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Saga city, Aomori city: Likewise protests were held in the cities of Saga and Aomori and at various other places hosting nuclear facilities. Nagasaki and Hiroshima: Anti-nuclear protesters and atomic-bomb survivors marched together and demanded that Japan should end its dependency on nuclear power. By March 2012, one y... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Protests > 2012 | 342 | 1,792 | null |
Organizers and participants said recent demonstrations signal a fundamental change in attitudes in a nation where relatively few have been willing to engage in political protests since the 1960s. Groups and activists websites, such as the Frying Dutchman's gathered notable audience. In July 2012, Ryuichi Sakamoto organ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Protests > 2012 | 285 | 1,441 | null |
Section: People. Mizuho Fukushima is the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Japan, which has an anti-nuclear platform, and she has been referred to as a prominent anti-nuclear activist. For three decades, she was at the forefront of an often futile fight against the utilities that operated Japan's nuclear reactor... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - People | 350 | 1,716 | null |
Quickly, however, he "recognized the flaws in Japan's nuclear power program and emerged as among the best informed of Japan's nuclear power critics". His most recent book, Genpatsu no uso (The Lie of Nuclear Power) became a bestseller in Japan. Award-winning novelist Haruki Murakami has said that the Fukushima accident... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - People | 333 | 1,648 | null |
On March 12, 2011, after the Fukushima disaster, Naoto Kan flew in a helicopter to observe the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and was heavily involved in efforts to effectively respond to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Naoto Kan took an increasingly anti-nuclear stance in the months following the Fukushima di... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - People | 316 | 1,550 | null |
He campaigned and won the mayor's job on an anti-nuclear platform in April 2011, just over a month after the Fukushima nuclear disaster. According to The Wall Street Journal, Hosaka "is determined to turn this city ward of 840,000 people, the largest in Tokyo, into the front-runner of a movement that will put an end to... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - People | 349 | 1,674 | null |
He said the nuclear power industry had strenuously opposed adopting stricter international safety standards. He spoke of officials ignoring nuclear risks and said, "We ended up wasting our time looking for excuses that these measures are not needed in Japan". Madarame also asserted that Japan's safety monitoring techno... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - People | 181 | 990 | null |
Section: Energy transition. Solar power in Japan has been expanding since the late 1990s. The country is a leading manufacturer of solar panels and is in the top 5 ranking for countries with the most solar photovoltaics (PV) installed. In 2009 Japan had the third largest solar capacity in the world (behind Germany and ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan - Energy transition | 272 | 1,214 | null |
Article: Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan. The anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan, commonly known as Nevada-Semipalatinsk (Russian: Невада-Семипалатинск; Kazakh: Невада-Семей, romanized: Nevada-Semei), was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti-nuclear movements in the former Soviet Union. It was led by... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan - Summary | 322 | 1,474 | null |
Article: Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines. The anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines aimed to stop the construction of nuclear power facilities and terminate the presence of American military bases, which were believed to house nuclear weapons on Philippine soil. Anti-nuclear demonstrations were led by group... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines - Summary | 344 | 1,837 | null |
The US left behind tons of toxic waste after its withdrawal and anti-nuclear campaigners provides assistance for the bases' cleanup. The former bases are now profitable tourist sites in the Philippines, such as the Subic Naval Bay in Subic and the Clark Air Base in Clark, Pampanga, which is a legacy of the anti-nuclear... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines - Summary | 169 | 815 | null |
Section: History > BNPP controversy. The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) has been described in the media as a white elephant, an expensive lemon, and a monument to greed, corruption, and folly. On January 26, 1981, Senator Tañada and a global coalition representing school teachers, farmers, students, health professio... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines - History > BNPP controversy | 335 | 1,604 | null |
They explained their opposition to the plant, which could only output half its original proposed power supply, was charging the government more than double its original proposed price from Westinghouse Electric Corporation. On June 18, 1985, a three-day protest called Welgang Bayan Laban sa Plantang Nuklear or in Engli... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines - History > BNPP controversy | 200 | 970 | null |
Section: History > Contemporary movement. Eventually after the ousting of American military troops in 1992, the People's Task Force for Bases Clean-Up (PTFBC) was founded by the NFPC, which served as the secretariat of the task force from 1993 to 1996. This culminated in the First International Forum on Military Toxics... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines - History > Contemporary movement | 285 | 1,403 | null |
Article: Anti-nuclear movement in Russia. The anti-nuclear movement in Russia is a social movement against nuclear technologies, largely stemming from the results of the Chernobyl incident in 1986. During the most active phase of the anti-nuclear movement, from 1988 to 1992, construction of over 100 nuclear projects we... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Russia - Summary | 321 | 1,583 | null |
Section: History > 2000s. The nuclear industry, struggling with liquidity problems, proposed that a new law be passed permitting the commercial import of spent nuclear fuel—the most dangerous kind of highly-toxic waste. It was claimed that this business could generate US$20 billion within ten years. The first reading o... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Russia - History > 2000s | 331 | 1,617 | null |
Section: Protest > Rostov Nuclear Power Plant. Rostov Nuclear Power Plant Around the 1970s, Russia began to construct the Rostov Nuclear Power Plant, which was in the pre-Chernobyl era. After locals from the nearby town of Volgodonsk learned that the nuclear reactor being built was on an active earthquake fault line, t... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Russia - Protest > Rostov Nuclear Power Plant | 287 | 1,488 | null |
Section: Notable Anti-Nuclear Activists > Vladimir Slivyak. Right after a bombing in Moscow on September 6, 1999, several anti-nuclear activists were detained under suspicion. Vladimir Slivyak was one of the three arrested under suspicion. He was an activist in the anti-nuclear movement and a Voronezh action camp organ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Russia - Notable Anti-Nuclear Activists > Vladimir Slivyak | 182 | 898 | null |
Section: Notable Anti-Nuclear Activists > Professor Yablokov. Russian scientists were reported by an anti-nuclear activist named Yablokov in 2010 for the twenty-five percent of radiation that was released instantly from the explosion. In Russia, one of Professor Yablokov's colleagues, Professor Busby petitioned to the ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Russia - Notable Anti-Nuclear Activists > Professor Yablokov | 263 | 1,323 | null |
Section: History of the Movement. The "East Coast Solidarity for Anti-Nuke Group" was formed in South Korea in January 2012. It was created by the Justice and Peace committees of the four Catholic dioceses of Andong, Busan, Daegu, and Wonju. The group is against nuclear power or nuclear weapons and in favour of peace. ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea - History of the Movement | 338 | 1,690 | null |
The eventual number of cancer deaths, according to the linear no-threshold theory of radiation safety, that will be caused by the accident is expected to be around 130–640 people in the years and decades ahead. Although the loss of life due to any cause is of concern, these projections are a small relative number compa... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea - History of the Movement | 261 | 1,324 | null |
Article: Anti-nuclear movement in Spain. The late 1950s and early 1960s saw a strong push from the Spanish Government to establish a national nuclear power industry. In response to the surge in nuclear power plant plans, a strong anti-nuclear movement emerged in 1973, which ultimately impeded the realisation of most of... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Spain - Summary | 275 | 1,467 | null |
Section: Early years. The Swiss parliament promulgated the Nuclear Energy Act of 1959, and the first three nuclear power plants entered production between 1969 and 1972 without significant anti-nuclear mobilization. Protests started in the late 1960s, principally against a planned nuclear power plant in Kaiseraugst, a ... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland - Early years | 203 | 1,048 | null |
Section: After Chernobyl. From 1986 to 1990, the Chernobyl disaster brought another peak of anti-nuclear protests in Switzerland, which "increased public awareness toward nuclear energy and favored the acceptance in 1990 of a federal popular initiative for a ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear plants... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland - After Chernobyl | 155 | 761 | null |
Section: Recent developments. In 2008, nuclear energy provided Switzerland with 40 percent of its electricity. A survey of 1,026 Swiss people found that 7% were totally in favor of nuclear energy production, 14% were fully opposed, 33% were fairly in favor, and 38% were fairly opposed, with 8% having no opinion. One of... | Wikipedia - Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland - Recent developments | 321 | 1,530 | null |
Article: Nuclear weapons and Israel. Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons. Estimates of Israel's stockpile range between 90 and 400 nuclear warheads, and the country is believed to possess a nuclear triad of delivery options: by F-15 and F-16 fighters, by Dolphin-class submarine-launched cruise missiles... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Summary | 312 | 1,636 | null |
It argues that nuclear controls cannot be implemented in isolation of other security issues and that only following the establishment of peaceful relations of all countries in the region could controls be introduced via negotiation of "a mutually and effectively verifiable regime that [would] establish the Middle East ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Summary | 343 | 1,837 | null |
Section: Development history > Before Dimona, 1949–1956. Israel's first prime minister David Ben-Gurion was "nearly obsessed" with obtaining nuclear weapons to prevent the Holocaust from reoccurring. He stated, "What Einstein, Oppenheimer, and Teller, the three of them are Jews, made for the United States, could also b... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Before Dimona, 1949–1956 | 338 | 1,632 | null |
That June, Bergmann was appointed by Ben-Gurion to be the first chairman of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC). Hemed Gimmel was renamed Machon 4 during the transfer, and was used by Bergmann as the "chief laboratory" of the IAEC; by 1953, Machon 4, working with the Department of Isotope Research at the Weizman... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Before Dimona, 1949–1956 | 328 | 1,631 | null |
After U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower announced the Atoms for Peace initiative, Israel became the second country to sign on (following Turkey), and signed a peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement with the United States on July 12, 1955. This culminated in a public signing ceremony on March 20, 1957, to construct a "sm... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Before Dimona, 1949–1956 | 264 | 1,438 | null |
Section: Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > Negotiation. The French justified their decision to provide Israel a nuclear reactor by claiming it was not without precedent. In September 1955 Canada publicly announced that it would help the Indian government build a heavy-water research reactor, the CIRUS reactor, ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > Negotiation | 280 | 1,376 | null |
After the Suez Crisis led to the threat of Soviet intervention and the British and French were being forced to withdraw under pressure from the U.S., Ben-Gurion sent Peres and Golda Meir to France. During their discussions, the groundwork was laid for France to build a larger nuclear reactor and chemical reprocessing p... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > Negotiation | 347 | 1,659 | null |
Section: Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > Rift between Israel and France. When Charles de Gaulle became French President in late 1958 he wanted to end French–Israeli nuclear cooperation and said that he would not supply Israel with uranium unless the plant was opened to international inspectors, declared peace... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > Rift between Israel and France | 184 | 968 | null |
Section: Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > 1963 standoff between Israel and United States. Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported in 2019 that, throughout the spring and summer of 1963, the leaders of the United States and Israel – President John F. Kennedy and prime ministers David Ben-Gurion and Levi Eshkol – wer... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > 1963 standoff between Israel and United States | 321 | 1,479 | null |
According to McCone, Kennedy then instructed National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy to guide Secretary of State Dean Rusk, in collaboration with the CIA director and the AEC chairman, to submit a proposal "as to how some form of international or bilateral U.S. safeguards could be instituted to protect against the con... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > 1963 standoff between Israel and United States | 309 | 1,486 | null |
demand concerning Dimona, Ben-Gurion responded to Kennedy with a seven-page letter that focused on broad issues of Israeli security and regional stability. Claiming that Israel faced an unprecedented threat, Ben-Gurion invoked the specter of "another Holocaust," and insisted that Israel's security should be protected b... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > 1963 standoff between Israel and United States | 349 | 1,659 | null |
government could not obtain "reliable information" on the state of the Dimona project, Washington's "commitment to and support of Israel" could be "seriously jeopardized." But the letter was never presented to Ben-Gurion. The telegram with Kennedy's letter arrived in Tel Aviv on Saturday, June 15, the day before Ben-Gu... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > 1963 standoff between Israel and United States | 284 | 1,262 | null |
A stunned Eshkol, in his first and interim response, on July 17, requested more time to study the subject and for consultations. The premier noted that while he hoped that U.S-Israeli friendship would grow under his watch, "Israel would do what it had to do for its national security and to safeguard its sovereign right... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > 1963 standoff between Israel and United States | 342 | 1,501 | null |
Eshkol disregarded Kennedy's demand for biannual tours, while avoiding a frontal challenge to Kennedy's request. "Having considered this request, I believe we shall be able to reach agreement on the future schedule of visits," Eshkol wrote. In sum, the prime minister split the difference: To end the confrontation, he a... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > 1963 standoff between Israel and United States | 346 | 1,660 | null |
Section: Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > British and Norwegian aid. Top secret British documents obtained by BBC Newsnight show that Britain made hundreds of secret shipments of restricted materials to Israel in the 1950s and 1960s. These included specialist chemicals for reprocessing and samples of fissile m... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Dimona, 1956–1965 > British and Norwegian aid | 287 | 1,503 | null |
Section: Development history > Criticality. In 1961, the Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion informed the Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker that a pilot plutonium-separation plant would be built at Dimona. British intelligence concluded from this and other information that this "can only mean that Israel int... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Criticality | 160 | 815 | null |
Section: Development history > Weapons production, 1966–present. Israel is believed to have begun full-scale production of nuclear weapons following the 1967 Six-Day War, although it had built its first operational nuclear weapon by December 1966. A Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report from early 1967 stated that I... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Weapons production, 1966–present | 305 | 1,571 | null |
The crude atomic bombs were readied for deployment on trucks that could race to the Egyptian border for detonation in the event Arab forces overwhelmed Israeli defenses." Another CIA report from 1968 states that "Israel might undertake a nuclear weapons program in the next several years." Moshe Dayan, then Defense Mini... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Weapons production, 1966–present | 349 | 1,718 | null |
Defense Secretary Melvin Laird believed that Israel might have a nuclear weapon that year. Later that year, U.S. President Richard Nixon in a meeting with Israeli prime minister Golda Meir pressed Israel to "make no visible introduction of nuclear weapons or undertake a nuclear test program", so maintaining a policy of... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Weapons production, 1966–present | 339 | 1,720 | null |
Several reports have surfaced claiming that Israel has some uranium enrichment capability at Dimona. Vanunu asserted that gas centrifuges were operating in Machon 8, and that a laser enrichment plant was being operated in Machon 9 (Israel holds a 1973 patent on laser isotope separation). According to Vanunu, the produc... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Development history > Weapons production, 1966–present | 238 | 1,256 | null |
Section: Nuclear testing. According to Lieutenant Colonel Warner D. Farr in a report to the US Air Force Counterproliferation Center, much lateral proliferation happened between pre-nuclear Israel and France, stating "the French nuclear test in 1960 made two nuclear powers, not one—such was the depth of collaboration" ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Nuclear testing | 333 | 1,658 | null |
The committee defined the nuclear device tested as compact and especially clean, emitting little radioactive fallout, making it very nearly impossible to pinpoint. Another committee assessment concluded a cannon had fired a nuclear artillery shell, and the detected test was focused on a small tactical nuclear weapon. A... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Nuclear testing | 344 | 1,791 | null |
Section: Revelations > Negev Nuclear Research Center (Dimona). The Israeli nuclear program was first revealed on December 13, 1960, in a Time magazine article, which said that a non-Communist, non-NATO country had made an "atomic development". On December 16, the Daily Express in London revealed this country to be Isra... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Revelations > Negev Nuclear Research Center (Dimona) | 247 | 1,208 | null |
Section: Revelations > Weapons production. The first public revelation of Israel's nuclear capability (as opposed to development program) came from NBC News, which reported in January 1969 that Israel decided "to embark on a crash course program to produce a nuclear weapon" two years previously, and that they possessed... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Revelations > Weapons production | 338 | 1,647 | null |
weapon designer leading the field in small, efficient nuclear weapons, reviewed the 1986 leaks and photographs of the Israeli nuclear program by Mordechai Vanunu in detail. Taylor concluded that Israel's thermonuclear weapon designs appeared to be "less complex than those of other nations," and as of 1986 "not capable ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Revelations > Weapons production | 340 | 1,742 | null |
Section: Revelations > South African documents. In 2010, The Guardian released South African government documents that it alleged confirmed the existence of Israel's nuclear arsenal. According to the newspaper, the documents are minutes taken by the South African side of alleged meetings between senior officials from t... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Revelations > South African documents | 296 | 1,594 | null |
Section: Revelations > US pressure. The United States was concerned over possible Israeli nuclear proliferation. US intelligence began to notice the Dimona reactor shortly after construction began, when American U-2 spy planes overflew the reactor, leading to a diplomatic clash. In 1960, the outgoing Eisenhower adminis... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Revelations > US pressure | 350 | 1,813 | null |
Israel eventually accepted an inspection, and Kennedy made two concessions – the US would sell Israel Hawk anti-aircraft missiles after having refused to sell Israel any major weapon systems for years. In addition, the US government agreed to the Israeli demand that the inspections would be carried out by an all-Americ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Revelations > US pressure | 308 | 1,597 | null |
This assessment was given to President Lyndon B. Johnson. The basis for this claim was the CIA's belief, although never proven, that the uranium that went missing in the Apollo Affair had been diverted to Israel (Seymour Hersh claims that during the plant decommissioning nearly all of the missing uranium was recovered ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Revelations > US pressure | 350 | 1,800 | null |
We will be in an indefensible position if we cannot state why we are withholding the planes. Yet if we explain our position publicly, we will be the ones to make Israel's possession of nuclear weapons public with all the international consequences this entails." Among the suggestions Kissinger presented to Nixon was th... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Revelations > US pressure | 222 | 1,179 | null |
Section: Stockpile. The State of Israel has never made public any details of its nuclear capability or arsenal. The following is a history of estimates by many different sources on the size and strength of Israel's nuclear arsenal. Estimates may vary due to the amount of material Israel has on store versus assembled we... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Stockpile | 336 | 1,689 | null |
1980 – 100–200 bombs. 1984 – 12–31 atomic bombs; 31 plutonium bombs and 10 uranium bombs. 1985 – At least 100 nuclear bombs. 1986 – 100 to 200 fission bombs and a number of fusion bombs; Vanunu leaks Dimona facility secrets, at US's level in fission and boosted weapons as of 1955 to 1960, it would require supercomputer... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Stockpile | 326 | 1,399 | null |
2008 – 150 or more nuclear weapons. 2008 – 80 intact warheads, of which 50 are re-entry vehicles for delivery by ballistic missiles, and the rest bombs for delivery by aircraft. Total military plutonium stockpile 340–560 kg. 2009 – Estimates of weapon numbers differ sharply with plausible estimates varying from 60 to 4... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Stockpile | 212 | 994 | null |
Section: Delivery systems > Missiles. Israel is believed to have nuclear second strike abilities in the form of its submarine fleet and its nuclear-capable ballistic missiles that are understood to be buried deeply enough that they would survive a pre-emptive nuclear strike. Ernst David Bergmann was the first to seriou... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Delivery systems > Missiles | 296 | 1,485 | null |
The Jericho III ICBM, became operational in January 2008 and some reports speculate that the missile may be able to carry MIRVed warheads. The maximum range estimation of the Jericho III is 11,500 km with a payload of 1,000–1,300 kg (up to six small nuclear warheads of 100 kt each or one 1 megaton nuclear warhead), and... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Delivery systems > Missiles | 341 | 1,646 | null |
Section: Delivery systems > Submarines. The Israeli Navy operates a fleet of five modern German-built Dolphin-class submarines with a further three planned, and various reports indicate that these submarines are equipped with Popeye Turbo cruise missiles that can deliver nuclear and conventional warheads with extremely... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Delivery systems > Submarines | 316 | 1,654 | null |
During the second half of the 1990s, Israel asked the United States to sell it 50 Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles to enhance its deep-strike capabilities. Washington rejected Israel's request in March 1998, since such a sale would have violated the Missile Technology Control Regime guidelines, which prohibit the t... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Delivery systems > Submarines | 328 | 1,691 | null |
The Israeli fleet was expanded after Israel signed a €1.3 billion contract to purchase two additional submarines from ThyssenKrupp's subsidiary Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft in 2006. These two U212s are to be delivered to the Israeli navy in 2011 and are "Dolphin II" class submarines. The submarines are believed to be c... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Delivery systems > Submarines | 277 | 1,465 | null |
Section: Delivery systems > Other. It has been reported that Israel has several other nuclear weapons capabilities: Suitcase bomb: Seymour Hersh reports that Israel developed the ability to miniaturize warheads small enough to fit in a suitcase by the year 1973. Tactical nuclear weapon: Israel may also have 175 mm and ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Delivery systems > Other | 293 | 1,472 | null |
Section: Policy > Possession. Although Israel has officially acknowledged the existence of the reactor near Dimona since Ben-Gurion's speech to the Knesset in December 1960, Israel has never officially acknowledged its construction or possession of nuclear weapons. In addition to this policy, on May 18, 1966, Prime Min... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Policy > Possession | 340 | 1,607 | null |
Section: Policy > Doctrine. Israel's nuclear doctrine is shaped by its lack of strategic depth: a subsonic fighter jet could cross the 72 kilometres (39 nmi) from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea in just 4 minutes. It additionally relies on a reservist-based military which magnifies civilian and military losse... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Policy > Doctrine | 349 | 1,811 | null |
Section: Policy > Deployment. Seymour Hersh alleges weapons were deployed on several occasions. On October 8, 1973, just after the start of the Yom Kippur War, Golda Meir and her closest aides decided to put eight nuclear armed F-4s at Tel Nof Airbase on 24-hour alert and as many nuclear missile launchers at Sdot Micha... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Policy > Deployment | 288 | 1,452 | null |
After discussions with President George W. Bush, the then Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon warned "If our citizens are attacked seriously—by a weapon of mass destruction, chemical, biological or by some mega-terror attack act—and suffer casualties, then Israel will respond." Israeli officials interpreted President B... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Policy > Deployment | 171 | 937 | null |
Section: Policy > Maintaining nuclear superiority > Iran. On January 7, 2007, The Sunday Times reported that Israel had drawn up plans to destroy three Iranian nuclear facilities. Israel swiftly denied the specific allegation and analysts expressed doubts about its reliability. Also in 2007 Israel pressed for United Na... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Policy > Maintaining nuclear superiority > Iran | 193 | 1,011 | null |
Section: Policy > Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and United Nations' Resolutions. Israel was originally expected to sign the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and on June 12, 1968, Israel voted in favor of the treaty in the UN General Assembly. However, when the invasion of Czechoslovakia in August by the S... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Policy > Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and United Nations' Resolutions | 344 | 1,834 | null |
According to a statement by the Arab League, Arab states will withdraw from the NPT if Israel acknowledges having nuclear weapons but refuses to open its facilities to international inspection and destroy its arsenal. In a statement to the May 2009 preparatory meeting for the 2010 NPT Review Conference, the US delegati... | Wikipedia - Nuclear weapons and Israel - Policy > Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and United Nations' Resolutions | 321 | 1,715 | null |
Article: Project Islero. Project Islero was an attempted Spanish nuclear program. Named after Islero, the bull which fell the famous bullfighter Manolete, the program was created by Generals Agustín Muñoz Grandes and Guillermo Velarde in 1963. Although Spain possessed the second largest uranium deposits in the world at... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Summary | 283 | 1,453 | null |
Section: Background > The JIA and JEN. In September 1948, by means of a secret decree, Francisco Franco created the Junta de Investigaciones Atómicas (JIA), or Board for Nuclear Research. Constituted on October 8, the board was formed by José María Otero de Navascués (general director and president until 1974), Manuel ... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Background > The JIA and JEN | 206 | 943 | null |
Section: Background > The Spanish autarky. On 1 April 1939, the United States lifted the embargoes placed on Spain after the Spanish Civil War, providing limited recognition to the Spanish State,: 16 and the embassy to Spain, previously in Barcelona, now headed by a Chargé d'Affaires ad interim, was moved back to Madri... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Background > The Spanish autarky | 339 | 1,685 | null |
Section: Background > The Spanish autarky > Atoms for Peace and the American connection. Yet as the Cold War began, and with Spanish agents, US military officials, and US businessmen lobbying for the opening of relations, popular opinion shifted. The appointment of a US ambassador to Madrid was announced on 27 December... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Background > The Spanish autarky > Atoms for Peace and the American connection | 334 | 1,834 | null |
Section: Background > The Moroccan deterrent. In 1956, Morocco would declare independence from France under the rule of Mohammed V. Subsequently, they would demand all land under the Greater Morocco label, including all Spanish territories in Africa. While Spain would retrocede the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, they... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Background > The Moroccan deterrent | 224 | 1,119 | null |
Section: Development > Beginnings (1963–1966). The idea of a Spanish atomic bomb was first envisioned by Agustín Muñoz Grandes. A hardline Falangist, Muñoz Grandes aspired to break from the previous atlanticism promoted during the 50s to make the country independent of both NATO and the United States.: 496–497 In 1963,... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > Beginnings (1963–1966) | 325 | 1,609 | null |
Section: Development > Beginnings (1963–1966) > Palomares incident. Their question was answered on January 17, 1966, when in what would later be known as the Palomares incident, a B-52G bomber from the United States accidentally crashed while carrying four B28FI Mod 2 Y1 thermonuclear (hydrogen) bombs, Three were found... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > Beginnings (1963–1966) > Palomares incident | 265 | 1,148 | null |
Section: Development > Setbacks (1966–1971). Yet later that year, Franco would hold a meeting with Velarde in which he ordered to postpone indefinitely the physical, but not theoretical, development of the project due to fears that it would be impossible to keep a secret, and with the recent creation of the Internation... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > Setbacks (1966–1971) | 280 | 1,371 | null |
Section: Development > Resumption (1971–1977). In 1971, at the insistence of Manuel Díez-Alegría, chief of the High General Staff, Velarde resumed Project Islero. The Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN) would conduct a confidential report which concluded that "Spain could successfully implement... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > Resumption (1971–1977) | 314 | 1,424 | null |
To this end, the Hispano Francesa de Energía Nuclear S.A. (HIFRENSA) was set up, and in 1972 the Vandellòs-I plant was inaugurated with an agreement between Luis Carrero Blanco and Charles De Gaulle.: 497–498 On December 15, 1973, Velarde communicated to Lieutenant-General Manuel Díez-Alegría — who, as head of the High... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > Resumption (1971–1977) | 302 | 1,451 | null |
Above all else, Carrero Blanco proposed to revise relations between Spain and the United States, demanding that the two nations be treated as equals, that Spain be supplied with advanced military technology, and that the United States would enter into a commitment to defend Spain – all prerequisites for authorization t... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > Resumption (1971–1977) | 180 | 910 | null |
Section: Development > Resumption (1971–1977) > Kissinger's meeting. Four days after the Velarde report, Carrero Blanco met the then Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and told him that the Spanish government wanted the United States to pledge its support to Spain in the event of aggression. When Kissinger refused, C... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > Resumption (1971–1977) > Kissinger's meeting | 199 | 942 | null |
Section: Development > Resumption (1971–1977) > Aftermath. Soon after, the project began to falter when Gregorio López-Bravo blocked its completion. The minister had spoken to Franco to convince him to put an end to it, arguing that the Americans would eventually get wind of the project and that this would cause Spain ... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > Resumption (1971–1977) > Aftermath | 259 | 1,220 | null |
Franco put an end to the heated discussions by ordering a halt to the research and forbidding the military project to be set in motion, informing Velarde that "Spain could not support a new international blockade unleashed by the United States, and the benefits of having a small arsenal did not outweigh the damage".: 5... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > Resumption (1971–1977) > Aftermath | 308 | 1,435 | null |
Section: Development > End (1977–1987). While internally the project was well underway, externally, American pressures continued to mount; during his four-year rule, President Jimmy Carter had launched a campaign against the states that had not signed the NPT. In addition, the already nervous United States became obses... | Wikipedia - Project Islero - Development > End (1977–1987) | 283 | 1,410 | null |
Section: Nuclear weapons. Argentina conducted a nuclear weapon research program during the National Reorganization Process regime, in part because of a similar Brazilian program assisted by West Germany. International concern over the possibility of an Argentine nuclear weapons program magnified after the Falklands War... | Wikipedia - Argentina and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear weapons | 334 | 1,870 | null |
Section: History. Nuclear research in the province of Rio Negro began as the Huemul Project in the Perón era. Nuclear facilities were organized as the Bariloche Atomic Centre, under the direction of José Antonio Balseiro. An educational institution was established as the Instituto de Física de Bariloche on April 22, 19... | Wikipedia - Balseiro Institute - History | 225 | 1,060 | null |
Section: Activity. The centre is devoted to basic and applied physics research as well as Nuclear and Mechanical Engineering. Basic research is focused on deepening understanding of nuclear energy. Applied sciences have provided support for both state- and privately owned companies. The main areas of research include: ... | Wikipedia - Bariloche Atomic Centre - Activity | 169 | 912 | null |
Article: Brazilian–Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials. The Brazilian–Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC; Portuguese: Agência Brasileiro-Argentina de Contabilidade e Controle de Materiais Nucleares; Spanish: Agencia Brasileño-Argentina de Contabilidad y ... | Wikipedia - Brazilian–Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials - Summary | 270 | 1,460 | null |
Section: Design. The reactor was integrally designed by CNEA (National Atomic Energy Commission), being the first power reactor designed by the country. It is basically a simplified pressurized water reactor (PWR) designed to have an electrical output of 25MW for the first prototype, 100MW in the following one. It is a... | Wikipedia - CAREM - Design | 168 | 782 | null |
Section: History. In 1984 it was presented publicly for the first time during an IAEA conference in Peru. For political reasons the project was halted but was relaunched by the 2006 Argentine nuclear reactivation plan. The 25 MWe prototype version of CAREM currently being built will be followed by a second one of 100–2... | Wikipedia - CAREM - History | 229 | 1,144 | null |
Article: Alfred Hempel. Alfred Hempel (1920–1989) was a German businessman. He attracted international attention because of his trade and smuggling of materials used in nuclear facilities in Pakistan, India, Argentina and several other countries. During World War II, Hempel received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross... | Wikipedia - Alfred Hempel - Summary | 274 | 1,324 | null |
Article: Huemul Project. The Huemul Project (Spanish: Proyecto Huemul) was an early 1950s Argentine effort to develop a fusion power device known as the Thermotron. The concept was invented by Austrian scientist Ronald Richter, who claimed to have a design that would produce effectively unlimited power. Richter was abl... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Summary | 341 | 1,713 | null |
Section: Early Argentine nuclear efforts. Shortly after his election in 1946, Perón began a purge of Argentina's universities that eventually resulted in over 1,000 professors being fired or quitting, causing a serious setback in Argentine science and lasting enmity between Perón and Argentine intelligentsia. In respon... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Early Argentine nuclear efforts | 290 | 1,460 | null |
political newsmagazine, New Republic. The 24 February 1947 issue contained an article by William Mizelle on "Peron's Atomic Plans", which claimed: With world famous German atom-splitter Werner Heisenberg invited to come to Argentina by Peron's Government and with a major uranium source discovered in Argentina, that Nat... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Early Argentine nuclear efforts | 156 | 805 | null |
Section: Germans in Argentina. In 1947, a dossier was provided to Argentina by the Spanish embassy in Buenos Aires listing a number of German aeronautical engineers who were looking to sneak out of Germany. Among them was Kurt Tank, designer of the famed Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and many other successful designs. The dossier ... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Germans in Argentina | 318 | 1,605 | null |
Pedro Matthies". Tank personally introduced him to Perón on 24 August, and Richter pitched Perón on the idea of a nuclear fusion device which would provide unlimited power, make Argentina a world scientific leader, and be of purely civilian intent. Perón was intrigued, and clearly impressed, later telling reporters tha... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - Germans in Argentina | 216 | 1,030 | null |
Section: The project. Richter was soon given a laboratory at Tank's Córdoba site, but in early 1949 a fire destroyed some of the equipment. Richter claimed it was sabotage, and demanded a more protected location free from spies. When support was not immediately forthcoming, Richter went on a tour, visiting Canada and p... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - The project | 314 | 1,516 | null |
A year later, he formed the National Atomic Energy Directorate (DNEA), under González, to provide project assistance and logistics support. When the reactor was finally completed in May, Richter noticed there was no way to access the interior of the 12-metre (39 ft) wide concrete cylinder, requiring a series of holes t... | Wikipedia - Huemul Project - The project | 196 | 1,015 | null |
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