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As well as arguing against Kant's theory that natural purposiveness is not revealed through an objective principle of nature rather saying that purposiveness of organisms is a natural phenomenon through appealing to recent biological studies in self-organization. Walsh(2006) however believes that Kant's idea of organis... | Wikipedia - Kant's teleology | null | null | null |
Kantian thought served as the basis of some of Esser's works on logic. In System der Logik, where he argued that logic is not a branch of psychology and that a formulation of logic requires a single psychological fact, he recognized Kant's role in reshaping logical theory. Like Krug, who was also a post-Kantian logicia... | Wikipedia - Wilhelm Esser | null | null | null |
To every object must be denied all that is opposed to it. To every fully determinate object every possible mark either belongs or does not. If one of two opposing marks should be affirmed or denied of an object, then there must be a sufficient ground on account of which this is attributed or denied it.Esser's conceptu... | Wikipedia - Wilhelm Esser | null | null | null |
Esser's notions were mainly concerned with the marks that belong to or don't belong to an object.Esser's work on logic influenced the theories of thinkers such as Sir William Hamilton, who extensively drew from Esser's notion of the sense or quality of "necessary" in his definition of logic. As interpreted by Hamilton,... | Wikipedia - Wilhelm Esser | null | null | null |
Kaolinite group clays undergo a series of phase transformations upon thermal treatment in air at atmospheric pressure. | Wikipedia - China clay | null | null | null |
Kappa Mu Epsilon, ΚΜΕ (mathematics) Mu Sigma Rho, ΜΣΡ (statistics) Pi Mu Epsilon, ΠΜΕ (mathematics) | Wikipedia - Honor societies | null | null | null |
Kappa calculus consists of types and expressions, given by the grammar below: τ = 1 ∣ τ × τ ∣ … {\displaystyle \tau =1\mid \tau \times \tau \mid \ldots } e = x ∣ i d τ ∣ ! τ ∣ lift τ ( e ) ∣ e ∘ e ∣ κ x: 1 → τ . e {\displaystyle e=x\mid id_{\tau }\mid !_{\tau }\mid \operatorname {lift} _{\tau }(e)\mid e\circ e\mid \k... | Wikipedia - Kappa calculus | null | null | null |
τ {\displaystyle !_{\tau }} is an expression If τ is a type and e is an expression then lift τ ( e ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {lift} _{\tau }(e)} is an expression If e 1 {\displaystyle e_{1}} and e 2 {\displaystyle e_{2}} are expressions then e 1 ∘ e 2 {\displaystyle e_{1}\circ e_{2}} is an expression If x is a v... | Wikipedia - Kappa calculus | null | null | null |
Kappa calculus is intended to be the internal language of contextually complete categories. | Wikipedia - Kappa calculus | null | null | null |
Kappa calculus obeys the following equalities: Neutrality: If f: τ 1 → τ 2 {\displaystyle f:\tau _{1}{\to }\tau _{2}} then f ∘ i d τ 1 = f {\displaystyle f{\circ }id_{\tau _{1}}=f} and f = i d τ 2 ∘ f {\displaystyle f=id_{\tau _{2}}{\circ }f} Associativity: If f: τ 1 → τ 2 {\displaystyle f:\tau _{1}{\to }\tau _{2}} , g... | Wikipedia - Kappa calculus | null | null | null |
Kappa is a way of measuring agreement or reliability, correcting for how often ratings might agree by chance. Cohen's kappa, which works for two raters, and Fleiss' kappa, an adaptation that works for any fixed number of raters, improve upon the joint probability in that they take into account the amount of agreement t... | Wikipedia - Inter-rater agreement | null | null | null |
These extensions converge with the family of intra-class correlations (ICCs), so there is a conceptually related way of estimating reliability for each level of measurement from nominal (kappa) to ordinal (ordinal kappa or ICC—stretching assumptions) to interval (ICC, or ordinal kappa—treating the interval scale as ord... | Wikipedia - Inter-rater agreement | null | null | null |
as well as raters x cases (e.g., how well do two or more raters agree about whether 30 cases have a depression diagnosis, yes/no—a nominal variable). Kappa is similar to a correlation coefficient in that it cannot go above +1.0 or below -1.0. Because it is used as a measure of agreement, only positive values would be e... | Wikipedia - Inter-rater agreement | null | null | null |
Kapton synthesis is an example of the use of a dianhydride in step polymerization. The intermediate polymer, known as a poly(amic acid), is soluble because of strong hydrogen bonds to the polar solvents usually employed in the reaction. The ring closure is carried out at high temperatures of 470–570 K (200–300 °C). The... | Wikipedia - Kapton | null | null | null |
It is produced from the condensation of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4'-oxydiphenylamine (ODA). Kapton E is a mix of two dianhydrides, PMDA and biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BPDA), and two diamines, ODA and p-phenylenediamine (PPD). The BPDA component adds greater dimensional stability and flatness... | Wikipedia - Kapton | null | null | null |
Kapur (2003) proposed that a hyperdopaminergic state, at a "brain" level of description, leads to an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one's experience, at a "mind" level. These aberrant salience attributions have been associated with altered activities in the mesolimbic system, including the striatum,... | Wikipedia - Salience (neuroscience) | null | null | null |
Alternative areas of investigation include supplementary motor areas, frontal eye fields and parietal eye fields. These areas of the brain are involved with calculating predictions and visual salience. Changing expectations on where to look restructures these areas of the brain. This cognitive repatterning can result i... | Wikipedia - Salience (neuroscience) | null | null | null |
Karandanis' contacts in the semiconductor market gave Datacube a competitive edge in applying new technologies. In the early days, Video digital-to-analog converters (DACs) were large modules or expensive and power hungry bipolar devices. Datacube worked with Silicon Valley startup Telmos to develop the first integrate... | Wikipedia - Datacube Inc. | null | null | null |
It was the starting point for all Video DACs and RAMDACs by Brooktree and others. Datacube was to ride several technological waves including fast ADCs, disk drives, DRAM, DSP devices and custom ASICs. Programmable logic was the key to Datacube's functional density: from the early days of bipolar programmable array logi... | Wikipedia - Datacube Inc. | null | null | null |
Many semiconductor manufacturers acknowledged that Datacube could help bring their new products to market. Datacube was an ideal beta site and they shared their roadmaps, latest offerings, and support. | Wikipedia - Datacube Inc. | null | null | null |
ASICs were critical to Datacube's success. From the first small crosspoint: 3000 gates in 2 micrometres, AU: 40,000 gates in 0.8 micrometre, through VSIM, MiniWarper, AU40 and IXP. Each of these devices were leveraged across several products. After IXP the density and cost of FPGAs began to catch up to full ASICs and s... | Wikipedia - Datacube Inc. | null | null | null |
Karatsuba multiplication Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász lattice basis reduction algorithm (for polynomial factorization) Lindsey–Fox algorithm Schönhage–Strassen algorithm | Wikipedia - List of polynomial topics | null | null | null |
Karatsuba's basic step works for any base B and any m, but the recursive algorithm is most efficient when m is equal to n/2, rounded up. In particular, if n is 2k, for some integer k, and the recursion stops only when n is 1, then the number of single-digit multiplications is 3k, which is nc where c = log23. Since one ... | Wikipedia - Karatsuba algorithm | null | null | null |
Since the additions, subtractions, and digit shifts (multiplications by powers of B) in Karatsuba's basic step take time proportional to n, their cost becomes negligible as n increases. More precisely, if T(n) denotes the total number of elementary operations that the algorithm performs when multiplying two n-digit num... | Wikipedia - Karatsuba algorithm | null | null | null |
Kardar, Mehran (2007). Statistical Physics of Particles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87342-0. | Wikipedia - Statistical Physics of Particles | null | null | null |
OCLC 860391091. Kardar, Mehran (2007). Statistical Physics of Fields. | Wikipedia - Statistical Physics of Particles | null | null | null |
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87341-3. OCLC 920137477. | Wikipedia - Statistical Physics of Particles | null | null | null |
Karel Lambert wrote in 1967: "In fact, one may regard free logic... literally as a theory about singular existence, in the sense that it lays down certain minimum conditions for that concept." The question that concerned the rest of his paper was then a description of the theory, and to inquire whether it gives a neces... | Wikipedia - Free logic | null | null | null |
Rather, he points out, not only does free logic provide for Quine's criterion—it even proves it! This is done by brute force, though, since he takes as axioms ∃ x F x → ( ∃ x ( E ! x ∧ F x ) ) {\displaystyle \exists xFx\rightarrow (\exists x(E!x\land Fx))} and F y → ( E ! | Wikipedia - Free logic | null | null | null |
y → ∃ x F x ) {\displaystyle Fy\rightarrow (E!y\rightarrow \exists xFx)} , which neatly formalizes Quine's dictum. So, Lambert argues, to reject his construction of free logic requires you to reject Quine's philosophy, which requires some argument and also means that whatever logic you develop is always accompanied by ... | Wikipedia - Free logic | null | null | null |
This amounts to the contribution that free logic makes to ontology. The point of free logic, though, is to have a formalism that implies no particular ontology, but that merely makes an interpretation of Quine both formally possible and simple. An advantage of this is that formalizing theories of singular existence in ... | Wikipedia - Free logic | null | null | null |
Karen Wynn is known for her pioneering work on infants' and children's early numerical cognition. The first of her many influential research studies on this topic, published in the scientific journal Nature in 1992, reported that five-month-old human infants are able to compute the outcomes of simple addition and subtr... | Wikipedia - Karen Wynn | null | null | null |
Karhunen–Loève transform | Wikipedia - List of transforms | null | null | null |
Karl August Möbius – In 1884 first observed the structures that would later be called "organelles". Bengt Lidforss – Coined the word "organells" which later became "organelle". Robert Hooke – Coined the word "cell" after looking at cork under a microscope. | Wikipedia - Outline of cell biology | null | null | null |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek – First observed microscopic single celled organisms in apparently clean water. Hans Adolf Krebs – Discovered the citric acid cycle in 1937. Konstantin Mereschkowski – Russian botanist who in 1905 described the Theory of Endosymbiosis. | Wikipedia - Outline of cell biology | null | null | null |
Edmund Beecher Wilson – Known as America's first cellular biologist, discovered the sex chromosome arrangement in humans. Albert Claude – Shared the Nobel Prize in 1974 "for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells" Theodor Boveri – In 1888 identified the centrosome and described it as th... | Wikipedia - Outline of cell biology | null | null | null |
Karl Marx believed that science and democracy were the right and left hands of what he called the move from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom. He argued that advances in science helped delegitimize the rule of kings and the power of the Christian Church.19th-century liberals, socialists, and republicans of... | Wikipedia - Technological utopia | null | null | null |
Radicals seized on Darwinian evolution to validate the idea of social progress. Edward Bellamy’s socialist utopia in Looking Backward, which inspired hundreds of socialist clubs in the late 19th century United States and a national political party, was as highly technological as Bellamy’s imagination. For Bellamy and t... | Wikipedia - Technological utopia | null | null | null |
Marxists argued that the advance of technology laid the groundwork not only for the creation of a new society, with different property relations, but also for the emergence of new human beings reconnected to nature and themselves. At the top of the agenda for empowered proletarians was "to increase the total productive... | Wikipedia - Technological utopia | null | null | null |
Holding that in studies of families, such as the Jukes and Kallikaks, science had proven that many traits such as criminality and alcoholism were hereditary, many advocated the sterilization of those displaying negative traits. Forcible sterilization programs were implemented in several states in the United States.H.G.... | Wikipedia - Technological utopia | null | null | null |
Karl Popper criticized the cosmological principle on the grounds that it makes "our lack of knowledge a principle of knowing something". He summarized his position as: the "cosmological principles" were, I fear, dogmas that should not have been proposed. | Wikipedia - CMB dipole | null | null | null |
Karl Popper equated naturalism with inductive theory of science. He rejected it based on his general critique of induction (see problem of induction), yet acknowledged its utility as means for inventing conjectures. A naturalistic methodology (sometimes called an "inductive theory of science") has its value, no doubt. ... | Wikipedia - Methodological naturalism | null | null | null |
Its upholders fail to notice that whenever they believe to have discovered a fact, they have only proposed a convention. Hence the convention is liable to turn into a dogma. This criticism of the naturalistic view applies not only to its criterion of meaning, but also to its idea of science, and consequently to its ide... | Wikipedia - Methodological naturalism | null | null | null |
Karl Popper first used the term "objective hermeneutics" in his Objective Knowledge (1972).In 1992, the Association for Objective Hermeneutics (AGOH) was founded in Frankfurt am Main by scholars of various disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. Its goal is to provide all scholars who use the methodology of ... | Wikipedia - Methodological hermeneutics | null | null | null |
From our perspective, the standard, nonhermeneutic methods of quantitative social research can only be justified because they permit a shortcut in generating data (and research "economy" comes about under specific conditions). Whereas the conventional methodological attitude in the social sciences justifies qualitative... | Wikipedia - Methodological hermeneutics | null | null | null |
Karl Pribram's holonomic brain theory (quantum holography) invoked quantum mechanics to explain higher-order processing by the mind. He argued that his holonomic model solved the binding problem. Pribram collaborated with Bohm in his work on quantum approaches to mind and he provided evidence on how much of the process... | Wikipedia - Quantum consciousness | null | null | null |
Karl von Staudt introduced the notation A B C ⩞ a b c {\displaystyle ABC\doublebarwedge abc} to indicate that triangles ABC and abc are perspective. | Wikipedia - Perspective (geometry) | null | null | null |
Karle was one of the early bioethicists and public speakers on the intersection of AI and biology, and at the forefront of artists leveraging AI, being the first bioartist to use AI. Karle has integrated AI, Artificial Neural Networking, Machine Learning, and 3D generative design and engineering into her practice for c... | Wikipedia - Amy Karle | null | null | null |
This exploration appears in her art and design, where she utilizes AI as both a medium and a subject, and includes the philosophical and ethical concerns that accompany these advancements.Similar to Neuralink, her work in biofeedback and neurofeedback explores topics of body-computer interfaces and BCIs/ Brain–computer... | Wikipedia - Amy Karle | null | null | null |
Karlgren also sought to determine the phonetic values of the abstract categories yielded by the formal analysis, by comparing the categories of the Guangyun with other types of evidence, each of which presented their own problems. The Song dynasty rime tables applied a sophisticated featural analysis to the rime books,... | Wikipedia - Rime dictionary | null | null | null |
After applying a variant of the comparative method in a subsidiary role to flesh out the rime dictionary evidence, Karlgren believed that he had reconstructed the speech of the Sui-Tang capital Chang'an.Later workers have refined Karlgren's reconstruction. The initials of the Qieyun system are given below with their tr... | Wikipedia - Rime dictionary | null | null | null |
The voicing distinction is retained in Wu Chinese dialects, but has disappeared from other varieties. Except in the Min Chinese dialects, a labiodental series has split from the labial series, a development already reflected in the Song dynasty rime tables. The retroflex and palatal sibilants had also merged by that ti... | Wikipedia - Rime dictionary | null | null | null |
In Min dialects the retroflex stops have merged with the dental stops, while elsewhere they have merged with the retroflex sibilants. In the south these have also merged with the dental sibilants, but the distinction is maintained in most Mandarin Chinese dialects. The palatal series of modern Mandarin dialects, result... | Wikipedia - Rime dictionary | null | null | null |
Karlgren proposed that type B finals contained a palatal medial /j/, a position that is still accepted by most scholars. However Pulleyblank, noting the use of these syllables in the transcription of foreign words without such a medial, claims the medial developed later. | Wikipedia - Rime dictionary | null | null | null |
A labiovelar medial /w/ is also widely accepted, with some syllables having both medials. The codas are believed to reflect those of many modern varieties, namely the glides /j/ and /w/, nasals /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ and corresponding stops /p/, /t/ and /k/. Some authors argue that the placement of the first four rhyme group... | Wikipedia - Rime dictionary | null | null | null |
Most reconstructions posit a large number of vowels to distinguish the many Qieyun rhyme classes that occur with some codas, but the number and the values assigned vary widely.The Chinese linguist Li Rong published a study of the early edition of the Qieyun found in 1947, showing that the expanded dictionaries had pres... | Wikipedia - Rime dictionary | null | null | null |
For example, the Qieyun distinguished three rhyme groups 支, 脂 and 之 (all pronounced zhī in modern Chinese), although 支 and 脂 were not distinguished in parts of the north, while 脂 and 之 rhymed in the south. The three groups are treated as tongyong in the Guangyun and have merged in all modern varieties. Although Karlgre... | Wikipedia - Rime dictionary | null | null | null |
Karmarkar and Karp presented three algorithms, that use the above techniques with different parameters. The run-time of all these algorithms depends on a function T ( ⋅ , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle T(\cdot ,\cdot )} , which is a polynomial function describing the time it takes to solve the fractional LP with tolerance h=1, whi... | Wikipedia - Karmarkar–Karp bin packing algorithms | null | null | null |
Karmarkar's algorithm Karnaugh map Karp–Rabin string-search algorithm Karp reduction k-ary heap k-ary Huffman encoding k-ary tree k-clustering k-coloring k-connected graph k-d-B-tree (not to be confused with bdk tree) k-dimensional K-dominant match k-d tree key KMP KmpSkip Search knapsack problem knight's tour Knuth–Mo... | Wikipedia - List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | null | null | null |
Karn's algorithm: addresses the problem of getting accurate estimates of the round-trip time for messages when using TCP Luleå algorithm: a technique for storing and searching internet routing tables efficiently Network congestion Exponential backoff Nagle's algorithm: improve the efficiency of TCP/IP networks by coale... | Wikipedia - Graph algorithm | null | null | null |
Karnaugh map -- Kinetic logic -- Knowing and the Known -- Kripke semantics -- Kurt Gödel Society -- | Wikipedia - Index of logic articles | null | null | null |
Karol Borsuk: ‘‘On spheroidal spaces’’ Eduard Čech: "Accessibility and Homology'" Israel Isaakovich Gordon: ‘‘On the intersection invariants of a complex and its residual space.’ Solomon Lefschetz: ‘‘On locally connected sets.’’ | Wikipedia - First International Topological Conference | null | null | null |
Karst is a landscape that has limestone underneath which has been eroded. Caves are formed, the majority of the time, through chemical corrosion via a process of dissolution. Corrosion has several ways of doing this, it can be on carbonate rocks through chemical reactions, in gypsum and rock salt it can happen physical... | Wikipedia - Speleology | null | null | null |
Kart racing games are known to have simplified driving mechanics while adding obstacles, unusual racetrack designs and various action elements. Kart racers are also known to cast fictional characters, particularly from media franchises, as the drivers of vehicles with unusual designs, often reflecting the distinct trai... | Wikipedia - Kart racing game | null | null | null |
Kashtan et al. published mfinder, the first motif-mining tool, in 2004. It implements two kinds of motif finding algorithms: a full enumeration and the first sampling method. Their sampling discovery algorithm was based on edge sampling throughout the network. This algorithm estimates concentrations of induced sub-grap... | Wikipedia - Network motif | null | null | null |
The sampling procedure of the algorithm starts from an arbitrary edge of the network that leads to a sub-graph of size two, and then expands the sub-graph by choosing a random edge that is incident to the current sub-graph. After that, it continues choosing random neighboring edges until a sub-graph of size n is obtain... | Wikipedia - Network motif | null | null | null |
When an algorithm uses a sampling approach, taking unbiased samples is the most important issue that the algorithm might address. The sampling procedure, however, does not take samples uniformly and therefore Kashtan et al. proposed a weighting scheme that assigns different weights to the different sub-graphs within ne... | Wikipedia - Network motif | null | null | null |
This weighting technique assists mfinder to determine sub-graph concentrations impartially. In expanded to include sharp contrast to exhaustive search, the computational time of the algorithm surprisingly is asymptotically independent of the network size. An analysis of the computational time of the algorithm has shown... | Wikipedia - Network motif | null | null | null |
On the other hand, there is no analysis in on the classification time of sampled sub-graphs that requires solving the graph isomorphism problem for each sub-graph sample. Additionally, an extra computational effort is imposed on the algorithm by the sub-graph weight calculation. But it is unavoidable to say that the al... | Wikipedia - Network motif | null | null | null |
In conclusion, by taking the advantages of sampling, the algorithm performs more efficiently than an exhaustive search algorithm; however, it only determines sub-graphs concentrations approximately. This algorithm can find motifs up to size 6 because of its main implementation, and as result it gives the most significa... | Wikipedia - Network motif | null | null | null |
Kass refers to biotechnological enhancement as cheating or ‘cheap’, because it undermines the feeling of having worked hard to achieve a certain aim. He writes, “The naturalness of means matters. It lies not in the fact that the assisting drugs and devices are artifacts, but in the danger of violating or deforming the ... | Wikipedia - Bioconservatism | null | null | null |
Therefore, they build character. He maintains that biotechnology as a shortcut does not build character but instead erodes self-control. | Wikipedia - Bioconservatism | null | null | null |
This can be seen in how confronting fearful things might eventually enable us to cope with our fears, unlike a pill which merely prevents people from experiencing fear and thereby doesn't help us overcome it. As Kass notes, "people who take pills to block out from memory the painful or hateful aspects of new experience... | Wikipedia - Bioconservatism | null | null | null |
Katanosin antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. They are highly potent against problematic Gram-positive hospital pathogens such as staphylococci and enterococci. Their promising biological activity attracted various biological and chemical research groups. Their in-vitro potency is comparable with t... | Wikipedia - Katanosin | null | null | null |
Kate Gleason invented mass-produced low cost housing built out of concrete. Richard Buckminster Fuller pioneer in Geodesic dome. One of his domes include Spaceship Earth (Epcot). George D. Clyde, former Governor of Utah. Albert A. Dorman, whose projects include Air Force One Complex at Andrews Air Force Base and Batman... | Wikipedia - Engineering Legends | null | null | null |
Katok's entropy inequality was recently exploited to obtain a tight asymptotic bound for the systolic ratio of surfaces of large genus, see systoles of surfaces. | Wikipedia - Volume entropy | null | null | null |
Katsuyo Thorton announced at the 2010 MS&T ICME Technical Committee meeting that NSF would be funding a "Summer School" on ICME at the University of Michigan starting in 2011. Northwestern began offering a Masters of Science Certificate in ICME in the fall of 2011. The first Integrated Computational Materials Engineeri... | Wikipedia - Integrated computational materials engineering | null | null | null |
In 2015, the ICME Course was taught by Dr. Mark Horstemeyer (MSU) and Dr. William (Bill) Shelton (Louisiana State University, LSU) with students from each institution via distance learning. The goal of the methodology embraced in this course was to provide students with the basic skills to take advantage of the computa... | Wikipedia - Integrated computational materials engineering | null | null | null |
Kauffman–Harary conjecture (Thomas Mattman, Pablo Solis, 2009) Surface subgroup conjecture (Jeremy Kahn, Vladimir Markovic, 2009) Normal scalar curvature conjecture and the Böttcher–Wenzel conjecture (Zhiqin Lu, 2007) Nirenberg–Treves conjecture (Nils Dencker, 2005) Lax conjecture (Adrian Lewis, Pablo Parrilo, Motakuri... | Wikipedia - Open problem in mathematics | null | null | null |
Kauri is found growing in its natural ecosystem north of 38°S latitude. Its southern limit stretches from the Kawhia Harbour in the west to the eastern Kaimai Range. However, its distribution has changed greatly over geological time because of climate change. This is shown in the recent Holocene epoch by its migration ... | Wikipedia - Agathis australis | null | null | null |
During this time when frozen ice sheets covered much of the world's continents, kauri was able to survive only in isolated pockets, its main refuge being in the very far north. Radiocarbon dating is one technique used by scientists to uncover the history of the tree's distribution, with stump kauri from peat swamps use... | Wikipedia - Agathis australis | null | null | null |
Kauri requires a mean temperature of 17 °C or more for most of the year. The tree's retreat can be used as a proxy for temperature changes during this period. While not present in modern days, the Aupōuri Peninsula in the far north was a refuge for kauri, as large quantities of kauri gum were present in the soils.It re... | Wikipedia - Agathis australis | null | null | null |
It spread south through Whangārei, past Dargaville and as far south as Waikato, attaining its peak distribution during the years 3000 BP to 2000 BP. There is some suggestion that it has receded somewhat since then, which may indicate temperatures have declined slightly. During the peak of its movement southwards, it wa... | Wikipedia - Agathis australis | null | null | null |
Its southward spread seems relatively rapid for a tree that can take a millennium to reach complete maturity. This can be explained by its life history pattern. Kauri relies on wind for pollination and seed dispersal, while many other native trees have their seeds carried large distances by frugivores (animals which ea... | Wikipedia - Agathis australis | null | null | null |
However, kauri trees can produce seeds while relatively young, taking only 50 years or so before giving rise to their own offspring. This trait makes them somewhat like a pioneer species, despite the fact that their long lifespan is characteristic of K-selected species. In good conditions, where access to water and sun... | Wikipedia - Agathis australis | null | null | null |
Kaushik Basu used game theory in 1997 to argue that rational consumers value their own time and effort at calculation. Such consumers process the price from left to right and tend to mentally replace the last two digits of the price with an estimate of the mean "cent component" of all goods in the marketplace. In a suf... | Wikipedia - Psychological pricing | null | null | null |
A European wide study (el Sehity, Hoelzl and Kirchler, 2005) investigated consumer price digits before and after the euro introduction for price adjustments. The research showed a clear trend towards psychological pricing after the transition. Further, Benford's Law as a benchmark for the investigation of price digits ... | Wikipedia - Psychological pricing | null | null | null |
The importance of this benchmark for detecting irregularities in prices was demonstrated and with it a clear trend towards psychological pricing after the nominal shock of the euro introduction.Another phenomenon noted by economists is that a price point for a product (such as $4.99) remains stable for a long period of... | Wikipedia - Psychological pricing | null | null | null |
Kawasaki uses a power-valve system called KIPS (Kawasaki Integrated Power Valve System) on their two-stroke bikes. The KIPS utilizes both alterations in port height, closing of the secondary port ducting, and a resonant chamber. KIPS is operated by a mechanical governor on single cylinder machines. The twin cylinder an... | Wikipedia - Two-stroke power valve system | null | null | null |
Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Meltzer, Fran Bilas, and Ruth Lichterman were the first programmers of the ENIAC. They were not, as computer scientist and historian Kathryn Kleiman was once told, "refrigerator ladies", i.e., models posing in front of the machine for press photography. Nevertheless, so... | Wikipedia - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer | null | null | null |
Their expertise made their positions difficult to replace with returning soldiers.These early programmers were drawn from a group of about two hundred women employed as computers at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. The job of computers was to produce the numeric result of ma... | Wikipedia - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer | null | null | null |
The women studied the machine's logic, physical structure, operation, and circuitry in order to not only understand the mathematics of computing, but also the machine itself. This was one of the few technical job categories available to women at that time. Betty Holberton (née Snyder) continued on to help write the fir... | Wikipedia - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer | null | null | null |
McNulty developed the use of subroutines in order to help increase ENIAC's computational capability.Herman Goldstine selected the programmers, whom he called operators, from the computers who had been calculating ballistics tables with mechanical desk calculators, and a differential analyzer prior to and during the dev... | Wikipedia - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer | null | null | null |
Three of the current (2020) Army supercomputers Jean, Kay, and Betty are named for Jean Bartik (Betty Jennings), Kay McNulty, and Betty Snyder respectively.The "programmer" and "operator" job titles were not originally considered professions suitable for women. The labor shortage created by World War II helped enable t... | Wikipedia - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer | null | null | null |
Essentially, women were seen as meeting a need in a temporary crisis. For example, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics said in 1942, "It is felt that enough greater return is obtained by freeing the engineers from calculating detail to overcome any increased expenses in the computers' salaries. The engineer... | Wikipedia - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer | null | null | null |
This is due in large measure to the feeling among the engineers that their college and industrial experience is being wasted and thwarted by mere repetitive calculation".Following the initial six programmers, an expanded team of a hundred scientists was recruited to continue work on the ENIAC. Among these were several ... | Wikipedia - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer | null | null | null |
Kazaa and the Church of Scientology have used the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) to demand that Google remove references to allegedly copyrighted material on their sites.Search engines such as Google's that link to sites in "good faith" fall under the safe harbor provisions of the Online Copyright Infringement... | Wikipedia - Criticism of Google | null | null | null |
To complicate matters there have been conflicting rulings from U.S. courts on whether simply linking to infringing content constitutes "contributory infringement" or not.The New York Times has complained that the caching of their content during a web crawl, a feature utilized by search engines including Google Web Sear... | Wikipedia - Criticism of Google | null | null | null |
Kazama & Suzuki (1989) generalized the SU(2) coset construction to any pair consisting of a simple compact Lie group G {\displaystyle G} and a closed subgroup H {\displaystyle H} of maximal rank, i.e. containing a maximal torus T {\displaystyle T} of G {\displaystyle G} , with the additional condition that the dimensio... | Wikipedia - N = 2 superconformal algebra | null | null | null |
Kee Klamp – Kentledge – Keystone – King post – King post truss – | Wikipedia - Glossary of structural engineering | null | null | null |
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