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Comparable calculations are used for other logical functions such as negation, exclusive disjunction, etc. When the Boolean expression to be evaluated becomes complex, it may be necessary to evaluate it using the methods of mathematical programming to get best-possible bounds on the expression. A similar problem one pr... | Wikipedia - Probability bounds analysis | null | null | null |
Logical pluralism can be defined a number of ways: the position that there is more than one correct account of logical consequence (or no single, 'correct' account at all), that there is more than one correct set of logical constants or even that the 'correct' logic depends on the relevant logical questions under consi... | Wikipedia - Ontological pluralism | null | null | null |
After all, there are and have been a multitude of theories in physics, but that hasn't been taken to mean that all of them are correct. Pluralists of the instrumentalist sort hold if a logic can be correct at all, it based on its ability to answer the logical questions under consideration. If one wants to understand va... | Wikipedia - Ontological pluralism | null | null | null |
Or if one wants to know what the truth-value of the Liar Paradox is, a dialetheic paraconsistent logic may be required. Rudolf Carnap held to a version of logical pluralism: In logic there are no morals. Everyone is at liberty to build his own logic, i.e. his own language, as he wishes. All that is required of him is t... | Wikipedia - Ontological pluralism | null | null | null |
Logical positivism (later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines empiricism, the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world, with a version of rationalism, the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observat... | Wikipedia - Sociological positivism | null | null | null |
A 1929 pamphlet written by Neurath, Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap summarized the doctrines of the Vienna Circle at that time. These included the opposition to all metaphysics, especially ontology and synthetic a priori propositions; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as meaningless (i.e., not empirically verifiabl... | Wikipedia - Sociological positivism | null | null | null |
However, the project is widely considered to have failed.After moving to the United States, Carnap proposed a replacement for the earlier doctrines in his Logical Syntax of Language. This change of direction, and the somewhat differing beliefs of Reichenbach and others, led to a consensus that the English name for the ... | Wikipedia - Sociological positivism | null | null | null |
Logical positivism was a movement in the early 20th century that tried to reduce the reasoning processes of science to pure logic. Among other things, the logical positivists claimed that any proposition that is not empirically verifiable is neither true nor false, but nonsense. This movement faded out due to various p... | Wikipedia - Logical truth | null | null | null |
Logical positivism was the philosophical flavour of the day in the 1920s and 1930s, and it was indeed popularized by Ayer in his book Language, Truth and Logic. However, Ayer himself later rejected much of his own work. Fifty years after he wrote his book, he said: "Logical Positivism died a long time ago. I don’t thin... | Wikipedia - Language, Truth, and Logic | null | null | null |
Logical positivism, formulated during the 1920s, is the idea that only statements about matters of fact or logical relations between concepts are meaningful. All other statements lack sense and are labelled "metaphysics" (see the verifiability theory of meaning also known as verificationism). According to A. J. Ayer, m... | Wikipedia - Problem of demarcation | null | null | null |
Ayer, a member of the Vienna Circle and a noted English logical-positivist, argued that making any statements about the world beyond one's immediate sense-perception is impossible. This is because even metaphysicians' first premises will necessarily begin with observations made through sense-perception.Ayer implied tha... | Wikipedia - Problem of demarcation | null | null | null |
In order to be verifiable, the statement must be verifiable in the observable world, or facts that can be induced from "derived experience". This is referred to as the "verifiability" criterion.This distinction between science, which in the opinion of the Vienna Circle possessed empirically verifiable statements, and w... | Wikipedia - Problem of demarcation | null | null | null |
Logical quality has become much less central to logical theory in the twentieth century. It has become common to use only one logical quality, typically called logical assertion. Much of the work previously done by distinguishing affirmation from denial is typically now done through the theory of negation. | Wikipedia - Logical quality | null | null | null |
Thus, to most contemporary logicians, making a denial is essentially reducible to affirming a negation. Denying that Socrates is ill, is the same thing as affirming that it is not the case that Socrates is ill, which is basically affirming that Socrates is not ill. This trend may go back to Frege although his notation ... | Wikipedia - Logical quality | null | null | null |
Logical reasoning is a process consisting of inferences, where premises and hypotheses are formulated to arrive at a probable conclusion. It is a broad term covering three sub-classifications in deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning. | Wikipedia - Analytical skill | null | null | null |
Logical symbols are a set of characters that vary by author, but usually include the following: Quantifier symbols: ∀ for universal quantification, and ∃ for existential quantification Logical connectives: ∧ for conjunction, ∨ for disjunction, → for implication, ↔ for biconditional, ¬ for negation. Some authors use Cpq... | Wikipedia - First-order logic with equality | null | null | null |
Parentheses, brackets, and other punctuation symbols. The choice of such symbols varies depending on context. | Wikipedia - First-order logic with equality | null | null | null |
An infinite set of variables, often denoted by lowercase letters at the end of the alphabet x, y, z, ... . Subscripts are often used to distinguish variables: x0, x1, x2, ... . An equality symbol (sometimes, identity symbol) = (see § Equality and its axioms below).Not all of these symbols are required in first-order lo... | Wikipedia - First-order logic with equality | null | null | null |
Either one of the quantifiers along with negation, conjunction (or disjunction), variables, brackets, and equality suffices. Other logical symbols include the following: Truth constants: T, V, or ⊤ for "true" and F, O, or ⊥ for "false" (V and O are from Polish notation). Without any such logical operators of valence 0,... | Wikipedia - First-order logic with equality | null | null | null |
Logical truths, being analytic statements, do not contain any information about any matters of fact. Other than logical truths, there is also a second class of analytic statements, typified by "no bachelor is married". The characteristic of such a statement is that it can be turned into a logical truth by substituting ... | Wikipedia - Logical necessity | null | null | null |
In his essay Two Dogmas of Empiricism, the philosopher W. V. O. Quine called into question the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements. It was this second class of analytic statements that caused him to note that the concept of analyticity itself stands in need of clarification, because it seems to depend... | Wikipedia - Logical necessity | null | null | null |
Logical variables Propositional variable Predicate variable Literal Metavariable Logical constants Logical connective Quantifier Identity Brackets | Wikipedia - Outline of logic | null | null | null |
Logical variables are associated with the elements of the system to describe the state of the system. They consist of the logical values. For example, a system whose state is appropriately described by the levels of substances a, b, and c, each of which can be absent, present at low level, or present at high level are ... | Wikipedia - Kinetic logic | null | null | null |
In this case, the rate of synthesis of b increases with increasing concentration of a, and makes a curve similar to that shown in figure B. There is little effect of a, until it reaches a threshold concentration theta, and at higher concentrations a plateau is reached which shows the maximal rate of synthesis of b. Suc... | Wikipedia - Kinetic logic | null | null | null |
Logical voting criteria play a crucial role in evaluating voting methods. The Condorcet criterion, as defined by Duncan Black, states that "the candidate who would win in a head-to-head race against all other candidates should be the winner of the election." Moreover, the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) c... | Wikipedia - Preferential ballot | null | null | null |
Logically, the axioms do not form a complete theory since one can add extra independent axioms without making the axiom system inconsistent. One can extend absolute geometry by adding different axioms about parallelism and get incompatible but consistent axiom systems, giving rise to Euclidean and hyperbolic geometry. ... | Wikipedia - Foundations of geometry | null | null | null |
Logicians analyze how analogical reasoning is used in arguments from analogy. An analogy can be stated using is to and as when representing the analogous relationship between two pairs of expressions, for example, "Smile is to mouth, as wink is to eye." In the field of mathematics and logic, this can be formalized with... | Wikipedia - Analogical reasoning | null | null | null |
Logicians in the western traditions have often expressed belief in some other logical quality besides affirmation and denial. Sextus Empiricus, in the 2nd or 3rd century CE, argued for the existence of "nonassertive" statements, which indicate suspension of judgment by refusing to affirm or deny anything. Pseudo-Dionys... | Wikipedia - Logical quality | null | null | null |
For Kant, if I say “The soul is mortal” I have made an affirmation about the soul; I have said something contentful about it. If I say “The soul is not mortal,” I have made a negative judgment and thus “warded off error” but I have not said what the soul is instead. If, however, I say “The soul is non-mortal,” I have m... | Wikipedia - Logical quality | null | null | null |
For the purposes of “General logic” it is sufficient to see infinite judgments as a sub-variety of affirmative judgments, I have said something of the soul, namely that it is not mortal. But from the standpoint of “Transcendental Logic” it is important to distinguish the infinite from the affirmative. Although I have t... | Wikipedia - Logical quality | null | null | null |
Logicism is a school of thought, and research programme, in the philosophy of mathematics, based on the thesis that mathematics is an extension of a logic or that some or all mathematics may be derived in a suitable formal system whose axioms and rules of inference are 'logical' in nature. Bertrand Russell and Alfred N... | Wikipedia - Foundation of mathematics | null | null | null |
Logicism is the thesis that mathematics is reducible to logic, and hence nothing but a part of logic. : 41 Logicists hold that mathematics can be known a priori, but suggest that our knowledge of mathematics is just part of our knowledge of logic in general, and is thus analytic, not requiring any special faculty of ma... | Wikipedia - Full-blooded platonism | null | null | null |
The theorems of mathematics can be derived from logical axioms through purely logical deduction.Gottlob Frege was the founder of logicism. In his seminal Die Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic) he built up arithmetic from a system of logic with a general principle of comprehension, which he called "B... | Wikipedia - Full-blooded platonism | null | null | null |
Bertrand Russell discovered that Basic Law V is inconsistent (this is Russell's paradox). Frege abandoned his logicist program soon after this, but it was continued by Russell and Whitehead. They attributed the paradox to "vicious circularity" and built up what they called ramified type theory to deal with it. | Wikipedia - Full-blooded platonism | null | null | null |
In this system, they were eventually able to build up much of modern mathematics but in an altered, and excessively complex form (for example, there were different natural numbers in each type, and there were infinitely many types). They also had to make several compromises in order to develop much of mathematics, such... | Wikipedia - Full-blooded platonism | null | null | null |
Modern logicists (like Bob Hale, Crispin Wright, and perhaps others) have returned to a program closer to Frege's. They have abandoned Basic Law V in favor of abstraction principles such as Hume's principle (the number of objects falling under the concept F equals the number of objects falling under the concept G if an... | Wikipedia - Full-blooded platonism | null | null | null |
Logico-linguistic modeling has been used to produce fully operational computerized knowledge based systems, such as one for the management of diabetes patients in a hospital out-patients department. | Wikipedia - Logico-linguistic modeling | null | null | null |
Logico-linguistic modeling is a six-stage method developed primarily for building knowledge-based systems (KBS), but it also has application in manual decision support systems and information source analysis. Logico-linguistic models have a superficial similarity to John F. Sowa's conceptual graphs; both use bubble sty... | Wikipedia - Logico-linguistic modeling | null | null | null |
Logico-linguistic modeling is another variant of SSM that uses conceptual models. However, this method combines models of concepts with models of putative real world objects and events. It is a graphical representation of modal logic in which modal operators are used to distinguish statement about concepts from stateme... | Wikipedia - Conceptual modeling | null | null | null |
Logics are usually systems intended to codify rules for preserving some semantic property of propositions across transformations. In classical logic, this property is "truth." In a valid argument, the truth of the derived proposition is guaranteed if the premises are jointly true, because the application of valid steps... | Wikipedia - Many-valued logic | null | null | null |
Multi-valued logics are intended to preserve the property of designationhood (or being designated). Since there are more than two truth values, rules of inference may be intended to preserve more than just whichever corresponds (in the relevant sense) to truth. For example, in a three-valued logic, sometimes the two gr... | Wikipedia - Many-valued logic | null | null | null |
Precisely, a valid argument will be such that the value of the premises taken jointly will always be less than or equal to the conclusion. For example, the preserved property could be justification, the foundational concept of intuitionistic logic. Thus, a proposition is not true or false; instead, it is justified or f... | Wikipedia - Many-valued logic | null | null | null |
A key difference between justification and truth, in this case, is that the law of excluded middle doesn't hold: a proposition that is not flawed is not necessarily justified; instead, it's only not proven that it's flawed. The key difference is the determinacy of the preserved property: One may prove that P is justifi... | Wikipedia - Many-valued logic | null | null | null |
Logicworks provides platform driven cloud modernization, migration, and operations solutions for Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure cloud infrastructures. | Wikipedia - Logicworks | null | null | null |
Logicworks specializes in HIPAA, PCI, HITRUST, SOC1, SOC2, and ISO 27001 compliance hosting and infrastructure design on Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Private Cloud environments. | Wikipedia - Logicworks | null | null | null |
Logie has proposed that the visuo-spatial sketchpad can be further subdivided into two components: The visual cache, which stores information about form and color. The inner scribe, which deals with spatial and movement information. It also rehearses information in the visual cache and transfers information to the cent... | Wikipedia - Phonological loop | null | null | null |
Logistic functions are often used in neural networks to introduce nonlinearity in the model or to clamp signals to within a specified interval. A popular neural net element computes a linear combination of its input signals, and applies a bounded logistic function as the activation function to the result; this model ca... | Wikipedia - Logistic curve | null | null | null |
Logistic functions are used in logistic regression to model how the probability p {\displaystyle p} of an event may be affected by one or more explanatory variables: an example would be to have the model where x {\displaystyle x} is the explanatory variable, a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are model paramet... | Wikipedia - Standard logistic function | null | null | null |
Logistic functions are used in several roles in statistics. For example, they are the cumulative distribution function of the logistic family of distributions, and they are, a bit simplified, used to model the chance a chess player has to beat their opponent in the Elo rating system. More specific examples now follow. | Wikipedia - Logistic differential equation | null | null | null |
Logistic regression Ordinary least squares regression (OLSR) Linear regression Stepwise regression Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)Regularization algorithm Ridge regression Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Elastic net Least-angle regression (LARS) Classifiers Probabilistic classifi... | Wikipedia - Outline of machine learning | null | null | null |
Logistically, implementation of critical pedagogy is a challenge because there is and can be no "how-to recipe." If the curriculum must be built out of students’ lives then it will necessarily change each year and with each group of students. Critiques are widespread, suggesting that mathematics is unbiased and not bou... | Wikipedia - Critical mathematics pedagogy | null | null | null |
Logistics is concerned with inventory, storage areas and purchasing. Within logistics, the components and the assemblies are separate. The components differentiate between internal material flow and purchasing goods from external suppliers (stock control). | Wikipedia - Tool management | null | null | null |
Logistics is generally concerned with cost centre service activities, but provides value via improved efficiency and customer satisfaction. It can quickly lose that value if the customer becomes dissatisfied. The end customer can include another process or work center inside of the manufacturing facility, a warehouse w... | Wikipedia - Logistic engineering | null | null | null |
The supply chain also looks at an efficient chaining of the supply / purchase and distribution sides of an organization. While logistics looks at single echelons with the immediate supply and distribution linked up, supply chain looks at multiple echelons/stages, right from procurement of the raw materials to the final... | Wikipedia - Logistic engineering | null | null | null |
The local minimum of total cost of the manufacturing operation is getting replaced by the global minimum of total cost of the whole chain, resulting in better profitability for the chain members and hence lower costs for the products. Logistics engineering as a discipline is a very important aspect of systems engineeri... | Wikipedia - Logistic engineering | null | null | null |
It includes the supply and physical distribution considerations above as well as more fundamental engineering considerations. Logistics engineers work with complex mathematical models that consider elements such as mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to failure (MTTF), mean time to repair (MTTR), failure mode ... | Wikipedia - Logistic engineering | null | null | null |
Therefore, our logistics engineer must consider the reliability of all subcomponents or subsystems and modify system design accordingly. If a subsystem is only 50% reliable, one can concentrate on improving the reliability of that subsystem, design in multiple subsystems in parallel (5 in this case would achieve approx... | Wikipedia - Logistic engineering | null | null | null |
Lolitrem B is the most potent member of the lolitrem family. It possesses an indole-diterpene unit as well as a reactive epoxide group.It structurally looks like paxilline which is a related tremor inducer. There are multiple lolitrems which are labelled by a letter. The difference between them is the position and numb... | Wikipedia - Lolitrem B | null | null | null |
London Clay is an ideal medium for boring tunnels, which is one reason why the London Underground railway network expanded very quickly north of the River Thames. However, south of the Thames, the stratum at tube level is composed of water-bearing sand and gravel (not good for tunnelling) with London Clay below, which ... | Wikipedia - London Clay Formation | null | null | null |
Lone actor terrorists are ideologically driven, with political or religious motives, and are intended to create fear and influence public opinion. Lone wolf terrorists may sympathize with and consider themselves part of larger groups, but they are usually not active participants. The links between lone wolves and actua... | Wikipedia - Lone wolf attacks | null | null | null |
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the dig... | Wikipedia - Division algorithm | null | null | null |
Short division is an abbreviated form of long division suitable for one-digit divisors. Chunking – also known as the partial quotients method or the hangman method – is a less-efficient form of long division which may be easier to understand. By allowing one to subtract more multiples than what one currently has at eac... | Wikipedia - Division algorithm | null | null | null |
Long first element diphthongs are written in parentheses because they were gradually monophthongized starting from the classical period; Dionysius of Halicarnassus prescribes them as a "correct" pronunciation, indicating that the diphthongs were no longer pronounced in natural speech. By the 1st century BC the process ... | Wikipedia - Koine Greek phonology | null | null | null |
Long-distance communication is hindered by the effects of signal loss and decoherence inherent to most transport mediums such as optical fiber. In classical communication, amplifiers can be used to boost the signal during transmission, but in a quantum network amplifiers cannot be used since qubits cannot be copied – k... | Wikipedia - Quantum network | null | null | null |
Long-eared owls are generally infrequent predators of birds. Food studies from Eurasia place it as an opportunistic and occasional bird predator, while in North America they are do not seem to generally take large numbers of birds in any area. In winter, sometimes these owls can come to live largely off of small birds ... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Like barn owls, long-eared owls have been known to hover around roosts in bushes in attempts to disturb the sleeping birds, which may provoke the prey to fly out of their shelter, only to be caught. Long-eared owls, along with migrating short-eared owls, were observed in Spain hunting night-migrating passerines that we... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Particularly often taken by long-eared owls in urban areas and/or the edge of arid habitat are house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and occasionally the Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus). A surprisingly high balance of prey for wintering long-eared owls in desert areas was shown to be avian. This was in the case in... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
For wintering owls in the city of Jerusalem, 90.7% of the diet (150 prey items) were small birds, led by house sparrow (22%) and the blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) (16.7%). Further study of the long-eared owl's diet in Israel's Negev desert showed that 28.3% of 3,062 prey items were birds. In Egypt, 24.6% of prey items ... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
In Europe, birds rarely compromise a majority of the foods, but hearty numbers are taken in several areas nonetheless. In central Europe, birds were estimated to contribute an average of 8% of the diet (of 52 species). In peak vole years, birds could be less than 2% of the foods while in vole low years, as much as 33% ... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Similarly, in the Sofia park, Bulgaria, the number of birds, with an average 9.6% by number and 7.9% by biomass, was variable based on vole numbers but a high number of 44 avian prey species were recorded. In the Sonian Forest, Belgium, 38.3% of 355 prey items were birds, mostly of various passerine species. A study in... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Overall British studies found in a sample of 7,161 prey items that 1,161 were birds (14.95%) and that bird were present in 90% of examined pellets. Of these, 46.9% were house sparrow, 7.5% were common starling (Sturnus vulgaris), 4.65% were common blackbird (Turdus merula), 3.35% were European greenfinch (Chloris chlor... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Of the birds examined here, a majority of those identified were meadow pipits (Anthus pratensis) followed by twite (Linaria flavirostris), and identified birds ranged in size from a probable wood warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix) (average adult weight 9.2 g (0.32 oz)) to an adult northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) (a... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
In Regional Park of Decima-Malafede, birds were 31.1% of the diet, 13.7% of which were unidentified passerines, while European goldfinches and European greenfinch accounted for a further 7.1% and 4.6% of the prey items. In the Venice area, of 642 prey items examined and a total prey mass of 15,038 g (33.153 lb), birds ... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
The main prey identified was the blackcap (51.6%) while the chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) was secondary among avian prey (6.73%). In Romanian studies avian prey was relatively important as well. In Agigea there, 32.71% of the foods were birds, with Carduelis species combined constituting 6.04% and swallows being second... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Birds were the main foods for wintering long-eared owls in Romania's Danube delta, with birds making up 59.5% of total prey by number and 51.6% by biomass of 948 prey items against 40.7% by number and 48.4% by biomass for mammals. Here, numerous passerines were mostly taken with the finch family (18.6%), Old World spar... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
House sparrows accounted for 14.3% of biomass and Eurasian blackbirds for 12.3% of the biomass on the Danube. While mammals usually are dominant in the diets of long-eared owls in Spain, in the Albufera reserve of the nation, birds were 53.5% by number and 48.6% of the biomass of 864 prey items. A total of 34 species o... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
The main recorded individual prey species in Beijing was the Eurasian tree sparrow, at 38% of the diet, but other avian prey was negligible here.While most of the passerines attacked by long-eared owls are well within typical prey sizes for this species, while pursuing bird prey many reports note that unusually large p... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Much of the largest identifiable and provable prey for long-eared owls in Europe overall were found to be birds. Despite the relatively scarcity of avian prey in the diet in North America, unusually large avian prey has been reported there as well. Such prey have included adults of Northwestern crow (Corvus caurinus), ... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Long-eared owls may divide their hunting into phases, the first stopping around midnight, the second beginning some point after midnight and ending an hour before sunrise. While hunting, they tend focuses on the edge of woodlands, hedgerows and open spaces with rough grassland, and over young trees and open ground of a... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
In lab settings, long-eared owls were considerably more skilled at finding mice by sound in more or less complete darkness than tawny and barred owls (Strix varia), and in some American experiments even outclassed the auditorily-acute barn owls in this regard. Once prey is spotted, the long-eared owl's flight suddenly ... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Often when prey numbers are more ample in timbered areas nearer the roost or rich marshy areas in the vicinity, the long-eared owls will still often come to more prey-poor areas such as old fields so that they can detect prey on open ground. The footspan of a long-eared owl, including claws, reaches on average 11.3 and... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
In other medium-sized owls, the footspan in tawny owls and barn owls respectively averages 13.4 and 13.2 cm (5.3 and 5.2 in) in between the sexes (notably footspan seems to be a fairly reliable predictor of body mass of an owl as well). Prey capture by long-eared owls was studied and compared to tawny owls in a Europea... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Long-eared owls either disregarded or killed but did not eat amphibians, while tawny owls did catch and eat amphibians when they were available. Occasionally the tawny owls would attack fish whilst one long-eared owl caught but did not eat a fish. The European study further revealed that several owls of different speci... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Taken as whole, the global population of long-eared owls may appear to have a widely varying diet. One study accrued information from 312 studies from around the species’ range. | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
In total 478 prey species were found to be described, of which 180 were mammal species, 191 were bird species, 83 were assorted invertebrate species, 15 were reptiles, 7 were amphibians, and reportedly just a couple fish species. This included a total of approximately 813,033 prey items having been reviewed. | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
However, on closer inspection, the long-eared owl generally appears to be something of a dietary specialist. It usually takes primarily, often nearly entirely, small mammals, e.g. rodents, as food in almost every part of its range. Usually a broad picture emerges that between 80 and 99% of the diet consists of mammals,... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
However, in warmer, insular or more urbanized environments, a greater percentage or, rarely, even a majority of the diet can locally be non-mammalian prey. Mean prey sizes have been studied extensively and are almost always fall within a very narrow range. In Europe, the mean estimated prey size overall was 32.2 g (1.1... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Meanwhile, in North America, mean prey sizes have varied between 30.7 and 37 g (1.08 and 1.31 oz) in two estimates. In general, throughout their range, the mean size of prey is generally encapsulated between 20 and 50 g (0.71 and 1.76 oz), usually well under 40 g (1.4 oz), and only in cases where long-eared owls, perha... | Wikipedia - Long-eared owl | null | null | null |
Long-range aperiodic order, in pinwheel tiling, for instance | Wikipedia - Order (mathematics) | null | null | null |
Long-term depression also works through associative properties although it is not always the reverse process of LTP. LTD in the cerebellum requires a coincident stimulation of parallel fibers and climbing fibers. Glutamate released from the parallel fibers activates AMPA receptors which depolarize the postsynaptic cell... | Wikipedia - Coincidence detection in neurobiology | null | null | null |
Long-term ecological research (LTER) sites are research sites funded by the government that have collected reliable long-term data over an extended period of time in order to identify long-term climatic or ecological trends. These sites provide long-term temporal and spatial data such as average temperature, rainfall a... | Wikipedia - Urban ecology | null | null | null |
Another example is the examination of temperature trends that are accompanied with the growth of urban centers. There are currently two active urban LTERs: Central Arizona-Phoenix (CAP), first launched in 1997 and housed at Arizona State University and Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area (MSP). The Baltimore Ecosyst... | Wikipedia - Urban ecology | null | null | null |
Long-term memory, unlike short-term memory, is dependent upon the synthesis of new proteins. This occurs within the cellular body, and concerns the particular transmitters, receptors, and new synapse pathways that reinforce the communicative strength between neurons. The production of new proteins devoted to synapse re... | Wikipedia - Long-term memory | null | null | null |
The temporary expulsion of magnesium frees NMDA receptors to release calcium in the cell, a signal that leads to gene transcription and the construction of reinforcing proteins. For more information, see long-term potentiation (LTP). | Wikipedia - Long-term memory | null | null | null |
One of the newly synthesized proteins in LTP is also critical for maintaining LTM. This protein is an autonomously active form of the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC), known as PKMζ. PKMζ maintains the activity-dependent enhancement of synaptic strength and inhibiting PKMζ erases established long-term memories, without af... | Wikipedia - Long-term memory | null | null | null |
Long-term potentiation is the persistent increase in the strength of a chemical synapse that lasts from hours to days. It is thought to occur via two temporally separated events, with induction occurring first, followed by expression. Most LTP investigators agree that induction is entirely postsynaptic, whereas there i... | Wikipedia - Retrograde signaling | null | null | null |
Longer-lasting lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and mobile electronics Nanoscale magnetic imaging for compact data storage Plastic solar cells that are flexible and easy to produce Harnessing "artificial photosynthesis" for clean, renewable energy Fine-tuning combustion for cleaner-burning fuels More effecti... | Wikipedia - Advanced Light Source | null | null | null |
Longest (east–west): 3,020.54 miles (4,861.09 km): I-90 from Boston, Massachusetts, to Seattle, Washington. Longest (north–south): 1,908 mi (3,071 km): I-95 from the Canadian border near Houlton, Maine, to Miami, Florida. Shortest (two-digit): 1.69 mi (2.72 km): I-69W in Laredo, Texas. Shortest (auxiliary): 0.70 mi (1.... | Wikipedia - Interstate highways | null | null | null |
Longest segment between state lines: 877 mi (1,411 km): I-10 in Texas from the New Mexico state line near El Paso to the Louisiana state line near Orange, Texas. Shortest segment between state lines: 453 ft (138 m): I-95/I-495 (Capital Beltway) on the Woodrow Wilson Bridge across the Potomac River where they briefly cr... | Wikipedia - Interstate highways | null | null | null |
Longest common subsequence problem: Find the longest subsequence common to all sequences in a set of sequences Longest increasing subsequence problem: Find the longest increasing subsequence of a given sequence Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm: Find all non-overlapping, contiguous, maximal scoring subsequences in a sequence of re... | Wikipedia - Combinatorial algorithms | null | null | null |
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