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Section: Educator. Although she had hoped to teach at Cornell, Johnson was asked to return to Wilson College when the head of the mathematics department became ill. Initially, Johnson was to substitute for about one month but that assignment was extended when the department head took a leave of absence. She stayed at W... | Wikipedia - Roberta Frances Johnson - Educator | 281 | 1,484 | null |
Section: Education and career. Joseph is African American, and is originally from Seattle. After a fall-out with a racist teacher in her elementary school, she was moved to the only open class, an advanced and self-paced classroom in which she first developed a love for mathematics. She majored in economics, with a min... | Wikipedia - Nicole M. Joseph - Education and career | 306 | 1,618 | null |
Section: Biography. Rosella Kanarik was born February 7, 1909 in Bartfa, then part of Hungary, as the oldest of two children. Her parents were Sarah Schondorf and Albert Kanarik, both of Bartfa. Her father immigrated to the United States ahead of his family and then he returned to Hungary to marry Sarah in November 190... | Wikipedia - Rosella Kanarik - Biography | 344 | 1,655 | null |
Section: Work > Einstein problem. In 2023, Kaplan was part of the team that solved the einstein problem, a major open problem in tiling theory and Euclidean geometry. The problem is to find an "aperiodic monotile", a single geometric shape which can tesselate the plane aperiodically (without translational symmetry) but... | Wikipedia - Craig S. Kaplan - Work > Einstein problem | 347 | 1,648 | null |
Section: Biography. George Em Karniadakis obtained his diploma of engineering in Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture from the National Technical University of Athens in 1982. Subsequently, he received his Scientiæ Magister in 1984 and his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mathematics in 1987 from th... | Wikipedia - George Karniadakis - Biography | 339 | 1,688 | null |
Section: Honors and awards. Ralph E. Kleinman Prize, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2015 MCS Wiederhielm Award of the Microcirculatory Society "for the most highly cited original article in Microcirculation over the previous five year period for the paper", 2015 US Association for Computational Mechani... | Wikipedia - George Karniadakis - Honors and awards | 154 | 738 | null |
Section: Books. Z. Zhang and G.E. Karniadakis, “Numerical Methods for Stochastic PDEs with White Noise”, Springer, Applied Mathematics Series, 2017. G.E. Karniadakis, A. Beskok, and N. Aluru, “Microflows and Nanoflows: Fundamentals and Simulation, Springer 2005. G.E. Karniadakis and R.M. Kirby, “Parallel Scientific Com... | Wikipedia - George Karniadakis - Books | 213 | 713 | null |
Section: Patents. S. Suresh, L. Lu, M. Dao, and G.E. Karniadakis, “Solving inverse indentation Problems via Deep Learning with Applications to 3D printing and Other Engineering Projects, (NTU Ref: 2019-140) - June 24, 2019. M. Raissi, P. Perdikaris, and G.E. Karniadakis, Physics Informed Learning Machines U.S. Provisio... | Wikipedia - George Karniadakis - Patents | 262 | 815 | null |
Section: Career. Keeler soon left Bell Labs to write for David Letterman and subsequently for various sitcoms, including several episodes of Wings, The Simpsons, Futurama, and The Critic, as well as the short-lived Fox claymation show The PJs. For The Simpsons, Keeler has written such episodes as "A Star Is Burns" (whi... | Wikipedia - Ken Keeler - Career | 295 | 1,291 | null |
Section: Writing credits > Futurama episodes and films. "The Series Has Landed" (1999) "When Aliens Attack" (1999) "Put Your Head on My Shoulders" (2000) "Anthology of Interest I" (Part 2) (2000) "The Honking" (2000) "Time Keeps on Slippin'" (2001) "Godfellas" (2002) "The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings" (2003) Futur... | Wikipedia - Ken Keeler - Writing credits > Futurama episodes and films | 239 | 756 | null |
Section: Education and career. After "a rough start" in a required calculus course as an undergraduate at the University of Puget Sound, Kelley became a mathematics major at the encouragement of faculty member Rob Beezer, and took advantages of opportunities there including study abroad in Hungary through the Budapest ... | Wikipedia - Christine Kelley - Education and career | 302 | 1,586 | null |
Section: Life. He was born on 10 April 1763 at Achlossan near Aboyne in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of a farmer. He studied Mathematics at Aberdeen University and graduated in 1783. In the same year he emigrated to the United States of America, settling first in Virginia then moving to New York] in 1785. In 1786 h... | Wikipedia - John Kemp (mathematician) - Life | 222 | 1,075 | null |
Section: Personal life. Kim was born in Anju, Korea, Empire of Japan (now in North Korea) the eldest son of independent farmers Jin Gyong Kim and Mayhryn Hong. A bright child, by 12 years old Kim was capable of speaking some Japanese, Chinese, English and Russian, and had skipped some grades of school; by 14, he was ac... | Wikipedia - Ki-Hang Kim - Personal life | 337 | 1,451 | null |
Section: Education and career. Kim graduated from the University of Southern Mississippi in 1960 with a B.S. in mathematics. He received a M.S. a year later, in 1961. Unable to fund a Ph.D., Kim taught briefly at University of Hartford. He then obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics from George Washington University in 1970, ... | Wikipedia - Ki-Hang Kim - Education and career | 345 | 1,737 | null |
Section: Publications and books. Listed below are some early works by Kim, published under Kim Butler: Butler, K.KH. "On Kim's conjecture." Semigroup Forum 2, 281 (1971). Butler, K.KH. (1971). "Binary relations." In: Capobianco, M., Frechen, J.B., Krolik, M. (eds) Recent Trends in Graph Theory. vol 186. Springer, Berli... | Wikipedia - Ki-Hang Kim - Publications and books | 335 | 983 | null |
Butler, K.KH. (1974). "Subgroups of Binary Relations." In: Newman, M.F. (eds) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Theory of Groups. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol 372. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Butler, K.KH. (1974). "A moore-penrose inverse for boolean relation matrices." In: Holton, D.A. (... | Wikipedia - Ki-Hang Kim - Publications and books | 344 | 1,334 | null |
Section: Education and career. Koch was born and educated in Concord, New Hampshire, with summers in Wilmington, Vermont. She went to the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, initially studying chemistry but soon switching to mathematics; she graduated in 2001. Next, she went to Cornell University for graduate study in ma... | Wikipedia - Sarah Koch - Education and career | 253 | 1,223 | null |
Article: Lawrence Krauss. Lawrence Maxwell Krauss (born May 27, 1954) is a Canadian-American theoretical physicist and cosmologist who taught at Arizona State University (ASU), Yale University, and Case Western Reserve University. He founded ASU's Origins Project in 2008 to investigate fundamental questions about the u... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Summary | 270 | 1,306 | null |
Section: Career. After some time in the Harvard Society of Fellows, Krauss became an assistant professor at Yale University in 1985 and associate professor in 1988. He left Yale for Case Western Reserve University in 1993 when he was named the Ambrose Swasey Professor of Physics, professor of astronomy, and chairman of... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Career | 316 | 1,581 | null |
Krauss attended and was a speaker at the Beyond Belief symposia in November 2006 and October 2008. He served on the science policy committee for Barack Obama's first (2008) presidential campaign and, also in 2008, was named co-president of the board of sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. In 2010, he was ... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Career | 350 | 1,652 | null |
On March 21, 2017, his newest book, The Greatest Story Ever Told—So Far: Why Are We Here? was released in hardcover, paperback, and audio version. A July 2012 article in Newsweek, written by Krauss, indicates how the Higgs particle is related to our understanding of the Big Bang. He also wrote a longer piece in The New... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Career | 259 | 1,234 | null |
Section: Scientific work. Krauss mostly works in theoretical physics and has published research on a variety of topics within that field. In 1995 he proposed that the energy-density of the universe was dominated by the energy of empty space. In 1998 this prediction was confirmed by two observational collaborations and ... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Scientific work | 263 | 1,285 | null |
Section: Activism. Krauss has argued that public policy debates in the United States should have a greater focus on science. He criticized Republican presidential candidate Ben Carson's statements on science, writing that Carson's remarks "suggest he never learned or chooses to ignore basic, well-tested scientific conc... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Activism | 343 | 1,632 | null |
Section: Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein. In 2006, Krauss helped to organize a conference on gravity, funded by a foundation of financier and later convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. The conference was held on St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Later, while Krauss was the director of the Origins Project, it ... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein | 230 | 1,026 | null |
Section: Allegations of sexual misconduct. In a February 2018 article describing allegations that "range from offensive comments to groping and non-consensual sexual advances", BuzzFeed reported a variety of sexual misconduct claims against Krauss, including two complaints from his years at Case Western Reserve Univers... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Allegations of sexual misconduct | 348 | 1,755 | null |
As a result, Krauss was not renewed as director of the Origins Project and the university moved its staff to a project run by planetary scientist Lindy Elkins-Tanton, formally ending the Origins project. In response to the university determination, Krauss produced a 51-page appeal document responding to the allegations... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Allegations of sexual misconduct | 204 | 1,016 | null |
Section: Awards. Gravity Research Foundation First Prize Award in the 1984 Essay Competition American Association for the Advancement of Science's Award for the Public Understanding of Science and Technology (2000) Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize (2001) Andrew Gemant Award (2001) American Institute of Physics Science Wri... | Wikipedia - Lawrence Krauss - Awards | 193 | 1,045 | null |
Section: Biography. Krichever was born in Kuybyshev to aviation engineer Moisey Solomonovich Krichever and Maria Leyzerovna Arlievskaya. He received a silver medal at the 1967 International Mathematical Olympiad. He graduated from the MSU Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics in 1972. From 1975 to 1988, Krichever was a ... | Wikipedia - Igor Krichever - Biography | 251 | 1,174 | null |
Article: Howard Elton Lacey. Howard Elton Lacey (February 9, 1937 in Leakey, Texas – June 21, 2013) was an American mathematician who studied analysis. After beginning his undergraduate studies at Texas A&M University, Lacey graduated from Abilene Christian University with a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1959 and... | Wikipedia - Howard Elton Lacey - Summary | 262 | 1,285 | null |
Section: Biography. Lambert was born in West New Brighton, New York on January 12, 1879, with English ancestry. He attended a public school as well as the Friends Seminary, and later matriculated at Harvard University. In 1900, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree; in 1901 he received a Master of Arts degree, al... | Wikipedia - Walter Davis Lambert - Biography | 344 | 1,628 | null |
Section: Career and mentorship of women. Landry's dissertation director was Frank Morley, himself also a frequent advisor to women doctoral candidates (see inset quote below). Landry spent his career at Catholic University of America, where he began as a teaching fellow following his graduation from Harvard. He joined ... | Wikipedia - Aubrey E. Landry - Career and mentorship of women | 287 | 1,345 | null |
Section: Notable women mentored. This list is incomplete, as Landry directed the dissertations of at least 18 women. Some of these come from the Mathematics Genealogy Project, and others from Pioneering Women in American Mathematics. Mary Nicholas Arnoldy, Ph.D. 1937, Dissertation: "The Reality of the Double Tangents o... | Wikipedia - Aubrey E. Landry - Notable women mentored | 344 | 1,416 | null |
1935, Dissertation: "The Number and Reality of Quadrilaterals In-and-Circumscribed to a Rational Unicuspidal Quartic with Real Tangents from the Cusp." Mary Gervase Kelley, Ph.D. 1917, Dissertation: "On the Cardioids Fulfilling Certain Assigned Conditions." Marie Cecilia Mangold, Ph.D. 1929, Dissertation: "The Loci Des... | Wikipedia - Aubrey E. Landry - Notable women mentored | 344 | 1,231 | null |
Section: Education and career. Levy majored in astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, graduating in 1910, and continued at the university for graduate study in astronomy, supporting herself as Watson Assistant in Astronomy, University Fellow in Astronomy, assistant to the dean of the graduate division, an... | Wikipedia - Sophia Levy - Education and career | 346 | 1,821 | null |
Section: Research and publications. Levy's main topic research was in theoretical astronomy, and involved calculations involving the orbits of comets and minor planets, the perturbations of those orbits by Jupiter, and the use of the observed perturbations to more accurately estimate the mass of Jupiter. Her dissertati... | Wikipedia - Sophia Levy - Research and publications | 229 | 1,163 | null |
Section: Works. 'A Nonstandard Theory of Games. Part I: On the Existence of the Quasi-Kernel and Related Solution Concepts for *Finite Cooperative Games', Harvard University Center on Decision and Conflict in Complex Situations Technical Report no. TR-6, June 1979 'A Nonstandard Theory of Games. Part II. On Non-Atomic ... | Wikipedia - Alain A. Lewis - Works | 331 | 1,347 | null |
9, No. 3 (1985), pp. 197–247 'On effectively computable realizations of choice functions', Mathematical Social Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1985), pp. 43–80 'The minimum degree of recursively representable choice functions', Mathematical Social Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1985), pp. 179–88 'Complex structures and composite ... | Wikipedia - Alain A. Lewis - Works | 344 | 1,366 | null |
19. No. 1 (1990), pp. 55–95 'A note on degrees of presentation of games as relational structures', Mathematical Social Sciences, Vol. 19. No. 2 (1990), pp. 195–201 'A game-theoretic equivalence to the Hahn–Banach theorem', Mathematical Social Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 3 (1990), pp. 199–214 'On the Effective Content of Asy... | Wikipedia - Alain A. Lewis - Works | 232 | 906 | null |
Article: Enoch Lewis (mathematician). Enoch Lewis (born in Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania 29 January 1776; died in Philadelphia, 14 June 1856) was a mathematician. He early exhibited a talent for mathematics, at the age of fourteen was usher in a country school, and at fifteen became principal. In the a... | Wikipedia - Enoch Lewis (mathematician) - Summary | 347 | 1,719 | null |
First American edition. Philadelphia 1810. John Bonnycastle: An introduction to algebra; with notes and observations: designed for the use of schools and places of public education, Philadelphia, 1806 . and in the second edition in 1811 Lewis writes "errors of former editions and some improprieties in the original are ... | Wikipedia - Enoch Lewis (mathematician) - Summary | 337 | 1,693 | null |
Section: Career. Lick's first job after graduation was across the state near his family home at Port Huron Junior College (now St. Clair County Community College). He was an instructor and chairman of the department of mathematics for a year before moving to California to begin work on his doctorate and teach at the Un... | Wikipedia - Dale W. Lick - Career | 222 | 1,227 | null |
Section: Career > Georgia. Lick was inducted as president at Georgia Southern College (now Georgia Southern University) in 1978. In a recent interview, he related the three things he accomplished at Georgia Southern that he was most proud of. The first was establishing a Nursing School. When exploring this goal, his vi... | Wikipedia - Dale W. Lick - Career > Georgia | 343 | 1,767 | null |
Section: Controversies > Maine. When Lick was president of the University of Maine in 1989, he was in a meeting and was asked how to increase minority involvement in Maine university sports. A journalist from the student newspaper tape-recorded the conversation. His infamous reply referred to basketball. He made the ab... | Wikipedia - Dale W. Lick - Controversies > Maine | 166 | 849 | null |
Section: Controversies > Florida. Upon his return to Tallahassee, Lick found his relationship with some influential alumni and faculty had chilled. When Lick was hired, his primary focus was to be fund-raising. They were puzzled why he considered leaving immediately before FSU began the biggest donor campaign in the sc... | Wikipedia - Dale W. Lick - Controversies > Florida | 337 | 1,706 | null |
Tom Petway was committee chairman who also chaired the search committee that selected Lick. After meeting Lick for lunch, Petway returned to Jacksonville and Lick cancelled his afternoon appointments. One newspaper noted the irony that Lick was rejected at Michigan State by black members of the community who viewed the... | Wikipedia - Dale W. Lick - Controversies > Florida | 328 | 1,634 | null |
Section: Books. Little's textbooks include: Using Algebraic Geometry (with David Cox and Donal O'Shea, Springer, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 1998; 2nd ed., 2005) Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms: An Introduction to Computational Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra (with David Cox and Donal O'Shea, Springer, ... | Wikipedia - John B. Little (mathematician) - Books | 241 | 1,072 | null |
Section: Career. Early in his career, Locke held several short-term teaching positions, including at West Sunbury Academy in West Sunbury, Pennsylvania; a high school in Fredonia, Pennsylvania; and at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. In 1902, he moved to Brooklyn, New York, where he began teaching a... | Wikipedia - Leslie Leland Locke - Career | 248 | 1,231 | null |
Section: Career > Quipu research. Under the guidance of Professor David Eugene Smith, Locke began studying Andean quipus, drawing on Smith's extensive collection of rare books on South America and his access to specimens housed at the American Museum of Natural History. Notably, an accession card for quipu B/8715 in th... | Wikipedia - Leslie Leland Locke - Career > Quipu research | 272 | 1,295 | null |
Section: Career > Calculating machines. After his work on quipus, Locke became interested in the history of the calculating machine. He soon became an avid collector of these devices and amassed a collection of well over 100 items, at least one of which was thought to have been the first of its kind. Several of the mor... | Wikipedia - Leslie Leland Locke - Career > Calculating machines | 163 | 827 | null |
Section: Career > Personal Library. Over the course of his life, Locke amassed an extensive personal library reflecting his interests in mathematics and other topics. Many of the books in Locke's collection featured a personalized bookplate with a circular design surrounded by the text "EX LIBRIS" at the top and "LESLI... | Wikipedia - Leslie Leland Locke - Career > Personal Library | 347 | 1,744 | null |
Section: Selected publications. Locke, L. Leland. 1909. "Pure Mathematics." The Science-History of the Universe, 8:1–187. New York: Current Literature Publishing Company. Locke, L. Leland. 1912. "The Ancient Quipu, a Peruvian Knot Record." American Anthropologist 14 (2): 325–32. Locke, L. Leland. 1923. The Ancient Quip... | Wikipedia - Leslie Leland Locke - Selected publications | 278 | 1,113 | null |
Section: Ancestry and early life. Elisha Scott Loomis, of English–Scottish and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, was born in a log-cabin in Wadsworth, Ohio, which at that time was a village in Medina County. He was the eldest son of Charles W. Loomis, a descendant of the pioneer Joseph Loomis of Windsor, Connecticut. His mo... | Wikipedia - Elisha Scott Loomis - Ancestry and early life | 341 | 1,589 | null |
Section: Further education and career. While teaching, Loomis continued his own studies and earned postgraduate degrees. While in Berea, studied civil engineering and became the village engineer. He attained his B.S. at Baldwin University in 1880 under Professor Aaron Schuyler, and then his A.M. in 1886 and Ph.D. in 18... | Wikipedia - Elisha Scott Loomis - Further education and career | 270 | 1,231 | null |
Section: Written works. His written works included his thesis for his Ph.D. degree in metaphysics: "Theism the Result of Completed Investigation", a genealogy of "The Loomis Family in America", and "The Genealogy of Jacob Oberholtzer and His Descendants"'. He also wrote "The Teaching of Mathematics in High Schools", an... | Wikipedia - Elisha Scott Loomis - Written works | 331 | 1,483 | null |
Section: Early life and education. Annie Louise MacKinnon was born June 1, 1868, in Woodstock, Ontario; her parents were also both originally from Ontario. She moved with her family as an infant to Concordia, Kansas, where her father worked as a realtor and hardware salesman. After graduating from Concordia High School... | Wikipedia - Annie MacKinnon - Early life and education | 300 | 1,531 | null |
Section: Career and later life. MacKinnon taught high school mathematics in Lawrence, Kansas from 1890 to 1892. After her return from Europe in 1896, she became professor of mathematics at Wells College, a women's college in Aurora, New York; she was the only mathematician on the faculty. She also served as registrar f... | Wikipedia - Annie MacKinnon - Career and later life | 154 | 739 | null |
Article: Richard C. Maclaurin. Richard Cockburn Maclaurin ( KOH-bərn; June 5, 1870 – January 15, 1920) was a Scottish-born U.S. educator and mathematical physicist. He was made president of MIT in 1909, and held the position until his death in 1920. During his tenure as president of MIT, the Institute moved across the ... | Wikipedia - Richard C. Maclaurin - Summary | 176 | 806 | null |
Section: Career and research. Maher worked as an elementary school teacher from 1962-1967 in the Matawan Regional School District, Augusta, and Scotch Plains. In 1992 she became a professor of mathematics education at Rutgers University and became the Distinguished Professor of Mathematics Education in 2007. Her work f... | Wikipedia - Carolyn A. Maher - Career and research | 274 | 1,551 | null |
Section: Career. In 1939 he graduated from Brown University. He became a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in the years 1939-40 and later in 1948–49. In most of his career, between the years 1940–83, he was a professor of mathematics in University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In June 1983, a conference nam... | Wikipedia - Mahlon Marsh Day - Career | 206 | 989 | null |
Section: Career. After obtaining his PhD, Amouzegar began his career as an Assistant Professor (Lecturer) at Massey University in 1995, teaching operations research and developing models and algorithms for nonconvex optimization problems. He then moved to California State University, Long Beach, serving as Associate De... | Wikipedia - Mahyar Amouzegar - Career | 261 | 1,414 | null |
Section: Creative writing. Amouzegar's writing is influenced by his love of old movies, particularly 1940s screwball comedies and film noir, as well as novels like The Godfather. He developed an appreciation for Ernest Hemingway and Graham Greene, often writing to the music of operas like “Aida”. His first two novels, ... | Wikipedia - Mahyar Amouzegar - Creative writing | 249 | 1,213 | null |
Section: Research > Efficiency in combat and air support. Amouzegar's research efforts have provided insights into the development of agile combat support systems. While examining Agile Combat Support (ACS) and mobility system design and evaluation, he alongside other researchers addressed trade-offs, resource requirem... | Wikipedia - Mahyar Amouzegar - Research > Efficiency in combat and air support | 222 | 1,256 | null |
Article: Physics. Physics is the scientific study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. It is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines. A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a physicist. Ph... | Wikipedia - Physics - Summary | 251 | 1,443 | null |
Section: History > Ancient astronomy. Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. Early civilizations dating before 3000 BCE, such as the Sumerians, ancient Egyptians, and the Indus Valley Civilisation, had a predictive knowledge and a basic awareness of the motions of the Sun, Moon, and stars. The stars and plane... | Wikipedia - Physics - History > Ancient astronomy | 219 | 1,183 | null |
Section: History > Aristotle and Hellenistic physics. During the classical period in Greece (6th, 5th and 4th centuries BCE) and in Hellenistic times, natural philosophy developed along many lines of inquiry. Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384–322 BCE), a student of Plato, wrote on many subjects, includin... | Wikipedia - Physics - History > Aristotle and Hellenistic physics | 310 | 1,501 | null |
For example, if there is a fire on the ground, the flames go up into the air in an attempt to go back into its natural place where it belongs. His laws of motion included: that heavier objects will fall faster, the speed being proportional to the weight and the speed of the object that is falling depends inversely on t... | Wikipedia - Physics - History > Aristotle and Hellenistic physics | 176 | 809 | null |
Section: History > Medieval European and Islamic. The Western Roman Empire fell to invaders and internal decay in the fifth century, resulting in a decline in intellectual pursuits in western Europe. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire (usually known as the Byzantine Empire) resisted the attacks from invaders and con... | Wikipedia - Physics - History > Medieval European and Islamic | 300 | 1,515 | null |
Section: History > Scientific Revolution. Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics. Major developments in this period include the replacement of the geocentric model of the Solar System with the... | Wikipedia - Physics - History > Scientific Revolution | 157 | 850 | null |
Section: History > 19th century. The discovery of laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased. By the end of the 19th century, theories of thermodynamics, mechanics, and electromagnetics matched a wide variety of obser... | Wikipedia - Physics - History > 19th century | 186 | 966 | null |
Section: History > 20th century. Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. Classical mechanics predicted that the speed of li... | Wikipedia - Physics - History > 20th century | 327 | 1,695 | null |
Section: Core theories > Classical theory. Classical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.: 2 Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bod... | Wikipedia - Physics - Core theories > Classical theory | 323 | 1,595 | null |
Section: Core theories > Modern theory. The discovery of relativity and of quantum mechanics in the first decades of the 20th century transformed the conceptual basis of physics without reducing the practical value of most of the physical theories developed up to that time. Consequently the topics of physics have come ... | Wikipedia - Physics - Core theories > Modern theory | 296 | 1,651 | null |
Section: Research > Theory and experiment. Theorists seek to develop mathematical models that both agree with existing experiments and successfully predict future experimental results, while experimentalists devise and perform experiments to test theoretical predictions and explore new phenomena. Although theory and ex... | Wikipedia - Physics - Research > Theory and experiment | 307 | 1,836 | null |
Section: Research > Scope and aims. Physics covers a wide range of phenomena, from elementary particles (such as quarks, neutrinos, and electrons) to the largest superclusters of galaxies. Included in these phenomena are the most basic objects composing all other things. Therefore, physics is sometimes called the "fund... | Wikipedia - Physics - Research > Scope and aims | 328 | 1,656 | null |
Section: Research > Current research. Research in physics is continually progressing on a large number of fronts. In condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quant... | Wikipedia - Physics - Research > Current research | 324 | 1,730 | null |
Section: Branches and fields > Fields > Nuclear and particle. Particle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy and the interactions between them. In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high-energy accelerators, detectors, and computer programs necessary for this researc... | Wikipedia - Physics - Branches and fields > Fields > Nuclear and particle | 289 | 1,568 | null |
Section: Branches and fields > Fields > Atomic, molecular, and optical. Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter—matter and light—matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules. The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods... | Wikipedia - Physics - Branches and fields > Fields > Atomic, molecular, and optical | 244 | 1,336 | null |
Section: Branches and fields > Fields > Condensed matter. Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interac... | Wikipedia - Physics - Branches and fields > Fields > Condensed matter | 257 | 1,395 | null |
Section: Branches and fields > Fields > Astrophysics. Astrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the Solar System, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists ty... | Wikipedia - Physics - Branches and fields > Fields > Astrophysics | 330 | 1,702 | null |
Section: Other aspects > Philosophy. Physics, as with the rest of science, relies on the philosophy of science and its "scientific method" to advance knowledge of the physical world. The scientific method employs a priori and a posteriori reasoning as well as the use of Bayesian inference to measure the validity of a g... | Wikipedia - Physics - Other aspects > Philosophy | 340 | 1,745 | null |
From those results, precise or estimated solutions are obtained, or quantitative results, from which new predictions can be made and experimentally confirmed or negated. The results from physics experiments are numerical data, with their units of measure and estimates of the errors in the measurements. Technologies bas... | Wikipedia - Physics - Other aspects > Philosophy | 271 | 1,495 | null |
Section: Other aspects > Fundamental vs. applied physics. Physics is a branch of fundamental science (also called basic science). Physics is also called "the fundamental science" because all branches of natural science including chemistry, astronomy, geology, and biology are constrained by laws of physics. Similarly, c... | Wikipedia - Physics - Other aspects > Fundamental vs. applied physics | 329 | 1,885 | null |
For example, statics, a subfield of mechanics, is used in the building of bridges and other static structures. The understanding and use of acoustics results in sound control and better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices. An understanding of physics makes for more realistic fligh... | Wikipedia - Physics - Other aspects > Fundamental vs. applied physics | 220 | 1,094 | null |
Section: Background. The electronic band structure of materials is primarily studied based on the extent of the band gap, the gap between highest occupied valence bands and lowest unoccupied conduction bands. The possible energy level of the material that provides the discrete energy values of all possible states in th... | Wikipedia - Edge states - Background | 201 | 973 | null |
Article: Electrostatic solitary wave. In space physics, an electrostatic solitary wave (ESW) is a type of electromagnetic soliton occurring during short time scales (when compared to the general time scales of variations in the average electric field) in plasma. When a rapid change occurs in the electric field in a dir... | Wikipedia - Electrostatic solitary wave - Summary | 155 | 768 | null |
Section: History. The discovery of solitary waves in general is attributed to John Scott Russell in 1834, with their first mathematical conceptualization being finalized in 1871 by Joseph Boussinesq (and later refined and popularized by Lord Rayleigh in 1876). However, these observations and solutions were for oscillat... | Wikipedia - Electrostatic solitary wave - History | 242 | 1,195 | null |
Section: Detection. Electrostatic solitary waves, by their nature, are a phenomenon occurring in the electric field of a plasma. As such, ESWs are technically detectable by any instrument that can measure changes to the electric field during a sufficiently short time window. However, since a given plasma's electric fie... | Wikipedia - Electrostatic solitary wave - Detection | 348 | 1,755 | null |
Section: Interactions. One of the primary physical consequences of ESWs is their creation of electron phase-space holes, a type of structure which prevents low velocity electrons from remaining close to the source of the ESW. These phase-space holes, like the ESWs themselves, can travel stably through the surrounding p... | Wikipedia - Electrostatic solitary wave - Interactions | 203 | 1,026 | null |
Section: Origin and Context. The notion of frenesy was introduced in 2006 in the study of nonequilibrium processes by Christian Maes and collaborators, and it has appeared in some works since then. In systems described by trajectory ensembles or path-space measures (e.g. originating in Markov processes or Langevin dyna... | Wikipedia - Frenesy (physics) - Origin and Context | 287 | 1,417 | null |
Section: Role in Fluctuation-Response Relations. Frenesy is used in the generalization of fluctuation-dissipation relations beyond equilibrium. In nonequilibrium steady states, the linear response of an observable depends not only on the correlation with entropy production but also on correlations with frenesy. This co... | Wikipedia - Frenesy (physics) - Role in Fluctuation-Response Relations | 334 | 1,651 | null |
Section: Applications. The concept of frenesy is used in various areas of modern statistical physics. In the presence of dissipation, kinetic aspects in the form of increased or decreased dynamical activity and reactivities can determine a system's behavior. For example, jamming, localization, or glassy behavior are in... | Wikipedia - Frenesy (physics) - Applications | 305 | 1,641 | null |
Section: Early experiments. Round, of Marconi Labs, made his discovery in 1906 while using a cat's-whisker detector and passing current through combinations of carborundum (silicon carbide) crystal. He noticed that some gave off light – the first known report of the effect of the light-emitting diode (LED). Round publi... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Early experiments | 349 | 1,578 | null |
produced by a junction of carborundum and another conductor when heated by a direct or alternating current, but the connection may be only secondary as an obvious explanation of the e.m.f. effect is the thermoelectric one. The writer would be glad of references to any published account of an investigation of this or an... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Early experiments | 309 | 1,378 | null |
Hungarian Zoltán Bay together with György Szigeti patenting a lighting device in Hungary in 1939 based on silicon carbide, with an option on boron carbide, that emitted white, yellowish white, or greenish white depending on impurities present. Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo, and Edward Jamgochian explained these first LEDs... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Early experiments | 336 | 1,502 | null |
We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup." In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient lig... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Early experiments | 327 | 1,472 | null |
In the 1960s, several laboratories focused on LEDs that would emit visible light. A particularly important device was demonstrated by Nick Holonyak on October 9, 1962, while he was working for General Electric in Syracuse, New York. The device used the semiconducting alloy gallium phosphide arsenide (GaAsP). It was the... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Early experiments | 341 | 1,602 | null |
Section: Initial commercial development. Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, on the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use. The first commercial visible-wavelength LEDs used GaAsP semiconductors and were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps,... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Initial commercial development | 330 | 1,535 | null |
It was the first intelligent LED display, and was a revolution in digital display technology, replacing the Nixie tube and becoming the basis for later LED displays. In the 1970s, commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Initial commercial development | 305 | 1,549 | null |
Section: Blue LED. The first blue-violet LED, using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on rela... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Blue LED | 331 | 1,420 | null |
In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Theodore Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process in 1991. In 2015, a ... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Blue LED | 336 | 1,537 | null |
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