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IIR digital filters are often more difficult to design, due to problems including dynamic range issues, quantization noise and instability. Typically digital IIR filters are designed as a series of digital biquad filters. All low-pass second-order continuous-time filters have a transfer function given by H ( s ) = K ω ... | Wikipedia - Linear filters | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle H(s)={\frac {K\omega _{0}^{2}}{s^{2}+{\frac {\omega _{0}}{Q}}s+\omega _{0}^{2}}}.} All band-pass second-order continuous-time filters have a transfer function given by H ( s ) = K ω 0 Q s s 2 + ω 0 Q s + ω 0 2 . {\displaystyle H(s)={\frac {K{\frac {\omega _{0}}{Q}}s}{s^{2}+{\frac {\omega _{0}}{Q}}s+\omeg... | Wikipedia - Linear filters | null | null | null |
LTL can be shown to be equivalent to the monadic first-order logic of order, FO—a result known as Kamp's theorem— or equivalently to star-free languages.Computation tree logic (CTL) and linear temporal logic (LTL) are both a subset of CTL*, but are incomparable. For example, No formula in CTL can define the language th... | Wikipedia - Linear Temporal Logic | null | null | null |
LTL is built up from a finite set of propositional variables AP, the logical operators ¬ and ∨, and the temporal modal operators X (some literature uses O or N) and U. Formally, the set of LTL formulas over AP is inductively defined as follows: if p ∈ AP then p is an LTL formula; if ψ and φ are LTL formulas then ¬ψ, φ ... | Wikipedia - Linear Temporal Logic | null | null | null |
LTP in the hippocampus requires a prolonged depolarization that can expel the Mg2+ block of postsynaptic NMDA receptors. The removal of the Mg2+ block allows the flow of Ca2+ into the cell. A large elevation of calcium levels activate protein kinases that ultimately increase the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors. T... | Wikipedia - Coincidence detection in neurobiology | null | null | null |
As a result, both synapses strengthen. The prolonged depolarization needed for the expulsion of Mg2+ from NMDA receptors requires a high frequency stimulation. Associativity becomes a factor because this can be achieved through two simultaneous inputs that may not be strong enough to activate LTP by themselves. | Wikipedia - Coincidence detection in neurobiology | null | null | null |
Besides the NMDA-receptor based processes, further cellular mechanisms allow of the association between two different input signals converging on the same neuron, in a defined timeframe. Upon a simultaneous increase in the intracellular concentrations of cAMP and Ca2+, a transcriptional coactivator called TORC1 (CRTC1)... | Wikipedia - Coincidence detection in neurobiology | null | null | null |
LTPP Data is collected by four regional contractors. New data is regularly uploaded to the online platform every six months. The number of the pavement test sections monitored in the LTPP program is more than 2,500. These pavement sections include both asphalt and Portland cement concrete. Road sections are across diff... | Wikipedia - Long-Term Pavement Performance | null | null | null |
LVDS works in both parallel and serial data transmission. In parallel transmissions multiple data differential pairs carry several signals at once including a clock signal to synchronize the data. In serial communications, multiple single-ended signals are serialized into a single differential pair with a data rate equ... | Wikipedia - Low voltage differential signaling | null | null | null |
The devices for converting between serial and parallel data are the serializer and deserializer, abbreviated to SerDes when the two devices are contained in one integrated circuit. As an example, FPD-Link actually uses LVDS in a combination of serialized and parallel communications. The original FPD-Link designed for 1... | Wikipedia - Low voltage differential signaling | null | null | null |
However, each of the 3 pairs transfers 7 serialized bits during each clock cycle. So the FPD-Link parallel pairs are carrying serialized data, but use a parallel clock to recover and synchronize the data. Serial data communications can also embed the clock within the serial data stream. | Wikipedia - Low voltage differential signaling | null | null | null |
This eliminates the need for a parallel clock to synchronize the data. There are multiple methods for embedding a clock into a data stream. One method is inserting 2 extra bits into the data stream as a start-bit and stop-bit to guarantee bit transitions at regular intervals to mimic a clock signal. Another method is 8... | Wikipedia - Low voltage differential signaling | null | null | null |
LVTs also act as surrogates for actual PANs in payment transactions, however they serve a different purpose. LVTs cannot be used by themselves to complete a payment transaction. In order for an LVT to function, it must be possible to match it back to the actual PAN it represents, albeit only in a tightly controlled fas... | Wikipedia - Tokenization (data security) | null | null | null |
LWW-Element-Set is similar to 2P-Set in that it consists of an "add set" and a "remove set", with a timestamp for each element. Elements are added to an LWW-Element-Set by inserting the element into the add set, with a timestamp. Elements are removed from the LWW-Element-Set by being added to the remove set, again with... | Wikipedia - Conflict-free replicated data type | null | null | null |
Merging two replicas of the LWW-Element-Set consists of taking the union of the add sets and the union of the remove sets. When timestamps are equal, the "bias" of the LWW-Element-Set comes into play. A LWW-Element-Set can be biased towards adds or removals. The advantage of LWW-Element-Set over 2P-Set is that, unlike ... | Wikipedia - Conflict-free replicated data type | null | null | null |
LXs and epi-LXs have been detected in a various human tissues undergoing a wide range of inflammatory reactions, allergic reactions, and other conditions such as in the blood of patients undergoing coronary angioplasty or strenuous exercise. LXA4 inhibits the-bronchial contracting action of LTC4 and relaxes pre-contrac... | Wikipedia - Lipoxin A4 | null | null | null |
LXs are rapidly metabolized, mainly by macrophages, to inactive products by being oxidized at carbon 15 to form 15-keto (also termed 15-oxo) LX products by a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; 15-oxo-LXA4 may be further metabolized to 13,14-dihydro-LXA4 by an oxidoreductase. 15-Epi-LXA4 and 15-epi-LXB4 are more res... | Wikipedia - Lipoxin A4 | null | null | null |
LZ4 only uses a dictionary-matching stage (LZ77), and unlike other common compression algorithms does not combine it with an entropy coding stage (e.g. Huffman coding in DEFLATE).The LZ4 algorithm represents the data as a series of sequences. Each sequence begins with a one-byte token that is broken into two 4-bit fiel... | Wikipedia - LZ4 (compression algorithm) | null | null | null |
A value of 15 in either of the bitfields indicates that the length is larger and there is an extra byte of data that is to be added to the length. A value of 255 in these extra bytes indicates that yet another byte is to be added. Hence arbitrary lengths are represented by a series of extra bytes containing the value 2... | Wikipedia - LZ4 (compression algorithm) | null | null | null |
The string of literals comes after the token and any extra bytes needed to indicate string length. This is followed by an offset that indicates how far back in the output buffer to begin copying. | Wikipedia - LZ4 (compression algorithm) | null | null | null |
The extra bytes (if any) of the match-length come at the end of the sequence.Compression can be carried out in a stream or in blocks. Higher compression ratios can be achieved by investing more effort in finding the best matches. This results in both a smaller output and faster decompression. | Wikipedia - LZ4 (compression algorithm) | null | null | null |
LZHAM (LZ, Huffman, Arithmetic, Markov), is an LZMA-like implementation that trades compression throughput for very high ratios and higher decompression throughput. It was placed by its author in the public domain on 15 September 2020. | Wikipedia - Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm | null | null | null |
LZMA data is at the lowest level decoded one bit at a time by the range decoder, at the direction of the LZMA decoder. Context-based range decoding is invoked by the LZMA algorithm passing it a reference to the "context", which consists of the unsigned 11-bit variable prob (typically implemented using a 16-bit data typ... | Wikipedia - Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm | null | null | null |
LZMA encoders can freely decide which match to output, or whether to ignore the presence of matches and output literals anyway. The ability to recall the 4 most recently used distances means that, in principle, using a match with a distance that will be needed again later may be globally optimal even if it is not local... | Wikipedia - Lempel-Ziv-Markov algorithm | null | null | null |
LZMA uses a dictionary compression algorithm (a variant of LZ77 with huge dictionary sizes and special support for repeatedly used match distances), whose output is then encoded with a range encoder, using a complex model to make a probability prediction of each bit. The dictionary compressor finds matches using sophis... | Wikipedia - Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain algorithm | null | null | null |
LZS compression and decompression uses an LZ77 type algorithm. It uses the last 2 KB of uncompressed data as a sliding-window dictionary. An LZS compressor looks for matches between the data to be compressed and the last 2 KB of data. If it finds a match, it encodes an offset/length reference to the dictionary. If no m... | Wikipedia - Lempel–Ziv–Stac | null | null | null |
LZX was publicly released as an Amiga file archiver in 1995, while the authors were studying at the University of Waterloo in Canada. The software was shareware, which was common for compression software at the time. The registered version contained fixes and improvements that were not available in the evaluation versi... | Wikipedia - LZX | null | null | null |
La Peña de Bernal, Queretaro; claimed to be the world's third largest monolith. | Wikipedia - Monolith | null | null | null |
La barbarie (Barbarism): Culture, which is the self-development of life, is threatened in our society by the barbarism of the monstrous objectivity of technoscience, whose ideologies reject all form of subjectivity, while life is condemned to escape its anguish in the media universe. Voir l'invisible, sur Kandinsky (Se... | Wikipedia - Phenomenological definition of God | null | null | null |
Labelling the elements of each n-simplex matches the basis elements of Clifford algebra used as forms in Geometric Algebra rather than matrices. Recognising the geometric operations, such as rotations, allows the algebra operations to be discovered. Just as each row, n, starting at 0, of Pascal's triangle corresponds t... | Wikipedia - Pascal triangle | null | null | null |
Labile cells refer to cells that constantly divide by entering and remaining in the cell cycle. These are contrasted with "stable cells" and "permanent cells". An important example of this is in the epithelium of the cornea, where cells divide at the basal level and move upwards, and the topmost cells die and fall off. | Wikipedia - Lability | null | null | null |
Laboratory -- Leaching -- | Wikipedia - Index of chemical engineering articles | null | null | null |
Laboratory experiments have shown that severe initiations produce cognitive dissonance. It is theorized that such dissonance heightens group attraction among initiates after the experience, arising from internal justification of the effort used. Rewards during initiations have important consequences in that initiates w... | Wikipedia - Initiation rites | null | null | null |
Psychology experiments have also shown that initiations increase feelings of affiliation.Aronson and Mills tested the Festinger's (1957) theory of cognitive dissonance by having three groups read either embarrassing material, not very embarrassing material, or nothing at all to a group. Aronson and Mills summarized Fes... | Wikipedia - Initiation rites | null | null | null |
He can reduce this dissonance in two ways. He can convince himself that the initiation was not very unpleasant, or he can exaggerate the positive characteristics of the group and minimize its negative aspects. With increasing severity of initiation it becomes more and more difficult to believe that the initiation was n... | Wikipedia - Initiation rites | null | null | null |
Thus, a person who has gone through a painful initiation to become a member of a group should tend to reduce his dissonance by over estimating the attractiveness of the group." Those who read the severely embarrassing material perceived the group as more attractive than those who read the mildly embarrassing material o... | Wikipedia - Initiation rites | null | null | null |
Laboratory for forensic genetics provides scientific approach to analysis of samples of different origin. In this laboratory DNA profiling is routinely done for skeletal remains, blood stains (on different materials), hair, semen, controversial traces on cigarette butts, controversial traces under fingernails, in urine... | Wikipedia - Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology | null | null | null |
Laboratory information management system (LIMS) List of LIMS software packages Chromatography data system (CDS) Electronic lab notebook (ELN) List of ELN software packages | Wikipedia - Scientific data management system | null | null | null |
Laboratory rearing is abnormally difficult because T. absoluta requires maternal leaf contact with a suitable host plant for oviposition. : 240–241 | Wikipedia - Tomato leaf miner | null | null | null |
Laboratory research use involves human germline engineering restricted to in vitro use, where edited cells will not be implanted to be born. 19 countries currently explicitly prohibit any use of human germline engineering for in vitro use, while 4 prohibit it with exceptions, and 11 permit it.Countries that explicitly ... | Wikipedia - Human germline engineering | null | null | null |
Laboratory scientists are collaborating with researchers on fusion science and technology at other facilities, including DIII-D in San Diego, EAST in China, JET in the United Kingdom, KSTAR in South Korea, the LHD in Japan, the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) device in Germany, and the International Thermonuclear Experimental R... | Wikipedia - Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory | null | null | null |
The PPPL physicist Richard Hawryluk served as ITER Deputy Director-General from 2011 to 2013. In 2022, PPPL staff developed with researchers from other national labs and universities over several months an US ITER research plan during the joint Fusion Energy Sciences Research Needs Workshop.Staff are applying knowledge... | Wikipedia - Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory | null | null | null |
Laboratory studies have related specific neural systems to the influence of emotion on memory. Cross-species investigations have shown that emotional arousal causes neurohormonal changes, which engage the amygdala. The amygdala modulates the encoding, storage, and retrieval of episodic memory. These memories are later ... | Wikipedia - Flashbulb memory | null | null | null |
The amygdala, therefore, may be important in the encoding and retrieval of memories for emotional public events. Since the role of the amygdala in memory is associated with increased arousal induced by the emotional event, factors that influence arousal should also influence the nature of these memories. The constancy ... | Wikipedia - Flashbulb memory | null | null | null |
The strength of amygdala activation at retrieval has been shown to correlate with an enhanced recollective experience for emotional scenes, even when accuracy is not enhanced. Memory storage is increased by endocrine responses to shocking events; the more shocking an individual finds an event, the more likely a vivd fl... | Wikipedia - Flashbulb memory | null | null | null |
There has been considerable debate as to whether unique mechanisms are involved in the formation of flashbulb memories, or whether ordinary memory processes are sufficient to account for memories of shocking public events. Sharot et al. found that for individuals who were close to the World Trade Center, the retrieval ... | Wikipedia - Flashbulb memory | null | null | null |
These are the same neural mechanisms, however, engaged during the retrieval of emotional stimuli in the laboratory. The consistency in the pattern of neural responses during the retrieval of emotional scenes presented in the laboratory and flashbulb memories suggests that even though different mechanisms may be involve... | Wikipedia - Flashbulb memory | null | null | null |
Laboratory technicians inoculate the sample onto certain solid agar plates with the streak plate method or into liquid culture medium, depending what the objective of the isolation is: If one wants to isolate only a particular group of bacteria, such as Group A Streptococcus from a throat swab, one can use a selective ... | Wikipedia - Isolation (microbiology) | null | null | null |
In other agar substances are added to exploit an organism's ability to produce a visible pigment (e.g. granada medium for Group B Streptococcus) which changes the bacterial colony's color, or to dissolve blood agar by hemolysis so that they can be more easily spotted. Some bacteria like Legionella species require parti... | Wikipedia - Isolation (microbiology) | null | null | null |
Lack of knowledge of mangrove ecosystems, their extent, status and linkages to other ecosystems hampers efforts to conserve and manage mangroves, leading to the unsustainable exploitation of this productive coastal resources. According to a comprehensive information database of mangrove biodiversity in each country is ... | Wikipedia - Ecological values of mangroves | null | null | null |
However, the true economic value of mangrove diversity and natural resources is difficult to measure and important ecological processes and functions undervalued. All development plans and policies should include economic valuations that fully reflect the sociological, ecological and environmental costs of resource use... | Wikipedia - Ecological values of mangroves | null | null | null |
Lacking any protective shell or means of escape, sponges have evolved to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds. One such class is the oxidized fatty acid derivatives called oxylipins. Members of this family have been found to have anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. One example isolated from the... | Wikipedia - Sponge loop | null | null | null |
Lacking reliability, UDP applications may encounter some packet loss, reordering, errors or duplication. If using UDP, the end-user applications must provide any necessary handshaking such as real-time confirmation that the message has been received. Applications, such as TFTP, may add rudimentary reliability mechanism... | Wikipedia - User Datagram Protocol | null | null | null |
Most often, UDP applications do not employ reliability mechanisms and may even be hindered by them. Streaming media, real-time multiplayer games and voice over IP (VoIP) are examples of applications that often use UDP. In these particular applications, loss of packets is not usually a fatal problem. In VoIP, for exampl... | Wikipedia - User Datagram Protocol | null | null | null |
Lacosamide is a powdery, white to light yellow crystalline compound. The chemical name of lacosamide is (R)-2-acetamido-N-benzyl-3-methoxypropionamide and the systemic name is N2-Acetyl-N-benzyl-O-methyl-D-serinamide. Lacosamide is a functionalized amino acid molecule that has high solubility in water and DMSO, with a ... | Wikipedia - Lacosamide | null | null | null |
Lacquer – LAN – Laplace transform – Laser diode – Leakage inductance – Least squares – Light-emitting diode – Line integral – Linear alternator – linear differential equation – Linear matrix inequality – Linear motor – Linear transformation in rotating electrical machines – Linear variable differential transformer – li... | Wikipedia - Index of electrical engineering articles | null | null | null |
Lactate can be used to produce a bioplastic called polylactic acid (PLA). The properties of PLA depend on the ratio of the two optical isomers of lactate (D-lactate and L-lactate). D-lactate is produced by mixed acid fermentation in E. coli. Early experiments engineered the E. coli strain RR1 to produce either one of t... | Wikipedia - Mixed acid fermentation | null | null | null |
Lactic acid bacteria have a useful role in winemaking converting malic acid to lactic acid in malolactic fermentation. However, after this function has completed, the bacteria may still be present within the wine, where they can metabolise other compounds and produce wine faults. Wines that have not undergone malolacti... | Wikipedia - Wine faults | null | null | null |
Lactobacillus acidophilus is an immobile rod-shaped (bacillus), gram-positive organism that ranges in size from 2-10 μm in size. L. acidophilus has one phospholipid bilayer membrane with a large cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan exterior to the membrane. The cell wall of L. acidophilus is interwoven with teichoic a... | Wikipedia - Lactobacillus acidophilus | null | null | null |
The S-layer is made of two structural domains. The C-terminal domain is responsible for cell wall anchoring, while the N-terminal domain is responsible for interacting with the cell environment, as well as S-layer self assembly. | Wikipedia - Lactobacillus acidophilus | null | null | null |
In the L. acidophilus species, the N-terminal region shows high amino acid variability along with low sequence homology (31-72%). However, the C-terminus shows low amino acid variability and high amino acid sequence homology (77-99%).L. acidophilus does not have any extracellular means of motion like a flagellum or pil... | Wikipedia - Lactobacillus acidophilus | null | null | null |
Lactobacillus fermentation and accompanying production of acid provides a protective vaginal microbiome that protects against the proliferation of pathogenic organisms. | Wikipedia - Lactic acid fermentation | null | null | null |
Lactonases are able to interfere with AHL-mediated quorum sensing. Some examples of these lactonases are AiiA produced by Bacillus species, AttM and AiiB produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and QIcA produced by Hyphomicrobiales species.Lactonases have been reported for Bacillus, Agrobacterium, Rhodococcus, Streptomy... | Wikipedia - Lactonase | null | null | null |
Ladder dogs secure the sections of an extension ladder at a given height by engaging on its rungs, and are secured in place by spring-loaded pawls. | Wikipedia - Dog (engineering) | null | null | null |
Ladder network A string of many, often equally dimensioned, impedances connected between two reference voltages. LAN Local Area Network, an interconnection of computers over a building or small campus. Laplace transform A mathematical operation for solution of differential equations by transforming them to the s domain... | Wikipedia - Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | null | null | null |
leakage inductance The inductance of a transformer that results from magnetic flux not linked by both primary and secondary windings. light-emitting diode A semiconductor device that produces light or infrared or ultraviolet radiation when properly energized. linear alternator An electrical machine that generates elect... | Wikipedia - Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | null | null | null |
linear motor An electrical machine that generates electric force in a straight line by the interaction of its moving parts and magnetic fields. linear variable differential transformer A transducer that produces an electrical signal proportional to the movement between its parts. lineman A specialist technician who ins... | Wikipedia - Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | null | null | null |
Litz wire A kind of stranded wire used to minimize losses in coils. load flow study A mathematical prediction of the flow of electric power in a network, based on a model of the actual or proposed system; necessary for planning of electrical grids. load following power plant A power plant that can economically be opera... | Wikipedia - Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | null | null | null |
load-loss factor A factor for estimating energy lost in a distribution network due to load current. load management Any strategy for altering the operation of customer loads so as to reduce peak demand on an electrical grid. load profile The daily, weekly, or annual plot of electrical load against time. | Wikipedia - Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | null | null | null |
local positioning system A navigation system that doesn't cover the whole Earth; such as over a continent, or even within a building. LORAN A radio navigation system developed from a World War II military system (GEE), used for civilian purposes till the 1980s. Lorentz force law The mathematical relation between curren... | Wikipedia - Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | null | null | null |
lossless data compression Any data compression method where the source can be reconstructed exactly; where approximations are tolerable, lossy data compression can be used. lossy data compression Any data compression method which allows only a close approximation of the source to be reconstructed; useful for images or ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | null | null | null |
low-noise amplifier In a satellite radio receiving system, an amplifier placed near the antenna. low-noise block downconverter In a satellite radio receiving system, a device that amplifies and converts signals to a lower frequency band that will have lower losses in interconnecting cables. low-pass filter An electric ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | null | null | null |
LTI system theory The theory of systems that, over a useful range, respond proportionally to inputs and don't change characteristics while responding. lumen The SI unit of luminous flux, the energy of visible light. lumped parameters Describes an electrical network where the circuit elements are small compared to the w... | Wikipedia - Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | null | null | null |
Ladislav Kováč's “Introduction to cognitive biology” (Kováč, 1986a) lists ten ‘Principles of Cognitive Biology.’ A closely related thirty page paper was published the following year: “Overview: Bioenergetics between chemistry, genetics and physics.” (Kováč, 1987). Over the following decades, Kováč elaborated, updated, ... | Wikipedia - Cognitive Biology | null | null | null |
Lafforgue's theorem (Laurent Lafforgue, 1998) Fermat's Last Theorem (Andrew Wiles and Richard Taylor, 1995) | Wikipedia - Open problem in mathematics | null | null | null |
Lafforgue, Vincent (2014). "Introduction to chtoucas for reductive groups and to the global Langlands parameterization". arXiv:1404.6416 . Deligne, P.; Rapoport, M. | Wikipedia - Algebraic stack | null | null | null |
(1973). "Les Schémas de Modules de Courbes Elliptiques". Modular Functions of One Variable II. | Wikipedia - Algebraic stack | null | null | null |
Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 349. pp. | Wikipedia - Algebraic stack | null | null | null |
143–316. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-37855-6_4. ISBN 978-3-540-06558-6. | Wikipedia - Algebraic stack | null | null | null |
Knudsen, Finn F. (1983). "The projectivity of the moduli space of stable curves, II: The stacks M g , n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}_{g,n}} ". | Wikipedia - Algebraic stack | null | null | null |
Mathematica Scandinavica. 52: 161. doi:10.7146/math.scand.a-12001. Jiang, Yunfeng (2019). "On the construction of moduli stack of projective Higgs bundles over surfaces". arXiv:1911.00250 . | Wikipedia - Algebraic stack | null | null | null |
Lafont (1993) first showed how intuitionistic linear logic can be explained as a logic of resources, so providing the logical language with access to formalisms that can be used for reasoning about resources within the logic itself, rather than, as in classical logic, by means of non-logical predicates and relations. T... | Wikipedia - Intuitionistic linear logic | null | null | null |
To state the fact that a dollar will buy you one candy bar, we might write the implication $1 ⇒ candy. But in ordinary (classical or intuitionistic) logic, from A and A ⇒ B one can conclude A ∧ B. So, ordinary logic leads us to believe that we can buy the candy bar and keep our dollar! Of course, we can avoid this prob... | Wikipedia - Intuitionistic linear logic | null | null | null |
However, the rejection of weakening and contraction allows linear logic to avoid this kind of spurious reasoning even with the "naive" rule. Rather than $1 ⇒ candy, we express the property of the vending machine as a linear implication $1 ⊸ candy. From $1 and this fact, we can conclude candy, but not $1 ⊗ candy. | Wikipedia - Intuitionistic linear logic | null | null | null |
In general, we can use the linear logic proposition A ⊸ B to express the validity of transforming resource A into resource B. Running with the example of the vending machine, consider the "resource interpretations" of the other multiplicative and additive connectives. (The exponentials provide the means to combine this... | Wikipedia - Intuitionistic linear logic | null | null | null |
For example, if you buy a stick of gum and a bottle of soft drink, then you are requesting gum ⊗ drink. The constant 1 denotes the absence of any resource, and so functions as the unit of ⊗. | Wikipedia - Intuitionistic linear logic | null | null | null |
Additive conjunction (A & B) represents alternative occurrence of resources, the choice of which the consumer controls. If in the vending machine there is a packet of chips, a candy bar, and a can of soft drink, each costing one dollar, then for that price you can buy exactly one of these products. Thus we write $1 ⊸ (... | Wikipedia - Intuitionistic linear logic | null | null | null |
We do not write $1 ⊸ (candy ⊗ chips ⊗ drink), which would imply that one dollar suffices for buying all three products together. However, from $1 ⊸ (candy & chips & drink), we can correctly deduce $3 ⊸ (candy ⊗ chips ⊗ drink), where $3 := $1 ⊗ $1 ⊗ $1. The unit ⊤ of additive conjunction can be seen as a wastebasket for... | Wikipedia - Intuitionistic linear logic | null | null | null |
For example, we can write $3 ⊸ (candy ⊗ ⊤) to express that with three dollars you can get a candy bar and some other stuff, without being more specific (for example, chips and a drink, or $2, or $1 and chips, etc.). Additive disjunction (A ⊕ B) represents alternative occurrence of resources, the choice of which the mac... | Wikipedia - Intuitionistic linear logic | null | null | null |
We can express this situation as $1 ⊸ (candy ⊕ chips ⊕ drink). The constant 0 represents a product that cannot be made, and thus serves as the unit of ⊕ (a machine that might produce A or 0 is as good as a machine that always produces A because it will never succeed in producing a 0). So unlike above, we cannot deduce ... | Wikipedia - Intuitionistic linear logic | null | null | null |
Lag function refers to the transient storage of energy and materials. Because they are the dominant sources of water in stream network, headwater streams and wetlands have a great impact on the frequency, duration and magnitude of downstream transfer of materials and energy. The intensity of the lag function is correla... | Wikipedia - Vulnerable waters | null | null | null |
These interactions result in reduced flow velocity and transient storage of groundwater, which lessen the flood's magnitude during heavy precipitation events. On the other end, during the dry season, the transient storage and delayed transfer of groundwater to the stream will maintain a minimum baseflow essential for a... | Wikipedia - Vulnerable waters | null | null | null |
Living organisms present in headwater streams contribute to delaying the downstream transfer of sediments, nutrients and organic matter through consumption, assimilation, and bioconsolidation.Transient storage of water in GIWs contributes to a delay in input of precipitation water to streams or other connected water bo... | Wikipedia - Vulnerable waters | null | null | null |
In contrast, because storage capacity is largely determined by antecedent moisture conditions, a saturated GIWs will convey water downstream rapidly, which could increase flood magnitude. Following this idea, GIWs can also reduce base flow, through storage and evapotranspiration, when saturation conditions are low. == ... | Wikipedia - Vulnerable waters | null | null | null |
Lagenidium giganteum is a water-borne mold that parasitizes the larval stage of mosquitoes. When applied to water, the motile spores avoid unsuitable host species and search out suitable mosquito larval hosts. This mold has the advantages of a dormant phase, resistant to desiccation, with slow-release characteristics o... | Wikipedia - Biological Control Agent | null | null | null |
Lagrange interpolation Gill (n.d., pp. 52–54) gives a derivation of the Forney algorithm. | Wikipedia - Forney algorithm | null | null | null |
Lagrange is one of the founders of the calculus of variations. Starting in 1754, he worked on the problem of the tautochrone, discovering a method of maximizing and minimizing functionals in a way similar to finding extrema of functions. Lagrange wrote several letters to Leonhard Euler between 1754 and 1756 describing ... | Wikipedia - Joseph-Louis Lagrange | null | null | null |
Lagrange also applied his ideas to problems of classical mechanics, generalising the results of Euler and Maupertuis. Euler was very impressed with Lagrange's results. It has been stated that "with characteristic courtesy he withheld a paper he had previously written, which covered some of the same ground, in order tha... | Wikipedia - Joseph-Louis Lagrange | null | null | null |
Lagrange's lectures on the differential calculus at École Polytechnique form the basis of his treatise Théorie des fonctions analytiques, which was published in 1797. This work is the extension of an idea contained in a paper he had sent to the Berlin papers in 1772, and its object is to substitute for the differential... | Wikipedia - Joseph-Louis Lagrange | null | null | null |
The book is divided into three parts: of these, the first treats of the general theory of functions, and gives an algebraic proof of Taylor's theorem, the validity of which is, however, open to question; the second deals with applications to geometry; and the third with applications to mechanics. Another treatise on th... | Wikipedia - Joseph-Louis Lagrange | null | null | null |
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