... | Wikipedia - Electronic voting in the United States - Legislation | 292 | 1,534 | null |
Section: History. Geographic information systems (GIS) first became widely available in the 1980s and 1990s, when the only source of geographic data for China was paper maps. Several universities undertook the task of digitizing this information so researchers could use it. The two earliest projects were conducted by T... | Wikipedia - Geographic information systems in China - History | 230 | 1,139 | null |
Section: Industry. The GIS industry in China is worth 400 billion yuan per annum as of November 2007. More than 300,000 people were involved in either building or using these systems, according to Zondy Cyber Group president Wu Xincai, who is also the president of the China Association for Geographic Information System... | Wikipedia - Geographic information systems in China - Industry | 216 | 1,087 | null |
Section: Internet. Internet access is available only through the national telephone company, Andorra Telecom (formerly STA). Access was first provided in the 1990s by dial-up, but this has since been mostly replaced throughout the country by ADSL at a fixed speed of 2 Mbit/s, and in metropolitan areas of the country by... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Andorra - Internet | 203 | 875 | null |
Section: Net neutrality. As it stands now, Ghana does not have any provisions on net neutrality. This has raised concerns and brought together netizens and tech firms to protest for this provision in Ghana Ghana has however faced a net neutrality crisis in the past. This was as a result of the NCA wanting to ban sites ... | Wikipedia - Ghana Internet Policy - Net neutrality | 164 | 816 | null |
Section: New media use. Ghanaian state digital technology and communications technologies corporation Rlg Communications manufactures, exports and provides tablet computers, smart phones among a host of digital electronics for individuals in Ghana and countries throughout the Africa continent and New Media in Ghana has... | Wikipedia - New media in Ghana - New media use | 282 | 1,627 | null |
The recommendations were subsequently approved, which cleared the way for the government to implement several e-learning, e-government and national-based IT initiatives in 2012; the Ghana Open Data Initiative and National Information Technology Agency (NITA) in 2008, as well as a national ICT infrastructure roll-out. T... | Wikipedia - New media in Ghana - New media use | 315 | 1,667 | null |
Section: Telephones. Calling code: +504 International call prefix: 00 Main lines: 610,000 lines in use, 91st in the world (2012). Mobile cellular: 7.4 million lines, 93rd in the world (2012). Telephone system: fixed-line connections increasing but still limited; competition among multiple providers of mobile-cellular s... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Honduras - Telephones | 326 | 1,508 | null |
Section: Internet. Top-level domain: .hn Internet users: 1.5 million users, 105th in the world; 18.1% of the population, 147th in the world (2012). Fixed broadband: 64,216 subscriptions, 108th in the world; 0.8% of the population, 144th in the world (2012). Wireless broadband: 347,217, 103rd in the world; 4.2% of the p... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Honduras - Internet | 215 | 802 | null |
Section: Internet > Internet censorship and surveillance. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without judicial oversight. The constitution and laws provide for freedom of speech and press, and the government genera... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Honduras - Internet > Internet censorship and surveillance | 240 | 1,337 | null |
Section: Early history. The first telegraph station on Hungarian territory was opened in December 1847 in Pressburg/ Pozsony /Bratislava/. In 1848, during the Hungarian Revolution, another telegraph centre was built in Buda to connect the most important governmental centres. The first telegraph connection between Vienn... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Hungary - Early history | 340 | 1,717 | null |
Section: Telephone. Calling code: 36 International call prefix: 00 Main lines: 3.0 million lines in use, 51st in the world (2012). Mobile network: 11.6 million lines, 72nd in the world, 117 lines per 100 persons (2012). Telephone system: modernized and capable of satisfying all requests for telecommunication service; d... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Hungary - Telephone | 195 | 936 | null |
Section: Internet > Mobile broadband. Wireless broadband: 2.3 million subscriptions, 61st in the world; 23.1% of the population, 64th in the world (2012). The mobile broadband providers include: Yettel: Services: LTE/HSDPA/3G/EDGE/GPRS/GSM solutions to use your mobile phone to connect to the Internet. Technologies: WCD... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Hungary - Internet > Mobile broadband | 267 | 980 | null |
Section: Internet > Internet censorship and surveillance. There is no OpenNet Initiative (ONI) country profile, but Hungary is shown as no evidence of filtering in all areas (political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools) on the ONI global Internet filtering maps. There are no reports that the government mon... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Hungary - Internet > Internet censorship and surveillance | 288 | 1,532 | null |
Section: Internet > Internet tax and protests. In October 2014, thousands of Hungarians protested in Budapest against a planned new tax on Internet data transfers, which they said would not only increase the tax burden but would also curb fundamental democratic rights and freedoms. The draft tax bill contains a provisi... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Hungary - Internet > Internet tax and protests | 257 | 1,232 | null |
Section: Status. Internet users: 707,871 users, 125th in the world; 10.7% of the population, 169th in the world (2012). Fixed broadband: 96,291 subscribers, 101st in the world; 1.5% of the population, 134th in the world (2012). Mobile broadband: 50,648 subscribers, 124th in the world; 0.8% of the population, 134th in t... | Wikipedia - Internet in Laos - Status | 206 | 774 | null |
Section: Censorship and surveillance. Laos is included in the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) Regional Overview for Asia (2009). ONI found no evidence of Internet filtering in the political, social, conflict/security, and tools areas based on testing performed in 2011. The government controls domestic Internet servers and spo... | Wikipedia - Internet in Laos - Censorship and surveillance | 269 | 1,546 | null |
Section: Internet and digital progress > Fixed broadband. As of 2022, Latvia has achieved 92% household coverage with Fixed Very High Capacity Network (VHCN), surpassing the EU average of 73%, and 91% coverage with Fibre to the Premises (FTTP), well above the EU's 56%. The uptake of broadband services at speeds of at l... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Latvia - Internet and digital progress > Fixed broadband | 207 | 913 | null |
Section: Internet and digital progress > Mobile broadband. In Latvia, mobile broadband adoption was at 86% among individuals in 2021, just below the EU average of 87%. By mid-2022, 5G coverage in Latvia had reached 42% of populated areas, which is considerably lower than the EU average of 81%. The allocation of 5G spec... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Latvia - Internet and digital progress > Mobile broadband | 150 | 690 | null |
Section: Internet and digital progress > Digital public services. In 2022, 77% of internet users in Latvia utilized e-government services, higher than the EU average of 74%. The country achieved scores of 87 out of 100 for digital public services for citizens and 86 out of 100 for businesses, exceeding the EU averages ... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Latvia - Internet and digital progress > Digital public services | 175 | 862 | null |
Section: Telephones. Calling code: +371 International call prefix: 00 Fixed lines: ~174,000 lines, 122nd in the world (2022); ~501,000 lines, 97th in the world (2012); ~644,000 lines (2007). Mobile cellular: ~2.2 million lines, 147th in the world (2022); ~2.3 million lines (2012); ~2.2 million lines (2007). Telephone s... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Latvia - Telephones | 335 | 1,445 | null |
Section: Radio and television. Radio stations: Publicly owned broadcaster operates 6 radio networks with dozens of stations throughout the country; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations (2007); AM 1, FM 234 (2016). Radios: 1.76 million (1997). The state public radio broadcaster is Latvijas Radio. T... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Latvia - Radio and television | 154 | 753 | null |
Section: Internet censorship and surveillance. There is no OpenNet Initiative (ONI) country profile, but Latvia is shown as no evidence of Internet filtering in all areas for which ONI tests (political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools) on the ONI global Internet filtering maps. The constitution and law pr... | Wikipedia - Telecommunications in Latvia - Internet censorship and surveillance | 261 | 1,366 | null |
Section: Press. The main newspapers are: The Analyst Pumah Times Newspaper Daily Observer (est. 1981), private. The Daily Talk FrontPage Africa, private. The Inquirer, private daily. National Chronicle The New Dawn, private daily. New Democrat New Republic Liberia Defunct newspapers and magazines include: Africa League... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Liberia - Press | 172 | 764 | null |
Section: Radio. Radios: 790,000 radio receivers (1997). Radio stations: 1 state-owned radio station, but no national public service broadcaster; about 15 independent radio stations broadcasting in Monrovia, with another 25 local stations operating in other areas; transmissions of 2 international broadcasters are availa... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Liberia - Radio | 193 | 858 | null |
Section: Telephones. Calling code: +231 International call prefix: 00 Main lines: 3,200 lines in use, 213th in the world (2011). Mobile cellular: 2.4 million lines, 138th in the world (2012). Telephone system: the limited services available are found almost exclusively in the capital Monrovia; fixed-line service stagna... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Liberia - Telephones | 272 | 1,328 | null |
Section: Internet > Internet censorship and surveillance. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms. The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. Libel... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Liberia - Internet > Internet censorship and surveillance | 168 | 998 | null |
Article: Mass media in Libya. Mass media in Libya describes the overall environment for the radio, television, telephone, Internet, and newspaper markets in Libya. The control of the media by Colonel Gaddafi's regime came to an end after the fall of Tripoli in August 2011, resulting in a mushrooming of new media outlet... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Libya - Summary | 304 | 1,573 | null |
These events appear to have happened during the period when Islamic brotherhood - or "more inclined to Islamic values" GNC political parties led by Nouri Abusahmein, who have issued a number of reforms or decrees that would formulate a more Islamic nation in Tripoli, that led to the creation of more fundamentalist laws... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Libya - Summary | 278 | 1,382 | null |
Section: Radio. First radio service began in 1939 in Libya. Libya Radio and Television (LRT) is the successor to the Gaddafi-era state broadcaster. Dozens of radio outlets, many privately owned, broadcast from Libyan cities and from Middle East media hubs. The BBC World Service Arabic broadcasts on 91.5 FM in Tripoli, ... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Libya - Radio | 218 | 815 | null |
Section: Telephones. In the course of the 2011 Libyan civil war, the government severed the physical communications links between the rebel-held east and the rest of Libya. However, the newer and less centralised Libyana network held copies of the HLR and engineers were able to restore some local services. With some as... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Libya - Telephones | 218 | 1,018 | null |
Section: Internet. Facebook, X, and YouTube played important roles in bringing news to the world audience during the revolt. Facebook remains a favorite platform to view and comment on the news. Internet censorship was applied in 2013 blocking 'pornographic material' however was found to block other non pornographic re... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Libya - Internet | 272 | 1,235 | null |
Section: Internet > The Internet and the Libyan revolution. In 2006 Reporters Without Borders (RWB) removed Libya from their list of Internet enemies after a fact-finding visit found no evidence of Internet censorship. The OpenNet Initiative’s 2007–2008 technical test results contradicted that conclusion, however. In 2... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Libya - Internet > The Internet and the Libyan revolution | 327 | 1,680 | null |
Section: Newspapers. Following the fall of the Gaddafi regime in August 2011 former state-affiliated dailies have closed and new titles have appeared, many short-lived. Benghazi has emerged as a publishing hub. There are as yet few daily newspapers and print runs are small. Daily newspapers Al-Bilad - private daily Brn... | Wikipedia - Mass media in Libya - Newspapers | 281 | 1,239 | null |
Section: Telephone. Papua New Guinea's international country code is 675. Telephone lines: 139,000 fixed lines in use, 140th in the world (2012); 63,000 main lines in use (2005). Mobile lines: 2.7 million lines, 134th in the world (2012); 75,000 lines (2005). Telephone system: services are minimal; facilities provide r... | Wikipedia - Communications in Papua New Guinea - Telephone | 233 | 1,039 | null |
Section: Telecommunications > General. After the start of the long civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet s... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Telecommunications > General | 313 | 1,673 | null |
Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control. In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunicatio... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Telecommunications > General | 223 | 1,164 | null |
Section: Telecommunications > Regulation. Somalia's telecommunication sector is governed by the National Communications Law (also called the Telecoms Act) that was signed into law by president Abdullahi Farmajo on 2 October 2017, after passing the Cabinet and the two Houses of Parliament (Senate and House of the People... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Telecommunications > Regulation | 188 | 1,057 | null |
Section: Mail. The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication. The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post s... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Mail | 314 | 1,719 | null |
Section: Radio. There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amh... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Radio | 308 | 1,534 | null |
Section: Television. The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On 18 March 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter o... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Television | 172 | 884 | null |
Section: Print. In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and ... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Print | 289 | 1,237 | null |
Section: Internet. Internet users: 163,185 in 2014 (156th in the world) or 1.51% of the population (156th in the world). According to Global Internet, one of the largest Internet providers in central and southern Somalia, unofficial estimates on local Internet usage are higher, with 2.0% of the population estimated to ... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Internet | 326 | 1,578 | null |
Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses. According to the World Bank, the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 1.8% of the population in 2015, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile cellular sub... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Internet | 345 | 1,676 | null |
In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest. Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, ... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Internet | 345 | 1,719 | null |
In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available across the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services ex... | Wikipedia - Communications in Somalia - Internet | 322 | 1,686 | null |
Article: Internet in Tajikistan. Internet in Tajikistan became present within the country during the early 1990s. Tajikistan had just become independent in 1992, with Emomali Rahmon as the new ruler, when the internet was introduced to the country. Nevertheless, it was after over a decade that the country’s internet be... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - Summary | 182 | 993 | null |
Section: History. The Internet in Tajikistan emerged as the country was ending a bloody civil war that followed the demise of Soviet rule in the early 1990s. The resulting fragmentation of power also meant that Internet services developed largely without state interference and the Ministry of Transport and Communicatio... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - History | 232 | 1,283 | null |
Section: Internet penetration and ISPs. As of January 2020 Tajikistan has 26% internet penetration. Internet penetration in Tajikistan was estimated at 9.3 percent in 2009. In 2009, the cost of accessing the Internet increased, further restricting development of the sector. Access costs of US$0.73 per hour at Internet ... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - Internet penetration and ISPs | 331 | 1,586 | null |
Tajikistan remains dependent on satellite-based connections using Discovery Global Networks, as the cost of fiber remains high—approximately 30 percent higher than using the same-capacity channel over VSAT. The country is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic highway passing through Uzbekistan, and a sec... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - Internet penetration and ISPs | 323 | 1,619 | null |
Most Internet users are young and access the Internet through Internet cafés close to schools and universities. In January 2006, the Ministry of Transport and Communications estimated that some 400 Internet cafe´ s, mostly concentrated in large cities, operated in the country. Many Internet cafés act as second-tier ISP... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - Internet penetration and ISPs | 323 | 1,649 | null |
According to data obtained from the national information portal (TopTJ.com), the top-ten most-visited Web sites in October 2007 were informational and analytical portals (AsiaPlus, Varorud, Watanweb, Ariana), a commercial bank, and entertainment sites. Other popular Web sites include mail.ru; popular research engines a... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - Internet penetration and ISPs | 339 | 1,619 | null |
Section: Legal and regulatory frameworks. All Tajik ISPs operate under a license from the Tajik Ministry of Transport and Communication. Internet service providers are permitted to operate VoIP services under an IP-telephony license, although the ministry has introduced amendments that require VoIP providers to obtain ... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - Legal and regulatory frameworks | 340 | 1,872 | null |
However, although the council was established in February 2006, it has yet to be convened. The government restricts the distribution of state secrets and other privileged data intending to "discredit the dignity and honor of the state and the President," or that which contains "violence and cruelty, racial, national an... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - Legal and regulatory frameworks | 246 | 1,273 | null |
Section: Surveillance and filtering. Several government agencies possess the right to inspect ISPs’ activities and premises, and require information on their users. The rights and obligations of ISPs in this regard are envisioned in the Annex to the "Internet Services Provision Rules within the Republic of Tajikistan" ... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - Surveillance and filtering | 289 | 1,572 | null |
However, state authorities have been known to restrict access to some Web sites at politically sensitive times by communicating their "recommendations" to all top-level ISPs—an example of second-generation controls. Prior to the 2006 presidential election, the government-controlled Communications Regulation Agency issu... | Wikipedia - Internet in Tajikistan - Surveillance and filtering | 322 | 1,653 | null |
Section: Telephone. As of June 2018, the telephone communications system was described by the CIA factbook as "developed through private partnerships", with "over 1,800 kilometres (1,118 mi) of fiber optics", and 4G network available in most major cities and national parks, and 3G service available in second-tier urban... | Wikipedia - Communications in Uganda - Telephone | 304 | 1,470 | null |
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