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Section: Major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in South Asia. South Asia, located on the crossroads of Western Eurasia and Eastern Eurasia, accounts for about 39.49% of Asia's population, and over 24% of the world's population. It is home to a vast array of people who belong to diverse ethnic groups, who migrated to the r... | Wikipedia - Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia - Major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in South Asia | 328 | 1,428 | null |
The Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroups R1a1, R2, L, and J2, which are found in higher frequencies among various populations of the Indian subcontinent, are also observed among various populations of Europe, Central Asia, and Middle East. Some researchers have argued that Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is of autochthonous South ... | Wikipedia - Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia - Major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in South Asia | 316 | 1,421 | null |
The Haplogroup H (also known as the "Indian marker"), which is a direct descendant of the Upper Paleolithic Eurasian Haplogroup HIJK, is mostly restricted to South Asian populations of the Indian subcontinent, in addition to some populations of South Central Asia and eastern Iranian Plateau, where it is found in low fr... | Wikipedia - Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia - Major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in South Asia | 271 | 1,315 | null |
Section: Frequencies in South Asian ethnic groups. Listed below are some notable groups and populations from South Asia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on various relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with specific linguistic designations (IE=Indo-European, Dr=Dravidian, AA=Aus... | Wikipedia - Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia - Frequencies in South Asian ethnic groups | 307 | 1,486 | null |
Article: Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East. Listed here are notable ethnic groups and populations from West Asia, Egypt and South Caucasus by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations in the... | Wikipedia - Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East - Summary | 158 | 707 | null |
Section: Education > Undergraduate. The undergraduate medical education in Nigeria lasts at least six years in the University. The first year is spent in the Faculty of Science studying mainly Physics, Chemistry and Zoology, and some other general subjects. The pre-clinical years last about 18months following involve d... | Wikipedia - Medical education in Nigeria - Education > Undergraduate | 314 | 1,647 | null |
Section: Education > Postgraduate. Postgraduate Medical Education broadly includes pre-registration training of house-officers, specialist and sub-specialist training obtained after undergraduate medical education. This means academic diplomas, Masters and PhD training undertaken by medically qualified doctors, Residen... | Wikipedia - Medical education in Nigeria - Education > Postgraduate | 347 | 1,858 | null |
They produce the curricula, accredit training institutions, conduct professional postgraduate examinations and certify candidates. To obtain a Fellowship by Examination, which is currently the highest of the Colleges’ earned qualifications, a medical graduate of an MDCN approved institution has to undergo a Residency T... | Wikipedia - Medical education in Nigeria - Education > Postgraduate | 153 | 842 | null |
Section: Challenges. The challenges of medical education in Nigeria include but are not limited to inadequate funding, poor planning, and erosion of values. The Nigerian medical students and graduates perceive a declining standard and quality in their medical training; the quality of instruction, quality of training fa... | Wikipedia - Medical education in Nigeria - Challenges | 256 | 1,471 | null |
Section: Going forward. Despite these challenges, medical education in Nigerian health has great potential. All resident doctors render vital services that would have been lost to the health care institutions if they train outside the country. The medical education has produced most of the academic staff in the Nigeria... | Wikipedia - Medical education in Nigeria - Going forward | 304 | 1,873 | null |
Section: Efforts to improve patient safety. Department of Health of each state and territory; and Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care collects data of the incidents happened each year. This data collection can helps identify and recognize areas for improvement which aims to prevent similar incide... | Wikipedia - Clinical incidents in Australia - Efforts to improve patient safety | 175 | 992 | null |
Section: Winners. 2002: Julio Meneghello, surgeon of the University of Chile, pediatrician 2004: Helmut Jaeger, surgeon of the University of Chile, pediatric heart surgeon 2006: Alejandro Goic Goic, surgeon of the University of Chile, internist and gastroenterologist 2008: Esteban Parrochia, surgeon of the University o... | Wikipedia - National Prize for Medicine - Winners | 175 | 771 | null |
Section: History. The school was first established in 1885 as the Suva Medical School to train rural medical practitioners through a three-year course. The first students graduated in 1888. In 1928 it was renamed the Central Medical School and began to accept students from other Pacific island territories. The course w... | Wikipedia - Fiji School of Medicine - History | 161 | 864 | null |
Article: Generic medicine in India. Generic medicine in India refers to pharmaceuticals that are sold under their chemical name rather than a specific brand name. These medications contain the same active ingredients, dosage form, strength, route of administration, quality, and intended use as their brand-name counterp... | Wikipedia - Generic medicine in India - Summary | 326 | 1,870 | null |
Section: Evolution of Generic Medicines. The landscape of generic medicines in India began to evolve considerably with government initiatives focused on enhancing the affordability and availability of essential medications. The introduction of the People's Medicine Scheme (Jan Aushadhi) in 2008 aimed to make quality ge... | Wikipedia - Generic medicine in India - Evolution of Generic Medicines | 162 | 870 | null |
Section: Current Trends and Future Directions. Currently, generic drugs constitute approximately 70% of the total pharmaceutical market in India, reflecting the increasing acceptance and reliance on these affordable medicines. The pharmaceutical sector has experienced consistent growth in annual turnover, with a compou... | Wikipedia - Generic medicine in India - Current Trends and Future Directions | 157 | 875 | null |
Section: Background. Lakshmi's father, Shambhu, and mother, Poonam, were day labourers who earned less than 40 rupees per day and were unable to afford a separation surgery for their daughter. The daughter was named after Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth (who is depicted as four-armed). The girl was sometimes an ob... | Wikipedia - Lakshmi Tatma - Background | 152 | 673 | null |
Section: Surgery. Lakshmi was the subject of a surgery carried out by Sharan Patil and 30 other physicians which included Chief anaesthetist Yohannan John at Sparsh Hospital in Bangalore, Karnataka. The twins' two pelvises formed a single combined ring. Each twin had one working kidney. Lakshmi had a second kidney whic... | Wikipedia - Lakshmi Tatma - Surgery | 337 | 1,468 | null |
The steps of the operation were: (8 hours): Abdominal operation: remove the parasite's abdominal organs. Remove the autosite's necrotic kidney and replace it with the parasite's kidney. Tie off the blood vessels that supplied the parasite. Move the reproductive system and the urinary bladder into the autosite. (6 to 8 ... | Wikipedia - Lakshmi Tatma - Surgery | 348 | 1,514 | null |
Article: Jamu. Jamu (Javanese: ꦗꦩꦸ) is a traditional medicine from Indonesia. It is predominantly a herbal medicine made from natural materials, such as roots, bark, flowers, seeds, leaves and fruits. Materials acquired from animals, such as honey, royal jelly, milk and native chicken eggs are often used as well. In 20... | Wikipedia - Jamu - Summary | 345 | 1,638 | null |
Section: Etymology. The word jamu is of Javanese origin. It derives from the Javanese words jawa (ꦗꦮ, "Javanese" or "Java"), and ngramu (ꦔꦿꦩꦸ, "mixing" or "gathering" (the ingredients)). It roughly translates to "concoction made by the Javanese" or "concoction originating from Java". Another theory suggests that the wo... | Wikipedia - Jamu - Etymology | 153 | 617 | null |
Section: Traditional production centers. Despite jamu's popularity throughout Indonesia, it seems that jamu culture is most prevalent in Java. The jamu herbal culture is prevalent in Javanese royal courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, where the ancient books on herbal medicine is kept in royal library, and jamu medicine... | Wikipedia - Jamu - Traditional production centers | 264 | 1,122 | null |
Section: History. Jamu is believed to have originated in the Mataram Kingdom era, c. 1300 years ago. The stone mortar and pestle with long cylindrical stone mortar — the type commonly used in today's traditional jamu making- was discovered in Liyangan archaeological site on the slopes of Mount Sundoro, Central Java. Th... | Wikipedia - Jamu - History | 350 | 1,728 | null |
Generally, the different jamu prescriptions are not written down but handed down between generations. Some early handbooks, however, have survived. A jamu handbook that was used in households throughout the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) was published in 1911 by Mrs. Kloppenburg-Versteegh. One of the first E... | Wikipedia - Jamu - History | 285 | 1,316 | null |
Section: Popularity. Indonesian physicians were initially not very interested in jamu. During the second conference of the Indonesian Association of Physicians, held in Solo in March 1940, two presentations on the topic were given. During the Japanese occupation, Indonesia's Jamu Committee was formed in 1944. During th... | Wikipedia - Jamu - Popularity | 290 | 1,372 | null |
Section: Herbs for jamu. There are hundreds of herbs for jamu prescriptions; some are: Rhizomes: Bengle (Zingiber brevifolium) Jahe Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Kencur Aromatic Galangal (Kaempferia galanga) Kunyit Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) Lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet or Zingiber aromaticum) Lengkuas or Laos Greater... | Wikipedia - Jamu - Herbs for jamu | 320 | 951 | null |
Section: History of Simurgh. The concept and the logo design of the Healing Simurgh was approved by the supreme board of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Medical Council in November 2013 as the emblem of the Physicians Guild of Iran, replacing the Caduceus. In the summer of 2013, the emblem was introduced by Mahmoud Faze... | Wikipedia - Healing Simurgh - History of Simurgh | 348 | 1,672 | null |
Section: History. In 1964, the Medical Council was first legislated by the Iranian Parliament which has been amended eight times in the following years. The last amendment was in 2004 when IRIMC legislation was approved by the country's Guardian Council of the Constitution. On 1 October 2021, Dr Mohammad Raeiszadeh has... | Wikipedia - Medical Council of Iran - History | 228 | 1,273 | null |
Section: Causes. The Food and Drug Organization of Iran has reported shortages of many essential drugs in the country. Reports of the crisis began emerging in 2013. The crisis intensified in 2022 when Ebrahim Raisi’s administration removed the 42,000-rial exchange rate for the US dollar. Inflation further compounds the... | Wikipedia - Medicine shortage in Iran - Causes | 263 | 1,388 | null |
The rising medical costs for Iranian consumers has pushed thousands of those in need of treatment to the brink of bankruptcy. The shortage of medicine resulting from the price increase includes basic medical necessities, such as painkillers, IV fluids, antibiotics, anti-anxiety medication, Alendronic (bone density) and... | Wikipedia - Medicine shortage in Iran - Causes | 332 | 1,708 | null |
Section: Impact. The Iranian Thalassaemia Society claims that some 1,100 thalassaemia patients have died due to drug shortages since the beginning of the crisis in 2018. In 2023, the Iranian government allocated approximately $2.4 billion to solving the crisis, although Hossein-Ali Shahriari, head of the Iranian parlia... | Wikipedia - Medicine shortage in Iran - Impact | 338 | 1,722 | null |
Section: Life. Polak studied medicine in Prague and Vienna. He was one of the six Austrian teachers invited by Amir Kabir, the Persian chief minister, as the instructors of Dar ul-Fonun, the first modern higher education institution in Iran. By his own account, he entered Iran on 24 November 1851, before the inaugurati... | Wikipedia - Jakob Eduard Polak - Life | 211 | 936 | null |
Section: Works. Polak published his Persian experiences in: "Persien, das Land und seine Bewohner; Ethnograpische Schilderungen" (Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1865), which belongs to the outstanding ethnographic works about 19th-century Iran. His other works include: Bimari i vaba (Tehran: Nast’aliq, 1269 [AH]). “La médicine mi... | Wikipedia - Jakob Eduard Polak - Works | 310 | 978 | null |
Section: Career. Sandford was appointed a resident medical officer at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in Sydney, and she then became senior medical registrar at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. She travelled to England in 1919 to study ophthalmology at the London hospitals. It was there that she heard about ... | Wikipedia - Elma Sandford-Morgan - Career | 248 | 1,249 | null |
Section: Opening of Shima Hospital. On August 31, 1933, Kaoru Shima opened Shima Hospital. The opening letter at the time stated that the hospital "operates a surgical hospital on the east side of Hiroshima Post Office." and "provides general surgical care, especially internal surgery." When building the hospital, Shim... | Wikipedia - Kaoru Shima - Opening of Shima Hospital | 349 | 1,733 | null |
Section: After the atomic bombing. On August 5, 1945, Shima was asked by an acquaintance to go to the nearby Kōzan Town to perform a difficult surgery with a nurse. The following day, August 6, the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima City, and Shima Hospital was at the hypocenter. Shima Hospital was completely destroy... | Wikipedia - Kaoru Shima - After the atomic bombing | 337 | 1,601 | null |
Section: Projects > Research projects. Whole genome sequencing with short-read and long-read technologies. The project provides allele frequencies of SNVs (single nucleotide variants) and short Indels (insertions/deletions) detected by short-read whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of 54,000 Japanese individuals, as... | Wikipedia - Tohoku Medical Megabank Project - Projects > Research projects | 191 | 936 | null |
Section: Timeline. 2013 Recruitment of TMM Community-Based Cohort starts. Recruitment of TMM Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study starts. 2014 Japanese genome reference panel (1KJPN), which shows variant allele frequency based on whole genome sequencing of 1,070 cohort participants, is released (draft version 2014, ... | Wikipedia - Tohoku Medical Megabank Project - Timeline | 314 | 1,337 | null |
Japanese genome reference panel (4.7KJPN) is released. Japonica array NEO, a SNP array optimized for Japanese population by taking advantage of 3.5KJPN haplotype information, is released (published in 2021). 2020 Distribution of 54,000 SNP array data starts. Distribution of TMM Birth and Three-Generation Cohort samples... | Wikipedia - Tohoku Medical Megabank Project - Timeline | 284 | 1,167 | null |
Article: Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany. In the early 20th century, German researchers found additional evidence linking smoking to health harms, which strengthened the anti-tobacco movement in the Weimar Republic and led to a state-supported anti-smoking campaign. Early anti-tobacco movements grew in many natio... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Summary | 335 | 1,835 | null |
The Nazi anti-tobacco campaign included banning smoking in trams, buses, and city trains, promoting health education, limiting cigarette rations in the Wehrmacht, organizing medical lectures for soldiers, and raising the tobacco tax. The Nazis also imposed restrictions on tobacco advertising and smoking in public space... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Summary | 228 | 1,192 | null |
Section: Prelude. Anti-smoking measures have a long history in German-speaking areas. For instance, in 1840, the Prussian government reinstated a ban on smoking in public places. The 1880s invention of automated cigarette-making machinery in the American South made it possible to mass-produce cigarettes at low cost, an... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Prelude | 335 | 1,658 | null |
In 1920, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in Prague, after Czechoslovakia was separated from Austria at the end of World War I. A Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in German Au... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Prelude | 164 | 782 | null |
Section: Research. Research on tobacco's effects on population health were more advanced in Germany than in any other nation by the time the Nazis came to power. While a link between smoking and cancers had been observed as early as the 1700s, the first good statistical evidence that linked smoking to lung cancer and o... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Research | 300 | 1,519 | null |
While in private practice, Lickint continued his research. In 1935 he published Der Bronchialkrebs der Raucher ("Bronchial cancer in smokers"), a follow-up to his 1930 review, Tabak und Tabakrauch als ätiologische Faktoren des Carcinoms ("Tobacco and tobacco smoke as aetiological factors in carcinoma"). The 1935 review... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Research | 326 | 1,537 | null |
Established in 1941, it was the most significant anti-tobacco institute in Nazi Germany. However, it never had its own buildings or staff, nor regular funding, and overall its research into the dangers of tobacco was limited, and only of marginal scientific significance and repute. Further research into the effects of ... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Research | 339 | 1,716 | null |
Hans Reiter (the Reich Health Office president) was interned for two years and spent the rest of his career in private practice. Others worked in the field after the war; pharmacologist Gustav Kuschinsky continued work similar to that begun with funding from Astel's institute with funding from the cigarette company Ree... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Research | 179 | 943 | null |
Section: Political motives > Hitler's attitude towards smoking. Hitler viewed smoking as "the wrath of the Red Man against the White Man, vengeance for having been given hard liquor", lamenting that "so many excellent men have been lost to tobacco poisoning". He was unhappy because both Eva Braun and Martin Bormann wer... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Political motives > Hitler's attitude towards smoking | 301 | 1,413 | null |
Section: Political motives > Reproductive and health policies. The Nazi reproductive policies were a significant factor behind their anti-tobacco campaign. The Nazi leadership wanted German women to have as many children as possible. Articles and a major medical book published in the 1930s observed an association betwe... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Political motives > Reproductive and health policies | 343 | 1,707 | null |
There was also concern that mutations caused by cigarette smoking would have irreversible long-term effects on the genetics of the population. Tobacco was described as a "genetic poison" (see epigenetic effects of smoking for modern research). In Nazi rhetoric, these concerns were connected to racist theories about the... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Political motives > Reproductive and health policies | 191 | 930 | null |
Section: Measures. There was never a coherent Nazi policy to impede smoking. Mostly, measures were based on pre-existing policies. Although in some places some stern measures were taken, tobacco control policy was incoherent and ineffective, and obvious measures were not taken. Tobacco controls were often not enforced.... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Measures | 323 | 1,517 | null |
Section: Measures > Propaganda. The Nazis used several public relations tactics to convince the general population of Germany not to smoke, and gave variable support to non-officially-approved propaganda. National and local government organizations, party-controlled organizations, voluntary organizations, and medical o... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Measures > Propaganda | 338 | 1,766 | null |
Well-known health magazines like the Gesundes Volk (Healthy People), Volksgesundheit (People's Health) and Gesundes Leben (Healthy Life) also published warnings about the health consequences of smoking and posters showing the harmful effects of tobacco were displayed. Some anti-smoking posters were unapproved and censu... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Measures > Propaganda | 345 | 1,652 | null |
Section: Measures > Nichtraucherschutz (the protection of non-smokers). Nichtraucherschutz (the protection of non-smokers [from passive smoking]) was the principle behind some bans. In 1941, tobacco smoking in trams was outlawed in sixty German cities. In 1944, smoking in buses and city trains was made illegal, on the ... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Measures > Nichtraucherschutz (the protection of non-smokers) | 264 | 1,231 | null |
Section: Measures > Women and children. Special care was taken to discourage pregnant women and youth from smoking. The president of the Medical Association in Germany announced, "German women don't smoke". Pregnant women, and women below the age of 25 and over the age of 55, were not given tobacco ration cards during ... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Measures > Women and children | 213 | 1,125 | null |
Section: Measures > Military regulations. Restrictions on smoking were also introduced in the Wehrmacht. Soldiers were not issued with more than six free cigarettes per day. Extra cigarettes were often sold to the soldiers, especially when there was no military advance or retreat in the battleground; however, these wer... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Measures > Military regulations | 223 | 1,149 | null |
Section: Countermeasures and obstacles. Tobacco companies represented themselves as strong and early supporters of the Nazi cause. They made unparalleled financial contributions to Nazi causes; the Sturmabteilung and other party organizations were repeatedly given six-figure sums, and the Hitler Youth were given an air... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Countermeasures and obstacles | 338 | 1,839 | null |
The cigarette manufacturing companies in Germany made several attempts to weaken the scientific credibility of the anti-tobacco campaign. They tried to depict the anti-tobacco movement as "fanatic" and "unscientific". They published new journals (with titles such as Chronica Nicotiana and Der Tabak: Wissenschaftliche Z... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Countermeasures and obstacles | 191 | 967 | null |
Section: Economic pressures. The Nazi paramilitary SA was funded by cigarette royalties. After the Night of the Long Knives, the Reemtsma cigarette company paid a fixed fee (a quarter-million marks for the first year) to produce the SA's permitted cigarettes. A plan to establish a state tobacco monopoly was not carried... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Economic pressures | 337 | 1,712 | null |
Section: Effectiveness. The early anti-smoking campaign was considered a failure, and from 1933 to 1937 there was a rapid increase in tobacco consumption in Germany. The rate of smoking in the nation increased faster even than in neighboring France, where the anti-tobacco movement was tiny and far less influential. Bet... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Effectiveness | 339 | 1,730 | null |
10% of servicemen had begun smoking while in the military, and only seven servicemen of the thousand surveyed (0.7%) had given it up. However, as in the general population, the number of smokers rose while the number of cigarettes smoked fell. As a result of the anti-tobacco measures implemented in the Wehrmacht (suppl... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Effectiveness | 154 | 738 | null |
Section: Association with antisemitism and racism. Apart from public health concerns, the Nazis were heavily influenced by ideology; specifically, the movement was influenced by concepts of "racial hygiene" and bodily purity. Some Nazi leaders believed that it was wrong for the "master race" to smoke and that tobacco c... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - Association with antisemitism and racism | 280 | 1,339 | null |
Section: After World War II. After the collapse of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II, illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent, and the anti-smoking campaign started by the Nazis ceased to exist. In 1949, approximately 400 million cigarettes manufactured in the United States entered Germany illegally every m... | Wikipedia - Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany - After World War II | 333 | 1,649 | null |
Section: History. The National Socialist German Doctors' League was founded by the Nazi Party on August 3, 1929 on the initiative of the doctor and publisher Ludwig Liebl. He was also the first chairman, with his tenure lasting three years. The NSDÄB's self-image was not that of a representative body, but of a combat o... | Wikipedia - National Socialist German Doctors' League - History | 341 | 1,597 | null |
Section: History. The Temmler-Werke was founded in Detmold in 1917 by Hermann Temmler. In 1919, it merged with the Vereinigte Chemische Fabriken GmbH in Detmold to form the Vereinigten Chemischen Fabriken H. Temmler pharmaceutical company. In 1925, its headquarters was re-located to Berlin. Preparations for the treatme... | Wikipedia - Temmler - History | 283 | 1,212 | null |
The company became especially known for the introduction of its methamphetamine-hydrochloride preparation brand Pervitin, which the company produced from 1938 up until 1988. According to a Der Spiegel article in 2005, Nazi Germany believed that Pervitin could also help win World War II, so the German armed forces was s... | Wikipedia - Temmler - History | 337 | 1,757 | null |
Commencing 1989, the production also comprised all solid pharmaceutical dosage forms for customers at home and abroad. In 1990, Temmler Pharma became part of the ASTA Medica group. Besides medicinal products for gastroenterology and migraine/pain, pulmology become the focal point of the preparations programme. In 1998,... | Wikipedia - Temmler - History | 338 | 1,729 | null |
Article: Nepal Health Research Council. The Nepal Health Research Council is an autonomous body responsible for promoting and coordinating health research in Nepal working under the Ministry of Health and Population. It was established in 1991 under the Nepal Health Research Council Act, the council works to improve Ne... | Wikipedia - Nepal Health Research Council - Summary | 176 | 1,060 | null |
Section: Background. It was established on 4 March, 195 with only 20 members, and has since evolved into a large organization with more than ten thousand members. Siddhi Mani A. Dixit was the founder president of NMA, which is the first professional organization in the country. NMA has been actively involved in the dev... | Wikipedia - Nepal Medical Association - Background | 262 | 1,356 | null |
Section: Consortium Members and Partners. The members of the consortium in Nigeria include Redeemer’s University, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua Edo State, Federal Medical Center, Owo, General Hospital Ikorodu, Lagos and Alex Ekueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki. Regional consortium members include Ke... | Wikipedia - African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases - Consortium Members and Partners | 204 | 1,027 | null |
Section: Achievements and awards. ACEGID's accomplishments include: Diagnosis of the first Ebola case in Nigeria and Sierra Leone Developed 10-minutes rapid diagnostic test kit for Lassa fever Investigated the origins and evolution of Lassa fever Sequenced the first SARS-CoV-2 genome in Africa. Developed a Covid-19 vac... | Wikipedia - African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases - Achievements and awards | 151 | 748 | null |
Section: History. The term "ghost surgery" was originally used to refer to qualified surgeons performing operations in the place of the unqualified physicians credited with the operation. By the late 1970s, following multiple highly publicized cases of medical equipment salesmen participating in surgery, it came to ref... | Wikipedia - Ghost surgery - History | 294 | 1,644 | null |
Section: Prevalence. As ghost surgeries are untracked, it is unclear how common they are. Patients typically discover a ghost surgery took place after undergoing an unsuccessful operation. Hospital records from Parkland Hospital in 2007-2008 showed that there were 161 surgeries in which residents operated for some time... | Wikipedia - Ghost surgery - Prevalence | 177 | 921 | null |
Section: High profile cases > Franklin Mirando. In 1975, William MacKay, the general sales manager of a prosthetics company, participated in the bone surgery of Franklin Mirando at the request of the lead surgeons, David Lipton and Harold Massoff. MacKay had never gone to high school and had no medical training, but wa... | Wikipedia - Ghost surgery - High profile cases > Franklin Mirando | 330 | 1,603 | null |
Section: High profile cases > Kwon Dae-hee. In October 2016, university student Kwon Dae-hee died from excessive bleeding after undergoing a jawline surgery partially conducted by a ghost doctor. Kwon had been bullied in high school for his chin shape and was insecure about his appearance; he booked his cosmetic surger... | Wikipedia - Ghost surgery - High profile cases > Kwon Dae-hee | 347 | 1,656 | null |
Section: Neurosurgeon training and certification. Sri Lanka has just over 20 consultant neurosurgeons for over 20 million people. The country produces its own neurosurgeons through a seven-year rigorous training process. The training includes a mandatory training segment that has to be completed in Sri Lanka and anothe... | Wikipedia - Neurosurgery in Sri Lanka - Neurosurgeon training and certification | 192 | 909 | null |
Section: Patient care. The Sri Lankan population is served by two systems. In the private healthcare system, the patient has to pay, and in the public healthcare system, healthcare is free. Both systems offer reasonably good neurosurgery service to the population. However, most modern neurosurgery facilities are only a... | Wikipedia - Neurosurgery in Sri Lanka - Patient care | 262 | 1,252 | null |
Section: Gender-affirming care for minors. According to the Associated Press, the group by 2023 had "evolved into a significant leader in statehouses seeking to ban gender-affirming care for transgender youths". It developed model legislation state legislatures could introduce to ban such care; by May 2023 the model le... | Wikipedia - Do No Harm (organization) - Gender-affirming care for minors | 159 | 810 | null |
Section: Medical school and health care diversity. According to Goldfarb, a focus on skin color in medical schools means "we're not going to look for the best and the brightest. We're going to look for people who are just OK to make sure we have the right mixture of ethnic groups in our medical schools." Goldfarb publi... | Wikipedia - Do No Harm (organization) - Medical school and health care diversity | 219 | 1,057 | null |
Article: Medical racism in the United States. Medical racism in the United States refers to racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare, including discriminatory medical practices and misrepresentations in medical education. Medical racism is usually driven by biases based on characteristics of patients' race and ethni... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Summary | 276 | 1,532 | null |
Section: History. Medical racism has deep historical roots, extending beyond individual instances of unethical studies to the very foundations of medical education. Enlightenment-era racial science built upon medieval Euro-Christian ideologies to justify racial hierarchies in medicine, influencing how physicians unders... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - History | 319 | 1,738 | null |
Public Health Service Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Inoculation Study of 1946-1948 harmed Guatemalan prisoners, sex workers, soldiers, and mental health patients by purposely infecting victims with STDs such as syphilis and gonorrhea. Forcible sterilization of Indigenous women as young as 15 years old occurred fro... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - History | 245 | 1,372 | null |
Section: Contributing factors > Cultural competence. Physicians who are not culturally competent can harm patients due to poor relationship dynamics, contributing to medical racism. Racism is defined as “a form of social formation embedded within a network of social, economic, and political entities in which groups of ... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Contributing factors > Cultural competence | 302 | 1,738 | null |
Section: Contributing factors > Medical education. The lack of medical education about minority groups is evident in various studies and experiences. In a 2016 study, white medical students incorrectly believed that Black patients had a higher pain tolerance than white patients, perpetuating harmful stereotypes. These ... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Contributing factors > Medical education | 283 | 1,563 | null |
This is true for both visual and textual lecture materials. A group of studies done on the representation of race and gender in course slides for the University of Washington School of Medicine, preclinical lecture slides at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and case studies used at the University of... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Contributing factors > Medical education | 335 | 1,824 | null |
A study of medical textbooks has also yielded information on minority representation in medical teachings. Based on the required texts of the top 20 ranked medical schools in North America, US editions of Atlas of Human Anatomy (2014), Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking (2013), Clinically Oriented ... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Contributing factors > Medical education | 349 | 1,803 | null |
Section: Contributing factors > Representation in the profession of medicine. According to US Census data, black and Hispanic people account for 13% and 18% of the overall population, respectively. However, they only make up 6% and 5% of medical school graduates, respectively. Black physicians make up only about 3% of ... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Contributing factors > Representation in the profession of medicine | 167 | 948 | null |
Section: Contributing factors > Racial depictions. The dehumanization of certain racial groups such as black people can also contribute to disparities in healthcare due to varied perceptions, by physicians, of concepts such as pain tolerance and cooperation – one aspect of medical racism. In American history, social Da... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Contributing factors > Racial depictions | 334 | 1,820 | null |
Section: Contributing factors > Socioeconomic status. Studies also show that social class is critical to the effects of racial disparities in health care, due to the correlation and relationship between health status and health insurance or the absence of. There was an interview study of 60 African Americans whom of wh... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Contributing factors > Socioeconomic status | 315 | 1,695 | null |
Section: Contributing factors > Implicit bias. Implicit bias refers to unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that influence an individual's decisions and actions without their awareness, and thought to contribute to disparities. In healthcare, implicit racial and ethnic biases can contribute to disparities in access to ... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Contributing factors > Implicit bias | 332 | 1,842 | null |
Section: Patient experiences. Racial discrimination in healthcare is a systemic issue that has persisted across generations, shaping patient outcomes, provider interactions, and institutional policies. Studies show that marginalized racial and ethnic groups frequently experience disparities in treatment due to implicit... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Patient experiences | 249 | 1,474 | null |
Section: Black Americans. Black Americans have faced numerous obstacles to equal access to healthcare due to medical racism and the consequence of this has been poor health outcomes. Within this paradigm, American doctors and institutions have historically played a large role in perpetuating scientific racism, denying ... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Black Americans | 343 | 1,945 | null |
However, racial myths also have negative impacts on the health outcomes of black Americans, starting from infancy. Beliefs in the "supernormal health" of black babies and children fosters ignorance and leads to the avoidance of the health issues which black children face in their early lives. With a large role in the p... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Black Americans | 327 | 1,797 | null |
Freedom from slavery did not stop the impacts that slavery had on black people: the denial of access to healthcare recreated the experiences of slavery by exposing black people to many infectious diseases. A notable difference between the services which were offered and rendered to black patients and the services which... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Black Americans | 330 | 1,748 | null |
The violence which was perpetrated by American physicians and institutions has a long, documented history. Besides the Tuskegee syphilis study, there are many other instances of experimentation on black populations without their knowledge or consent. In 1951, the US Army intentionally exposed large numbers of black cit... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Black Americans | 219 | 1,160 | null |
Section: Indigenous Americans. Starting in the 18th century, the United States has committed many acts of medical injustice against Indigenous Americans. In the 18th century, smallpox was used as a biological weapon to wipe out indigenous populations. In particular, in 1763 Sir Jeffery Amherst ordered soldiers to take ... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Indigenous Americans | 285 | 1,549 | null |
Section: Hispanic Americans. In the United States, 20% of Hispanic Americans report encountering discrimination in healthcare settings and 17% report avoiding seeking medical care due to expected discrimination. Studies of Hispanic people living in the U.S. reveal that after experiencing an instance of discrimination i... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Hispanic Americans | 237 | 1,407 | null |
Section: Asian Americans. Asian Americans represent a diverse group with ancestry from East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, including Pacific Islanders and Native Hawaiians. Despite their diversity, Asian Americans often face unique structural and cultural barriers in healthcare due to high immigrant representati... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Asian Americans | 294 | 1,584 | null |
Section: Contemporary issues. Racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare persist due to systemic factors that influence access to quality care. Structural differences in healthcare funding, policy, and delivery disproportionately impact minority communities, leading to disparities in treatment quality and health outco... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Contemporary issues | 304 | 1,677 | null |
Section: Mitigation. In addressing medical racism in the United States, there are several strategies to mitigate unconscious bias that contributes to health disparities. Practices like better diversity training, introspection of biases, "cultural humility and curiosity", and a full commitment to changing the culture of... | Wikipedia - Medical racism in the United States - Mitigation | 339 | 1,873 | null |
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