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Such a lifestyle is also seen in the wild horse, the plains zebras (E. quagga) and mountain zebras (E. zebra). Southern populations of onagers in the Middle East and South Asia tend to have a purely territorial life, where areas partly overlap. | Wikipedia - Onager | null | null | null |
Dominant stallions have home ranges of 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi), but they can also be significantly larger. These territories include food and rest stops and permanent or periodic water sources. The waters are usually at the edge of a coalfield and not in the center. Mares with foals sometimes find themselves in small groups,... | Wikipedia - Onager | null | null | null |
Like most groupers, giant groupers are protogynous hermaphrodites. They spawn on a lunar cycle, with spawns lasting about 7 days. They are aggregative broadcast spawners, usually with several females per male. Studies in captive populations suggest that the dominant male and female begin the spawning event as nearly th... | Wikipedia - Giant grouper | null | null | null |
Like most marsupials, female sugar gliders have two ovaries and two uteri; they are polyestrous, meaning they can go into heat several times a year. The female has a marsupium (pouch) in the middle of her abdomen to carry offspring. The pouch opens anteriorly, and two lateral pockets extend posteriorly when young are p... | Wikipedia - Sugar glider | null | null | null |
Male sugar gliders have a bifurcated penis to correspond with the two uteri of females.The age of sexual maturity in sugar gliders varies slightly between the males and females. Males reach maturity at 4 to 12 months of age, while females require from 8 to 12 months. In the wild, sugar gliders breed once or twice a yea... | Wikipedia - Sugar glider | null | null | null |
The gestation period is 15 to 17 days, after which the tiny joey 0.2 g (0.0071 oz) will crawl into a mother's pouch for further development. They are born largely undeveloped and furless, with only the sense of smell being developed. The mother has a scent gland in the external marsupium to attract the sightless joeys ... | Wikipedia - Sugar glider | null | null | null |
Joeys have a continuous arch of cartilage in their shoulder girdle which disappears soon after birth; this supports the forelimbs, assisting the climb into the pouch. Young are completely contained in the pouch for 60 days after birth, wherein mammae provide nourishment during the remainder of development. Eyes first o... | Wikipedia - Sugar glider | null | null | null |
By the time young are weaned, the thermoregulatory system is developed, and in conjunction with a large body size and thicker fur, they are able to regulate their own body temperature.Breeding is seasonal in southeast Australia, with young only born in winter and spring (June to November). Unlike animals that move alon... | Wikipedia - Sugar glider | null | null | null |
Like most of Darwin's supporters, Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) put forward a doctrine of evolutionary polygenism based on the ideas of the linguist and polygenist August Schleicher, in which several different language groups had arisen separately from speechless prehuman Urmenschen (German for "original humans"), which th... | Wikipedia - Race theory | null | null | null |
Haeckel was also an advocate of the out of Asia theory by writing that the origin of humanity was to be found in Asia; he believed that Hindustan (South Asia) was the actual location where the first humans had evolved. Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin... | Wikipedia - Race theory | null | null | null |
Like most of the SAT Subject Tests, the Chemistry SAT Test was relatively difficult. It tested a very wide breadth of content and expected students to formulate answers in a very short period of time. Many high school students found themselves picking up extra resource material, like prep books and online aids, to help... | Wikipedia - SAT Subject Test in Chemistry | null | null | null |
Like most other EAs, BBO includes mutation. A basic BBO algorithm with a population size of N {\displaystyle N} for optimizing an n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional function can be described as follows. Initialize a population of N {\displaystyle N} candidate solutions { x k } {\displaystyle \{x_{k}\}} While not(terminat... | Wikipedia - Biogeography-based optimization | null | null | null |
Like most other psychopathological conditions, Internet addiction belongs to the group of multifactorial polygenic disorders. For each specific case, there is a unique combination of inherited characteristics (nervous tissue structure, secretion, degradation, and reception of neuromediators), and many are extra-environ... | Wikipedia - Internet addiction disorder | null | null | null |
The study also highlights the role of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, in the reinforcement and reward-seeking behavior associated with IGD. They suggest that the neurobiological mechanisms involved in IGD are similar to those observed in substance use disorders, and they propose a framework for understanding IGD a... | Wikipedia - Internet addiction disorder | null | null | null |
Like most otters, the Japanese otter was not an especially picky eater. While it primarily fed on fish, crab, and shrimp; it also ate eels, beetles, watermelons, and sweet potatoes. Many of these Japanese otters eat about 15% to 25% of their own body weight. Many otters spend around six hours to find food because of th... | Wikipedia - Japanese river otter | null | null | null |
Like most public key systems, the ElGamal cryptosystem is usually used as part of a hybrid cryptosystem, where the message itself is encrypted using a symmetric cryptosystem, and ElGamal is then used to encrypt only the symmetric key. This is because asymmetric cryptosystems like ElGamal are usually slower than symmetr... | Wikipedia - ElGamal cryptosystem | null | null | null |
Like most reef fish, coral trout have a larval stage where the eggs and larvae develop within the water column, allowing them to disperse to nearby reefs. Fertilisation takes place after spawning; the fertilised eggs float just below the water surface. The incubation period for coral trout eggs is unknown, but may be a... | Wikipedia - Coral trout | null | null | null |
As the develop, their spines, fins, gut, and other internal organs develop, as do their senses. Eventually, the yolk sac is completely absorbed and the larvae begin to see and catch their own prey.The fastest period of growth in coral trout occurs in the first three years of life. The average daily growth of newly sett... | Wikipedia - Coral trout | null | null | null |
This means they reach close to 14 cm (5.5 in) in the first 6 months. Growth rates of coral trout are variable; every age class has a wide range of sizes. To estimate growth, the age and size of a fish must be determined. Most commonly, the growth of fish is measured by collecting individuals of varying sizes, measuring... | Wikipedia - Coral trout | null | null | null |
Like most siderophores, pyoverdine is synthesized and secreted into the environment when the microorganism that produces it detects that intracellular iron concentrations have fallen below a preset threshold. Although iron is the fourth-most abundant element in the Earth's crust, solubility of biologically relevant iro... | Wikipedia - Pyoverdine | null | null | null |
Like most sturgeons, the beluga is anadromous, migrating upstream in rivers to spawn on clean, hard substrate, which offers both support and cover to their sticky and adhesive eggs. Spawning biology and development of larval stages of the sturgeon, the most ancient fish of the Danube, co-evolved with the formation of t... | Wikipedia - Beluga sturgeon | null | null | null |
Very few locations of existing wintering and spawning grounds for sturgeon are presently known in the lower Danube, and none are known to exist in the river's upper reaches. The same situation concerns nursery sites upon which young sturgeon depend during their journey to the Black Sea. Males attain sexual maturity at ... | Wikipedia - Beluga sturgeon | null | null | null |
They will spawn every four to seven years. At one time, beluga sturgeons could migrate up to 1,000 km (620 mi) upriver to spawn, but dams in almost every major tributary that they utilize have impeded historic spawning routes. The female lays her eggs on gravel from 4 to 40 m (13 to 131 ft) underwater. | Wikipedia - Beluga sturgeon | null | null | null |
Upon hatching, the embryo are 11 to 14 mm (0.43 to 0.55 in) long, and 10–14 days later when they absorb their yolk sack, the length is 18 to 20 mm (0.71 to 0.79 in). Thereafter, the larvae usually subsist on benthic invertebrates, but when reaching at least 10 cm (3.9 in) in length, they will switch to a fish-based die... | Wikipedia - Beluga sturgeon | null | null | null |
Like non-placental vertebrates, teleost fish also possess 5-HT cells in other sections of the brain, including the basal forebrain. Danio rerio (zebra fish) are a species of teleost fish often used for studying serotonin within the brain. Despite much being unknown about serotonergic systems in vertebrates, the importa... | Wikipedia - Serotonin | null | null | null |
It is hypothesized that AVT and CRF cooperate with serotonin in the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis. These neuropeptides influence the plasticity of the teleost, affecting its ability to change and respond to its environment. Subordinate fish in social settings show a drastic increase in 5-HT concentrations. Hig... | Wikipedia - Serotonin | null | null | null |
Like objective lenses, condensers vary in their numerical aperture (NA). It is NA that determines optical resolution, in combination with the NA of the objective. Different condensers vary in their maximum and minimum numerical aperture, and the numerical aperture of a single condenser varies depending on the diameter ... | Wikipedia - Condenser lens | null | null | null |
The technique most commonly used in microscopy to optimize the light pathway between the condenser (and other illumination components of the microscope) and the objective lens is known as Köhler illumination. The maximum NA is limited by the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the sample. As with object... | Wikipedia - Condenser lens | null | null | null |
An oil immersion condenser may typically have NA of up to 1.25. Without this oil layer, not only is maximum numerical aperture not realized, but the condenser may not be able to precisely focus light on the object. Condensers with a numerical aperture of 0.95 or less are designed to be used without oil or other fluid o... | Wikipedia - Condenser lens | null | null | null |
Like other Cephaloscyllium species, the Cook's swellshark is capable of inflating itself as a defensive measure. Almost nothing is known of its natural history. | Wikipedia - Cook's swellshark | null | null | null |
Like other algebraic structures, map algebra consists of a set of objects (the domain) and a set of operations that manipulate those objects with closure (i.e., the result of an operation is itself in the domain, not something completely different). In this case, the domain is the set of all possible "maps," which are ... | Wikipedia - Map algebra | null | null | null |
Originally, the inputs and the output grids were required to have the identical cell geometry (i.e., covering the same spatial extent with the same cell arrangement, so that each cell corresponds between inputs and outputs), but many modern GIS implementations do not require this, performing interpolation as needed to ... | Wikipedia - Map algebra | null | null | null |
Due to this decomposition of operations on maps into operations on individual cell values, any operation that can be performed on numbers (e.g., arithmetic, statistics, trigonometry, logic) can be performed in map algebra. For example, a LocalMean operator would take in two or more grids and compute the arithmetic mean... | Wikipedia - Map algebra | null | null | null |
In addition, a range of GIS-specific operations has been defined, such as reclassifying a large range of values to a smaller range of values (e.g., 45 land cover categories to 3 levels of habitat suitability), which dates to the original IMGRID implementation of 1975. A common use of local functions is for implementing... | Wikipedia - Map algebra | null | null | null |
A common example is calculating slope from a grid of elevation values. Looking at a single cell, with a single elevation, it is impossible to judge a trend such as slope. Thus, the slope of each cell is computed from the value of the corresponding cell in the input elevation grid and the values of its immediate neighbo... | Wikipedia - Map algebra | null | null | null |
Other functions allow for the size and shape of the neighborhood (e.g. a circle or square of arbitrary size) to be specified. For example, a FocalMean operator could be used to compute the mean value of all the cells within 1000 meters (a circle) of each cell. Zonal Operators Functions that operate on regions of identi... | Wikipedia - Map algebra | null | null | null |
These are commonly used with discrete fields (also known as categorical coverages), where space is partitioned into regions of homogeneous nominal or categorical value of a property such as land cover, land use, soil type, or surface geologic formation. Unlike local and focal operators, zonal operators do not operate o... | Wikipedia - Map algebra | null | null | null |
For each unique value found in the former grid, the software collects all of the corresponding cells in the latter grid, computes the arithmetic mean, and writes this value to all of the corresponding cells in the output grid. Global Operators Functions that summarize the entire grid. These were not included in Tomlin'... | Wikipedia - Map algebra | null | null | null |
However, they are useful to include in the general toolkit of operations. For example, a GlobalMean operator would compute the arithmetic mean of all of the cells in the input grid and return a single mean value. Some also consider operators that generate a new grid by evaluating patterns across the entire input grid a... | Wikipedia - Map algebra | null | null | null |
Like other animals, Drosophila is associated with various bacteria in its gut. The fly gut microbiota or microbiome seems to have a central influence on Drosophila fitness and life history characteristics. The microbiota in the gut of Drosophila represents an active current research field. Drosophila species also harbo... | Wikipedia - Drosophila | null | null | null |
These endosymbionts can act as reproductive manipulators, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by Wolbachia or male-killing induced by the D. melanogaster Spiroplasma poulsonii (named MSRO). The male-killing factor of the D. melanogaster MSRO strain was discovered in 2018, solving a decades-old mystery of the ca... | Wikipedia - Drosophila | null | null | null |
Alternatively, they may protect theirs hosts from infection. Drosophila Wolbachia can reduce viral loads upon infection, and is explored as a mechanism of controlling viral diseases (e.g. Dengue fever) by transferring these Wolbachia to disease-vector mosquitoes. | Wikipedia - Drosophila | null | null | null |
The S. poulsonii strain of Drosophila neotestacea protects its host from parasitic wasps and nematodes using toxins that preferentially attack the parasites instead of the host.Since the Drosophila species is one of the most used model organisms, it was vastly used in genetics. However, the effect abiotic factors, such... | Wikipedia - Drosophila | null | null | null |
It was observed that higher temperatures (31°C) lead to an increase of Acetobacter populations in the gut microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster as compared to lower temperatures (13°C). In low temperatures (13°C), the flies were more cold resistant and also had the highest concentration of Wolbachia.The microbiome in t... | Wikipedia - Drosophila | null | null | null |
This depicted that the gut microbiome is correlated to physiological processes.Moreover, the microbiome plays a role in aggression, immunity, egg-laying preferences, locomotion and metabolism. As for aggression, it plays a role to a certain degree during courtship. It was observed that germ-free flies were not as compe... | Wikipedia - Drosophila | null | null | null |
Like other aptamers, L-RNA aptamers are able to bind molecules such as peptides, proteins, and substances of low molecular weight. The affinity of L-RNA aptamers to their target molecules often lies in the pico to nanomolar range and is thus comparable to antibodies.L-RNA aptamers themselves have low antigenicity. In c... | Wikipedia - L-Ribonucleic acid aptamer | null | null | null |
Like other array systems the ATA has a computational complexity and cross-connect which scales as O(N2) with the number of antennas N {\displaystyle N} . The computation requirement, for example, for correlating the full ATA bandwidth ( B {\displaystyle B} = 11 GHz) for the proposed N {\displaystyle N} = 350 dual-polar... | Wikipedia - Allen Telescope Array | null | null | null |
Like other bats, leaf-nosed bats are nocturnal foragers that use echolocation to locate food sources, though the food sources vary between species. Many bats in the family Phyllostomidae appear to have limited reliance on echolocation, likely because frugivorous bats do not need to quickly identify flying insects like ... | Wikipedia - Leaf-nosed bat | null | null | null |
Like other cellulose-based clothing materials, bamboo fibre is biodegradable in soil by micro organisms and sunlight. Having reached the end of its useful life, clothing made from bamboo can be composted and disposed of in an organic and environmentally friendly manner. | Wikipedia - Bamboo textile | null | null | null |
Like other corals, Orbicella faveolata has a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. These symbionts are commonly known as zooxanthellae and large numbers are present in the coral's living tissue. Several different species of Symbiodinium associate with the coral, depending on the degree ... | Wikipedia - Orbicella faveolata | null | null | null |
When the light was restored, zooxanthellae became reinstated, but in many instances, the original species was replaced by a different species of Symbiodinium.The surface of the coral can be considered a microbiome, an ecological community of micro-organisms. The zooxanthellae, bacteria and archaea present vary with the... | Wikipedia - Orbicella faveolata | null | null | null |
Like other curricula designed and developed during the 1990s to implement the NCTM Standards, Connected Math was criticized by supporters of more traditional curricula. Critics made the following claims: Reform curricula like CMP pay too little attention to the development of basic computational skills in number and al... | Wikipedia - Connected Mathematics | null | null | null |
Additionally, with limited explanatory written materials, students who miss one or more days of school will struggle to catch up on missed materials. Small-group learning is less efficient than teacher-led direct instructional methods, and the most able and interested students might be held back by having to collaborat... | Wikipedia - Connected Mathematics | null | null | null |
Like other difunctional benzene derivatives, catechol readily condenses to form heterocyclic compounds. Cyclic esters are formed upon treatment with dichloro electrophiles. For example, using phosphorus trichloride or phosphorus oxychloride gives the cyclic chlorophosphonite or chlorophosphonate, respectively; sulfuryl... | Wikipedia - Catechol | null | null | null |
Like other dolphins, river dolphins use whistling tones to communicate. The issuance of these sounds is related to the time they return to the surface before diving, suggesting a link to food. Acoustic analysis revealed that the vocalisations are different in structure from the typical whistles of other species of dolp... | Wikipedia - Amazon dolphin | null | null | null |
Like other echinoderms, crinoids possess a water vascular system that maintains hydraulic pressure in the tube feet. This is not connected to external sea water via a madreporite, as in other echinoderms, but only connected through a large number of pores to the coelom (body cavity). The main fluid reservoir is the mus... | Wikipedia - Feather star | null | null | null |
It surrounds the viscera in the disc and has branches within the stalk and arms, with smaller branches extending into the pinnules. It is the contraction of the ring canal that extends the tube feet. Three narrow branches of the coelom enter each arm, two on the oral side and one aborally, and pinnules. | Wikipedia - Feather star | null | null | null |
The action of cilia cause there to be a slow flow of fluid (1mm per second) in these canals, outward in the oral branches and inward in the aboral ones, and this is the main means of transport of nutrients and waste products. There is no heart and separate circulatory system but at the base of the disc there is a large... | Wikipedia - Feather star | null | null | null |
Like other elasmobranchii, Greenland sharks have high concentrations of the two nitrogenous compounds urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in their tissues, which increase their buoyancy and function as osmoprotectants. TMAO also counteracts the protein-destabilizing tendencies of urea and deep-water pressure. Its pr... | Wikipedia - Greenland shark | null | null | null |
They display identical electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectra, indicating that their heme-pocket structures are identical or highly similar. The hemoglobins also have a lower affinity for O2 compared to temperate sharks. These characteristics are interpreted as adaptations to living at great water depths. | Wikipedia - Greenland shark | null | null | null |
Like other enzymes, the activity of F1FO ATP synthase is reversible. Large-enough quantities of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient, this is used by fermenting bacteria that do not have an electron transport chain, but rather hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient, which they use to drive flagella a... | Wikipedia - ATP synthesis | null | null | null |
Like other fuel cells, biological photovoltaic systems are divided into anodic and cathodic half-cells. Oxygenic photosynthetic biological material, such as purified photosystems or whole algal or cyanobacterial cells, are employed in the anodic half-cell. These organisms are able to use light energy to drive the oxida... | Wikipedia - Biological photovoltaics | null | null | null |
The higher electrode potential of the cathodic reaction relative to the reduction of the anode drives current through an external circuit. In the illustration, oxygen is being reduced to water at the cathode, though other electron acceptors can be used. If water is regenerated there is a closed loop in terms of electro... | Wikipedia - Biological photovoltaics | null | null | null |
Like other heavy d10 metal ions, Ag+ has a pronounced affinity for alkenes. The ability of silver to form alkene complexes has long been exploited in the separation of alkenes by "argentation chromatography", which uses a support containing silver salts. Illustrative is +. | Wikipedia - Organosilver chemistry | null | null | null |
Like other languages for representing actions, the event calculus formalizes the correct evolution of the fluent via formulae telling the value of each fluent after an arbitrary action has been performed. The event calculus solves the frame problem in a way that is similar to the successor state axioms of the situation... | Wikipedia - Event calculus | null | null | null |
Like other machine learning methods, LLM uses data to build a model able to perform a good forecast about future behaviors. LLM starts from a table including a target variable (output) and some inputs and generates a set of rules that return the output value y {\displaystyle y} corresponding to a given configuration of... | Wikipedia - Logic learning machine | null | null | null |
. . } {\displaystyle x_{1}\in \{A,B,C,...\}} . | Wikipedia - Logic learning machine | null | null | null |
for ordered variables the condition is written as an inequality or an interval: x 2 ≤ α {\displaystyle x_{2}\leq \alpha } or β ≤ x 3 ≤ γ {\displaystyle \beta \leq x_{3}\leq \gamma } A possible rule is therefore in the form if x 1 ∈ { A , B , C , . . . } AND x 2 ≤ α AND β ≤ x 3 ≤ γ then y = y ¯ {\displaystyle {\textbf {... | Wikipedia - Logic learning machine | null | null | null |
Like other mammals, humans are primarily grouped into either the male or female sex.The biological aspects of humans' sexuality deal with the reproductive system, the sexual response cycle, and the factors that affect these aspects. They also deal with the influence of biological factors on other aspects of sexuality, ... | Wikipedia - Alternative sexuality | null | null | null |
Like other members of its genus, the balloon shark is capable of greatly inflating its stomach with water or air as a defense mechanism. A juvenile 48 cm (19 in) long has been found in the stomach of a coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae). The diet of the balloon shark consists mainly of lobsters, shrimps, and cephalopods,... | Wikipedia - Balloon shark | null | null | null |
It is oviparous, with females producing encapsulated eggs two at a time, one per oviduct. Deposited eggs have yet to be recovered, implying that spawning occurs in deeper and/or more northerly waters that are frequented by the adults. Young sharks hatch at roughly 20–22 cm (7.9–8.7 in) long; both sexes mature at approx... | Wikipedia - Balloon shark | null | null | null |
Like other members of its genus, the flagtail swellshark can inflate itself with water or air as a defense against predators. Only a few specimens have been collected and almost nothing is known of its natural history. | Wikipedia - Flagtail swellshark | null | null | null |
Like other members of its genus, the variegated swellshark can inflate itself with water or air as a defensive measure. This species is oviparous, with its eggs contained in smooth, brownish capsules about 7 cm (2.8 in) long. The egg capsule is thick and rounded, with flanged lateral margins and a pair of horns at each... | Wikipedia - Saddled swellshark | null | null | null |
Like other members of its genus, the whitefin swellshark can swallow water or air to dramatically increase its girth, as a defense against predators. It is oviparous; the eggs are enclosed in smooth, light yellow flask-shaped capsules 9.8–11.6 cm (3.9–4.6 in) long and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide, with flanged edges and short ho... | Wikipedia - Whitefin swellshark | null | null | null |
Like other members of its genus, when threatened the blotchy swellshark is capable of rapidly inflating its stomach with water or air. This allows the shark to wedge itself inside a rocky crevice, becoming extremely difficult to remove. This species is an opportunistic, highly voracious predator; one recorded female 1 ... | Wikipedia - Formosa swellshark | null | null | null |
Unusually for such a small shark, it also feeds on at least 10 species of cartilaginous fishes, including lantern sharks, catsharks (particularly the cloudy catshark, Scyliorhinus torazame, and its eggs), the electric ray Narke japonica, and skates (including their eggs). It also cannibalizes smaller members of its own... | Wikipedia - Formosa swellshark | null | null | null |
The dietary composition of juveniles varies notably from place to place.The blotchy swellshark is oviparous, and reproduction proceeds throughout the year with no obvious seasonal cycling. Adult females have a single functional ovary, on the right, and two functional oviducts. The species is thought to be relatively pr... | Wikipedia - Formosa swellshark | null | null | null |
Pairs of eggs are laid at a time, one per oviduct. Females have been documented producing eggs even after years without male contact, suggesting that they may be able to store sperm. | Wikipedia - Formosa swellshark | null | null | null |
The purse-shaped egg capsules are relatively large and thick, measuring around 12 cm (4.7 in) long and 7 cm (2.8 in) across. The capsule surface is smooth with lengthwise striations, and opaque cream in color with yellow margins. Long, coiled tendrils extend from the four corners of the capsule. | Wikipedia - Formosa swellshark | null | null | null |
When the embryo is 11 cm (4.3 in) long, the external gills have been lost, the dermal denticles have begun to develop, and light brown saddles are present. The eggs take roughly one year to hatch; newly emerged sharks measure 16–22 cm (6.3–8.7 in) long. From a series of captive rearing experiments, Sho Tanaka reported ... | Wikipedia - Formosa swellshark | null | null | null |
Like other members of its genus, when threatened the speckled swellshark can take water or air into its stomach to increase its girth. Males mature sexually at under a length of 64 cm (25 in). Only a few specimens have been collected and little is known of its natural history. | Wikipedia - Speckled swellshark | null | null | null |
Like other members of the family Laternulidae, Laternula elliptica is a filter feeder. It lies beneath the substrate with its siphons extended to the surface. Water is drawn in through the inhalant siphon by a pumping action of the gills. As it passes over the gill flaps, gaseous exchange takes place and phytoplankton ... | Wikipedia - Laternula elliptica | null | null | null |
The water then emerges through the exhalant siphon.Laternula elliptica is a hermaphrodite. Fertilisation is external and epidemic spawning events sometimes occur. | Wikipedia - Laternula elliptica | null | null | null |
These greatly increase the concentration of gametes in the water and raises the rate of successful fertilisation of eggs. The embryos are lecithotrophic and the larvae remain inside the egg capsules and feed on the yolks of the eggs for some months before hatching direct into juveniles and settling on the seabed.The co... | Wikipedia - Laternula elliptica | null | null | null |
Like other numeric minimization algorithms, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is an iterative procedure. To start a minimization, the user has to provide an initial guess for the parameter vector β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} . In cases with only one minimum, an uninformed standard guess like β T = ( 1 , 1 ,... | Wikipedia - Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm | null | null | null |
The matrix multiplication ( J T J ) {\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {J} ^{\mathrm {T} }\mathbf {J} \right)} yields the required n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} square matrix and the matrix-vector product on the right hand side yields a vector of size n {\displaystyle n} . The result is a set of n {\displaystyle n} linear ... | Wikipedia - Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm | null | null | null |
The (non-negative) damping factor λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is adjusted at each iteration. If reduction of S {\displaystyle S} is rapid, a smaller value can be used, bringing the algorithm closer to the Gauss–Newton algorithm, whereas if an iteration gives insufficient reduction in the residual, λ {\displaystyle \lamb... | Wikipedia - Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm | null | null | null |
Therefore, for large values of λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , the step will be taken approximately in the direction opposite to the gradient. If either the length of the calculated step δ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\delta }}} or the reduction of sum of squares from the latest parameter vector β + δ {\displaystyle {\bol... | Wikipedia - Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm | null | null | null |
To make the solution scale invariant Marquardt's algorithm solved a modified problem with each component of the gradient scaled according to the curvature. This provides larger movement along the directions where the gradient is smaller, which avoids slow convergence in the direction of small gradient. | Wikipedia - Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm | null | null | null |
Fletcher in his 1971 paper A modified Marquardt subroutine for non-linear least squares simplified the form, replacing the identity matrix I {\displaystyle \mathbf {I} } with the diagonal matrix consisting of the diagonal elements of J T J {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} ^{\text{T}}\mathbf {J} }: δ = J T . {\displaystyle ... | Wikipedia - Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm | null | null | null |
Like other organophosphorus nerve agents, VX may be destroyed by reaction with strong nucleophiles. The reaction of VX with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide results in two competing solvolysis reactions: cleavage of either the P–O or P–S esters. Although the P–S cleavage is the dominant pathway, the product of P–O... | Wikipedia - VX nerve agent | null | null | null |
Like other peptides belonging to the super-family of the ICK, GsMTx-4 is amphipathic. Therefore, GsMTx-4 is able to interact with the hydrophobic side of the lipid bilayer. It can insert itself into the membrane by binding to anionic and cationic groups based on hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. | Wikipedia - GsMTx-4 | null | null | null |
However, GsMTx-4 has a weak selectivity for the anionic phospholipids over the zwitterionic phospholipids of the lipid bilayer compared to other ICK peptides.For all ICK blocker peptides, the dominating aromatic residues in the hydrophobic face are widely considered to promote the binding and adsorption of the peptide ... | Wikipedia - GsMTx-4 | null | null | null |
Like other physical quantities, a physical quantity of scalar is also typically expressed by a numerical value and a physical unit, not merely a number, to provide its physical meaning. It may be regarded as the product of the number and the unit (e.g., 1 km as a physical distance is the same as 1,000 m). A physical di... | Wikipedia - Scalar quantity (physics) | null | null | null |
A physical distance differs from a metric in the sense that it is not just a real number while the metric is calculated to a real number, but the metric can be converted to the physical distance by converting each base vector length to the corresponding physical unit. Any change of a coordinate system may affect the fo... | Wikipedia - Scalar quantity (physics) | null | null | null |
Like other psychological phenomena, by defining specific psychological and affective states in certain ways, controversy over meaning will always ensue. How the term resilience is defined affects research focuses; different or insufficient definitions of resilience will lead to inconsistent research about the same conc... | Wikipedia - Psychological resilience | null | null | null |
However, it is generally agreed upon that resilience is a buildable resource.Recently there has also been evidence that resilience can indicate a capacity to resist a sharp decline in other harm even though a person temporarily appears to get worse. Similarly, studies have shown that adolescents who have a high level o... | Wikipedia - Psychological resilience | null | null | null |
Like other red colobus monkeys, Pennant's red colobus lives in troops which may consist of twelve to eighty individuals occupying a territory of 25 to 150 hectares. The troops have several males and a rather larger number of females and juveniles. They move through the canopy with agility, leaping from tree to tree and... | Wikipedia - Pennant's colobus | null | null | null |
They have specialist teeth that can macerate leaves and break up tough but pliant unripe fruit and the seeds embedded in the flesh. Their multi-chambered stomach permits fermentation to occur and they can alternate between a leaf-based and a seed-based diet. They tend to select foliage with a high protein to fibre rati... | Wikipedia - Pennant's colobus | null | null | null |
Like other siderophores, petrobactin is secreted by an animal pathogenic bacterium. B. anthracis uses petrobactin to acquire iron from its host. Interestingly, while the 3,4-catecholate ends of petrobactin do not improve iron(III) affinity relative to hydroxamate ends, they speed up iron removal from human diferric tra... | Wikipedia - Petrobactin | null | null | null |
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