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Section: Internet. The top-level domain for Uganda is ".ug". In 2018 Uganda had 18.149 million Internet users, or 45.9% of the population (52nd in the world). This is up from 2.5 million users in 2008 (64th in the world). In 2012, Uganda had 36,332 fixed broadband subscriptions (119th in the world) or 0.1% of the popul... | Wikipedia - Communications in Uganda - Internet | 327 | 1,401 | null |
Infomail Uganda began operations with 16 customer dial up lines served by 16 USR 19,200 baud rack mounted modems. A Sun Sparc "Pizzabox" Server on-site in Kampala managed all local internet services and user accounting. The original satellite link in Kampala used a 5-meter Andrew antenna. The initial link speed was 64 ... | Wikipedia - Communications in Uganda - Internet | 343 | 1,655 | null |
MTN later deployed 3G mobile internet services following decreasing revenues in traditional voice and SMS services. Warid, Zain, UTL, and others later followed suit. Vodafone later entered the market as Uganda's first MVNO. Fixed-line internet providers have also increased in Uganda. These mainly offer premium dedicate... | Wikipedia - Communications in Uganda - Internet | 207 | 927 | null |
Section: Internet > Internet censorship and surveillance. In September 2009 the OpenNet Initiative found little or no evidence of Internet filtering in all four areas (political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools) for which it tests. Though Uganda has made great technological strides in recent years, the co... | Wikipedia - Communications in Uganda - Internet > Internet censorship and surveillance | 307 | 1,610 | null |
Section: History. In 1992, the concern of state telecommunications enterprises of Uzbekistan - "Uzbektelecom" was created. From 1995, the process of reorganization began, including privatization and the creation of new companies. Among them are: "Tashkent Taksophone," "Syrdarya Telecom," the joint ventures "Buzton" and... | Wikipedia - Uztelecom - History | 346 | 1,604 | null |
In 2007, in collaboration with the China Development Bank and Huawei Technologies, the telecommunications network was modernized. Services for video telephony, data transmission, and internet connectivity were implemented. The capacity of the international packet switching center reached 2.5 Gbit/s by 2010. In 2011, th... | Wikipedia - Uztelecom - History | 245 | 1,119 | null |
Section: Criticism. Users often complain about the low internet speed, especially in the regions. Despite network modernization, access to a stable and fast connection remains a problem. A high level of connection loss and internet service interruptions negatively impact service quality. Users are complaining about the... | Wikipedia - Uztelecom - Criticism | 184 | 1,038 | null |
Section: Facts and figures. Top-level domain: .ve Internet users: 12.4 million users, 36th in the world; 44.0% of the population, 100th in the world (2012). 8.9 million users, 32nd in the world (2009). Internet speed: 1.61 megabits per second (2018), world average is 20 Mbit/s (2014) Fixed broadband: 1.9 million subscr... | Wikipedia - Internet in Venezuela - Facts and figures | 196 | 679 | null |
Section: History > Late 1990s and 2000s. Between 1998 and 2002, the number of Internet users in Venezuela grew from 207,000 to 1,585,000, but then decreased to 1,365,000 in 2003 for a current Internet penetration rate of 5.4 percent. As of 2001/2002, the vast majority of personal computers are not connected to the Inte... | Wikipedia - Internet in Venezuela - History > Late 1990s and 2000s | 339 | 1,673 | null |
Section: History > 2010s. As of 2012, statistical reports have shown Internet and broadband penetration in Venezuela as below average for Latin America and much lower than would be expected. State-owned incumbent CANTV has a monopoly in the provision of ADSL, with which it dominates the broadband sector. The only compe... | Wikipedia - Internet in Venezuela - History > 2010s | 317 | 1,565 | null |
Venezuela is also a regional leader in terms of SMS traffic, the number of text messages surpassing the number of minutes an average Venezuelan talks on a mobile phone. The country remains one of the last bastions of CDMA in Latin America, but the two leading mobile operators, Movilnet and Movistar, are finally turning... | Wikipedia - Internet in Venezuela - History > 2010s | 281 | 1,339 | null |
Section: Key developments. The National Fibre-Optic Backbone project aims to build a 6,940 km network; Venezuela ranks third in the world for Facebook users as a percentage of Internet users; Venezuela's pay TV market suffers from rampant signal theft; in 2011/2012, two more companies entered the Venezuelan satellite T... | Wikipedia - Internet in Venezuela - Key developments | 163 | 745 | null |
Section: Legal and regulatory frameworks. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez decreed the promotion of Internet use as essential to development. Correspondingly, the government promotes use of information and communication technologies (ICT) through a regulatory framework designed to promote competition among ICT business... | Wikipedia - Internet in Venezuela - Legal and regulatory frameworks | 308 | 1,664 | null |
Reporters Without Borders warned of the alleged "rising censorship in Venezuela's Internet service, including several websites and social networks facing shutdowns". They condemned actions performed by the National Telecommunications Commission (Conatel) after Conatel restricted access to websites with the unofficial m... | Wikipedia - Internet in Venezuela - Legal and regulatory frameworks | 298 | 1,586 | null |
Section: Growth. Rapid development of the telecommunications and information technology sectors in Yemen occurred from 2000 to 2005. The extent of investments in infrastructure development of telecom and IT systems came to more than YR 80 billion, in addition to loans of $31 million by the South Korean government. The ... | Wikipedia - Internet in Yemen - Growth | 251 | 1,168 | null |
Section: Censorship. In a report by the OpenNet Initiative in October 2012, Yemen is listed as engaged in pervasive Internet censorship in social and political areas such as restrictions to Internet collaboration tools and in the conflict/security area. Yemen was included in Reporters Without Borders list of countries ... | Wikipedia - Internet in Yemen - Censorship | 342 | 1,685 | null |
Section: Reception. As noted in The Conversation: "Media owners have always, in response to inquiry recommendations, run campaigns against any suggestion that their right to carry out their business as and how they see fit should be tampered with." The review sparked strong reactions from media entities. News Corp exec... | Wikipedia - Convergence Review - Reception | 215 | 1,173 | null |
Section: Business area. The BRZ owns one of the largest data centres in the country, provides infrastructure and supervises more than 30,000 IT work stations. Its core market consists of the ministries, the Chancellery, supreme authorities, universities and outsourced organizations. Among the best known e-government ap... | Wikipedia - Austrian Federal Computing Centre - Business area | 162 | 748 | null |
Article: Information technology in Bangladesh. The information technology sector in Bangladesh had its beginnings in nuclear research during the 1960s. Over the next few decades, computer use increased at large Bangladeshi organizations, mostly with IBM mainframe computers. However, the sector only started to get subst... | Wikipedia - Information technology in Bangladesh - Summary | 335 | 1,711 | null |
Section: History. The first computer in East Pakistan was an IBM mainframe 1620 series, installed in 1964 at the Dhaka center of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (later the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission). Computer use increased in the following years, especially after the independence of Bangladesh in 1971; ... | Wikipedia - Information technology in Bangladesh - History | 272 | 1,504 | null |
Section: ICT industry. The ICT industry is a relatively new sector in the country's economy. Though it is yet to make tangible contributions in the national economy, it is an important growth industry. The Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS) was established in 1997 as the national trade ... | Wikipedia - Information technology in Bangladesh - ICT industry | 340 | 1,706 | null |
Section: Breach incident. The breach was initially discovered by cyber security firm Bitcrack Cyber Security and was reported by American technology news website TechCrunch, on July 7, 2023. According to their reports, the exposed data was accessible via the government website, potentially allowing unauthorized individ... | Wikipedia - 2023 Bangladesh Government website data breach - Breach incident | 194 | 1,094 | null |
Article: Bangladesh Computer Council. The Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC) is a statutory government organization operating under the Information and Communication Technology Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications, and Information Technology of the government of Bangladesh. Its headquarters are situated... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Summary | 334 | 1,977 | null |
The BCC has been organizing various competitions and events to promote information technology education in the country, including the National Children and Youth Programming Contest, the International Blockchain Olympiad, and the International Collegiate Programming Contest. These events provide opportunities for peopl... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Summary | 154 | 901 | null |
Section: History. The government of Bangladesh established the National Computer Committee (NCC) in 1983. Nevertheless, the National Computer Board (NCB) took over the role of the NCC in 1988. In 1989, the "Bangladesh Computer Council Ordinance" was put into effect. The following year, the National Parliament enacted A... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - History | 201 | 1,062 | null |
Section: Responsibilities. The key responsibilities of the Bangladesh Computer Council include: Encouraging the use of ICT for social and economic development Developing the practical infrastructure for the use of computers in various sectors of the national economy and improving the quality of education, training, and... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Responsibilities | 317 | 2,025 | null |
Section: Organizational structure. The BCC has a robust organizational structure that allows it to handle its wide range of responsibilities and initiatives efficiently. The Executive Director is the highest-ranking official and is responsible for overseeing all operations of this organization. Under the Executive Dire... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Organizational structure | 164 | 977 | null |
Section: Activities and services > Network Operations Center. The National Network Operation Center (NOC) was formed in 2014 to operate and maintain the e-government Network. It focuses on network security, planning, research and development, operation, upgrade, and maintenance of nationwide government networks. NOC pr... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Activities and services > Network Operations Center | 152 | 847 | null |
Section: Activities and services > Data center. BCC operates a Tier III-certified National Data Center in Bangladesh that offers a comprehensive range of services to government organizations. This data center provides secure and reliable cloud services and the storage and management of digital data for various governme... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Activities and services > Data center | 206 | 1,023 | null |
Section: Activities and services > Object identifiers. BCC is the country Registration Authority (RA) for Object identifiers (OIDs). They received approval from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on July 30, 2012, to function as the country's RA. As the RA, this organization is responsible for allocating a... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Activities and services > Object identifiers | 152 | 679 | null |
Section: Activities and services > BGD e-GOV CIRT. The Bangladesh e-government Computer Incident Response Team, also known as the National Computer Emergency Response Team of Bangladesh, is responsible for preventing and responding to cyber security threats within the country. They work closely with international partn... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Activities and services > BGD e-GOV CIRT | 206 | 1,184 | null |
Section: Contributions > Human resource development. The BCC has made significant contributions to ICT human resource development. The BCC and its various projects have trained over 2,36,000 individuals, including 187,200 males and 46,800 females, in various ICT skills until April 3, 2023. Notably, from 2010 to 2022, B... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Contributions > Human resource development | 240 | 1,242 | null |
Section: Contributions > Infrastructure development. The Bangladesh Computer Council has been actively involved in the development of ICT infrastructure in Bangladesh to realize the Digital Bangladesh vision. Their projects have been instrumental in the implementation of Digital Bangladesh. One of their most significan... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Contributions > Infrastructure development | 342 | 1,920 | null |
They have also established WiFi networks in the Bangladesh Secretariat and ICT Tower and virtual private network (VPN) connectivity in the Bangladesh Police. At present, the process of providing connectivity to the unions in remote areas is underway under the Connected Bangladesh project. BCC has connected India, Nepal... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Contributions > Infrastructure development | 210 | 1,065 | null |
Section: Contributions > Standards development. As information technology continues to advance, it is crucial to establish standards that can enhance the accessibility of the Bengali language in the field of information technology, ensuring its ease of use for everyone. The responsibility of promulgating these standard... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Contributions > Standards development | 344 | 2,056 | null |
Bangladesh Standard Codes for Information Interchange or BSCII (BDS 1934:2018): To ensure compatibility and consistency in data exchange across various computer systems and applications within the country, there is a need for a national standard for ASCII-based Bengali character and symbol coding. The Bangladesh Comput... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh Computer Council - Contributions > Standards development | 196 | 1,078 | null |
Article: Bangladesh e-Government Computer Incident Response Team. The Bangladesh e-Government Computer Incident Response Team (BGD e-Gov CIRT; Bengali: বাংলাদেশ ই-গভর্নমেন্ট কম্পিউটার ইনসিডেন্ট রেসপন্স টিম) is the state-run agency of the government of Bangladesh responsible for maintaining cybersecurity in the country.... | Wikipedia - Bangladesh e-Government Computer Incident Response Team - Summary | 240 | 1,106 | null |
Article: Artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies ... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Summary | 334 | 1,735 | null |
AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, and other fields. Some companies, such as OpenAI, Google DeepMind and Meta, aim to create artificial general intelligence (AGI)—AI that can complete virtually any cognitive task at least as well as a human. Artificial intelligence was founded as an a... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Summary | 216 | 1,189 | null |
Section: Goals > Knowledge representation. Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering allow AI programs to answer questions intelligently and make deductions about real-world facts. Formal knowledge representations are used in content-based indexing and retrieval, scene interpretation, clinical decision support... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Goals > Knowledge representation | 281 | 1,516 | null |
Section: Goals > Planning and decision-making. An "agent" is anything that perceives and takes actions in the world. A rational agent has goals or preferences and takes actions to make them happen. In automated planning, the agent has a specific goal. In automated decision-making, the agent has preferences—there are so... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Goals > Planning and decision-making | 329 | 1,557 | null |
Information value theory can be used to weigh the value of exploratory or experimental actions. The space of possible future actions and situations is typically intractably large, so the agents must take actions and evaluate situations while being uncertain of what the outcome will be. A Markov decision process has a t... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Goals > Planning and decision-making | 156 | 819 | null |
Section: Goals > Learning. Machine learning is the study of programs that can improve their performance on a given task automatically. It has been a part of AI from the beginning. There are several kinds of machine learning. Unsupervised learning analyzes a stream of data and finds patterns and makes predictions withou... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Goals > Learning | 224 | 1,215 | null |
Section: Goals > Natural language processing. Natural language processing (NLP) allows programs to read, write and communicate in human languages such as English. Specific problems include speech recognition, speech synthesis, machine translation, information extraction, information retrieval and question answering. Ea... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Goals > Natural language processing | 239 | 1,207 | null |
Section: Techniques > Search and optimization > State space search. State space search searches through a tree of possible states to try to find a goal state. For example, planning algorithms search through trees of goals and subgoals, attempting to find a path to a target goal, a process called means-ends analysis. Si... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Techniques > Search and optimization > State space search | 172 | 814 | null |
Section: Techniques > Search and optimization > Local search. Local search uses mathematical optimization to find a solution to a problem. It begins with some form of guess and refines it incrementally. Gradient descent is a type of local search that optimizes a set of numerical parameters by incrementally adjusting th... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Techniques > Search and optimization > Local search | 175 | 914 | null |
Section: Techniques > Logic. Formal logic is used for reasoning and knowledge representation. Formal logic comes in two main forms: propositional logic (which operates on statements that are true or false and uses logical connectives such as "and", "or", "not" and "implies") and predicate logic (which also operates on ... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Techniques > Logic | 347 | 1,678 | null |
Section: Techniques > Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning. Many problems in AI (including reasoning, planning, learning, perception, and robotics) require the agent to operate with incomplete or uncertain information. AI researchers have devised a number of tools to solve these problems using methods from pro... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Techniques > Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning | 209 | 1,134 | null |
Section: Techniques > Classifiers and statistical learning methods. The simplest AI applications can be divided into two types: classifiers (e.g., "if shiny then diamond"), on one hand, and controllers (e.g., "if diamond then pick up"), on the other hand. Classifiers are functions that use pattern matching to determine... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Techniques > Classifiers and statistical learning methods | 246 | 1,167 | null |
Section: Techniques > Artificial neural networks. An artificial neural network is based on a collection of nodes also known as artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. It is trained to recognise patterns; once trained, it can recognise those patterns in fresh data. There is an input, a... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Techniques > Artificial neural networks | 296 | 1,576 | null |
Section: Techniques > Deep learning. Deep learning uses several layers of neurons between the network's inputs and outputs. The multiple layers can progressively extract higher-level features from the raw input. For example, in image processing, lower layers may identify edges, while higher layers may identify the conc... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Techniques > Deep learning | 224 | 1,208 | null |
Section: Techniques > GPT. Generative pre-trained transformers (GPT) are large language models (LLMs) that generate text based on the semantic relationships between words in sentences. Text-based GPT models are pre-trained on a large corpus of text that can be from the Internet. The pretraining consists of predicting t... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Techniques > GPT | 273 | 1,232 | null |
Section: Techniques > Hardware and software. In the late 2010s, graphics processing units (GPUs) that were increasingly designed with AI-specific enhancements and used with specialized TensorFlow software had replaced previously used central processing unit (CPUs) as the dominant means for large-scale (commercial and a... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Techniques > Hardware and software | 166 | 857 | null |
Section: Applications. AI and machine learning technology is used in most of the essential applications of the 2020s, including: search engines (such as Google Search), targeting online advertisements, recommendation systems (offered by Netflix, YouTube or Amazon), driving internet traffic, targeted advertising (AdSens... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Applications | 154 | 739 | null |
Section: Applications > Health and medicine. The application of AI in medicine and medical research has the potential to increase patient care and quality of life. Through the lens of the Hippocratic Oath, medical professionals are ethically compelled to use AI, if applications can more accurately diagnose and treat pa... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Applications > Health and medicine | 270 | 1,400 | null |
Section: Applications > Games. Game playing programs have been used since the 1950s to demonstrate and test AI's most advanced techniques. Deep Blue became the first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, on 11 May 1997. In 2011, in a Jeopardy! quiz show exhibition match,... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Applications > Games | 327 | 1,584 | null |
Section: Applications > Mathematics. Large language models, such as GPT-4, Gemini, Claude, LLaMa or Mistral, are increasingly used in mathematics. These probabilistic models are versatile, but can also produce wrong answers in the form of hallucinations. They sometimes need a large database of mathematical problems to ... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Applications > Mathematics | 326 | 1,622 | null |
Section: Applications > Agents. Artificial intelligent (AI) agents are software entities designed to perceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions autonomously to achieve specific goals. These agents can interact with users, their environment, or other agents. AI agents are used in various applications, ... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Applications > Agents | 175 | 1,041 | null |
Section: Applications > Other industry-specific tasks. There are also thousands of successful AI applications used to solve specific problems for specific industries or institutions. In a 2017 survey, one in five companies reported having incorporated "AI" in some offerings or processes. A few examples are energy stora... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Applications > Other industry-specific tasks | 335 | 1,880 | null |
Section: Ethics > Risks and harm > Privacy and copyright. Machine learning algorithms require large amounts of data. The techniques used to acquire this data have raised concerns about privacy, surveillance and copyright. AI-powered devices and services, such as virtual assistants and IoT products, continuously collect... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Privacy and copyright | 343 | 1,830 | null |
Brian Christian wrote that experts have pivoted "from the question of 'what they know' to the question of 'what they're doing with it'." Generative AI is often trained on unlicensed copyrighted works, including in domains such as images or computer code; the output is then used under the rationale of "fair use". Expert... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Privacy and copyright | 212 | 995 | null |
Section: Ethics > Risks and harm > Power needs and environmental impacts. In January 2024, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released Electricity 2024, Analysis and Forecast to 2026, forecasting electric power use. This is the first IEA report to make projections for data centers and power consumption for artificia... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Power needs and environmental impacts | 297 | 1,474 | null |
AI makes the power grid more efficient and "intelligent", will assist in the growth of nuclear power, and track overall carbon emissions, according to technology firms. A 2024 Goldman Sachs Research Paper, AI Data Centers and the Coming US Power Demand Surge, found "US power demand (is) likely to experience growth not ... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Power needs and environmental impacts | 315 | 1,557 | null |
Reopening the plant, which suffered a partial nuclear meltdown of its Unit 2 reactor in 1979, will require Constellation to get through strict regulatory processes which will include extensive safety scrutiny from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. If approved (this will be the first ever US re-commissioning of a nu... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Power needs and environmental impacts | 288 | 1,361 | null |
On the other hand, Singapore imposed a ban on the opening of data centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban. Although most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, according to an October 2024 Bloomberg article in Japanese, cloud gaming services co... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Power needs and environmental impacts | 295 | 1,483 | null |
Section: Ethics > Risks and harm > Misinformation. YouTube, Facebook and others use recommender systems to guide users to more content. These AI programs were given the goal of maximizing user engagement (that is, the only goal was to keep people watching). The AI learned that users tended to choose misinformation, con... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Misinformation | 323 | 1,612 | null |
Section: Ethics > Risks and harm > Algorithmic bias and fairness. Machine learning applications will be biased if they learn from biased data. The developers may not be aware that the bias exists. Bias can be introduced by the way training data is selected and by the way a model is deployed. If a biased algorithm is us... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Algorithmic bias and fairness | 345 | 1,651 | null |
Although the error rate for both whites and blacks was calibrated equal at exactly 61%, the errors for each race were different—the system consistently overestimated the chance that a black person would re-offend and would underestimate the chance that a white person would not re-offend. In 2017, several researchers sh... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Algorithmic bias and fairness | 326 | 1,604 | null |
It is descriptive rather than prescriptive. Bias and unfairness may go undetected because the developers are overwhelmingly white and male: among AI engineers, about 4% are black and 20% are women. There are various conflicting definitions and mathematical models of fairness. These notions depend on ethical assumptions... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Algorithmic bias and fairness | 298 | 1,590 | null |
Section: Ethics > Risks and harm > Lack of transparency. Many AI systems are so complex that their designers cannot explain how they reach their decisions. Particularly with deep neural networks, in which there are a large amount of non-linear relationships between inputs and outputs. But some popular explainability te... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Lack of transparency | 343 | 1,891 | null |
Regulators argued that nevertheless the harm is real: if the problem has no solution, the tools should not be used. DARPA established the XAI ("Explainable Artificial Intelligence") program in 2014 to try to solve these problems. Several approaches aim to address the transparency problem. SHAP enables to visualise the ... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Lack of transparency | 198 | 1,027 | null |
Section: Ethics > Risks and harm > Bad actors and weaponized AI. Artificial intelligence provides a number of tools that are useful to bad actors, such as authoritarian governments, terrorists, criminals or rogue states. A lethal autonomous weapon is a machine that locates, selects and engages human targets without hum... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Bad actors and weaponized AI | 343 | 1,918 | null |
Section: Ethics > Risks and harm > Technological unemployment. Economists have frequently highlighted the risks of redundancies from AI, and speculated about unemployment if there is no adequate social policy for full employment. In the past, technology has tended to increase rather than reduce total employment, but ec... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Technological unemployment | 338 | 1,709 | null |
Section: Ethics > Risks and harm > Existential risk. It has been argued AI will become so powerful that humanity may irreversibly lose control of it. This could, as physicist Stephen Hawking stated, "spell the end of the human race". This scenario has been common in science fiction, when a computer or robot suddenly de... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Existential risk | 331 | 1,541 | null |
Things like ideologies, law, government, money and the economy are built on language; they exist because there are stories that billions of people believe. The current prevalence of misinformation suggests that an AI could use language to convince people to believe anything, even to take actions that are destructive. T... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Existential risk | 269 | 1,321 | null |
Some other researchers were more optimistic. AI pioneer Jürgen Schmidhuber did not sign the joint statement, emphasising that in 95% of all cases, AI research is about making "human lives longer and healthier and easier." While the tools that are now being used to improve lives can also be used by bad actors, "they can... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Risks and harm > Existential risk | 204 | 927 | null |
Section: Ethics > Ethical machines and alignment. Friendly AI are machines that have been designed from the beginning to minimize risks and to make choices that benefit humans. Eliezer Yudkowsky, who coined the term, argues that developing friendly AI should be a higher research priority: it may require a large investm... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Ethical machines and alignment | 159 | 871 | null |
Section: Ethics > Open source. Active organizations in the AI open-source community include Hugging Face, Google, EleutherAI and Meta. Various AI models, such as Llama 2, Mistral or Stable Diffusion, have been made open-weight, meaning that their architecture and trained parameters (the "weights") are publicly availabl... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Open source | 201 | 978 | null |
Section: Ethics > Frameworks. Artificial Intelligence projects can be guided by ethical considerations during the design, development, and implementation of an AI system. An AI framework such as the Care and Act Framework, developed by the Alan Turing Institute and based on the SUM values, outlines four main ethical di... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Frameworks | 289 | 1,597 | null |
Section: Ethics > Regulation. The regulation of artificial intelligence is the development of public sector policies and laws for promoting and regulating AI; it is therefore related to the broader regulation of algorithms. The regulatory and policy landscape for AI is an emerging issue in jurisdictions globally. Accor... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Regulation | 331 | 1,774 | null |
In 2024, the Council of Europe created the first international legally binding treaty on AI, called the "Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law". It was adopted by the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and other signatories. In a 2022 Ipsos s... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Ethics > Regulation | 299 | 1,418 | null |
Section: History. The study of mechanical or "formal" reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity. The study of logic led directly to Alan Turing's theory of computation, which suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as "0" and "1", could simulate any conceivable form of mathemati... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - History | 350 | 1,814 | null |
They had, however, underestimated the difficulty of the problem. In 1974, both the U.S. and British governments cut off exploratory research in response to the criticism of Sir James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from the U.S. Congress to fund more productive projects. Minsky's and Papert's book Perceptrons was unders... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - History | 332 | 1,616 | null |
Rodney Brooks rejected "representation" in general and focussed directly on engineering machines that move and survive. Judea Pearl, Lofti Zadeh, and others developed methods that handled incomplete and uncertain information by making reasonable guesses rather than precise logic. But the most important development was ... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - History | 348 | 1,871 | null |
Deep learning's success led to an enormous increase in interest and funding in AI. The amount of machine learning research (measured by total publications) increased by 50% in the years 2015–2019. In 2016, issues of fairness and the misuse of technology were catapulted into center stage at machine learning conferences,... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - History | 348 | 1,631 | null |
Section: Philosophy > Defining artificial intelligence. Alan Turing wrote in 1950 "I propose to consider the question 'can machines think'?" He advised changing the question from whether a machine "thinks", to "whether or not it is possible for machinery to show intelligent behaviour". He devised the Turing test, which... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Philosophy > Defining artificial intelligence | 297 | 1,531 | null |
The leading AI textbook defines it as the study of agents that perceive their environment and take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. These definitions view intelligence in terms of well-defined problems with well-defined solutions, where both the difficulty of the problem and the performan... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Philosophy > Defining artificial intelligence | 202 | 1,073 | null |
Section: Philosophy > Evaluating approaches to AI > Symbolic AI and its limits. Symbolic AI (or "GOFAI") simulated the high-level conscious reasoning that people use when they solve puzzles, express legal reasoning and do mathematics. They were highly successful at "intelligent" tasks such as algebra or IQ tests. In th... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Philosophy > Evaluating approaches to AI > Symbolic AI and its limits | 326 | 1,709 | null |
Section: Philosophy > Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind. There is no settled consensus in philosophy of mind on whether a machine can have a mind, consciousness and mental states in the same sense that human beings do. This issue considers the internal experiences of the machine, rather than its external behav... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Philosophy > Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind | 153 | 809 | null |
Section: Philosophy > Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind > Consciousness. David Chalmers identified two problems in understanding the mind, which he named the "hard" and "easy" problems of consciousness. The easy problem is understanding how the brain processes signals, makes plans and controls behavior. The ha... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Philosophy > Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind > Consciousness | 167 | 865 | null |
Section: Philosophy > Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind > Computationalism and functionalism. Computationalism is the position in the philosophy of mind that the human mind is an information processing system and that thinking is a form of computing. Computationalism argues that the relationship between mind a... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Philosophy > Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind > Computationalism and functionalism | 184 | 1,032 | null |
Section: Philosophy > Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind > AI welfare and rights. It is difficult or impossible to reliably evaluate whether an advanced AI is sentient (has the ability to feel), and if so, to what degree. But if there is a significant chance that a given machine can feel and suffer, then it may... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - Philosophy > Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind > AI welfare and rights | 290 | 1,501 | null |
Section: In fiction. Thought-capable artificial beings have appeared as storytelling devices since antiquity, and have been a persistent theme in science fiction. A common trope in these works began with Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, where a human creation becomes a threat to its masters. This includes such works as Art... | Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence - In fiction | 327 | 1,572 | null |
Section: General-purpose languages. Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is popular in artificial intelligence. It has a simple, flexible and easily readable syntax. Its popularity results in a vast ecosystem of libraries, including for deep learning, such as PyTorch, TensorFlow, Keras, Goo... | Wikipedia - List of programming languages for artificial intelligence - General-purpose languages | 341 | 1,740 | null |
Lisp was the first language developed for artificial intelligence. It includes features intended to support programs that could perform general problem solving, such as lists, associations, schemas (frames), dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, associative retrieval, functions as arguments, generators (str... | Wikipedia - List of programming languages for artificial intelligence - General-purpose languages | 347 | 1,733 | null |
Smalltalk has been used extensively for simulations, neural networks, machine learning, and genetic algorithms. It implements a pure and elegant form of object-oriented programming using message passing. Haskell is a purely functional programming language. Lazy evaluation and the list and LogicT monads make it easy to ... | Wikipedia - List of programming languages for artificial intelligence - General-purpose languages | 205 | 1,094 | null |
Section: Specialized languages. Prolog is a declarative language where programs are expressed in terms of relations, and execution occurs by running queries over these relations. Prolog is particularly useful for symbolic reasoning, database and language parsing applications. Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AI... | Wikipedia - List of programming languages for artificial intelligence - Specialized languages | 308 | 1,610 | null |
Section: Overview > Actor. The actor uses a policy function π ( a | s ) {\displaystyle \pi (a|s)} , while the critic estimates either the value function V ( s ) {\displaystyle V(s)} , the action-value Q-function Q ( s , a ) {\displaystyle Q(s,a)} , the advantage function A ( s , a ) {\displaystyle A(s,a)} , or any comb... | Wikipedia - Actor-critic algorithm - Overview > Actor | 295 | 933 | null |
The goal of policy optimization is to improve the actor. That is, to find some θ {\displaystyle \theta } that maximizes the expected episodic reward J ( θ ) {\displaystyle J(\theta )} : J ( θ ) = E π θ [ ∑ t = 0 T γ t r t ] {\displaystyle J(\theta )=\mathbb {E} _{\pi _{\theta }}\left[\sum _{t=0}^{T}\gamma ^{t}r_{t}\rig... | Wikipedia - Actor-critic algorithm - Overview > Actor | 234 | 692 | null |
The goal of policy gradient method is to optimize J ( θ ) {\displaystyle J(\theta )} by gradient ascent on the policy gradient ∇ J ( θ ) {\displaystyle \nabla J(\theta )} . As detailed on the policy gradient method page, there are many unbiased estimators of the policy gradient: ∇ θ J ( θ ) = E π θ [ ∑ 0 ≤ j ≤ T ∇ θ ln... | Wikipedia - Actor-critic algorithm - Overview > Actor | 292 | 696 | null |
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