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Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano, and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for "the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources." In 1995, Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reli... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - Blue LED | 345 | 1,588 | null |
Section: White LEDs and the illumination breakthrough. Even though white light can be created using individual red, green and blue LEDs, this results in poor color rendering, since only three narrow bands of wavelengths of light are being emitted. The attainment of high efficiency blue LEDs was quickly followed by the ... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - White LEDs and the illumination breakthrough | 345 | 1,584 | null |
Experimental white LEDs were demonstrated in 2014 to produce 303 lumens per watt of electricity (lm/W); some can last up to 100,000 hours. Commercially available LEDs have an efficiency of up to 223 lm/W as of 2018. A previous record of 135 lm/W was achieved by Nichia in 2010. Compared to incandescent bulbs, this is a ... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - White LEDs and the illumination breakthrough | 306 | 1,257 | null |
Some "remote phosphor" LED light bulbs use a single plastic cover with YAG phosphor for one or several blue LEDs, instead of using phosphor coatings on single-chip white LEDs. Ce:YAG phosphors and epoxy in LEDs can degrade with use, and is more apparent with higher concentrations of Ce:YAG in phosphor-silicone mixtures... | Wikipedia - History of the LED - White LEDs and the illumination breakthrough | 350 | 1,370 | null |
Article: HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics. The HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics is the largest Hungarian research institute studying physics.Formerly a research institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, it became a member of the Eötvös Loránd Research Network and after the ELKH's reorganisatio... | Wikipedia - HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics - Summary | 157 | 787 | null |
Section: History. The predecessor of the research centre was the Central Research Institute of Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , founded in 1950. Originally established with two departments, the institute was soon expanded by several departments under the leadership of researchers such as Károly Simonyi an... | Wikipedia - HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics - History | 318 | 1,612 | null |
Section: Organizational structure > Wigner Data Centre. The Wigner Data Centre is a server infrastructure. Since 2013, the Wigner Data Centre has housed CERN's remote Tier-0 infrastructure, thus playing a key role in processing the data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Following the completion of the CERN project,... | Wikipedia - HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics - Organizational structure > Wigner Data Centre | 219 | 960 | null |
Section: Biography. Costa Ribeiro was born at his family's house, on Barão de Itapejipe street, 82, in what was then the federal district of Brazil. His parents were Antonio Marques da Costa Ribeiro and Maria Constança Alburquerque da Costa Ribeiro. His father and grandfather, after whom Joaquim was named, were judges.... | Wikipedia - Joaquim da Costa Ribeiro - Biography | 296 | 1,389 | null |
Article: Modern physics. Modern physics is a branch of physics that developed in the early 20th century and onward or branches greatly influenced by early 20th century physics. Notable branches of modern physics include quantum mechanics, special relativity, and general relativity. Classical physics is typically concer... | Wikipedia - Modern physics - Summary | 343 | 1,832 | null |
It is in this latter sense that the term is generally used. Modern physics is often encountered when dealing with extreme conditions. Quantum mechanical effects tend to appear when dealing with "lows" (low temperatures, small distances), while relativistic effects tend to appear when dealing with "highs" (high velociti... | Wikipedia - Modern physics - Summary | 211 | 1,015 | null |
Article: Naïve physics. Naïve physics or folk physics is the untrained human perception of basic physical phenomena. In the field of artificial intelligence the study of naïve physics is a part of the effort to formalize the common knowledge of human beings. Many ideas of folk physics are simplifications, misunderstand... | Wikipedia - Naïve physics - Summary | 161 | 861 | null |
Section: Examples. Some examples of naïve physics include commonly understood, intuitive, or everyday-observed rules of nature: What goes up must come down A dropped object falls straight down A solid object cannot pass through another solid object A vacuum sucks things towards it An object is either at rest or moving,... | Wikipedia - Naïve physics - Examples | 155 | 820 | null |
Section: Psychological research. The increasing sophistication of technology makes possible more research on knowledge acquisition. Researchers measure physiological responses such as heart rate and eye movement in order to quantify the reaction to a particular stimulus. Concrete physiological data is helpful when obse... | Wikipedia - Naïve physics - Psychological research | 344 | 1,781 | null |
Section: Psychological research > Types of experiments > Occlusion. An occlusion event tests the knowledge that an object exists even if it is not immediately visible. Jean Piaget originally called this concept object permanence. When Piaget formed his developmental theory in the 1950s, he claimed that object permanenc... | Wikipedia - Naïve physics - Psychological research > Types of experiments > Occlusion | 195 | 946 | null |
Section: Psychological research > Types of experiments > Containment. A containment event tests the infant's recognition that an object that is bigger than a container cannot fit completely into that container. Elizabeth Spelke, one of the psychologists who founded the naïve physics movement, identified the continuity ... | Wikipedia - Naïve physics - Psychological research > Types of experiments > Containment | 171 | 990 | null |
Section: Description. Notably, the effect can be either heating or cooling of the surface emitting the electrons, depending upon the energy at which they are supplied. Above the Nottingham inversion temperature, the emission energy exceeds the Fermi energy of the electron supply and the emitted electron carries more en... | Wikipedia - Nottingham effect - Description | 228 | 1,208 | null |
Article: Nucleation. In thermodynamics, nucleation is the first step in the formation of either a new thermodynamic phase or structure via self-assembly or self-organization within a substance or mixture. Nucleation is typically defined to be the process that determines how long an observer has to wait before the new p... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - Summary | 316 | 1,450 | null |
Section: Characteristics. Nucleation is usually a stochastic (random) process, so even in two identical systems nucleation will occur at different times. A common mechanism is illustrated in the animation to the right. This shows nucleation of a new phase (shown in red) in an existing phase (white). In the existing pha... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - Characteristics | 331 | 1,578 | null |
Section: Characteristics > Heterogeneous nucleation often dominates homogeneous nucleation. Heterogeneous nucleation, nucleation with the nucleus at a surface, is much more common than homogeneous nucleation. For example, in the nucleation of ice from supercooled water droplets, purifying the water to remove all or alm... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - Characteristics > Heterogeneous nucleation often dominates homogeneous nucleation | 326 | 1,485 | null |
Section: Characteristics > Computer simulation studies of simple models. Classical nucleation theory makes a number of assumptions, for example it treats a microscopic nucleus as if it is a macroscopic droplet with a well-defined surface whose free energy is estimated using an equilibrium property: the interfacial tens... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - Characteristics > Computer simulation studies of simple models | 253 | 1,287 | null |
Section: The nucleation of crystals. In many cases, liquids and solutions can be cooled down or concentrated up to conditions where the liquid or solution is significantly less thermodynamically stable than the crystal, but where no crystals will form for minutes, hours, weeks or longer; this process is called supercoo... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - The nucleation of crystals | 318 | 1,567 | null |
Section: The nucleation of crystals > Primary and secondary nucleation. The time until the appearance of the first crystal is also called primary nucleation time, to distinguish it from secondary nucleation times. Primary here refers to the first nucleus to form, while secondary nuclei are crystal nuclei produced from ... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - The nucleation of crystals > Primary and secondary nucleation | 235 | 1,185 | null |
Section: The nucleation of crystals > Experimental observations on the nucleation times for the crystallisation of small volumes. It is typically difficult to experimentally study the nucleation of crystals. The nucleus is microscopic, and thus too small to be directly observed. In large liquid volumes there are typica... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - The nucleation of crystals > Experimental observations on the nucleation times for the crystallisation of small volumes | 348 | 1,631 | null |
The fit values are that the nucleation rate due to a single impurity particle is 0.02/s, and the average number of impurity particles per droplet is 1.2. Note that about 30% of the tin droplets never freeze; the data plateaus at a fraction of about 0.3. Within the model this is assumed to be because, by chance, these d... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - The nucleation of crystals > Experimental observations on the nucleation times for the crystallisation of small volumes | 206 | 842 | null |
Section: The nucleation of crystals > Ice. The freezing of small water droplets to ice is an important process, particularly in the formation and dynamics of clouds. Water (at atmospheric pressure) does not freeze at 0 °C, but rather at temperatures that tend to decrease as the volume of the water decreases and as the ... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - The nucleation of crystals > Ice | 180 | 857 | null |
Section: Examples > Nucleation of fluids (gases and liquids). Clouds form when wet air cools (often because the air rises) and many small water droplets nucleate from the supersaturated air. The amount of water vapour that air can carry decreases with lower temperatures. The excess vapor begins to nucleate and to form ... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - Examples > Nucleation of fluids (gases and liquids) | 339 | 1,640 | null |
Section: Examples > Nucleation of crystals. The most common crystallisation process on Earth is the formation of ice. Liquid water does not freeze at 0 °C unless there is ice already present; cooling significantly below 0 °C is required to nucleate ice and for the water to freeze. For example, small droplets of very pu... | Wikipedia - Nucleation - Examples > Nucleation of crystals | 213 | 1,010 | null |
Section: Cosmology and astrophysics > Formulation. In space-positive metric signature tensor notation, the stress–energy tensor of a perfect fluid can be written in the form T μ ν = ( ρ m + p c 2 ) U μ U ν + p η μ ν , {\displaystyle T^{\mu \nu }=\left(\rho _{m}+{\frac {p}{c^{2}}}\right)\,U^{\mu }U^{\nu }+p\,\eta ^{\mu ... | Wikipedia - Perfect fluid - Cosmology and astrophysics > Formulation | 251 | 677 | null |
When p = ρ m c 2 / 3 {\displaystyle p=\rho _{m}c^{2}/3} , it describes a photon gas (radiation). In time-positive metric signature tensor notation, the stress–energy tensor of a perfect fluid can be written in the form T μ ν = ( ρ m + p c 2 ) U μ U ν − p η μ ν , {\displaystyle T^{\mu \nu }=\left(\rho _{\text{m}}+{\frac... | Wikipedia - Perfect fluid - Cosmology and astrophysics > Formulation | 241 | 597 | null |
In time-positive metric signature tensor notation, the stress–energy tensor of a perfect fluid can be written in the form T μ ν = ( ρ m + p c 2 ) U μ U ν − p η μ ν , {\displaystyle T^{\mu \nu }=\left(\rho _{\text{m}}+{\frac {p}{c^{2}}}\right)\,U^{\mu }U^{\nu }-p\,\eta ^{\mu \nu },} where U {\displaystyle U} is the 4-ve... | Wikipedia - Perfect fluid - Cosmology and astrophysics > Formulation | 354 | 848 | null |
This takes on a particularly simple form in the rest frame [ ρ e 0 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 0 p ] {\displaystyle \left[{\begin{matrix}\rho _{e}&0&0&0\\0&p&0&0\\0&0&p&0\\0&0&0&p\end{matrix}}\right]} where ρ e = ρ m c 2 {\displaystyle \rho _{\text{e}}=\rho _{\text{m}}c^{2}} is the energy density and p {\displaystyle p} is... | Wikipedia - Perfect fluid - Cosmology and astrophysics > Formulation | 241 | 677 | null |
Section: Conceptual Foundations > 3. How do macroscopic functions emerge from microscopic interactions?. Macroscopic properties of tissues, organisms, and ecosystems arise from local physical interactions between molecules, cells, and structures. Research areas include phase separation in cells, collective behavior in ... | Wikipedia - Physics of Life - Conceptual Foundations > 3. How do macroscopic functions emerge from microscopic interactions? | 266 | 1,163 | null |
Article: Plasmaron. In physics, the plasmaron was proposed by Lundqvist in 1967 as a quasiparticle arising in a system that has strong plasmon-electron interactions. In the original work, the plasmaron was proposed to describe a secondary peak (or satellite) in the photoemission spectral function of the electron gas. M... | Wikipedia - Plasmaron - Summary | 330 | 1,529 | null |
It was shown, also with the support of the numerical simulations, that the plasmaron energy is an artifact of the approximation used to numerically compute the spectral function, e.g. solution of the dyson equation for the many body green function with a frequency dependent GW self-energy. This approach give rise to a ... | Wikipedia - Plasmaron - Summary | 220 | 1,169 | null |
Article: Quasi-isodynamic stellarator. A quasi-isodynamic (QI) stellarator is a type of stellarator (a magnetic confinement fusion reactor) that satisfies the property of omnigeneity, avoids the potentially hazardous toroidal bootstrap current, and has minimal neoclassical transport in the collisionless regime. Wendels... | Wikipedia - Quasi-isodynamic stellarator - Summary | 218 | 990 | null |
Section: Contributions. Riccardo D'Auria contributed, in the early years of superstring theory and in collaboration with a group of string theorists, to the introduction of internal flavour symmetry and color symmetry in a string algebra. In collaboration with Pietro G. Frè (and following a proposal by Y. Ne'eman and T... | Wikipedia - Riccardo D'Auria - Contributions | 338 | 1,637 | null |
Section: Books. Castellani, Leonardo; D'Auria, Riccardo; Fré, Pietro (1991). Supergravity and Superstrings: A Geometric Perspective: (In 3 Volumes). WORLD SCIENTIFIC. doi:10.1142/0224. ISBN 978-9971-5-0037-5. D'Auria, Riccardo; Trigiante, Mario (2016). From Special Relativity to Feynman Diagrams: A Course in Theoretica... | Wikipedia - Riccardo D'Auria - Books | 173 | 516 | null |
Section: Alternative to dark energy. In related work, Smoller, Temple, and Vogler propose that this shockwave may have resulted in our part of the universe having a lower density than that surrounding it, causing the accelerated expansion normally attributed to dark energy. They also propose that this related theory co... | Wikipedia - Shockwave cosmology - Alternative to dark energy | 153 | 703 | null |
Article: Surface stress. Surface stress was first defined by Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839–1903) as the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-existing surface. Depending upon the convention used, the area is either the original, unstretched one which represents a constant number o... | Wikipedia - Surface stress - Summary | 222 | 1,113 | null |
In a continuum approach one can define a surface stress tensor f i j {\displaystyle f_{ij}} that relates the work associated with the variation in γ A {\displaystyle \gamma A} , the total excess free energy of the surface due to a strain tensor e i j {\displaystyle e_{ij}} A f i j = d ( γ A ) / d e i j = A d γ / d e i ... | Wikipedia - Surface stress - Thermodynamics of surface stress | 350 | 1,108 | null |
This is related to the ideal of using Gibb's equimolar quantities rather than continuum numbers such as area, that is keeping the number of surface atoms constant. In this case the surface stress is defined as the derivative of the surface energy with strain, that is (deliberately using a different symbol) g i j = d γ ... | Wikipedia - Surface stress - Thermodynamics of surface stress | 168 | 759 | null |
Section: Physical origins of surface stress. The origin of surface stress is the difference between bonding in the bulk and at a surface. The bulk spacings set the values of the in-plane surface spacings, and consequently the in-plane distance between atoms. However, the atoms at the surface have a different bonding, s... | Wikipedia - Surface stress - Physical origins of surface stress | 187 | 843 | null |
Section: Surface stress values > Theoretical calculations. The most common method to calculate the surface stresses is by calculating the surface free energy and its derivative with respect to elastic strain. Different methods have been used such as first principles, atomistic potential calculations and molecular dynam... | Wikipedia - Surface stress - Surface stress values > Theoretical calculations | 222 | 949 | null |
Section: Surface stress effects > Surface structural reconstruction. As mentioned above, often the atoms at a surface would like to be either closer together or further apart. Countering this, the atoms below (substrate) have a fixed in-plane spacing onto which the surface has to register. One way to reduce the total e... | Wikipedia - Surface stress - Surface stress effects > Surface structural reconstruction | 195 | 910 | null |
Section: Surface stress effects > Lattice parameter changes in nanoparticles. For a spherical particle the surface area will scale as the square of the size, while the volume scales as the cube. Therefore surface contributions to the energy can become important at small sizes in nanoparticles. If the energy of the surf... | Wikipedia - Surface stress - Surface stress effects > Lattice parameter changes in nanoparticles | 224 | 1,148 | null |
Article: Thermal energy. The term "thermal energy" is often used ambiguously in physics and engineering. It can denote several different physical concepts, including: Internal energy: The energy contained within a body of matter or radiation, excluding the potential energy of the whole system. Heat: Energy in transfer ... | Wikipedia - Thermal energy - Summary | 162 | 819 | null |
Section: Microscopic thermal energy. In a statistical mechanical account of an ideal gas, in which the molecules move independently between instantaneous collisions, the internal energy is just the sum total of the gas's independent particles' kinetic energies, and it is this kinetic motion that is the source and the e... | Wikipedia - Thermal energy - Microscopic thermal energy | 158 | 750 | null |
Article: Toroidal solenoid. The toroidal solenoid was an early 1946 design for a fusion power device designed by George Paget Thomson and Moses Blackman of Imperial College London. It proposed to confine a deuterium fuel plasma to a toroidal (donut-shaped) chamber using magnets, and then heating it to fusion temperatur... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Summary | 328 | 1,630 | null |
Section: Conceptual development. The basic understanding of nuclear fusion was developed during the 1920s as physicists explored the new science of quantum mechanics. George Gamow's 1928 work on quantum tunnelling demonstrated that nuclear reactions could take place at lower energies than classical theory predicted. Us... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Conceptual development | 347 | 1,777 | null |
Section: Confinement. Taking advantage of this possibility requires the fuel plasma to be held together long enough that these random reactions have time to occur. Like any hot gas, the plasma has an internal pressure and thus tends to expand according to the ideal gas law. For a fusion reactor, the problem is keeping ... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Confinement | 224 | 1,148 | null |
Section: Initial design. The obvious solution to this problem is to bend the tube, and solenoid, around to form a torus (a ring or doughnut shape). Motion towards the sides remains constrained as before, and while the particles remain free to move along the lines, in this case, they will simply circulate around the lon... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Initial design | 346 | 1,698 | null |
Section: Filing a patent. In early March, Thomson sent a copy of his proposal to Rudolf Peierls, then at the University of Birmingham. Peierls immediately pointed out a concern; both Peierls and Thomson had been to meetings at the Los Alamos in 1944 where Edward Teller held several informal talks, including the one in ... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Filing a patent | 265 | 1,259 | null |
Section: Peierls' concerns. Peierls then followed up with a lengthy critique of the concept, noting three significant issues. The major concern was that the system as a whole used a toroidal field to confine the electrons, and the electric field resulting to confine the ions. Peierls pointed out that this "cross field"... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Peierls' concerns | 247 | 1,214 | null |
Section: Pinch emerges. Thomson was not terribly concerned about the two minor problems but accepted that the primary one about the crossed fields was a serious issue. Considering the issue, a week later he wrote back with a modified concept. In this version, the external magnets producing the toroidal field were remov... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Pinch emerges | 230 | 1,216 | null |
Section: Further criticism. Thomson was then sent to New York City as part of the British delegation to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission and did not return until late in the year. After he returned, in January 1947, John Cockcroft called a meeting at Harwell to discuss his ideas with a group including Peierl... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Further criticism | 296 | 1,500 | null |
Section: Early experiments. The main outcome of the meeting was to introduce Thomson to the wirbelrohr, a new type of particle accelerator built in 1944 in Germany. The wirbelrohr used a cyclotron-like arrangement to accelerate the electrons in a plasma, which its designer, Max Steenbeck, believed would cause them to "... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Early experiments | 306 | 1,428 | null |
Section: Classification concerns. While Cousins and Ware began their work, in April 1947 Thomson filed a more complete patent application. This described a larger 4 metres (13 ft) wide torus with many ports for injecting and removing gas and to inject the radio frequency energy to drive the current. The entire system w... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Classification concerns | 332 | 1,579 | null |
Section: Thonemann's concept. Around the same time, Cockcroft learned of similar work carried out independently by Peter Thonemann at Clarendon, triggering a small theoretical program at Harwell to consider it. But all suggestions of a larger development program continued to be rejected. Thonemann's concept was to repl... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Thonemann's concept | 339 | 1,641 | null |
Skinner then wrote a paper on the topic, "Thermonuclear Reactions by Electrical Means", and presented it to the Atomic Energy Commission on 8 April 1948. He clearly pointed out where the unknowns were in the concepts, and especially the possibility of destructive instabilities that would ruin confinement. He concluded ... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Thonemann's concept | 269 | 1,297 | null |
Section: Move to AEI. The work on fusion at Harwell and Imperial remained relatively low-level until 1951, when two events occurred that changed the nature of the program significantly. The first was the January 1950 confession by Klaus Fuchs that he had been passing atomic information to the Soviets. His confession le... | Wikipedia - Toroidal solenoid - Move to AEI | 297 | 1,546 | null |
Article: Anti-nuclear movement in Australia. Nuclear weapons testing, uranium mining and export, and nuclear power have often been the subject of public debate in Australia, and the anti-nuclear movement in Australia has a long history. Its origins date back to the 1972–1973 debate over French nuclear testing in the Pa... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - Summary | 303 | 1,586 | null |
Section: History > 1950s and 1960s. In 1952 the Australian Government established the Rum Jungle Uranium Mine 85 kilometres (53 mi) south of Darwin. Local Aboriginal communities were not consulted to the extent of a formal treaty or agreement about mining and the mine site became an emblem for environmental disaster, w... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 1950s and 1960s | 338 | 1,785 | null |
Section: History > 1970s. The Ranger uranium deposits were first discovered by a joint venture between Peko-Wallsend and Electrolytic Zinc Corporation, by airborne survey radiometric signals in October 1969. Remoteness and difficult terrain set the pace of ground investigation, but by about 1972 there was confidence th... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 1970s | 346 | 1,918 | null |
The Australian anti-nuclear movement also acquired initial impetus from notable individuals who publicly voiced nuclear concerns, such as nuclear scientists Richard Temple and Rob Robotham, and poets Dorothy Green and Judith Wright. In 1975, Moss Cass, Minister for the Environment and Conservation, led parliamentarians... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 1970s | 338 | 1,855 | null |
In August, another demonstration brought 50,000 people out nationally and the opposition to uranium mining looked like a potential political force. During 1977 environmentalists also disrupted the loading of yellowcake for export at Sydney's Glebe Island container terminal. In 1977, the National Conference of the Austr... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 1970s | 332 | 1,634 | null |
Section: History > 1980s and 1990s. Between 1979 and 1984, the majority of what is now Kakadu National Park was created, surrounding but not including the Ranger uranium mine. Tension between mining and conservation values led to long running controversy around mining in the Park region. The two themes for the 1980 Hir... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 1980s and 1990s | 323 | 1,620 | null |
Public opinion surveys found that about half of Australians opposed uranium mining and export, as well as the visits of U.S. nuclear warships, that 72 percent thought the use of nuclear weapons could never be justified, and that 80 percent favoured building a nuclear-free world. The Nuclear Disarmament Party won a Sena... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 1980s and 1990s | 328 | 1,661 | null |
Section: History > 2000s. In 2000, the Ranger Uranium Mine in the Northern Territory and the Roxby Downs/Olympic Dam mine in South Australia continued to operate, but Nabarlek Uranium Mine had closed. A third uranium mine, Beverley Uranium Mine in SA, was also operating. Several advanced projects, such as Honeymoon in ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 2000s | 328 | 1,706 | null |
However, in June 2005, the Senate passed a motion opposing nuclear power for Australia. Then, in November 2006, the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry and Resources released a pro-nuclear report into Australia's uranium. In late 2006 and early 2007, then Prime Minister John Howard made widely repor... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 2000s | 324 | 1,801 | null |
Section: History > 2010s. As of 2016, Australia has no nuclear power stations and the former Gillard Labor government was opposed to nuclear power for Australia. Australia has three operating uranium mines at Olympic Dam (Roxby) and Beverley – both in South Australia's north – and at Ranger in the Northern Territory. A... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 2010s | 336 | 1,683 | null |
Nuclear power is seen to be "a divisive issue that can arouse deep passions among those for and against". Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear emergency in Japan, where three nuclear reactors were damaged by explosions, Ian Lowe sees the nuclear power option as being risky and unworkable for Australia. Lowe says ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 2010s | 329 | 1,753 | null |
There were also events in Sydney. A site within Muckaty Station was considered for Australia's low-level and intermediate-level radioactive waste storage and disposal facility. However, the plan was withdrawn following a High Court hearing, and one of the seven clans of traditional owners of Muckaty Station, the Ngapa ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 2010s | 340 | 1,733 | null |
Toro wants to take the Wiluna proposal to the development phase, but has not been successful in attracting equity investors. When market prices go up again, so that mine development is justified, most projects would need at least five years to proceed to production. In 2013, Prime Minister Tony Abbott supported nuclear... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - History > 2010s | 350 | 1,981 | null |
Section: Issues. The case against nuclear power and uranium mining in Australia has been concerned with the environmental, political, economic, social and cultural impacts of nuclear energy; with the shortcomings of nuclear power as an energy source; and with presenting a sustainable energy strategy. The most prominent... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - Issues | 338 | 1,895 | null |
Section: Public opinion. A 2009 poll conducted by the Uranium Information Centre found that Australians in the 40 to 55 years age group are the "most trenchantly opposed to nuclear power". This generation was raised during the Cold War, experienced the anti-nuclear movement of the 1970s, witnessed the 1979 partial melt... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Australia - Public opinion | 224 | 1,178 | null |
Section: Emergence of the movement. The anti-nuclear movement in Canada began as a part of the overall peace movement within Canada. The impetus for the anti-nuclear movement can be ascribed to the threat of nuclear arms during the Cold War, and the ineffectiveness of the United Nations in resolving the political tensi... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Canada - Emergence of the movement | 329 | 1,748 | null |
Section: Context. According to a 2006 opinion poll commissioned by the BBC, 91 per cent of Canadians surveyed were "concerned" or "very concerned" that "the way the world produces and uses energy is causing environmental problems, including climate change" and 85 per cent were concerned (or very concerned) "that energy... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Canada - Context | 295 | 1,473 | null |
Article: Anti-nuclear movement in France. In the 1970s, an anti-nuclear movement in France, consisting of citizens' groups and political action committees, emerged. Between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations. In 1972, the anti-nuclear weapons movement maintained a p... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in France - Summary | 330 | 1,672 | null |
Many people also protested at the Cattenom Nuclear Power Plant, France's second most powerful. In November 2011, thousands of anti-nuclear protesters delayed a train carrying radioactive waste from France to Germany. Many clashes and obstructions made the journey the slowest one since the annual shipments of radioactiv... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in France - Summary | 202 | 1,022 | null |
Section: History. In France, opposition to nuclear weapons has been somewhat muted since they are perceived as a national symbol and as securing French independence. The strongest anti-nuclear opposition has emerged over nuclear power "as a reaction to the centralising traditions of the French state and the technocrati... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in France - History | 323 | 1,720 | null |
In Australia, thousands joined protest marches in Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney. Scientists issued statements demanding an end to the tests; unions refused to load French ships, service French planes, or carry French mail; and consumers boycotted French products. In Fiji, activists formed an Against Testing... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in France - History | 298 | 1,551 | null |
Section: 2000s. In January 2004, up to 15,000 anti-nuclear protesters marched in Paris against a new generation of nuclear reactors, the European Pressurised Reactor (EPR). Also in 2004, an anti-nuclear protester, Sebastien Briat, was run over by a train carrying radioactive waste. In 2005, thousands of anti-nuclear de... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in France - 2000s | 308 | 1,432 | null |
Section: Post-Fukushima. Following the 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents, around 1,000 people took part in a protest against nuclear power in Paris on March 20. Most of the protests, however, are focused on the closure of the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant, where some 3,800 French and Germans demonstrated on April 8 a... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in France - Post-Fukushima | 346 | 1,684 | null |
Demonstrators from France and Germany came to Fessenheim and formed a human chain along the road. Protesters claim that the plant is vulnerable to flooding and earthquakes. Fessenheim has become a flashpoint in renewed debate over nuclear safety in France after the Fukushima accident. The plant is operated by French po... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in France - Post-Fukushima | 321 | 1,601 | null |
Opinion polls show support for atomic energy has dropped since Fukushima. Forty-percent of the French "are 'hesitant' about nuclear energy while a third are in favor and 17 percent are against, according to a survey by pollster Ifop published November 13". Following François Hollande's victory in the 2012 Presidential ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in France - Post-Fukushima | 330 | 1,625 | null |
Article: Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan. Long one of the world's most committed promoters of civilian nuclear power, Japan's nuclear industry was not hit as hard by the effects of the 1979 Three Mile Island accident (USA) or the 1986 Chernobyl disaster (USSR) as some other countries. Construction of new plants co... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Summary | 348 | 1,692 | null |
In July 2012, 75,000 people gathered near in Tokyo for the capital's largest anti-nuclear event yet. Organizers and participants said such demonstrations signal a fundamental change in attitudes in a nation where relatively few have been willing to engage in political protests since the 1960s. Anti-nuclear groups inclu... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Summary | 310 | 1,502 | null |
Former Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, who was elected in 2012, has put nuclear energy back on the political agenda, with plans to restart as many reactors as possible. In July 2015, the government submitted its ideas for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the United Nations, and the proposal included a target for nuclear... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Summary | 212 | 990 | null |
Section: History. The first nuclear reactor in Japan was built by the United Kingdom's GEC. In the 1970s, the first light water reactors were built in cooperation with American companies. Robert Jay Lifton has asked how Japan, after its experience with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, could "allow itself ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - History | 342 | 1,726 | null |
More citizens subsequently became concerned about potential health impacts, the absence of a long-term nuclear waste storage facility, and nuclear weapons proliferation. The more recent Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007. While exact details may... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - History | 293 | 1,291 | null |
Cancelled plant orders included: The Maki NPP at Maki, Niigata (Kambara)—Canceled in 2003 The Kushima NPP at Kushima, Miyazaki—1997 The Ashihama NPP at Ashihama, Mie Prefecture—2000 (the first Project at the site in the 1970s where realized at Hamaoka as Unit 1&2) The Hōhoku NPP at Hōhoku, Yamaguchi—1994 The Suzu NPP a... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - History | 233 | 981 | null |
Section: Groups. The Citizens' Nuclear Information Center is an anti-nuclear public interest organization dedicated to securing a nuclear-free world. It was established in Tokyo in 1975 to collect and analyze information related to nuclear power, including safety, economic, and proliferation issues. Data compiled by th... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Groups | 335 | 1,655 | null |
In 2008, members of hundreds of opposition groups demonstrated in central Tokyo to protest the building of the Rokkasho Plant, designed to allow commercial reprocessing of reactor waste to produce plutonium. In July 2011, the Hidankyo, the group representing the 10,000 or so survivors of the atomic bombings in Japan, c... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Groups | 345 | 1,727 | null |
Now, in the wake of March 11, 2011, they are airing their views nationwide. Greenpeace has reported on their activities in a blog entry. The founders of the Article 9 group advocate the removal of nuclear power from the nation's energy policy in light of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution and the Fukushima nuclear ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Groups | 341 | 1,635 | null |
Mainly made up of mothers, the Tokyo area has the most groups, followed by the Osaka/Kyoto region and then the prefectures near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Michael Banach, the Vatican representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency, told a conference in Vienna in September 2011 that the Japanese nu... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Groups | 225 | 1,212 | null |
Section: Campaigns. The proposed Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant is to be built on landfill in a national park in Japan's well-known and picturesque Seto Inland Sea. For three decades, local residents, fishermen, and environmental activists have opposed the plant. The Inland Sea has been the site of intense seismic acti... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Campaigns | 347 | 1,649 | null |
Section: Protests. Public opposition to nuclear power existed in Japan before the Fukushima disaster. But it was not as strong and visible as it has been post-Fukushima, when demonstrators turned to the streets in the thousands to protest the use of nuclear power. Worldwide, the traumatic events in Japan in 2011 revita... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Protests | 150 | 764 | null |
Section: Protests > 2011. Several large protests occurred on April 10, 2011, a month following 3.11: 15,000 people marched in a "sound demonstration" organized by Shirōto no Ran (Revolt of the Laymen), a used-goods shop in Kōenji, Tokyo, while thousands also marched in Shiba Park, Tokyo and other locations. One protest... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Protests > 2011 | 342 | 1,641 | null |
Among the protestors were four young men who started a 10-day hunger strike in an effort to bring about change in Japan's nuclear policy. Sixty thousand people marched in central Tokyo on 19 September 2011, chanting "Sayonara nuclear power" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon nuclear power, fol... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Protests > 2011 | 333 | 1,646 | null |
Section: Protests > 2012. Thousands of demonstrators marched in Yokohama on the weekend of January 14–15, 2012, to show their support for a nuclear power-free world. The demonstration showed that organized opposition to nuclear power has gained momentum in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The most immediate ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Protests > 2012 | 331 | 1,533 | null |
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