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In addition, community-based health promotion plays a crucial role in addressing racial disparities in healthcare. Localized, data-driven community health planning allows interventions to be tailored to the specific needs of different populations. Sustainable funding for community infrastructure and preventive care is ... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Mitigation | 272 | 1,560 | null |
Article: Health in China. Health in the People's Republic of China is a complex and multifaceted issue that encompasses a wide range of factors, including public health policy, healthcare infrastructure, environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and socioeconomic conditions. Although the People's Republic of China has ... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Summary | 321 | 1,689 | null |
Section: Post-1949 history > 1949 - 1976. An emphasis on public health and preventive treatment characterized health policy from the beginning of the 1950s. At that time the party began to mobilize the population to engage in mass "patriotic health campaigns" aimed at improving the low level of environmental sanitation... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Post-1949 history > 1949 - 1976 | 335 | 1,767 | null |
Beginning in 1961 the recovery had more moderate policies inaugurated by President Liu Shaoqi ended starvation and improved nutrition. The coming of the Cultural Revolution weakened epidemic control, causing a rebound in epidemic diseases and malnutrition in some areas. Before the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), the M... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Post-1949 history > 1949 - 1976 | 326 | 1,777 | null |
Section: Post-1949 history > 1976 - 2003. By the late 1970s, China's national health system covered almost the entire urban population and 85% of the rural population. The World Bank described this success as "an unrivaled achievement among low-income countries." The "barefoot doctor system" was based in the people's c... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Post-1949 history > 1976 - 2003 | 348 | 1,861 | null |
The costs of medical treatment increased, deterring some patients from obtaining necessary medical attention. If the patients could not pay for services received, then the financial responsibility fell on the hospitals and commune health centers, in some cases creating large debts. Consequently, in the post-Mao era of ... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Post-1949 history > 1976 - 2003 | 336 | 1,949 | null |
The Chinese economist, Yang Fan, wrote in 2001 that lip service being given to the old socialist health care system and deliberately ignoring and failing to regulate the actual private health care system is a serious failing of the Chinese health care system. "The old argument that "health is a kind of welfare to save ... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Post-1949 history > 1976 - 2003 | 197 | 1,078 | null |
Section: Post-1949 history > 2003 - present. From late 2002 to early 2003 the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) outbreak began in China and spread across the world. In the early stages of disease spread, the Chinese government withheld information and may have contributed to the further spreading of the disease.... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Post-1949 history > 2003 - present | 315 | 1,698 | null |
That being said, some studies, such as Dib (2008) have shown that the quality of health care in rural areas still varies widely depending on wealth of the region. Despite debates surrounding the effectiveness of China's revamped health system, the COVID-19 outbreak of 2019-2020 has shown that things have changed since ... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Post-1949 history > 2003 - present | 209 | 1,045 | null |
Section: Health indicators. Some measures used to indicate health include Total Fertility Rate, Infant Mortality Rate, Life Expectancy, Crude Birth and Death Rate. As of 2017, China has a Total Fertility Rate of 1.6 children born per woman, an Infant Mortality rate of 10 deaths per 1000 live births, Crude Birth Rate of... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Health indicators | 305 | 1,360 | null |
Section: Health indicators > One-child policy. Created in 1979, under Deng Xiaoping, the One-child policy incentivized families to have children later and to only have one child or risk penalization. The One-child policy was a program created by the Chinese government as a reaction to the increasing population during t... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Health indicators > One-child policy | 350 | 1,805 | null |
For instance, favoring males over female children lead to many forced abortions, infanticide and abandoned female children which led to an imbalance of men to women in China. Additionally, birth rates and rate of natural increase decreased as a result of the One-child policy. Other consequences of the One-child policy ... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Health indicators > One-child policy | 259 | 1,309 | null |
Section: Medical issues in China > Smoking. Smoking is very prevalent in China. In fact, China has the largest smoking population in the world. One of the most direct consequences of the popularity of smoking in China is lung cancer, and lung cancer is the single biggest contributor to the frequency of cancer in China.... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > Smoking | 323 | 1,644 | null |
Section: Medical issues in China > Sex education, contraception, and women's health. Sex education lags in China due to cultural conservatism. From ancient China to the first half of the 20th century, formal sex education was not taught. Instead, a woman's parents were mostly responsible for her sex education after she... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > Sex education, contraception, and women's health | 155 | 834 | null |
Section: Medical issues in China > SARS. Although not identified until later, China's first case of a new, highly contagious disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), occurred in Guangdong in November 2002, and within three months the Ministry of Health reported 300 SARS cases and five deaths in the province. ... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > SARS | 268 | 1,337 | null |
Section: Medical issues in China > COVID-19 pandemic. A coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, started in December 2019. It was first identified in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. Its severity has surpassed of the 2003 SARS outbreak. On 30 January, the outbreak was declared to... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > COVID-19 pandemic | 199 | 929 | null |
Section: Medical issues in China > Hepatitis B. Work with the CDC has created goals of decelerating the spread of Hepatitis B through immunization efforts. However, Hepatitis B is still widespread in China and has been determined by Wang et al. (2019) to have "higher intermediate prevalence (5-7.99%)". In fact, no coun... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > Hepatitis B | 231 | 1,093 | null |
Section: Medical issues in China > HIV and AIDS. The AIDS disaster of Henan in the mid-1990s is estimated to be the largest man-made health catastrophe, affecting five-hundred thousand to one million persons. It was also in Hebei, Anhui, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hubei and Guizhou. HIV was transmitted via blood sale. Blood plas... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > HIV and AIDS | 322 | 1,530 | null |
As of mid-1987 only two Chinese citizens had died from AIDS and monitoring of foreigners had begun. Following a 1987 regional World Health Organization meeting, the Chinese government announced it would join the global fight against AIDS, which would involve quarantine inspection of people entering China from abroad, m... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > HIV and AIDS | 194 | 1,089 | null |
Section: Medical issues in China > Malaria. Plasmodium vivax malaria is the most common malaria in China, followed by P. falciparum malaria, while Plasmodium vivax malaria and Plasmodium ovale malaria are less common. P. falciparum malaria occurs mainly in the southwest and Hainan, while P. vivax malaria occurs in the ... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > Malaria | 280 | 1,277 | null |
Section: Medical issues in China > Malnutrition among rural children. China has been developing rapidly for the past 30 years. Though it has uplifted a huge number of people out of poverty, many social issues still remain unsolved. One of them is malnutrition among rural children in China. The problem has diminished bu... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > Malnutrition among rural children | 343 | 1,689 | null |
The money will then be spent on books or food like instant noodles which lack nutrition value compared to an egg. A girl named Wang Jing in China has a bowl of pork only once every five to six weeks, compared to urban children who have a vast array of food chains to choose from. A survey conducted by China's Ministry o... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > Malnutrition among rural children | 167 | 859 | null |
Section: Medical issues in China > Environment and health. China's rapid development has led to numerous environmental problems which all have a direct impact on health. According to Kan (2009) the environmental issues include "outdoor and indoor air pollution, water shortages and pollution, desertification, and soil p... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Medical issues in China > Environment and health | 340 | 1,695 | null |
Section: Hygiene and sanitation. Many of China's water sources, including underground sources and rivers, have been heavily polluted because of industry and economic growth. Increased exposure to polluted water and air has created "cancer villages" and further health and environmental problems. A majority of groundwate... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Hygiene and sanitation | 334 | 1,863 | null |
Section: Measure. China has made significant progress in improving public health over the past few decades, with life expectancy increasing from 67.8 years in 1981 to 76.7 years in 2019. The Chinese government has implemented a range of health policies and initiatives, including the Healthy China 2030 program, which ai... | Wikipedia - Health in China - Measure | 330 | 1,801 | null |
Section: WHO in China. The World Health Organization (WHO) Constitution came into force on 7 April 1948, and China has been a Member since the beginning. The WHO China office has increased its scope of activities significantly in recent years, especially following the major SARS outbreak of 2003. The role of WHO China ... | Wikipedia - Health in China - WHO in China | 273 | 1,469 | null |
Another major challenge is the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a key priority for China. The staff of the WHO Office in China are working with their national counterparts in the following areas: Healthcare systems development Immunization Tuberculosis control HIV/AIDS control Maternal health and child health Injury prevention Av... | Wikipedia - Health in China - WHO in China | 152 | 879 | null |
Section: Americas. Argentina Minister of Economy Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Fishing and Food National Food Safety and Quality Service (SENASA) Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria Brazil Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) [2] Canada Minister of Agriculture Agriculture and Ag... | Wikipedia - List of food safety organisations - Americas | 175 | 829 | null |
Section: Asia. Bangladesh Bangladesh Food Safety Authority (BFSA) Burma Food and Drug Administration (Burma) China General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine State Food and Drug Administration Hong Kong SAR Centre for Food Safety India Food Safety and Standards Authority of India Food and ... | Wikipedia - List of food safety organisations - Asia | 186 | 1,074 | null |
Multinational European Union Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (EU) European Food Safety Authority SAFE FOODS Food Safety Promotion Board Belgium Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain France Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail Gr... | Wikipedia - List of food safety organisations - Europe | 350 | 1,550 | null |
Article: Health in Montenegro. Montenegro is a country with an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 620,029, according to the 2011 census. The country is bordered by Croatia, the Adriatic Sea, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo and Albania. The most common health issues faced are non-communicable disea... | Wikipedia - Health in Montenegro - Summary | 302 | 1,455 | null |
Section: Health status > Alcohol consumption. According to the Montenegro Ministry of Health alcoholism is the most prevalent disease of addiction within Montenegro. There are an estimated 30,000 alcoholics within Montenegro out of approximately 620,000 inhabitants. Montenegrins consume 12.8 litres annually. Average gl... | Wikipedia - Health in Montenegro - Health status > Alcohol consumption | 235 | 1,288 | null |
Section: Health status > Smoking. Montenegro has one of the highest tobacco-usage rates across Europe. Prevalence of males and females aged 15 and over was 45.90% as of 2016. This is a 0.2% decline from 2015 when it was at 46.10%. Tobacco use has decreased over the last several years, at a less than 1% decrease each ye... | Wikipedia - Health in Montenegro - Health status > Smoking | 167 | 750 | null |
Section: Health status > Noncommunicable diseases. Non-communicable diseases account for 95% of all deaths in Montenegro. In 2016, 58% of this is accounted to by cardiovascular diseases, 22% cancers, 3% respiratory diseases, 2% diabetes, 10% other NCDs. Stroke is the cause of the most deaths in Montenegro, and the most... | Wikipedia - Health in Montenegro - Health status > Noncommunicable diseases | 167 | 748 | null |
Section: Health status > Mental health. Montenegro's first official policy on mental healthcare was implemented in 2004 with the Strategy for Improving Mental Health. This strategy set goals regarding general health policy along with steps to develop and implement a national strategy of promotion of mental health. The ... | Wikipedia - Health in Montenegro - Health status > Mental health | 163 | 950 | null |
Section: Nutrition > Adult nutrition status (20+). Diabetes in adults has risen. Between 2000 and 2002, the prevalence in women was 6.3%, and 6.1% in men. This rose to 6.6% and 7.6% in women and men respectively in 2014. This is projected to continue rising, with estimates for 2025 at 7.7% and 10.2% for women and men r... | Wikipedia - Health in Montenegro - Nutrition > Adult nutrition status (20+) | 232 | 870 | null |
Section: Nutrition > Children and adolescents (5–19). Prevalence of underweight children and adolescents has decreased since 2000. Underweight females have dropped from 17.8% to 14.6%. Underweight prevalence in males has from 16% to 11.4%. The prevalence of overweight and obese children and adolescents has risen since ... | Wikipedia - Health in Montenegro - Nutrition > Children and adolescents (5–19) | 219 | 1,023 | null |
Section: Life expectancy. In 2018, the life expectancy at birth is 76.77. This varies for men and women, at 74.317 and 79.199 respectively. The current life expectancy is higher than the past several years. For example, in 2010 it was 75.151, and in 2000 it was 73.228. There are various proposed reasons to account for ... | Wikipedia - Health in Montenegro - Life expectancy | 299 | 1,278 | null |
Section: Requirements. To be eligible for certification as a dietitian-nutritionist in New York, an individual must be at least 18 years old, pass a certification examination satisfactory to the Department, and must have completed either: A bachelor's degree or higher in dietetics, nutrition, or a closely related field... | Wikipedia - New York State Board for Dietetics and Nutrition - Requirements | 198 | 1,044 | null |
Article: American Biological Safety Association. The American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) was founded in 1984 to promote biological safety as an essential principle and serve the needs of biosafety professionals. The association's goals are to represent the interests and desires of practitioners of biosafety, ... | Wikipedia - American Biological Safety Association - Summary | 182 | 965 | null |
Section: History. In 2007, the American Biological Safety Association entered into an agreement with the National Agricultural Library for the library to process, preserve, and provide access to the collection which documents the history of the association. Rachel Telford, Special Collections Intern from the University... | Wikipedia - American Biological Safety Association - History | 314 | 1,798 | null |
Due to the nature of the work conducted at the biological warfare laboratories, papers presented at the conference had to be cleared in advance by security officers and attendance was restricted to persons with top secret security clearances. Beginning in 1957, the biological safety conferences were planned to include ... | Wikipedia - American Biological Safety Association - History | 293 | 1,720 | null |
Its goals are to provide a professional association that represents the interests and needs of practitioners of biological safety, and to provide a forum for the continued and timely exchange of biosafety information. In addition to conducting annual biological safety conferences to keep members informed of current bio... | Wikipedia - American Biological Safety Association - History | 218 | 1,305 | null |
Section: Core activities. The American Institute of Biological Sciences promotes the use of science to inform decision-making and advances biology for the benefit of science and society through: Assessment. Coordinating and facilitating expert merit-based evaluation of research proposals, ongoing research programs, and... | Wikipedia - American Institute of Biological Sciences - Core activities | 180 | 1,092 | null |
Section: Activities. The Society holds an annual meeting, commonly called 'Evolution', jointly with the Society for the Study of Evolution and Society of Systematic Biologists, with a scientific program of symposia and contributed papers and posters. It also confers a number of awards for achievement in evolutionary bi... | Wikipedia - American Society of Naturalists - Activities | 155 | 833 | null |
Section: History. In 1963, the journal Human Biology founded by Raymond Pearl in 1929, was adopted as the official publication by the Society for the Study of Human Biology (SSHB). However, the society, operating in England, found it difficult to manage a publication by Wayne State University Press in Michigan, US, and... | Wikipedia - Human Biology Association - History | 238 | 1,253 | null |
Section: Mission. The mission of iDigBio is to develop a national infrastructure that supports the vision of ADBC by overseeing implementation of standards and best practices for digitization; building and deploying a customized cloud computing environment for collections; recruiting and training personnel, including u... | Wikipedia - IDigBio - Mission | 346 | 2,027 | null |
Section: Scope. iDigBio is the national resource for digitized information about vouchered natural history collections within the context established by the NIBA community strategic plan and is supported through funds from the NSF ADBC program. As such, iDigBio serves as the administrative home for the national digitiz... | Wikipedia - IDigBio - Scope | 345 | 1,902 | null |
Article: National Association of Biology Teachers. The National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) is an incorporated association of biology educators in the United States. It was initially founded in response to the poor understanding of biology and the decline in the teaching of the subject in the 1930s. It has g... | Wikipedia - National Association of Biology Teachers - Summary | 152 | 876 | null |
Section: History. The NABT was formed in 1938 in New York City. The journal of the organisation (The American Biology Teacher) was created in the same year. In 1944, Helen Trowbridge, the first female president, was elected. The Outstanding Teacher Awards were first presented in 1960 and the first independent National ... | Wikipedia - National Association of Biology Teachers - History | 232 | 1,156 | null |
Section: History. Initially known as the American Eugenics Society, or AES, the Society formed after the success of the Second International Congress on Eugenics (New York, 1921). AES founders included Madison Grant, Harry H. Laughlin, Irving Fisher, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Charles Davenport and Henry Crampton. The org... | Wikipedia - American Eugenics Society - History | 325 | 1,620 | null |
Additionally, the AES would sponsor displays and exhibits that featured statistics on the births of "undesirable" or "desirable" children at the fairs and festivals. An example of such a display from the 1920s and 1930s statistics claimed as follows: Every sixteen seconds, a child is born in the United States. Out of t... | Wikipedia - American Eugenics Society - History | 339 | 1,722 | null |
These committees pressured local municipal and legal systems to push the AES beliefs and ideas. The AES also sought to promote eugenic policies at the US state and federal level; in particular, Harry H. Laughlin promoted eugenic sterilization in the early twentieth century. By the late 1920s, eugenic sterilization laws... | Wikipedia - American Eugenics Society - History | 350 | 1,727 | null |
For example, Sanger "vocally opposed" racial stereotyping which lead to the passing of the Immigration Act of 1924, "on the grounds that intelligence" and other characteristics vary by individual, not by group. Under the direction of Frederick Osborn, the Society began to place greater focus on issues of population con... | Wikipedia - American Eugenics Society - History | 340 | 1,718 | null |
Section: List of Presidents > American Eugenics Society (1922–1973). Irving Fisher 1922–1926 (Political Economy, Yale University) Roswell Hill Johnson 1926–1927 (Cold Spring Harbor, Univ. of Pittsburgh) Harry H. Laughlin 1927–1929 (Eugenics Record Office) Clarence C. Little 1929 (Pres., University of Michigan) Henry Pr... | Wikipedia - American Eugenics Society - List of Presidents > American Eugenics Society (1922–1973) | 214 | 944 | null |
Section: History. The Society for Mathematical Biology emerged and grew from the earlier school of mathematical biophysics, initiated and supported by the Founder of Mathematical Biology, Nicolas Rashevsky. Thus, the roots of SMB go back to the publication in 1939 of the first international journal of mathematical biol... | Wikipedia - Society for Mathematical Biology - History | 251 | 1,356 | null |
Section: Leadership. The Society for Mathematical Biology is governed by its Officers and Board of Directors, elected by the membership. Current SMB President is Jane Heffernan (York University), and Past-President serving as vice president is Heiko Enderling (Moffitt Cancer Center). SMB secretary is Jon Forde (Hobart ... | Wikipedia - Society for Mathematical Biology - Leadership | 163 | 728 | null |
Section: Research and educational activities > Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. The society publishes the Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. The Bulletin was founded by Dr. Nicolas Rashevsky, who is generally recognized as the founder of the first organized group in mathematical biology in the world. The journal was or... | Wikipedia - Society for Mathematical Biology - Research and educational activities > Bulletin of Mathematical Biology | 169 | 1,008 | null |
Article: Paleontology in Finland. Finland has relatively few fossils due to glacial erosion scouring away fossilferous layers. There are Precambrian fossils in Archean and Proterozoic layers from ancient soils, and three layers such as siltsones, mudstones and sandstones at 1650 million years old. In 2016, a fragmentar... | Wikipedia - Paleontology in Finland - Summary | 317 | 1,423 | null |
Section: Notable people. Alexander von Nordmann (1803–1866), a Finnish biologist who contributed to zoology, parasitology, botany and paleontology Ann Forstén (1939–2002), a Finnish paleontologist known for her work on horse fossils Björn Kurtén (1924–1988), a Finnish vertebrate paleontologist and writer Marjatta Aalto... | Wikipedia - Paleontology in Finland - Notable people | 157 | 635 | null |
Section: Fossiliferous strata. Between the layers of the basaltic plateau lavas in Iceland, there is an abundance of clay rich reddish silt- and sandstone layers. These layers are formed from ancient soil wherein are preserved the fossilized remains of plants. It is estimated that about five to ten thousand years passe... | Wikipedia - Fossils of Iceland - Fossiliferous strata | 226 | 1,188 | null |
Section: Plant fossils > Cenozoic flora > Temperate climate. Vegetation remains in Dufansdalur in Fossafjörður (in Arnarfjörður) contain 13.5 million years old remains of a forest, which grew in temperate climates. Most abundant are beech, birch, hornbeam and elm are most common, but angiosperms are more pronounced tha... | Wikipedia - Fossils of Iceland - Plant fossils > Cenozoic flora > Temperate climate | 313 | 1,182 | null |
Section: Plant fossils > Cenozoic flora > Ice Age climate. About 2.6 million years ago, glacial sediments formed in Borgarfjörður suggesting further cooling. In the sediment layers in Breiðuvík in Tjörnes, plant remains are found at the bottom of the layers. These are about two million years old pollen from pine, alder... | Wikipedia - Fossils of Iceland - Plant fossils > Cenozoic flora > Ice Age climate | 346 | 1,486 | null |
Section: Marine animal remains > Tjörnes sediments. At Tjörnes peninsula are abundance of marine sediments older than the Ice Age (the oldest about 5 million years) and the total thickness of these layers is no less than 500 meters. In these layers remains of different marine animal communities have been discovered and... | Wikipedia - Fossils of Iceland - Marine animal remains > Tjörnes sediments | 169 | 791 | null |
Section: Marine animal remains > Tjörnes sediments > Serripes zone. At the bottom of the Serripes zone, the fauna changes with the arrival of species previously unknown in the area. These include common whelk, Neptunea despecta, Serripes, Macoma calcarea and the wrinkled rock-borer (Hiatella arctica), but these species... | Wikipedia - Fossils of Iceland - Marine animal remains > Tjörnes sediments > Serripes zone | 165 | 679 | null |
Section: Marine animal remains > Búlandshöfði. On the northern side of Snæfellsnes from Kirkjufell west to Skarðslækur there are traces of up to 50 meters thick sediments. In these strata at cape Búlandshöfði there have been found cold-sea species such as Portlandia arctica, Leda pernula, the wrinkled rock-borer (Hiate... | Wikipedia - Fossils of Iceland - Marine animal remains > Búlandshöfði | 206 | 794 | null |
Article: Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group. The Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group is a geological formation in the Latady Basin, Ellsworth Land, Antarctic Peninsula, with a calculated maximum depositional age of 183.4 ± 1.4 Ma, and a younger age around 177.5 ± 2.2 Ma, covering the Toarcian stage of the Jurassic Period in the M... | Wikipedia - Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group - Summary | 346 | 1,471 | null |
The Sweeney Fm rocks outcrop on W Potter Peak, Mount Jenkins, Mount Edward, Mount Ballard and Mount Wasilewski. Local vulcanism is known to have continued in the Middle-Late Jurassic, as evidenced in the Latady Group deposition. The Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group belongs to the Patagonia-Antarctic Peninsula sequence, al... | Wikipedia - Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group - Summary | 229 | 940 | null |
Section: Geology and Stratigraphy. The Antarctic Peninsula has been traditionally interpreted as a native continental arc, yet more recent studies suggest it is a collection of terranes merged onto the Gondwana margin. In the Antarctic Peninsula and eastern Ellsworth Land, volcanic and plutonic rocks formed during the ... | Wikipedia - Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group - Geology and Stratigraphy | 323 | 1,623 | null |
Ellsworth Land intertongues with the Sweeney Fm and is overlied by the Latady Group, marked by intense folding, thrust faulting, and pluton intrusion during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous period. The Ellsworth Land VG shows considerable alteration and metamorphism, leading to challenges with volcanic sections co... | Wikipedia - Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group - Geology and Stratigraphy | 225 | 1,083 | null |
Section: Geology and Stratigraphy > Age. Analyses of intracaldera ignimbrites in the Mount Poster Formation yielded an age of 183.4 ± 1.4 Ma, around the same time as volcanic activity in other regions like Karoo-Ferrar. Zircon analysis were conducted on eight samples of silicic ignimbrite spanning from the Sweeney Moun... | Wikipedia - Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group - Geology and Stratigraphy > Age | 187 | 788 | null |
Section: Paleoenvironment. The Toarcian Latady Basin was bracketed between the Ellsworth-Whitmore block, that was located in the Paleopacific along the Marie Byrd Land, Thurston Island, the Antarctic Peninsula and Southern Patagonia, being either islands or a peninsular landmass connected with mainland South America. W... | Wikipedia - Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group - Paleoenvironment | 340 | 1,706 | null |
Section: Paleoenvironment. Well-preserved plants are common in the Fremouw Formation. Logs have been found in channel deposits, and roots and stems have been found in permineralized soil. Smaller fossils on Fremouw Peak include cycads, horsetails, seed ferns, Osmundaceae ferns, and even fungi. One cycad called Antarcti... | Wikipedia - Fremouw Formation - Paleoenvironment | 350 | 1,624 | null |
Tetrapods such as temnospondyl amphibians, diapsid reptiles, and dicynodont therapsids were common in the Late Permian and seemed to have recovered by the Middle Triassic, but there is little record of their presence in the Early Triassic. All of these tetrapods are present in Early Triassic strata of the Fremouw Forma... | Wikipedia - Fremouw Formation - Paleoenvironment | 238 | 1,133 | null |
Section: Biota. The first tetrapod, or land-living vertebrate, from Antarctica was found in the Fremouw Formation and described in 1968. It was represented by a small bone fragment that is probably part of the left mandible of a temnospondyl amphibian. The bone was found the previous year by a researcher from Ohio Stat... | Wikipedia - Fremouw Formation - Biota | 186 | 823 | null |
Article: Hanson Formation. The Hanson Formation (also known as the Shafer Peak Formation) is a geologic formation on Mount Kirkpatrick and north Victoria Land, Ross Dependency, Antarctica. It is one of the two major dinosaur-bearing rock groups found on Antarctica to date; the other is the Snow Hill Island Formation an... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - Summary | 283 | 1,413 | null |
Section: History. The Victoria Group (also called Beacon Supergroup) from the Central Transantarctic Mountains was defined by Ferrar in 1907, when he described the "Beacon Sandstone" of the sedimentary rocks in the valleys of the Victoria Land. Following this initial work, the term "Beacon System" was introduced for a ... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - History | 324 | 1,556 | null |
Later works tried to set it between the Late Triassic (Carnian) and the Lower-Middle Jurassic (Toarcian–Aalenian). The local Jurassic sandstones were included in the Victoria Group, with the Beacon unit defined as a supergroup in 1972, comprising beds overlying the pre-Devonian Kukri erosion surface to the Prebble Form... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - History | 290 | 1,339 | null |
A complete record was recovered at Mount Falla, revealing the sequence of events in the Transantarctic Mountains spanning the interval between the Upper Triassic Dicroidium-bearing beds and the Middle Jurassic tholeiitic lavas. The upper part of the Falla Formation contains recognizable primary pyroclastic deposits, ex... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - History | 260 | 1,283 | null |
Section: Paleoenvironment. The Hanson Formation accumulated in a rift environment located between c. 60 and 70S, fringing the East Antarctic Craton behind the active Panthalassan margin of southern Gondwana, being dominated by two types of facies: coarse- to medium-grained sandstone and tuffaceous rocks & minerals on t... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - Paleoenvironment | 336 | 1,634 | null |
Towards the upper layers of the formation the influence of the Tuff in the sandstones get more notorious, evidenced by bigger proportions of volcanic minerals and ash-related materials embedded in between this layers. Overall, the unit deposition bear similarities to the several-hundredmetres-thick High Plains Cenozoic... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - Paleoenvironment | 348 | 1,715 | null |
At Mount Carson associations of sphenophyte rhizomes and aerial stems, as well isoetalean leaves suggest the presence of overbank deposits that were developed in ephemeral pools that lasted enough to be colonized by semiaquatic plants. Tectonically, based on the changes seen in the sandstone composition and the appeara... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - Paleoenvironment | 285 | 1,365 | null |
The Main fault indicator of this rift has been allocated around the Marsh Glacier, with the so-called Marsh Fault that breaks apart Precambrian rocks and the Miller Range, with other faults including a W-facing monocline that lies parallel and east of the Marsh Fault, a NW–SE-striking small graben in the southern Marsh... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - Paleoenvironment | 184 | 913 | null |
Section: Paleofauna. The first dinosaur to be discovered from the Hanson Formation was the predator Cryolophosaurus, in 1991; it was formally described in 1994. Alongside these dinosaur remains were fossilized trees, suggesting that plant matter had once grown on Antarctica's surface before it drifted southward. Other ... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - Paleofauna | 159 | 797 | null |
Section: Flora. Fossilized wood is also present in the Hanson Formation, near the stratigraphic level of the tritylodont locality. It has affinities with the Araucariaceae and similar kinds of conifers. In the north Victoria Land region, plant remains occur at the base of the lacustrine beds directly underlying the ini... | Wikipedia - Hanson Formation - Flora | 189 | 851 | null |
Section: Paleobiota. La Meseta Formation is extremely rich in fossils. Among mammals, the meridiungulata Antarctodon and Trigonostylops have been found in the formation. as well as marsupial Derorhynchidae, Microbiotheria, and polydolopimorphia. It is famous for its penguin fossils, for example the two genera Archaeosp... | Wikipedia - La Meseta Formation - Paleobiota | 191 | 698 | null |
Section: Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg) crops out on Seymour Island in the upper levels of the Lopez de Bertodano Formation. A small (but significant) iridium anomaly occurs at the boundary on Seymour Island, as at lower latitudes, thought to be fallout from the Chicxulub impact... | Wikipedia - Lopez de Bertodano Formation - Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary | 170 | 873 | null |
Section: Climate. During the Maastrichtian, Seymour Island was located within the Antarctic polar circle at around ~64°S latitude. Studies on oxygen-18 isotopes found in belemnites and benthic foraminifera have calculated intermediate-deep-shelf water temperatures at an average of 6 °C (43 °F). This paper also suggeste... | Wikipedia - Lopez de Bertodano Formation - Climate | 219 | 1,069 | null |
Section: Fossil content. The Lopez de Bertodano Formation has provided many fossils of flora, dinosaurs and birds. Also the first fossil egg from Antarctica, Antarcticoolithus, was found in the formation. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation and include at least two and pro... | Wikipedia - Lopez de Bertodano Formation - Fossil content | 301 | 1,250 | null |
Article: Introduction to genetics. Genetics is the study of genes and tries to explain what they are and how they work. Genes are how living organisms inherit features or traits from their ancestors; for example, children usually look like their parents because they have inherited their parents' genes. Genetics tries t... | Wikipedia - Introduction to genetics - Summary | 325 | 1,750 | null |
Section: Genes and inheritance > Example of mixing. The effects of mixing depend on the types (the alleles) of the gene. If the father has two copies of an allele for red hair, and the mother has two copies for brown hair, all their children get the two alleles that give different instructions, one for red hair and one... | Wikipedia - Introduction to genetics - Genes and inheritance > Example of mixing | 343 | 1,461 | null |
Her eggs will be a mixture of two types, one sort containing the B allele, and one sort the b allele. Similarly, her partner will produce a mix of two types of sperm containing one or the other of these two alleles. When the transmitted genes are joined up in their offspring, these children have a chance of getting eit... | Wikipedia - Introduction to genetics - Genes and inheritance > Example of mixing | 311 | 1,496 | null |
Section: How genes work > Genes make proteins. The function of genes is to provide the information needed to make molecules called proteins in cells. Cells are the smallest independent parts of organisms: the human body contains about 100 trillion cells, while very small organisms like bacteria are just a single cell. ... | Wikipedia - Introduction to genetics - How genes work > Genes make proteins | 329 | 1,656 | null |
The information in DNA is held in the sequence of the repeating units along the DNA chain. These units are four types of nucleotides (A, T, G and C) and the sequence of nucleotides stores information in an alphabet called the genetic code. When a gene is read by a cell the DNA sequence is copied into a very similar mol... | Wikipedia - Introduction to genetics - How genes work > Genes make proteins | 317 | 1,493 | null |
Section: How genes work > Genes are copied. Genes are copied each time a cell divides into two new cells. The process that copies DNA is called DNA replication. It is through a similar process that a child inherits genes from its parents when a copy from the mother is mixed with a copy from the father. DNA can be copie... | Wikipedia - Introduction to genetics - How genes work > Genes are copied | 336 | 1,600 | null |
Section: Genes and evolution. A population of organisms evolves when an inherited trait becomes more common or less common over time. For instance, all the mice living on an island would be a single population of mice: some with white fur, some gray. If over generations, white mice became more frequent and gray mice le... | Wikipedia - Introduction to genetics - Genes and evolution | 338 | 1,719 | null |
Section: Inherited diseases. Some diseases are hereditary and run in families; others, such as infectious diseases, are caused by the environment. Other diseases come from a combination of genes and the environment. Genetic disorders are diseases that are caused by a single allele of a gene and are inherited in familie... | Wikipedia - Introduction to genetics - Inherited diseases | 297 | 1,422 | null |
Section: Genetic engineering. Since traits come from the genes in a cell, putting a new piece of DNA into a cell can produce a new trait. This is how genetic engineering works. For example, rice can be given genes from a maize and a soil bacteria so the rice produces beta-carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A.... | Wikipedia - Introduction to genetics - Genetic engineering | 237 | 1,169 | null |
Molecules amino acids Nucleobase Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine Uracil Adenovirus Antibody Bacteria Codon Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Messenger RNA mRNA Enzyme Exon Intron nucleotide allele animal model antisense apoptosis autosomal dominant autosome bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) base pair birth defect bone m... | Wikipedia - Outline of genetics - General genetics concepts | 350 | 1,598 | null |
model multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 MEN1) mutation non-coding DNA non-directiveness nonsense mutation Northern blot Nucleic acid sequence nucleus oligo oncogene oncovirus p53 Particulate inheritance theory patent pedigree peptide phenotype physical map polydactyly polymerase chain reaction (PCR) polymorphism pos... | Wikipedia - Outline of genetics - General genetics concepts | 201 | 901 | null |
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