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⟨ I ⟩ ∫ 0 ∞ I n e − ( ϵ + 1 ⟨ I ⟩ ) I d I {\displaystyle P(n)=\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {{\left(\epsilon I\right)}^{n}}{n! }}e^{-\epsilon I}{\frac {e^{\frac {-I}{\langle I\rangle }}}{\langle I\rangle }}dI={\frac {{\epsilon }^{n}}{n!\langle I\rangle }}\int _{0}^{\infty }{I}^{n}e^{-\left(\epsilon +{\frac {1}{\langle I\ra... | Wikipedia - Photon Statistics | null | null | null |
. a > 0 ) {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{n}e^{-ax}dx={\frac {n! }{a^{n+1}}}\quad \left(n=0,1,2,..a>0\right)} The probability distribution for n photon counts from a thermal light source is P ( n ) = 1 ( ⟨ n ⟩ + 1 ) ( ⟨ n ⟩ ⟨ n ⟩ + 1 ) n {\displaystyle P(n)={\frac {1}{\left(\langle n\rangle +1\right)}}{\left({\fra... | Wikipedia - Photon Statistics | null | null | null |
Light therapy can also be used to treat circadian rhythm sleep disorders. These disorders are caused by discrepancies between one’s circadian rhythm and the light/dark cycle of the environment. People with a sleep disorder experience insomnia or hypersomnia. There are a number of sleep disorders that light therapy are ... | Wikipedia - Photoentrainment (chronobiology) | null | null | null |
DSPT occurs when one sleeps late and is unable to wake up early, resulting in a lack of entrainment to a typical working schedule. There are a number of methods to help resolve DSPT, including white light exposure in the morning and light restriction after 4:00 p.m., light masks, and blue light exposure in the morning.... | Wikipedia - Photoentrainment (chronobiology) | null | null | null |
Light-emitting diode (LED) performance and lifetime are strong functions of their temperature. Effective cooling is therefore essential. A case study of a LED based downlighter shows an example of the calculations done in order to calculate the required heat sink necessary for the effective cooling of lighting system. ... | Wikipedia - Heat sink | null | null | null |
Light-frame structures usually gain seismic resistance from rigid plywood shear walls and wood structural panel diaphragms. Special provisions for seismic load-resisting systems for all engineered wood structures requires consideration of diaphragm ratios, horizontal and vertical diaphragm shears, and connector/fastene... | Wikipedia - Reinforced masonry | null | null | null |
Light-mediated syntheses have also been explored where light can promote formation of various silver nanoparticle morphologies. | Wikipedia - Silver nanoparticles | null | null | null |
Lightmap Winged edge Quad-edge Routing table Symbol table Piece table E-graph | Wikipedia - List of data structures | null | null | null |
Lightning Memory-Mapped Database (LMDB) is a memory-mapped key-value database for the OpenLDAP Project. It is written in C and the API is modeled after the Berkeley DB API, though much simplified. The library is extremely compact, compiling down to under 40KB of x86 object code, being usually faster than similar librar... | Wikipedia - Embedded database | null | null | null |
Readers don't block writers and writers don't block readers, so read performance scales perfectly linearly across arbitrarily many threads and CPUs. Third-party wrappers exist for C++, Erlang and Python. LMDB is distributed by the OpenLDAP Project under the OpenLDAP Public License. As of 2013 the OpenLDAP Project is de... | Wikipedia - Embedded database | null | null | null |
Lightpipe can carry eight channels of uncompressed digital audio at 24 bit resolution at 48,000 samples or four channels at 96,000 samples per second. Initially used for the transfer of digital audio between ADATs, the protocol was designed with future improvements in mind. All Lightpipe signals are transmitted at 24 b... | Wikipedia - ADAT Lightpipe | null | null | null |
The receiving device ignores information it cannot process. For example, a 20 bit signal going from a Type II ADAT to a Type I (which only operates at 16 bits) will simply ignore the bits below the sixteen MSBs.Higher sample rates can be accommodated with a reduced number of channels. | Wikipedia - ADAT Lightpipe | null | null | null |
While the original ADAT machines did not support this, the Lightpipe format was modified using bit-splitting techniques by the company Sonorus. Known as S/MUX (short for 'sample multiplexing'), this connection allows 4 channels at up to 96 kHz, or two channels at up to 192 kHz, on one optical cable. Most manufacturers ... | Wikipedia - ADAT Lightpipe | null | null | null |
From there the audio data frame is routed to processing ICs. With an ADAT Lightpipe and an ADAT controller linking up to four ADATs using CAT5 cables with RJ-connectors and SMPTE Time Code, you could synchronize four 8-track ADATs together for a total of 32 simultaneous synchronized channel tracks of 16 or 20 bit audio... | Wikipedia - ADAT Lightpipe | null | null | null |
Lights from seashore developments repel nesting Sea turtle mothers, and their hatchlings are fatally attracted to street and hotel lights rather than to the ocean. | Wikipedia - Ecological light pollution | null | null | null |
Lights on tall structures can disorient migrating birds leading to fatalities. An estimated 365-988 million fatal bird collisions with buildings occur annually in North America, making human-made structures a large contributor to the decline in bird species. The surface area of glass emitting artificial light at night ... | Wikipedia - Ecological light pollution | null | null | null |
Similar disorientation has also been noted for bird species migrating close to offshore production and drilling facilities. Studies carried out by Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij b.v. (NAM) and Shell have led to development and trial of new lighting technologies in the North Sea. | Wikipedia - Ecological light pollution | null | null | null |
In early 2007, the lights were installed on the Shell production platform L15. The experiment proved a great success since the number of birds circling the platform declined by 50–90%. | Wikipedia - Ecological light pollution | null | null | null |
Juvenile seabirds may also be disoriented by lights as they leave their nests and fly out to sea. Birds migrate at night for several reasons. Save water from dehydration in hot day flying and part of the bird's navigation system works with stars in some way. With city light outshining the night sky, birds (and also abo... | Wikipedia - Ecological light pollution | null | null | null |
Lignin fills the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin components, especially in vascular and support tissues: xylem tracheids, vessel elements and sclereid cells. Lignin plays a crucial part in conducting water and aqueous nutrients in plant stems. The polysaccharide components of plant ... | Wikipedia - Lignin | null | null | null |
Thus, lignin makes it possible for the plant's vascular tissue to conduct water efficiently. Lignin is present in all vascular plants, but not in bryophytes, supporting the idea that the original function of lignin was restricted to water transport. It is covalently linked to hemicellulose and therefore cross-links dif... | Wikipedia - Lignin | null | null | null |
Lignin is a complex polyphenolic macromolecule composed mainly of beta-O4-aryl linkages. After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer and is one of the primary structural components of most plants. It contains subunits derived from p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol and is unus... | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
Like Aristotle, the Stoics conceived of the cosmos as being finite with the Earth at the centre and the moon, sun, planets, and fixed stars surrounding it. Similarly, they rejected the possibility of any void (i.e. vacuum) within the cosmos since that would destroy the coherence of the universe and the sympathy of its ... | Wikipedia - Stoic physics | null | null | null |
Like Boyer–Moore, Boyer–Moore–Horspool preprocesses the pattern to produce a table containing, for each symbol in the alphabet, the number of characters that can safely be skipped. The preprocessing phase, in pseudocode, is as follows (for an alphabet of 256 symbols, i.e., bytes): Unlike the original, we use zero-based... | Wikipedia - Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm | null | null | null |
The procedure search reports the index of the first occurrence of needle in haystack. function same(str1, str2, len) Compares two strings, up to the first len characters. i ← len - 1 while str1 = str2 Note: this is equivalent to !memcmp(str1, str2, len). | Wikipedia - Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm | null | null | null |
if i = 0 The original algorithm tries to play smart here: it checks for the return true last character, and then starts from the first to the second-last. i ← i - 1 return false function search(needle, haystack) T ← preprocess(needle) skip ← 0 while length(haystack) - skip ≥ length(needle) haystack -- substring startin... | Wikipedia - Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm | null | null | null |
Like DBSCAN, OPTICS processes each point once, and performs one ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } -neighborhood query during this processing. Given a spatial index that grants a neighborhood query in O ( log n ) {\displaystyle O(\log n)} runtime, an overall runtime of O ( n ⋅ log n ) {\displaystyle O(n\cdot \log n)} i... | Wikipedia - OPTICS algorithm | null | null | null |
Note that the value of ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } might heavily influence the cost of the algorithm, since a value too large might raise the cost of a neighborhood query to linear complexity. In particular, choosing ε > max x , y d ( x , y ) {\displaystyle \varepsilon >\max _{x,y}d(x,y)} (larger than the maximum di... | Wikipedia - OPTICS algorithm | null | null | null |
ε) is available. Given a sufficiently large ε, this never happens, but then every ε-neighborhood query returns the entire database, resulting in O ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2})} runtime. Hence, the ε parameter is required to cut off the density of clusters that are no longer interesting, and to speed up the algorithm... | Wikipedia - OPTICS algorithm | null | null | null |
The parameter ε is, strictly speaking, not necessary. It can simply be set to the maximum possible value. When a spatial index is available, however, it does play a practical role with regards to complexity. OPTICS abstracts from DBSCAN by removing this parameter, at least to the extent of only having to give the maxim... | Wikipedia - OPTICS algorithm | null | null | null |
Like DES, CDMF accepts a 64-bit input key, but not all bits are used. The algorithm consists of the following steps: Clear bits 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 (ignoring these bits as DES does). XOR the result with its encryption under DES using the key 0xC408B0540BA1E0AE. | Wikipedia - CDMF | null | null | null |
Clear bits 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 64. Encrypt the result under DES using the key 0xEF2C041CE6382FE6.The resulting 64-bit data is to be used as a DES key. Due to step 3, a brute force attack needs to test only 240 possible keys. | Wikipedia - CDMF | null | null | null |
Like Dijkstra's algorithm, Bellman–Ford proceeds by relaxation, in which approximations to the correct distance are replaced by better ones until they eventually reach the solution. In both algorithms, the approximate distance to each vertex is always an overestimate of the true distance, and is replaced by the minimum... | Wikipedia - Bellman–Ford algorithm | null | null | null |
This method allows the Bellman–Ford algorithm to be applied to a wider class of inputs than Dijkstra. The intermediate answers depend on the order of edges relaxed, but the final answer remains the same. | Wikipedia - Bellman–Ford algorithm | null | null | null |
Bellman–Ford runs in O ( | V | ⋅ | E | ) {\displaystyle O(|V|\cdot |E|)} time, where | V | {\displaystyle |V|} and | E | {\displaystyle |E|} are the number of vertices and edges respectively. function BellmanFord(list vertices, list edges, vertex source) is // This implementation takes in a graph, represented as // lis... | Wikipedia - Bellman–Ford algorithm | null | null | null |
The core of the algorithm is a loop that scans across all edges at every loop. For every i ≤ | V | − 1 {\displaystyle i\leq |V|-1} , at the end of the i {\displaystyle i} -th iteration, from any vertex v, following the predecessor trail recorded in predecessor yields a path that has a total weight that is at most dista... | Wikipedia - Bellman–Ford algorithm | null | null | null |
A final scan of all the edges is performed and if any distance is updated, then a path of length | V | {\displaystyle |V|} edges has been found which can only occur if at least one negative cycle exists in the graph. The edge (u, v) that is found in step 3 must be reachable from a negative cycle, but it isn't necessari... | Wikipedia - Bellman–Ford algorithm | null | null | null |
Like EFR, FLS2 (flagellin-sensing 2) is a plant receptor-like kinase that acts as a PRR in the plant innate immune system. Instead of binding to EF-Tu, it binds to flagellin, another highly conserved structure present on many pathogens. It, like EF-Tu, is a good target for the plant immune system since it is so widespr... | Wikipedia - EF-Tu receptor | null | null | null |
The immune response triggered by FLS2 is very similar to the one that is triggered by EFR and the enzymes that are activated by both receptors likely come from a common pool that is found in many cells. This indicates that the two receptor pathways converge, which has been shown to occur at the ion channels in the plas... | Wikipedia - EF-Tu receptor | null | null | null |
Like Euclidean spaces, every pseudo-Euclidean vector space generates a Clifford algebra. Unlike properties above, where replacement of q to −q changed numbers but not geometry, the sign reversal of the quadratic form results in a distinct Clifford algebra, so for example Cl1,2(R) and Cl2,1(R) are not isomorphic. Just l... | Wikipedia - Pseudo-Euclidean vector space | null | null | null |
Like with a Euclidean structure, there are raising and lowering indices operators but, unlike the case with Euclidean tensors, there is no bases where these operations do not change values of components. If there is a vector vβ, the corresponding covariant vector is: v α = q α β v β , {\displaystyle v_{\alpha }=q_{\alp... | Wikipedia - Pseudo-Euclidean vector space | null | null | null |
Like Group 4 metallocenes, suitable Group 4 CGCs may be activated for the polymerisation of ethylene and alpha-olefins by reaction with co-catalysts, e.g. methylaluminoxane (MAO), tris(pentafluorophenyl)boranes, and trityl borates. The catalytic systems based on CGCs, however, display incorporation of alpha-olefin como... | Wikipedia - Constrained geometry complex | null | null | null |
Like Max, Pd is a dataflow programming language. As with most DSP software, there are two primary rates at which data is passed: sample (audio) rate, usually at 44,100 samples per second, and control rate, at 1 block per 64 samples. Control messages and audio signals generally flow from the top of the screen to the bot... | Wikipedia - Pure Data | null | null | null |
Atoms are the most basic unit of data in Pd, and they consist of either a float, a symbol, or a pointer to a data structure (in Pd, all numbers are stored as 32-bit floats). Messages are composed of one or more atoms and provide instructions to objects. A special type of message with null content called a bang is used ... | Wikipedia - Pure Data | null | null | null |
Like NABERS for offices, NABERS Energy for data centres has three distinct rating types to reflect the different interests and responsibilities from data centres owners, operators and tenants – Infrastructure (co-location owner), Whole Facility (data centre owner) and IT Equipment (data centre tenant) ratings. The tool... | Wikipedia - NABERS | null | null | null |
The IT Equipment rating measures features that are closely related to the primary functions of a data centre (processing, storage and networking) and that all data centres provide, regardless of how they provide them. NABERS uses two IT equipment metrics: Processing capacity: number of server cores × clock speed in gig... | Wikipedia - NABERS | null | null | null |
To obtain a NABERS Energy for data centres IT Equipment rating, energy consumption data for the IT equipment over a 28- to 40-day period is collected by Accredited Assessors along with data about the total unformatted storage capacity and total processing capacity as above. The Infrastructure Rating measures the energy... | Wikipedia - NABERS | null | null | null |
Like Oracle's PL/SQL or Microsoft's Transact-SQL, DAL is essentially an extended version of SQL supporting basic query functionality and adding clean syntax for cursor operations, logic, and loops. When sent a command, early versions of Apple's DAL interpreter broke down the statement and re-built it into subqueries fo... | Wikipedia - Data Access Language | null | null | null |
The downside to the ODBC approach is that, theoretically at least, more network bandwidth is used up to pull the "raw data" to the client machine for processing back into a standard format. On the client end, DAL was originally accessed directly through a system extension (named simply "DAL" in System 7), but it was la... | Wikipedia - Data Access Language | null | null | null |
Like RSA, Cayley-Purser begins by generating two large primes p and q and their product n, a semiprime. Next, consider GL(2,n), the general linear group of 2×2 matrices with integer elements and modular arithmetic mod n. For example, if n=5, we could write: + = ≡ {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0&1\\2&3\end{bmatrix}... | Wikipedia - Cayley–Purser algorithm | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle \gamma =\chi ^{r}.} The public key is n {\displaystyle n} , α {\displaystyle \alpha } , β {\displaystyle \beta } , and γ {\displaystyle \gamma } . The private key is χ {\displaystyle \chi } . | Wikipedia - Cayley–Purser algorithm | null | null | null |
The rotation directions have been reversed. "BLAKE reuses the permutation of the ChaCha stream cipher with rotations done in the opposite directions. Some have suspected an advanced optimization, but in fact it originates from a typo in the original BLAKE specifications", Jean-Philippe Aumasson explains in his "Crypto ... | Wikipedia - BLAKE (hash function) | null | null | null |
Like SMPTE 259, SMPTE 292 supports the SMPTE 291 standard for ancillary data. Ancillary data is provided as a standardized transport for non-video payload within a serial digital signal; it is used for things such as embedded audio, closed captions, timecode, and other sorts of metadata. Ancillary data is indicated by ... | Wikipedia - SMPTE 292M | null | null | null |
Like SMPTE 259M, SMPTE 292M supports the SMPTE 291M standard for ancillary data. Ancillary data is provided as a standardized transport for non-video payload within a serial digital signal; it is used for things such as embedded audio, closed captions, timecode, and other sorts of metadata. Ancillary data is indicated ... | Wikipedia - Serial Digital Interface | null | null | null |
Specific applications of ancillary data include embedded audio, EDH, VPID and SDTI. In dual link applications; ancillary data is mostly found on the primary link; the secondary link is to be used for ancillary data only if there is no room on the primary link. One exception to this rule is the VPID packet; both links m... | Wikipedia - Serial Digital Interface | null | null | null |
Like Schneider, other anthropologists of kinship have largely rejected sociobiological accounts of human social patterns as being both reductionistic and also empirically incompatible with ethnographic data on human kinship. Notably, Marshall Sahlins strongly critiqued the sociobiological approach through reviews of et... | Wikipedia - Descent group | null | null | null |
Because complex social relationships and cohesive social groups are common not only to humans, but also to most primates, biologists maintain that these biological theories of sociality should in principle be generally applicable. The more challenging question arises as to how such ideas can be applied to the human spe... | Wikipedia - Descent group | null | null | null |
Like Steely Dan's previous albums, Pretzel Logic was recorded at the Village Recorder in West Los Angeles, produced by Gary Katz, and written primarily by Walter Becker and bandleader Donald Fagen, who also sang and played keyboard. The album marked the beginning of Becker and Fagen's roles as the principal members of ... | Wikipedia - Pretzel Logic | null | null | null |
Like Thompson, the palaeontologist Adolf Seilacher emphasised fabricational constraints on form. He interpreted fossils such as Dickinsonia in the Ediacaran biota as "pneu" structures determined by mechanical inflation like a quilted air mattress, rather than having been driven by natural selection. | Wikipedia - Structuralism (biology) | null | null | null |
Like Winny, Share and Perfect Dark, Freenet not only transmits data between nodes but actually stores them, working as a huge distributed cache. To achieve this, each node allocates some amount of disk space to store data; this is configurable by the node operator, but is typically several GB (or more). Files on Freene... | Wikipedia - Freenet | null | null | null |
Information flow in Freenet is different from networks like eMule or BitTorrent; in Freenet: A user wishing to share a file or update a freesite "inserts" the file "to the network" After "insertion" is finished, the publishing node is free to shut down, because the file is stored in the network. It will remain availabl... | Wikipedia - Freenet | null | null | null |
Information remains available even if the publisher node goes offline, and is anonymously spread over many hosting nodes as encrypted blocks, not entire files. The key disadvantage of the storage method is that no one node is responsible for any chunk of data. If a piece of data is not retrieved for some time and a nod... | Wikipedia - Freenet | null | null | null |
In this way Freenet tends to 'forget' data which is not retrieved regularly (see also Effect). While users can insert data into the network, there is no way to delete data. Due to Freenet's anonymous nature the original publishing node or owner of any piece of data is unknown. The only way data can be removed is if use... | Wikipedia - Freenet | null | null | null |
Like a power mean, a Lehmer mean serves a non-linear moving average which is shifted towards small signal values for small p {\displaystyle p} and emphasizes big signal values for big p {\displaystyle p} . Given an efficient implementation of a moving arithmetic mean called smooth you can implement a moving Lehmer mean... | Wikipedia - Lehmer mean | null | null | null |
Their convention is to substitute p with the order of the filter Q: f ( x ) = ∑ k = 1 n x k Q + 1 ∑ k = 1 n x k Q . {\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {\sum _{k=1}^{n}x_{k}^{Q+1}}{\sum _{k=1}^{n}x_{k}^{Q}}}.} Q=0 is the arithmetic mean. Positive Q can reduce pepper noise and negative Q can reduce salt noise. | Wikipedia - Lehmer mean | null | null | null |
Like algebras for other fuzzy logics, MTL-algebras enjoy the following linear subdirect decomposition property: Every MTL-algebra is a subdirect product of linearly ordered MTL-algebras. (A subdirect product is a subalgebra of the direct product such that all projection maps are surjective. An MTL-algebra is linearly o... | Wikipedia - Monoidal t-norm logic | null | null | null |
Like all S. aureus (also abbreviated SA at times), methicillin-resistant S. aureus is a gram-positive, spherical (coccus) bacterium about 1 micron in diameter. It does not form spores and it is not motile. It is frequently found in grape-like clusters or chains. : 390 Unlike methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), MR... | Wikipedia - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | null | null | null |
The mecA gene, which confers resistance to a number of antibiotics, is always present in MRSA and usually absent in MSSA; however, in some instances, the mecA gene is present in MSSA but is not expressed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is the most precise method for identifying MRSA strains. Specialized cultur... | Wikipedia - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | null | null | null |
: 402 Other strains of S. aureus have emerged that are resistant to oxacillin, clindamycin, teicoplanin, and erythromycin. These resistant strains may or may not possess the mecA gene. S. aureus has also developed resistance to vancomycin (VRSA). | Wikipedia - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | null | null | null |
One strain is only partially susceptible to vancomycin and is called vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). GISA, a strain of resistant S. aureus, is glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus and is less suspectible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Resistance to antibiotics in S. aureus can be quantified by determining the ... | Wikipedia - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | null | null | null |
If S. aureus is inhibited at a concentration of vancomycin less than or equal to 4 μg/ml, it is said to be susceptible. If a concentration greater than 32 μg/ml is necessary to inhibit growth, it is said to be resistant. : 637 | Wikipedia - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | null | null | null |
Like all affine varieties, local data on an affine space can always be patched together globally: the cohomology of affine space is trivial. More precisely, H i ( A k n , F ) = 0 {\displaystyle H^{i}\left(\mathbb {A} _{k}^{n},\mathbf {F} \right)=0} for all coherent sheaves F, and integers i > 0 {\displaystyle i>0} . Th... | Wikipedia - Affine coordinates | null | null | null |
But also all of the étale cohomology groups on affine space are trivial. In particular, every line bundle is trivial. More generally, the Quillen–Suslin theorem implies that every algebraic vector bundle over an affine space is trivial. | Wikipedia - Affine coordinates | null | null | null |
Like all asymmetric cryptosystems, the Rabin system uses a key pair: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The public key is published for anyone to use, while the private key remains known only to the recipient of the message. | Wikipedia - Rabin cryptosystem | null | null | null |
Like all bats, megabats have much smaller genomes than other mammals. A 2009 study of 43 megabat species found that their genomes ranged from 1.86 picograms (pg, 978 Mbp per pg) in the straw-colored fruit bat to 2.51 pg in Lyle's flying fox (Pteropus lylei). All values were much lower than the mammalian average of 3.5 ... | Wikipedia - Fruit bat | null | null | null |
Megabats have even smaller genomes than microbats, with a mean weight of 2.20 pg compared to 2.58 pg. It was speculated that this difference could be related to the fact that the megabat lineage has experienced an extinction of the LINE1—a type of long interspersed nuclear element. LINE1 constitutes 15–20% of the human... | Wikipedia - Fruit bat | null | null | null |
Like all dynamos, the Faraday disc converts kinetic energy to electrical energy. This machine can be analysed using Faraday's own law of electromagnetic induction. This law, in its modern form, states that the full-time derivative of the magnetic flux through a closed circuit induces an electromotive force in the circu... | Wikipedia - Faraday's disk | null | null | null |
Although the integrand of the line integral is time-independent, because the Faraday disc that forms part of the boundary of line integral is moving, the full-time derivative is non-zero and returns the correct value for calculating the electromotive force. Alternatively, the disc can be reduced to a conductive ring al... | Wikipedia - Faraday's disk | null | null | null |
Like all equids, onagers are herbivorous mammals. They eat grasses, herbs, leaves, fruits, and saline vegetation when available, but browse on shrubs and trees in drier habitats. They have also been seen feeding on seed pods such as Prosopis and breaking up woody vegetation with their hooves to get at more succulent he... | Wikipedia - Onager | null | null | null |
When natural water sources are unavailable, the onager digs holes in dry riverbeds to reach subsurface water. The water holes dug by the onagers are often subsequently visited by domestic livestock, as well as other wild animals. Water is also found in the plants on which the onagers feed. During spring and summer in M... | Wikipedia - Onager | null | null | null |
Like all evolutionary algorithms, gene expression programming works with populations of individuals, which in this case are computer programs. Therefore, some kind of initial population must be created to get things started. Subsequent populations are descendants, via selection and genetic modification, of the initial ... | Wikipedia - Gene expression programming | null | null | null |
Like all finite topological spaces, the Sierpiński space is both compact and second-countable. The compact subset { 1 } {\displaystyle \{1\}} of S is not closed showing that compact subsets of T0 spaces need not be closed. Every open cover of S must contain S itself since S is the only open neighborhood of 0. | Wikipedia - Sierpinski topology | null | null | null |
Therefore, every open cover of S has an open subcover consisting of a single set: { S } . {\displaystyle \{S\}.} It follows that S is fully normal. | Wikipedia - Sierpinski topology | null | null | null |
Like all fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone carboxylic acid. It is a chiral molecule and the pure (−)-(S)-enantiomer of the racemic drug ofloxacin. This enantiomer binds more effectively to the DNA gyrase enzyme and to topoisomerase IV than its (+)-(R)-counterpart. Levofloxacin is referred to as ... | Wikipedia - Levofloxacin | null | null | null |
Distinct functional groups on this molecules include a hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, and an aromatic ring.The substance is used as the hemihydrate, which has the empirical formula C18H20FN3O4 · 1⁄2 H2O and a molecular mass of 370.38 g/mol. Levofloxacin is a light-yellowish-white to yellow-white crystal or crystalline... | Wikipedia - Levofloxacin | null | null | null |
Like all greedy algorithms, greedy grammar inference algorithms make, in iterative manner, decisions that seem to be the best at that stage. The decisions made usually deal with things like the creation of new rules, the removal of existing rules, the choice of a rule to be applied or the merging of some existing rules... | Wikipedia - Grammatical induction | null | null | null |
Like all insects, wasps have a hard exoskeleton which protects their three main body parts, the head, the mesosoma (including the thorax and the first segment of the abdomen) and the metasoma. There is a narrow waist, the petiole, joining the first and second segments of the abdomen. The two pairs of membranous wings a... | Wikipedia - Social wasp | null | null | null |
It either extends freely or can be retracted, and may be developed into a stinger for both defence and for paralysing prey.In addition to their large compound eyes, wasps have several simple eyes known as ocelli, which are typically arranged in a triangle just forward of the vertex of the head. Wasps possess mandibles ... | Wikipedia - Social wasp | null | null | null |
Like all known forms of matter, liquids are fundamentally quantum mechanical. However, under standard conditions (near room temperature and pressure), much of the macroscopic behavior of liquids can be understood in terms of classical mechanics. The "classical picture" posits that the constituent molecules are discrete... | Wikipedia - Liquid | null | null | null |
While the intermolecular force law technically derives from quantum mechanics, it is usually understood as a model input to classical theory, obtained either from a fit to experimental data or from the classical limit of a quantum mechanical description. An illustrative, though highly simplified example is a collection... | Wikipedia - Liquid | null | null | null |
Here, ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } is the Planck constant and m {\displaystyle m} is the molecule's mass. Typical values of Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } are about 0.01-0.1 nanometers (Table 1). Hence, a high-resolution model of liquid structure at the nanoscale may require quantum mechanical considerations. | Wikipedia - Liquid | null | null | null |
A notable example is hydrogen bonding in associated liquids like water, where, due to the small mass of the proton, inherently quantum effects such as zero-point motion and tunneling are important.For a liquid to behave classically at the macroscopic level, Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } must be small compared with the ave... | Wikipedia - Liquid | null | null | null |
For dynamic processes, there is an additional timescale constraint: τ ≫ h k B T {\displaystyle \tau \gg {\frac {h}{k_{B}T}}} where τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the timescale of the process under consideration. For room-temperature liquids, the right-hand side is about 10−14 seconds, which generally means that time-depend... | Wikipedia - Liquid | null | null | null |
Like all living things, humans live in ecosystems and interact with other organisms. Human behavior is affected by the environment in which a human lives, and environments are affected by human habitation. Humans have also developed man-made ecosystems such as urban areas and agricultural land. Geography and landscape ... | Wikipedia - Human behavior | null | null | null |
Domesticated animals are trained and cared for by humans. Humans can develop social and emotional bonds with animals in their care. Pets are kept for companionship within human homes, including dogs and cats that have been bred for domestication over many centuries. | Wikipedia - Human behavior | null | null | null |
Livestock animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry, are kept on agricultural land to produce animal products. Domesticated animals are also kept in laboratories for animal testing. Non-domesticated animals are sometimes kept in nature reserves and zoos for tourism and conservation. | Wikipedia - Human behavior | null | null | null |
Like all malaria parasites of mammals, including the four human malaria parasites, P. berghei is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and it infects the liver after being injected into the bloodstream by a bite of an infected female mosquito. After a short period (a few days) of development and multiplication, these par... | Wikipedia - Plasmodium berghei | null | null | null |
These symptoms are to a certain degree comparable to symptoms of cerebral malaria in patients infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.Although sexuality is necessary in vivo in P. berghei as normal for most sexual organisms, it is a stark competitive disadvantage in vitro. Sinha et al., 2014 impl... | Wikipedia - Plasmodium berghei | null | null | null |
Like all malaria parasites, P. vivax has a complex life cycle. It infects a definitive insect host, where sexual reproduction occurs, and an intermediate vertebrate host, where asexual amplification occurs. In P. vivax, the definitive hosts are Anopheles mosquitoes (also known as the vector), while humans are the inter... | Wikipedia - Plasmodium vivax | null | null | null |
During its life cycle, P. vivax assumes various different physical forms (see below). Asexual forms: Sporozoite: Transfers infection from mosquito to human Immature trophozoites (Ring or signet-ring shaped), about 1/3 of the diameter of a RBC. Mature trophozoites: Very irregular and delicate (described as amoeboid); ma... | Wikipedia - Plasmodium vivax | null | null | null |
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