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Lagrangian 3. Lagrangian fibration 4. Lagrangian intersection Liouville form The volume form ω n / n ! {\displaystyle \omega ^{n}/n!} on a symplectic manifold ( M , ω ) {\displaystyle (M,\omega )} of dimension 2n. | Wikipedia - Glossary of symplectic geometry | null | null | null |
Lagrangian field theoryGeneralized coordinates apply to discrete particles. For N scalar fields φi(r, t) where i = 1, 2, ... N, the Lagrangian density is a function of these fields and their space and time derivatives, and possibly the space and time coordinates themselves: and the Euler–Lagrange equations have an anal... | Wikipedia - Analytical mechanics | null | null | null |
The Lagrangian is the volume integral of the Lagrangian density: Originally developed for classical fields, the above formulation is applicable to all physical fields in classical, quantum, and relativistic situations: such as Newtonian gravity, classical electromagnetism, general relativity, and quantum field theory. ... | Wikipedia - Analytical mechanics | null | null | null |
The Hamiltonian density H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} is defined by analogy with mechanics: The equations of motion are: where the variational derivative must be used instead of merely partial derivatives. For N fields, these Hamiltonian field equations are a set of 2N first order partial differential equations, whi... | Wikipedia - Analytical mechanics | null | null | null |
Lagrangian mechanics can be formulated in special relativity and general relativity. Some features of Lagrangian mechanics are retained in the relativistic theories but difficulties quickly appear in other respects. In particular, the EL equations take the same form, and the connection between cyclic coordinates and co... | Wikipedia - Lagrangian formulation of mechanics | null | null | null |
Lagrangian mechanics can be formulated in special relativity as follows. Consider one particle (N particles are considered later). | Wikipedia - Relativistic Lagrangian mechanics | null | null | null |
Lagrangian mechanics differs from the Newtonian formulation by considering entire trajectories at once rather than predicting a body's motion at a single instant. : 109 It is traditional in Lagrangian mechanics to denote position with q {\displaystyle q} and velocity with q ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}} . The simplest e... | Wikipedia - Newtons laws of motion | null | null | null |
That is, the physical path has the property that small perturbations of it will, to a first approximation, not change the integral of the Lagrangian. Calculus of variations provides the mathematical tools for finding this path. : 485 Applying the calculus of variations to the task of finding the path yields the Euler–L... | Wikipedia - Newtons laws of motion | null | null | null |
The left-hand side is the time derivative of the momentum, and the right-hand side is the force, represented in terms of the potential energy. : 737 Landau and Lifshitz argue that the Lagrangian formulation makes the conceptual content of classical mechanics more clear than starting with Newton's laws. | Wikipedia - Newtons laws of motion | null | null | null |
Lagrangian mechanics provides a convenient framework in which to prove Noether's theorem, which relates symmetries and conservation laws. The conservation of momentum can be derived by applying Noether's theorem to a Lagrangian for a multi-particle system, and so, Newton's third law is a theorem rather than an assumpti... | Wikipedia - Newtons laws of motion | null | null | null |
Laguerre net A net V of plane curves of some degree d such that the base locus of a generic pencil of V is the base locus of V together with d–1 collinear points (Dolgachev 2012, theorem 7.3.5) (Coolidge 1931, p. 423) lemniscate A lemniscate is a curve resembling a figure 8. See Salmon (1879, p.42) limaçon A limaçon is... | Wikipedia - Postulation (algebraic geometry) | null | null | null |
Laithwaite, Eric – Lamarr, Hedy – Lamm, Uno – Lamme, Benjamin G. – Leclanché, Georges – Leeds, Morris E. – Leonard, Harry Ward – Lodygin, Alexander –Lyapunov, Alexander – | Wikipedia - Index of electrical engineering articles | null | null | null |
Lakatos' philosophy of mathematics was inspired by both Hegel's and Marx's dialectic, by Karl Popper's theory of knowledge, and by the work of mathematician George Pólya. The 1976 book Proofs and Refutations is based on the first three chapters of his 1961 four-chapter doctoral thesis Essays in the Logic of Mathematica... | Wikipedia - Imre Lakatos | null | null | null |
The students are attempting to prove the formula for the Euler characteristic in algebraic topology, which is a theorem about the properties of polyhedra, namely that for all polyhedra the number of their vertices V minus the number of their edges E plus the number of their faces F is 2 (V − E + F = 2). The dialogue is... | Wikipedia - Imre Lakatos | null | null | null |
Lakatos termed the polyhedral counterexamples to Euler's formula monsters and distinguished three ways of handling these objects: Firstly, monster-barring, by which means the theorem in question could not be applied to such objects. Secondly, monster-adjustment, whereby by making a re-appraisal of the monster it could ... | Wikipedia - Imre Lakatos | null | null | null |
These distinct strategies have been taken up in qualitative physics, where the terminology of monsters has been applied to apparent counterexamples, and the techniques of monster-barring and monster-adjustment recognized as approaches to the refinement of the analysis of a physical issue.What Lakatos tried to establish... | Wikipedia - Imre Lakatos | null | null | null |
This is a continuous way our knowledge accumulates, through the logic and process of proofs and refutations. (If axioms are given for a branch of mathematics, however, Lakatos claimed that proofs from those axioms were tautological, i.e. logically true. )Lakatos proposed an account of mathematical knowledge based on th... | Wikipedia - Imre Lakatos | null | null | null |
In Proofs and Refutations the concept of "heuristic" was not well developed, although Lakatos gave several basic rules for finding proofs and counterexamples to conjectures. He thought that mathematical "thought experiments" are a valid way to discover mathematical conjectures and proofs, and sometimes called his philo... | Wikipedia - Imre Lakatos | null | null | null |
Therefore, he fundamentally disagreed with the "formalist" conception of proof prevailed in Frege's and Russell's logicism, which defines proof simply in terms of formal validity. On its first publication as an article in the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science in 1963–64, Proofs and Refutations became highly... | Wikipedia - Imre Lakatos | null | null | null |
Lake Manix is known for the preservation of a multitude of water birds that lived in the region during the Pleistocene, including a second species of flamingo. This second species, known from juvenile remains that fall within the size range of modern American and greater flamingos has been tentatively assigned to Phoen... | Wikipedia - Minute flamingo | null | null | null |
Lake zones: Epilittoral: The zone that is entirely above the lake's normal water level and never submerged by lake water Littoral: The zone that encompasses the small area above the normal water level (which is sometimes submerged when the lake's water level increases), reaching to the deepest part of the lake that sti... | Wikipedia - Seasonal lake | null | null | null |
Lakes "are relatively easy to sample, because they have clear-cut boundaries (compared to terrestrial ecosystems) and because field experiments are relatively easy to perform. ", which make then especially useful for ecologists who try to understand ecological dynamics. | Wikipedia - Relative thermal resistance | null | null | null |
Lakes and ponds experience much of the same pollution as rivers and streams, but are polluted at a quicker rate due to slower moving waters, no water flow outlets, and amount of water. Standing water circulates much less than moving waters, with the deeper water layers only moving during seasonal changes twice a year. ... | Wikipedia - Freshwater Biology | null | null | null |
Lakes and ponds contain less water than most rivers and streams, meaning smaller lakes and ponds are polluted at faster rates. Eutrophication is the process of abundant plant growth, a dominating threat to standing waters. If chemical nutrients for aquatic plant growth that were previously limited become available, pla... | Wikipedia - Freshwater Biology | null | null | null |
This excessive plant population growth decreases the oxygen content of the water, and other aquatic life suffocates. Human waste often contains these chemical nutrients, like phosphorus in fertilizers, and in combination with the poor water circulation in standing waters, causes pollution and organism depletion. Much o... | Wikipedia - Freshwater Biology | null | null | null |
Lakes may be informally classified and named according to the general chemistry of their water mass. Using this classification method, the lake types include: An acid lake contains water with a below-neutral pH of less than 6.5. A lake is considered to be highly acidic if its pH drops below 5.5, leading to biological c... | Wikipedia - Intermittent lake | null | null | null |
A salt lake, also known as a saline lake or brine lake, is an inland body of water situated in an arid or semiarid region, with no outlet to the sea, containing a high concentration of dissolved neutral salts (principally sodium chloride). Examples include the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the Dead Sea in southwestern A... | Wikipedia - Intermittent lake | null | null | null |
These features are typically classified as dry lakes, or playas, because they are periodically flooded by rain or flood events and then dry up during drier intervals, leaving accumulations of brines and evaporitic minerals. A salt pan is a small shallow natural depression in which water accumulates and evaporates, leav... | Wikipedia - Intermittent lake | null | null | null |
Lakoff and Núñez's avowed purpose is to begin laying the foundations for a truly scientific understanding of mathematics, one grounded in processes common to all human cognition. They find that four distinct but related processes metaphorically structure basic arithmetic: object collection, object construction, using a... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
Lakoff and Núñez hold that mathematics results from the human cognitive apparatus and must therefore be understood in cognitive terms. WMCF advocates (and includes some examples of) a cognitive idea analysis of mathematics which analyzes mathematical ideas in terms of the human experiences, metaphors, generalizations, ... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
Lakoff and Núñez start by reviewing the psychological literature, concluding that human beings appear to have an innate ability, called subitizing, to count, add, and subtract up to about 4 or 5. They document this conclusion by reviewing the literature, published in recent decades, describing experiments with infant s... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
The authors argue that mathematics goes far beyond this very elementary level due to a large number of metaphorical constructions. For example, the Pythagorean position that all is number, and the associated crisis of confidence that came about with the discovery of the irrationality of the square root of two, arises s... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
Thus much of WMCF is, in effect, a study of the epistemological foundations of the calculus. Lakoff and Núñez conclude that while the potential infinite is not metaphorical, the actual infinite is. Moreover, they deem all manifestations of actual infinity to be instances of what they call the "Basic Metaphor of Infinit... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
They emphasize that all we know and can ever know is human mathematics, the mathematics arising from the human intellect. The question of whether there is a "transcendent" mathematics independent of human thought is a meaningless question, like asking if colors are transcendent of human thought—colors are only varying ... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
WMCF (p. 81) likewise criticizes the emphasis mathematicians place on the concept of closure. | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
Lakoff and Núñez argue that the expectation of closure is an artifact of the human mind's ability to relate fundamentally different concepts via metaphor. WMCF concerns itself mainly with proposing and establishing an alternative view of mathematics, one grounding the field in the realities of human biology and experie... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
Lakoff and Núñez are not the first to argue that conventional approaches to the philosophy of mathematics are flawed. For example, they do not seem all that familiar with the content of Davis and Hersh (1981), even though the book warmly acknowledges Hersh's support. Lakoff and Núñez cite Saunders Mac Lane (the invento... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
Mathematics, Form and Function (1986), an overview of mathematics intended for philosophers, proposes that mathematical concepts are ultimately grounded in ordinary human activities, mostly interactions with the physical world.Educators have taken some interest in what WMCF suggests about how mathematics is learned, an... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
In other words, despite their claim of mathematics being human, established mathematical knowledge — which is what we learn in school — is assumed to be and treated as abstract, completely detached from its physical origin. It cannot account for the way learners could access to such knowledge.WMCF is also criticized fo... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
Second, the mathematics WMCF is concerned with is "almost entirely... standard utterances in textbooks and curricula", which is the most-well established body of knowledge. It is negligent of the dynamic and diverse nature of the history of mathematics. WMCF's logo-centric approach is another target for critics. While ... | Wikipedia - Where Mathematics Comes From | null | null | null |
Lally column – is a round thin-walled structural steel column oriented vertically to provide support to beams or timbers stretching over long spans. The steel shell of a Lally column is filled with concrete. Lightening holes – Limit load (physics) – Limit state design – Linear elasticity – Lintel – Live load – Load bea... | Wikipedia - Glossary of structural engineering | null | null | null |
Lambda abstractions are functions of functions. A natural step is to define a domain for the lambda abstraction as a set of all functions. The set of all functions from a domain D to a range R is given by K in, f ∈ K ⟺ ( ∀ x: x ∈ D ⟹ f x ∈ R ) {\displaystyle f\in K\iff (\forall x:x\in D\implies f\ x\in R)} Then the (im... | Wikipedia - Deductive lambda calculus | null | null | null |
Interpreting reduction as defining equality gives an implicit domain for the lambda calculus. The rules are, Every lambda abstraction has one value. The beta reduction of a lambda term has the same value. | Wikipedia - Deductive lambda calculus | null | null | null |
The eta reduction of a lambda term has the same value. Alpha convertible lambda terms are equal. "omega-equivalent" lambda terms are equal. | Wikipedia - Deductive lambda calculus | null | null | null |
If two lambda terms can not be shown to be equal by the above rules, they are not equal.If two lambda terms may be reduced to normal form then the Church–Rosser theorem may be used to show that they are equal if their normal forms are alpha convertible. If one or both of the terms are not normalizing then the undecidab... | Wikipedia - Deductive lambda calculus | null | null | null |
Lambda calculus is a consistent theory in its own domain. However, it is not consistent to add the lambda abstraction definition to general mathematics. Lambda terms describe values from the lambda calculus domain. | Wikipedia - Löb's paradox | null | null | null |
Each lambda term has a value in that domain. When translating expressions from mathematics to lambda calculus, the domain of lambda calculus terms is not always isomorphic to the domain of the mathematical expressions. This lack of isomorphism is the source of the apparent contradictions. | Wikipedia - Löb's paradox | null | null | null |
Lambda calculus is the model and inspiration for the development of functional programming languages. These languages implement the lambda abstraction, and use it in conjunction with application of functions, and types. The use of lambda abstractions, which are then embedded into other mathematical systems, and used as... | Wikipedia - Deductive lambda calculus | null | null | null |
This article describes these problems and how they arise. This is not a criticism of pure lambda calculus, and lambda calculus as a pure system is not the primary topic here. The problems arise with the interaction of lambda calculus with other mathematical systems. Being aware of the problems allows them to be avoided... | Wikipedia - Deductive lambda calculus | null | null | null |
Lambda calculus-based languages (such as Lisp, ISWIM, and Scheme) are in actual practice value-level languages, although they are not thus restricted by design. To see why typical lambda style programs are primarily value-level, consider the usual definition of a value-to-value function, say f = λx.E here, x must be a ... | Wikipedia - Value-level programming | null | null | null |
Lambda dropping is making the scope of functions smaller and using the context from the reduced scope to reduce the number of parameters to functions. Reducing the number of parameters makes functions easier to comprehend. In the Lambda lifting section, a meta function for first lifting and then converting the resultin... | Wikipedia - Lambda lifting | null | null | null |
Lambda expressions are composed of variables v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} , v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}} , ..., v n {\displaystyle v_{n}} , ... the abstraction symbols lambda ' λ {\displaystyle \lambda } ' and dot '.' parentheses ( )The set of lambda expressions, Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } , can be defined inductively: If x ... | Wikipedia - Lambda calculus definition | null | null | null |
Lambeau subsequently poses a new challenge on the blackboard: state Cayley's formula and "draw all the homeomorphically irreducible trees with n = 10 {\displaystyle n=10} ." Will writes eight of the ten trees correctly before Lambeau interrupts. | Wikipedia - Good Will Hunting | null | null | null |
Lambert invented the first practical hygrometer. In 1760, he published a book on photometry, the Photometria. From the assumption that light travels in straight lines, he showed that illumination was proportional to the strength of the source, inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the illuminated surf... | Wikipedia - Johann Heinrich Lambert | null | null | null |
In Photometria Lambert also cited a law of light absorption, formulated earlier by Pierre Bouguer he is mistakenly credited for (the Beer–Lambert law) and introduced the term albedo. Lambertian reflectance is named after him. He wrote a classic work on perspective and contributed to geometrical optics. | Wikipedia - Johann Heinrich Lambert | null | null | null |
The non-SI unit of luminance, Lambert, is named in recognition of his work in establishing the study of photometry. Lambert was also a pioneer in the development of three-dimensional colour models. Late in life, he published a description of a triangular colour pyramid (Farbenpyramide), which shows a total of 107 colou... | Wikipedia - Johann Heinrich Lambert | null | null | null |
Lambert was the first to introduce hyperbolic functions into trigonometry. Also, he made conjectures about non-Euclidean space. Lambert is credited with the first proof that π is irrational using a generalized continued fraction for the function tan x. Euler believed the conjecture but could not prove that π was irrati... | Wikipedia - Johann Heinrich Lambert | null | null | null |
Lambert also devised theorems about conic sections that made the calculation of the orbits of comets simpler. Lambert devised a formula for the relationship between the angles and the area of hyperbolic triangles. These are triangles drawn on a concave surface, as on a saddle, instead of the usual flat Euclidean surfac... | Wikipedia - Johann Heinrich Lambert | null | null | null |
Lambert showed that the angles added up to less than π (radians), or 180°. The amount of shortfall, called the defect, increases with the area. The larger the triangle's area, the smaller the sum of the angles and hence the larger the defect C△ = π — (α + β + γ). | Wikipedia - Johann Heinrich Lambert | null | null | null |
That is, the area of a hyperbolic triangle (multiplied by a constant C) is equal to π (in radians), or 180°, minus the sum of the angles α, β, and γ. Here C denotes, in the present sense, the negative of the curvature of the surface (taking the negative is necessary as the curvature of a saddle surface is defined to be... | Wikipedia - Johann Heinrich Lambert | null | null | null |
Lambert's law is the major principle in any free definite description theory that says: For all x, x = the y (A) if and only if (A(x/y) & for all y (if A then y = x)). Free logic itself is an adjustment of a given standard predicate logic such as to relieve it of existential assumptions, and so make it a free logic. Ta... | Wikipedia - Lambert's law (logic) | null | null | null |
Thus universal statements, like "All men are mortal," or "Everything is a unicorn," do not presuppose that there are men or that there is anything. These would be symbolized, with the appropriate predicates, as ∀ x ( M x → L x ) {\displaystyle \forall x\,(Mx\rightarrow Lx)} and ∀ x U x {\displaystyle \forall x\,Ux} , w... | Wikipedia - Lambert's law (logic) | null | null | null |
Lamia (Greek mythology) Latabi (Mandaean mythology) Legion (Christian demonology) Lechies (Slavic mythology) Leonard (Christian demonology) Leyak (Indonesian (Balinese) mythology) Lempo (Finnish mythology) Leraje/Leraie (Christian demonology) Leviathan (according to certain interpretations of Jewish, Gnostic and Christ... | Wikipedia - List of theological demons | null | null | null |
Lamina-associated domains (LADs) are parts of the chromatin that heavily interact with the lamina, a network-like structure at the inner membrane of the nucleus. LADs consist mostly of transcriptionally silent chromatin, being enriched with trimethylated Lys27 on histone H3, (ie H3K27me3); which is a common posttransla... | Wikipedia - Topologically Associating Domain | null | null | null |
Laminar flowIn fluid dynamics, laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles following smooth paths in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with little or no mixing. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
Laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection. Laplace transformIn mathematics, the Laplace transform, named after its inventor Pierre-Simon Laplace (), is an integral transform that converts a function of a real variable t {\displaystyle t} (often time) to a functio... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
The transform has many applications in science and engineering because it is a tool for solving differential equations. In particular, it transforms differential equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication. LC circuitA circuit consisting entirely of inductors (L) and capacitors (C). | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
Le Chatelier's principleLe Chatelier's principle, also called Chatelier's principle, is a principle of chemistry used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibria. The principle is named after French chemist Henry Louis Le Chatelier, and sometimes also credited to Karl Ferdinand Braun, who dis... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
It is common to treat the principle as a more general observation of systems, such as When a settled system is disturbed, it will adjust to diminish the change that has been made to it or, "roughly stated", Any change in status quo prompts an opposing reaction in the responding system. Lenz's lawLenz's law, named after... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
Lenz's law explains the direction of many effects in electromagnetism, such as the direction of voltage induced in an inductor or wire loop by a changing current, or the drag force of eddy currents exerted on moving objects in a magnetic field. Lenz's law may be seen as analogous to Newton's third law in classical mech... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
LeptonIn particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) that does not undergo strong interactions. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other p... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
The best known of all leptons is the electron. LeverIs a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself. | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
On the basis of the locations of fulcrum, load and effort, the lever is divided into three types. Also, leverage is mechanical advantage gained in a system. It is one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists. | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
A lever amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to provide leverage. The ratio of the output force to the input force is the mechanical advantage of the lever. As such, the lever is a mechanical advantage device, trading off force against movement. | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
L'Hôpital's ruleIn mathematics, more specifically calculus, L'Hôpital's rule or L'Hospital's rule (French: , English: , loh-pee-TAHL) provides a technique to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms. Application (or repeated application) of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to an expression that can be easily... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
Although the rule is often attributed to L'Hôpital, the theorem was first introduced to him in 1694 by the Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli. L'Hôpital's rule states that for functions f and g which are differentiable on an open interval I except possibly at a point c contained in I, if lim x → c f ( x ) = lim x → c... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
The differentiation of the numerator and denominator often simplifies the quotient or converts it to a limit that can be evaluated directly. LightLight or visible light is electromagnetic radiation within the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the human eye. Visible light is usually define... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
This wavelength means a frequency range of roughly 430–750 terahertz (THz). Linear actuatorIs an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, in contrast to the circular motion of a conventional electric motor. Linear actuators are used in machine tools and industrial machinery, in computer peripherals such as disk... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders inherently produce linear motion. Many other mechanisms are used to generate linear motion from a rotating motor. Linear algebraThe mathematics of equations where the unknowns are only in the first power. | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
Linear elasticityIs a mathematical model of how solid objects deform and become internally stressed due to prescribed loading conditions. It is a simplification of the more general nonlinear theory of elasticity and a branch of continuum mechanics. LiquidA liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the sh... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
As such, it is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow an... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. LogarithmIn mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation. | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
That means the logarithm of a given number x is the exponent to which another fixed number, the base b, must be raised, to produce that number x. In the simplest case, the logarithm counts the number of occurrences of the same factor in repeated multiplication; e.g., since 1000 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 103, the "logarithm base... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
For example, log2 64 = 6, as 26 = 64. The logarithm base 10 (that is b = 10) is called the decimal or common logarithm and is commonly used in science and engineering. The natural logarithm has the number e (that is b ≈ 2.718) as its base; its use is widespread in mathematics and physics, because of its simpler integra... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
The binary logarithm uses base 2 (that is b = 2) and is frequently used in computer science. Logarithms are examples of concave functions. Logarithmic identitiesSeveral important formulas, sometimes called logarithmic identities or log laws, relate logarithms to one another. | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
Logarithmic mean temperature difference(Also known as log mean temperature difference, LMTD) is used to determine the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems, most notably in heat exchangers. The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold feeds at each end o... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
The use of the LMTD arises straightforwardly from the analysis of a heat exchanger with constant flow rate and fluid thermal properties. Lumped capacitance modelA lumped-capacitance model, also called lumped system analysis, reduces a thermal system to a number of discrete "lumps" and assumes that the temperature diffe... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
It was developed as a mathematical analog of electrical capacitance, although it also includes thermal analogs of electrical resistance as well. Lumped element modelThe lumped-element model (also called lumped-parameter model, or lumped-component model) simplifies the description of the behaviour of spatially distribut... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L | null | null | null |
Lamiopsis temminckii is a placental viviparous species. This means that young have an umbilical scar left over at birth. Females of this species average two to four embryos per uterus at a time, and the typical amount of embryos total in a litter averages to be around eight at a time. Late term embryos are common in th... | Wikipedia - Broadfin shark | null | null | null |
Lamport envisioned a bakery with a numbering machine at its entrance so each customer is given a unique number. Numbers increase by one as customers enter the store. A global counter displays the number of the customer that is currently being served. All other customers must wait in a queue until the baker finishes ser... | Wikipedia - Lamport's Bakery algorithm | null | null | null |
When the customer is done shopping and has disposed of his or her number, the clerk increments the number, allowing the next customer to be served. That customer must draw another number from the numbering machine in order to shop again. According to the analogy, the "customers" are threads, identified by the letter i,... | Wikipedia - Lamport's Bakery algorithm | null | null | null |
Due to the limitations of computer architecture, some parts of Lamport's analogy need slight modification. It is possible that more than one thread will get the same number n when they request it; this cannot be avoided (without first solving the mutual exclusion problem, which is the goal of the algorithm). Therefore,... | Wikipedia - Lamport's Bakery algorithm | null | null | null |
Lamport is also known for his work on temporal logic, where he introduced the temporal logic of actions (TLA). Among his more recent contributions is TLA+, a language for specifying and reasoning about concurrent and reactive systems, which he describes in the book Specifying Systems: The TLA+ Language and Tools for Ha... | Wikipedia - Leslie Lamport | null | null | null |
Lamproites conform to the following chemical characteristics: molar K2O/Na2O > 3, i.e., ultrapotassic molar K2O/Al2O3> 0.8 and commonly > 1 molar K2O + Na2O/ Al2O3 typically > 1 i.e., peralkaline typically <10 wt% each of FeO and CaO, TiO2 1-7 wt%, >2000 and commonly >5000 ppm Ba, >500 ppm Zr, >1000 ppm Sr and >200 ppm... | Wikipedia - Lamproite | null | null | null |
Lanczos algorithms are very attractive because the multiplication by A {\displaystyle A\,} is the only large-scale linear operation. Since weighted-term text retrieval engines implement just this operation, the Lanczos algorithm can be applied efficiently to text documents (see latent semantic indexing). Eigenvectors a... | Wikipedia - Lanczos algorithm | null | null | null |
Land and water resources engineering Food engineering and bioprocess engineering Machinery systems engineering Natural resources and environmental engineering Biomedical engineering | Wikipedia - Biosystems engineering | null | null | null |
Land ethics may also be based upon the principle that the land (and the organisms that live off the land) has intrinsic value. These ethics are, roughly, based on an ecological or systems view. This position was first put forth by Ayers Brinser in Our Use of the Land, published in 1939. Brinser argued that white settle... | Wikipedia - Land Ethic | null | null | null |
Another example is the deep ecology view, which argues that human communities are built upon a foundation of the surrounding ecosystems or the biotic communities and that all life is of inherent worth. Similar to egalitarian-based land ethics, the above land ethics were also developed as alternatives to utilitarian and... | Wikipedia - Land Ethic | null | null | null |
Leopold's ethic is one of the most popular ecological approaches in the early 21st century. Other writers and theorists who hold this view include Wendell Berry (b. 1934), N. Scott Momaday, J. Baird Callicott, Paul B. Thompson, and Barbara Kingsolver. | Wikipedia - Land Ethic | null | null | null |
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