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Difficulty connecting the sounds of language to the letters of words may result difficulty in understanding sentences. Confusion between similar letters, such as "b" and "d" can occur. | Wikipedia - Childhood development | null | null | null |
In general the symptoms of dyslexia are: difficulty in determining the meaning of a simple sentence, learning to recognize written words, and difficulty in rhyming. Autism and speech delay are usually correlated. Problems with verbal language is the most common sign of autism. | Wikipedia - Childhood development | null | null | null |
Early diagnosis and treatment of autism can significantly help the child improve their speech skills. Autism is recognized as one of the five pervasive developmental disorders, distinguished by problems with language, speech, communication and social skills that present in early childhood. Some common types of language... | Wikipedia - Childhood development | null | null | null |
Language diversity is part of ecolinguistics because of the relationship between diversity of local languages and biodiversity. This relationship arises because of the cultural adaptation to the environment that is encoded in local languages. The forces of globalisation are allowing dominant languages (such as English)... | Wikipedia - Ecolinguistics | null | null | null |
Ecolinguistic research aims to protect both cultural diversity and the linguistic diversity that supports it. The United Nations Environment Program describes how: "Biodiversity also incorporates human cultural diversity, which can be affected by the same drivers as biodiversity, and which has impacts on the diversity ... | Wikipedia - Ecolinguistics | null | null | null |
It is indigenous peoples who have the relevant practical knowledge, since they have been successfully making a living in them for hundreds of generations. Much of this detailed knowledge about local ecosystems is encoded in indigenous language and rapidly being lost". Mühlhaüsler states "the rapid decline in the world'... | Wikipedia - Ecolinguistics | null | null | null |
Language functions include speech, reading and writing, all of which can be selectively impaired.} | Wikipedia - Neuropsychological test | null | null | null |
Languages and cognitive function have also been subjects of evolutionary studies. Insofar as language and evolutionary developmental biology, there is tension from the gate. Much of this contention has centered around whether to view and study language as an adaptation in and of its self, or as a by-product of other ad... | Wikipedia - Human evolutionary developmental biology | null | null | null |
To support these claims, he points to things like the bi-directionality in language usage and comprehension. This is a counter to the claims by theorists like Noam Chomsky, who argued against language as a human specific adaptation.Adaptation and adaptive theory has been argued even separate from its utility in the stu... | Wikipedia - Human evolutionary developmental biology | null | null | null |
Among the issues identified is the lack of distinction between what trait developed and how it is used, and the underlying reasons or forces that created the novel trait initially. This is particularly difficult to access in intangible language and cognition. | Wikipedia - Human evolutionary developmental biology | null | null | null |
This debate has continued over decades and most often presents in the form of a response and published dialogue between theorists. This continued debate has prompted efforts to marry the two perspectives in a useful way. Fitch argues that these two approaches can be rectified with the study of "neutral computation and ... | Wikipedia - Human evolutionary developmental biology | null | null | null |
It may be more useful to consider specific components of neural computation and development, what has been selected for, and to what end.Ploeger and Galis tackled modular evolvability and developmental constraints in human and other primate evolutionary trajectories. They argue that these should be treated with an inte... | Wikipedia - Human evolutionary developmental biology | null | null | null |
Languages are grouped by diachronic relatedness into language families. In other words, languages are grouped based on how they were developed and evolved throughout history, with languages which descended from a common ancestor being grouped into the same language family. | Wikipedia - Language classification | null | null | null |
Languages are grouped by their structural and functional features. | Wikipedia - Language classification | null | null | null |
Languages in the ML family support generic programming through parametric polymorphism and generic modules called functors. Both Standard ML and OCaml provide functors, which are similar to class templates and to Ada's generic packages. Scheme syntactic abstractions also have a connection to genericity – these are in f... | Wikipedia - Generic programming | null | null | null |
Languages like C++, C#, Java, PHP, Swift, and Delphi offer ways to restrict access to data fields. Below is an example in C# that shows how access to a data field can be restricted through the use of a private keyword: Below is an example in Java: Encapsulation is also possible in non-object-oriented languages. In C, f... | Wikipedia - Encapsulation (object-oriented programming) | null | null | null |
Languages with simple tone systems or pitch accent may have one or two syllables specified for tone, with the rest of the word taking a default tone. Such languages differ in which tone is marked and which is the default. In Navajo, for example, syllables have a low tone by default, whereas marked syllables have high t... | Wikipedia - Tone accent | null | null | null |
Lanthanide metals react exothermically with hydrogen to form LnH2, dihydrides. With the exception of Eu and Yb, which resemble the Ba and Ca hydrides (non-conducting, transparent salt-like compounds),they form black pyrophoric, conducting compounds where the metal sub-lattice is face centred cubic and the H atoms occup... | Wikipedia - Lanthanide oxide | null | null | null |
Lanthanide probes displays unique fluorescence properties, including long lifetime of fluorescence, large Stokes shift and narrow emission peak. These properties is highly advantageous to develop analytical probes for receptor-ligand interactions. Many lanthanide-based fluorescence studies have been developed for GPCRs... | Wikipedia - Lanthanide probes | null | null | null |
Lanthanide-carbon σ bonds are well known; however as the 4f electrons have a low probability of existing at the outer region of the atom there is little effective orbital overlap, resulting in bonds with significant ionic character. As such organo-lanthanide compounds exhibit carbanion-like behavior, unlike the behavio... | Wikipedia - Lanthanide | null | null | null |
Lanthanum carbonate is used as a starting material in lanthanum chemistry, particularly in forming mixed oxides, for example for production of lanthanum strontium manganite, primarily for solid oxide fuel cell applications; for production of certain high-temperature superconductors, such as La2-xSrxCuO2. | Wikipedia - C3La2O9 | null | null | null |
Lanthanum has no known biological role in humans. The element is very poorly absorbed after oral administration and when injected its elimination is very slow. Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) was approved as a phosphate binder to absorb excess phosphate in cases of end stage renal disease.While lanthanum has pharmacolog... | Wikipedia - Lanthanum | null | null | null |
Lapatinib inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity associated with two oncogenes, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and HER2/neu (human EGFR type 2). Over expression of HER2/neu can be responsible for certain types of high-risk breast cancers in women.Like sorafenib, lapatinib is a protein kinase inhibitor shown to ... | Wikipedia - Lapatinib | null | null | null |
Laplace operator Laplace equation Dirichlet problem Unit circle Unit disc Spherical harmonic | Wikipedia - List of Fourier analysis topics | null | null | null |
Laplace transform ( 1 + A t + B t 2 ) e c t {\displaystyle \left(1+A\,t+B\,t^{2}\right)e^{ct}} 1 s − c + A ( s − c ) 2 + 2 B ( s − c ) 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{s-c}}+{\frac {A}{(s-c)^{2}}}+{\frac {2B}{(s-c)^{3}}}} inverse Laplace transform e a x {\displaystyle e^{ax}} | Wikipedia - Maple (software) | null | null | null |
Laplace's expansion by minors for computing the determinant along a row, column or diagonal extends to the permanent by ignoring all signs.For every i {\textstyle i} , where B i , j {\displaystyle B_{i,j}} is the entry of the ith row and the jth column of B, and M i , j {\textstyle M_{i,j}} is the permanent of the subm... | Wikipedia - Van der Waerden's conjecture | null | null | null |
Large amounts of data can be stored holographically because lasers are able to store pages of electronic patterns holographic storage – sometimes referred to as 3D storage within special optical materials as opposed to just on the surface. In traditional holography, each viewing angle gives a different aspect of the sa... | Wikipedia - Holographic Data Storage System | null | null | null |
This intersection causes a stable physical or chemical change which is stored in the medium. This is the write sequence. During the reading sequence, the action of the reference beam and the stored interference pattern in the medium recreates this data beam which may be sensed by a detector array. | Wikipedia - Holographic Data Storage System | null | null | null |
The medium may be a rotating disk containing a polymeric material, or an optically sensitive single crystal. The key to making the holographic data storage system work is the second laser beam which is fired at the crystal to retrieve a page of data. It must match the original reference beam angle exactly. A difference... | Wikipedia - Holographic Data Storage System | null | null | null |
Large and small engineering driven firms often require the expertise of external management consultants that specialize in companies where engineering practice and product development are key drivers of value. Most engineering management consultants will have as a minimum a professional engineering qualification. But u... | Wikipedia - Engineering Management | null | null | null |
Engineering management consultancies, are typically boutique firms and have a more specialized focus than the traditional mainstream consulting firms, A T Kearney, Boston Consulting Group, KPMG, PWC, and McKinsey. Applied science and engineering practice requires a combination of "management art", science, and engineer... | Wikipedia - Engineering Management | null | null | null |
There are many professional service companies delivering services in a consultancy type relationship to the engineering industry, including law, accounting, human resources, marketing, politics, economics, finance, public affairs, and communication. Commonly, engineering management consultants are used when firms requi... | Wikipedia - Engineering Management | null | null | null |
Management Engineering Consultants strive to improve upon existing organizations, processes, products or systems. Engineering management consulting draws upon the principles and methods of engineering analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and meth... | Wikipedia - Engineering Management | null | null | null |
There is also an overlap between engineering management consulting and management science in services that require the adoption of more analytical approaches to problem solving. Examples of where engineering management consulting might be used include developing and leading a company wide business transformation initia... | Wikipedia - Engineering Management | null | null | null |
Services may include strategizing for various operational logistics, new product introductions, or consulting as an efficiency expert. It may include using management science techniques to develop a new financial algorithm or loan system for a bank, streamlining operation and emergency room location or usage in a hospi... | Wikipedia - Engineering Management | null | null | null |
Large annotated corpora used in the development and training of general purpose text mining methods (e.g., sets of movie dialogue, product reviews, or Wikipedia article text) are not specific for biomedical language. While they may provide evidence of general text properties such as parts of speech, they rarely contain... | Wikipedia - Biomedical text mining | null | null | null |
Text mining researchers frequently combine these corpora with the controlled vocabularies and ontologies available through the National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Machine learning-based methods often require very large data sets as training data to ... | Wikipedia - Biomedical text mining | null | null | null |
Large areas of organic wetland (peat) soils are currently drained for agriculture, forestry, and peat extraction (i.e. through canals). This process is taking place all over the world. This not only destroys the habitat of many species but also heavily fuels climate change. | Wikipedia - Peat fires | null | null | null |
As a result of peat drainage, the organic carbon – which built over thousands of years and is normally underwater – is suddenly exposed to the air. It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere. The global CO2 emissions from drained peatlands have increased from 1,058 Mton in ... | Wikipedia - Peat fires | null | null | null |
This increase has particularly taken place in developing countries, of which Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea are the fastest-growing top emitters. This estimate excludes emissions from peat fires (conservative estimates amount to at least 4,000 Mton/CO2-eq./yr for south-east Asia). With 174 Mton/CO2-eq./yr th... | Wikipedia - Peat fires | null | null | null |
Large cosmological simulations are now the basis for much current research on the structure of the universe and the evolution of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. “Numerical simulations have become one of the most effective tools to study and to solve astrophysical problems.” | Wikipedia - University of California High-Performance AstroComputing Center | null | null | null |
Large data sets have been analyzed by computing machines for well over a century, including the US census analytics performed by IBM's punch-card machines which computed statistics including means and variances of populations across the whole continent. In more recent decades, science experiments such as CERN have prod... | Wikipedia - Big Data | null | null | null |
Large data sets may constitute a computational bottleneck for model-based methods. It was, for example, pointed out that in some ABC-based analyses, part of the data have to be omitted. A number of authors have argued that large data sets are not a practical limitation, although the severity of this issue depends stron... | Wikipedia - Approximate Bayesian Computation | null | null | null |
Instead of sampling parameters for each simulation from the prior, it has been proposed alternatively to combine the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm with ABC, which was reported to result in a higher acceptance rate than for plain ABC. Naturally, such an approach inherits the general burdens of MCMC methods, such as the ... | Wikipedia - Approximate Bayesian Computation | null | null | null |
An advantage of such methods, compared to ABC-MCMC, is that the samples from the resulting posterior are independent. In addition, with sequential methods the tolerance levels must not be specified prior to the analysis, but are adjusted adaptively.It is relatively straightforward to parallelize a number of steps in AB... | Wikipedia - Approximate Bayesian Computation | null | null | null |
Large earthquakes are infrequent and unrepeatable but they can be devastating. All of these factors make it difficult to obtain the required data to study their effects by post earthquake field investigations. Instrumentation of full scale structures is expensive to maintain over the large periods of time that may elap... | Wikipedia - Geotechnical centrifuge modeling | null | null | null |
In addition, scientifically educational failures from real earthquakes come at the expense of the safety of the public. Understandably, after a real earthquake, most of the interesting data is rapidly cleared away before engineers have an opportunity to adequately study the failure modes. Centrifuge modeling is a valua... | Wikipedia - Geotechnical centrifuge modeling | null | null | null |
Large eddy simulation involves the solution to the discrete filtered governing equations using computational fluid dynamics. LES resolves scales from the domain size L {\displaystyle L} down to the filter size Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } , and as such a substantial portion of high wave number turbulent fluctuations must ... | Wikipedia - Large-eddy simulation | null | null | null |
Large numbers of images and amounts of data need to be managed when doing cellomics research. Data and image volumes can quickly range from 11MB to 1TB in less than a year, which is why cellomics uses the power of informatics to collect, organize, and archive all of this information. Secure and effective data mining re... | Wikipedia - Cellomics | null | null | null |
Large resonant light depth is the premise of constructing efficient quantum-optical memory. Alkali metal vapor isotopes of a large number of near-infrared wavelength optical depth, because they are relatively narrow spectrum line and the number of high density in the warm temperature of 50-100 ∘ C. Alkali vapors have b... | Wikipedia - Quantum memory | null | null | null |
An atomic vapor quantum memory is ideal for storing such beams because the orbital angular momentum of photons can be mapped to the phase and amplitude of the distributed integration excitation. Diffusion is a major limitation of this technique because the motion of hot atoms destroys the spatial coherence of the stora... | Wikipedia - Quantum memory | null | null | null |
In one experiment, the same group of scientists in a caesium magneto-optical trap was able to store and retrieve vector beams at the single-photon level. The memory preserves the rotation invariance of the vector beam, making it possible to use it in conjunction with qubits encoded for maladjusted immune quantum commun... | Wikipedia - Quantum memory | null | null | null |
Large scale climatic changes are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration. Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration, breeding as well as population declines. Many species have been expanding their range as a likely consequence of climate change. This is sometimes in the... | Wikipedia - Migratory birds | null | null | null |
Large scale identification of PPIs generated hundreds of thousands of interactions, which were collected together in specialized biological databases that are continuously updated in order to provide complete interactomes. The first of these databases was the Database of Interacting Proteins (DIP).Primary databases col... | Wikipedia - Protein–protein interactions | null | null | null |
Examples: Human Protein–Protein Interaction Prediction Database (PIPs), Interlogous Interaction Database (I2D), Known and Predicted Protein–Protein Interactions (STRING-db), and Unified Human Interactive (UniHI). The aforementioned computational methods all depend on source databases whose data can be extrapolated to p... | Wikipedia - Protein–protein interactions | null | null | null |
In general, primary databases have the fewest total protein interactions recorded as they do not integrate data from multiple other databases, while prediction databases have the most because they include other forms of evidence in addition to experimental. For example, the primary database IntAct has 572,063 interacti... | Wikipedia - Protein–protein interactions | null | null | null |
Large sheets of Tyvek are frequently used as housewrap, to provide an air barrier between the outer cladding of a structure and the frame, insulation, etc., allowing water vapor to pass yet restricting air infiltration. Tyvek was used to cover and protect the Reaction Control System (RCS) thruster ports from water and ... | Wikipedia - Tyvek | null | null | null |
Large teleostean fauna, oceanic, possibly including earliest truly deep water fish, a ‘whale-fish’; earliest members of many living families and Tertiary diversity preserved as complete skeletons; some rare and sensational large and complete specimens (two ‘bony tongues’, one tarpon. Archaeozeus Protozeus | Wikipedia - Fur Formation | null | null | null |
Large terminal phase males will defend breeding sites to which females migrate on a daily basis. A study was done to estimate the relative roles of each sex in choosing the location of such sites. All terminal phase males or all females were replaced in local isolated populations, and the resulting site use was monitor... | Wikipedia - Bluehead wrasse | null | null | null |
On the other hand, after the females were replaced, half of the old sites were lost and the same number of new sites came into use, and continued to be occupied for over a year after these manipulations. This occurred although large males originally continued to defend and display at the original sites. Therefore, this... | Wikipedia - Bluehead wrasse | null | null | null |
bifasciatum do not have distinct territories and their populations roam freely. Also, the females usually do not leave their original spawning spots. The males are known be taken away or leave. | Wikipedia - Bluehead wrasse | null | null | null |
A plausible reason for why the females stay could be that they are most accustomed to those areas, and also because the predator threat is constant. Most of the literature on mating systems of the blue-headed wrasse was described in small patches of concentrated reef habitats. In a large, linear barrier reef in St. | Wikipedia - Bluehead wrasse | null | null | null |
Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, very large aggregations of group-matings form daily in a single area near the foreside of the reef. Tagging studies have shown that fish are generally faithful to particular feeding schools that are assorted throughout the forereef, and that they tend to migrate to spawning grounds over 1.5 ... | Wikipedia - Bluehead wrasse | null | null | null |
There is no mating that appears to happen in other upcurrent areas of the forereef. Despite large differences in the times that are spent on the migration, there are no significant differences in the fecundity or frequency of spawning among females that live at different distances from the mating aggregation. The highe... | Wikipedia - Bluehead wrasse | null | null | null |
Large, high quality research has found small differences in the brain between ADHD and non-ADHD patients. Jonathan Leo and David Cohen, critics who reject the characterization of ADHD as a disorder, contended in 2003 and 2004 that the controls for stimulant medication usage were inadequate in some lobar volumetric stud... | Wikipedia - Social construct theory of ADHD | null | null | null |
There is also strong evidence to support genetic-environment interactions with some fetal and early post-natal environmental factors. However, some have questioned whether a genetic connection exists as no single gene has been found – this is known as the missing heritability problem, which ADHD shares with many other ... | Wikipedia - Social construct theory of ADHD | null | null | null |
Although many theories exist, there is no definitive biological, neurological, or genetic etiology for 'mental illness'." Authors of a review of ADHD etiology in 2004 noted: "Although several genome-wide searches have identified chromosomal regions that are predicted to contain genes that contribute to ADHD susceptibil... | Wikipedia - Social construct theory of ADHD | null | null | null |
Large, well-known monoliths include: | Wikipedia - Monolith | null | null | null |
Large-headed pterosaurs had forward swept wings in order to better balance in flight. | Wikipedia - Forward-swept wing | null | null | null |
Large-scale applications of carbonylation are the Monsanto acetic acid process and Cativa process, which convert methanol to acetic acid. In another major industrial process, acetic anhydride is prepared by a related carbonylation of methyl acetate. | Wikipedia - Carbonylation | null | null | null |
Large-scale international reviews of scientific studies have concluded that psychotherapy is effective for numerous conditions.One line of research consistently finds that supposedly different forms of psychotherapy show similar effectiveness. According to The Handbook of Counseling Psychology: "Meta-analyses of psycho... | Wikipedia - Talk therapy | null | null | null |
This is sometimes called the Dodo bird verdict after a scene/section in Alice in Wonderland where every competitor in a race was called a winner and is given prizes".Further analyses seek to identify the factors that the psychotherapies have in common that seem to account for this, known as common factors theory; for e... | Wikipedia - Talk therapy | null | null | null |
Large-scale questions in science, such as real world evidence, global warming, invasive species spread, and resource depletion, are increasingly requiring the collection of disparate data sets for meta-analysis. This type of data integration is especially challenging for ecological and environmental data because metada... | Wikipedia - Data Integration | null | null | null |
The five funded Datanet initiatives are DataONE, led by William Michener at the University of New Mexico; The Data Conservancy, led by Sayeed Choudhury of Johns Hopkins University; SEAD: Sustainable Environment through Actionable Data, led by Margaret Hedstrom of the University of Michigan; the DataNet Federation Conso... | Wikipedia - Data Integration | null | null | null |
Largest and smallest The largest angiosperms are Eucalyptus gum trees of Australia, and Shorea faguetiana, dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are Wolffia duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 ... | Wikipedia - Angiosperm | null | null | null |
Hot, cold, wet, dry, fresh, salt In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of habitats on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen tundra and coniferous forest. The seagrasses in the Alis... | Wikipedia - Angiosperm | null | null | null |
Acid, alkaline Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The sundews, many of which live in nutrient-poor acid bogs, are carnivorous plants, able to derive nutrients such as nitrate from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as Gentiana verna, the spring genti... | Wikipedia - Angiosperm | null | null | null |
Larry Smith (2007) gave the following algebraic construction of the Steenrod algebra over a finite field F q {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{q}} of order q. If V is a vector space over F q {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{q}} then write SV for the symmetric algebra of V. There is an algebra homomorphism { P ( x ): S V ] → S ... | Wikipedia - Steenrod operation | null | null | null |
Larsson (2008) proposed the "extremal points optimal sphere" method with controllable speed to accuracy approximation to solve the bounding sphere problem. This method works by taking a set of s {\displaystyle s} direction vectors and projecting all points onto each vector in s {\displaystyle s} ; s {\displaystyle s} s... | Wikipedia - Bounding sphere | null | null | null |
The algorithm then iterates over the remaining points, if any, growing the sphere if necessary. For large n {\displaystyle n} this method is orders of magnitude faster than exact methods, while giving comparable results. It has a worst case time of O ( s n ) {\displaystyle O(sn)} . | Wikipedia - Bounding sphere | null | null | null |
Larvae can be controlled using parasitic nematodes, for example Steinernema kraussei and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (a 'cruiser' species), which can be bought from some garden centres and by mail order. They are simply mixed with water, and watered onto the soil. Adults may also be controlled using products based on... | Wikipedia - Vine weevil | null | null | null |
Larvae eat a wide range of plants including mopane, Carissa grandiflora, Diospyros, Ficus, Rhus, Sclerocarya caffra, Terminalia and Trema. Mopane worm outbreaks defoliate shrubs, depriving game of browse. | Wikipedia - Mopani worm | null | null | null |
Larvae feed on species of Aristolochia - A. acuminata, A. debilis, A. kankauensis, A. tagala and A. zollingeriana | Wikipedia - Magellan birdwing | null | null | null |
Larvae have been found to suffer drastic feeding inhibition from injection with myosuppressin, by Vilaplana et al. 2008. | Wikipedia - Egyptian cotton leaf worm | null | null | null |
Laryngeal features: The features that specify the glottal states of sounds. This feature indicates whether vibration of the vocal folds occurs with the articulation of the segment. Used to indicate the aspiration of a segment, this feature denotes the openness of the glottis. | Wikipedia - Phonological features | null | null | null |
For , the vocal folds are spread apart widely enough for friction to occur; for , there is not the same friction-inducing spreading. The constricted glottis feature denotes the degree of closure of the glottis. implies that the vocal folds are held closely together, enough so that air cannot pass through momentarily, w... | Wikipedia - Phonological features | null | null | null |
Lasenby, Doran, and Gull of Cambridge University have proposed a new formulation of gravity, termed gauge theory gravity (GTG), wherein spacetime algebra is used to induce curvature on Minkowski space while admitting a gauge symmetry under "arbitrary smooth remapping of events onto spacetime" (Lasenby, et al.); a nontr... | Wikipedia - Space time algebra | null | null | null |
Laser Spectroscopy (or Cavity ring-down spectroscopy, CRDS) is able to directly measure D/H, 17O/16O and 18O/16O isotope compositions in water or methane. The application of laser spectroscopy to hydrogen isotopes was first reported by Bergamaschi et al. in 1994. They directly measured 12CH3D/12CH4 in atmospheric metha... | Wikipedia - Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
In 1999, Kerstel et al. successfully applied this technique to determine D/H in water sample. The system consists of a laser and a cavity equipped with high finesse reflectivity mirrors. Laser light is injected into the cavity, at which the resonance takes place due to the constructive interference. | Wikipedia - Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
The laser then is turned off. The decay of light intensity is measured. In the presence of a water sample, the photo-absorption by water isotopologues follows the kinetic law. | Wikipedia - Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
The optical spectrum is obtained by recording ring-down time of the H2O spectral features of interest at certain laser wavelength. The concentration of each isotopologue is proportional to the area under each measured isotopologue spectral feature.Laser Spectroscopy is a quick and simple procedure, relatively lower cos... | Wikipedia - Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
D/H and 18O/16O can be determined simultaneously from a single injection. It requires a small sample size of < 1 μL for water. | Wikipedia - Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
The typical precision is ~ 1‰. However, this is the compound-specific instrument, i.e. only one specific compound can be measured. And coexisting organic compounds (i.e. ethanol) could interfere with the optical light absorption features of water, resulting in cross-contamination. | Wikipedia - Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
Laser ablation is used in science to destroy nerves and other tissues to study their function. For example, a species of pond snail, Helisoma trivolvis, can have their sensory neurons laser ablated off when the snail is still an embryo to prevent use of those nerves.Another example is the trochophore larva of Platynere... | Wikipedia - Laser cleaning | null | null | null |
Laser beam shaping is showing a high increase of performance in numerous applications in physics like: Atomic trapping Light matter interaction at the atomic level for fundamental physics Microelectronics mask correction Laser cutting Quantum computing Free form metrology | Wikipedia - ALPAO | null | null | null |
Laser devices of the institute are used in medicine. The scientific organization collaborates with the Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics and Meshalkin National Medical Research Center.The institute is developing methods for diagnosing diabetes using terahertz radiation.Institute scientists ... | Wikipedia - Institute of Laser Physics | null | null | null |
Laser ignition was first proposed in 2011, but first studies of laser ignition were only conducted in 2021. It is assumed that laser ignition of lean fuel mixtures in Wankel engines could improve fuel consumption and exhaust gas behavior. In a 2021 study, a Wankel model engine was tested with laser ignition and various... | Wikipedia - Wankel rotary engine | null | null | null |
Laser measurement systems – Measures rail profile and wear, crosslevel, and track gauge Accelerometers Used to measure alignment by finding the acceleration in a certain direction and then integrating until a position is obtained. These positions are then used to create artificial chords to measure various parameters. ... | Wikipedia - Track geometry car | null | null | null |
Video system – Captures video of the right-of-way for further analysis, as well as for machine vision inspections of certain track components Gyroscope – Oriented in the vertical direction, used to measure cross level and warp. These are now obsolete, having been replaced by laser measurement systems. Proximity sensor ... | Wikipedia - Track geometry car | null | null | null |
Laser technologies and high-resolution precision systems, measurement technology, optics of three-dimensional objects, smart problem-oriented non-destructive testing systems, vision systems, development and creation of products for the automotive, nuclear and mining industries, as well as products for railway transport... | Wikipedia - Tecnological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering | null | null | null |
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