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Lundholm defines the Pin {\displaystyle \operatorname {Pin} } , Spin {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spin} } , and Spin + {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spin} ^{+}} subgroups, generated by unit vectors, and in the case of Spin {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spin} } and Spin + {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spin} ^{+}} , onl... | Wikipedia - Geometric algebra | null | null | null |
Lung hysteresis is evident when observing the compliance of a lung on inspiration versus expiration. The difference in compliance (Δvolume/Δpressure) is due to the additional energy required to overcome surface tension forces during inspiration to recruit and inflate additional alveoli.The transpulmonary pressure vs Vo... | Wikipedia - Tipping point (physics) | null | null | null |
Lunokhod 1 Lunokhod 2 Teletank | Wikipedia - Outline of robotics | null | null | null |
Lupinine is naturally biosynthesized from l-lysine in the Lupinus genes of plants along with various other quinolizidine alkaloids. In the biosynthetic process, lysine is first decarboxylated into cadaverine, which is then oxidatively deaminated to the corresponding aldehyde. The aldehyde is then spontaneously cyclized... | Wikipedia - Lupinine | null | null | null |
Luque approaches the problem with outliers by performing linear regressions over the set of data points (input, output). The algorithm deals with the data by allocating regions for noisy data. The scheme has the advantage of isolating noisy patterns which reduces the effect outliers have on the rule-generation system. ... | Wikipedia - IPO underpricing algorithm | null | null | null |
Luwian was among the languages spoken during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC by groups in central and western Anatolia and northern Syria. The earliest Luwian texts in cuneiform transmission are attested in connection with the Kingdom of Kizzuwatna in southeastern Anatolia, as well as a number of locations in central Anat... | Wikipedia - Cuneiform Luwian | null | null | null |
1180 BC, the Hittite king and royal family were fully bilingual in Luwian. Long after the extinction of the Hittite language, Luwian continued to be spoken in the Neo-Hittite states of Syria, such as Milid and Carchemish, as well as in the central Anatolian kingdom of Tabal that flourished in the 8th century BC.A numbe... | Wikipedia - Cuneiform Luwian | null | null | null |
3000 BC. They were allegedly ancestors of the Luwians who inhabited Troy II, and spread widely in the Anatolian peninsula. | Wikipedia - Cuneiform Luwian | null | null | null |
He cited the distribution of a new type of wheel-made pottery, Red Slip Wares, as some of the best evidence for his theory. According to Mellaart, the proto-Luwian migrations to Anatolia came in several distinct waves over many centuries. The recent detailed review of Mellaart's claims suggests that his ethnolinguistic... | Wikipedia - Cuneiform Luwian | null | null | null |
In the Old Hittite version of the Hittite Code, some, if not all, of the Luwian-speaking areas were called Luwiya. Widmer (2007) has argued that the Mycenaean term ru-wa-ni-jo, attested in Linear B, refers to the same area. but the stem *Luwan- was recently shown to be non-existent. | Wikipedia - Cuneiform Luwian | null | null | null |
In a corrupt late copy of the Hittite Code the geographical term Luwiya is replaced with Arzawa a western Anatolian kingdom corresponding roughly with Mira and the Seha River Land. Therefore, several scholars shared the view that Luwian was spoken—to varying degrees—across a large portion of western Anatolia, including... | Wikipedia - Cuneiform Luwian | null | null | null |
In the post-Hittite era, the region of Arzawa came to be known as Lydia (Assyrian Luddu, Greek Λυδία), where the Lydian language was in use. The name Lydia has been derived from the name Luwiya (Lydian *lūda- < *luw(i)da- < luwiya-, with regular Lydian sound change y > d). The Lydian language, however, cannot be regard... | Wikipedia - Cuneiform Luwian | null | null | null |
Lwoff was born in Ainay-le-Château, Allier, in Auvergne, France, into a Jewish family, the son of Marie (Siminovitch), an artist, and Solomon Lwoff, a psychiatrist. He joined the Institute Pasteur in Paris when he was 19 years old. In 1932, he finished his PhD and, with the help of a grant from the Rockefeller Foundati... | Wikipedia - Physiological degradation | null | null | null |
Lwoff was married to the microbiologist and virologist Marguerite Lwoff with whom he published many works. He was also a humanist against capital punishment. | Wikipedia - Physiological degradation | null | null | null |
Lycopane may be sourced from diagenesis of an unsaturated precursor such as lycopene, a carotenoid that is abundantly present in photosynthetic organisms. In cyanobacteria, lycopene can be an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of other carotenoids. Diagenesis, broadly referring to physical and chemical changes ... | Wikipedia - Lycopane | null | null | null |
However, this process has been identified in other carotenoids (e.g. carotene to carotane). Sulfur has been proposed as a general agent in the diagenesis of isoprenoid alkenes to alkanes. A sulfur polymer (with sulfur binding to unsaturated carbons) could eventually yield isoprenoid alkanes, as carbon-sulfur bonds are ... | Wikipedia - Lycopane | null | null | null |
Lyell Fund Murchison Fund Wollaston Fund William Smith Fund | Wikipedia - Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis | null | null | null |
Lygus bugs are known for their destructive feeding habits - they puncture plant tissues with their piercing mouthparts, and feed by sucking sap. Both the physical injury and the plant's own reaction to the bugs' saliva cause damage to the plant. The females insert their eggs directly into the plant tissues using pierci... | Wikipedia - Lygus bug | null | null | null |
Lying is the act of both knowingly and intentionally or willfully making a false statement. Normal lies are defensive and are told to avoid the consequences of truth telling. They are often white lies that spare another's feelings, reflect a pro-social attitude, and make civilized human contact possible. Pathological l... | Wikipedia - Pathological lying | null | null | null |
It is when an individual consistently lies for no obvious personal gain.There are many consequences of being a pathological liar. Due to lack of trust, most pathological liars' relationships and friendships fail. If this continues to progress, lying could become so severe as to cause legal problems, including, but not ... | Wikipedia - Pathological lying | null | null | null |
Lykeion was an EESTEC online portal, connecting students, companies, and universities directly. Its aim is to give students the opportunity to easily search for internships, jobs, Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. study programs. | Wikipedia - Electrical Engineering Students' European Association | null | null | null |
Lyme disease is most endemic in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions, but sporadic cases have been described in other areas of the world. The number of reported cases of the borreliosis have been increasing, as are endemic regions in North America. Of cases reported to the United States Centers for Disease Control and... | Wikipedia - Lyme disease microbiology | null | null | null |
Although Lyme disease has now been reported in 49 of 50 states in the U.S (all but Hawaii), about 99% of all reported cases are confined to just five geographic areas (New England, Mid-Atlantic, East-North Central, South Atlantic, and West North-Central).In Europe, cases of B. burgdorferi s.l.-infected ticks are found ... | Wikipedia - Lyme disease microbiology | null | null | null |
Borrelia has been isolated in Mongolia as well.In South America, tick-borne disease recognition and occurrence is rising. Ticks carrying B. burgdorferi s.l., as well as canine and human tick-borne diseases, have been reported widely in Brazil, but the subspecies of Borrelia has not yet been defined. The first reported ... | Wikipedia - Lyme disease microbiology | null | null | null |
B. burgdorferi sensu stricto antigens in patients have been identified in Colombia and in Bolivia. B. burgorferi has been reported in Bay Islands of Honduras.In Northern Africa, B. burgdorferi s.s. has been identified in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia.In western and sub-Saharan Africa, tick-borne relapsing fever ... | Wikipedia - Lyme disease microbiology | null | null | null |
Borrelia in the manifestation of Lyme disease in this region is presently unknown, but evidence indicates the disease may occur in humans in sub-Saharan Africa. The abundance of hosts and tick vectors would favor the establishment of the infection in Africa. In East Africa two cases of Lyme disease have been reported i... | Wikipedia - Lyme disease microbiology | null | null | null |
Lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilia is a rare disease in which eosinophilia is caused by aberrant T cell lymphocytes which secrete cytokines (e.g. interleukin-5) that stimulate the proliferation of eosinophil precursor cells. The disease, which occasionally proceeds to a malignant lymphocytic phase, clearly reflects a... | Wikipedia - Clonal hypereosinophilia | null | null | null |
For example, eosinophilia occurs in 20% to 30% of patients with systemic mastocytosis. Also referred to as SM-eo (systemic mastocytosis with eosinophilia) or SM-SEL (systemic mastocytosis with chronic eosinophilic leukemia), this disease's clonal eosinophils bear the same driving mutation, D816V in the KIT gene, as the... | Wikipedia - Clonal hypereosinophilia | null | null | null |
Lyness and Moler showed in 1966 that using undetermined coefficients for the polynomials in Neville's algorithm, one can compute the Maclaurin expansion of the final interpolating polynomial, which yields numerical approximations for the derivatives of the function at the origin. While "this process requires more arith... | Wikipedia - Neville's schema | null | null | null |
Lynestrenol, also known as 17α-ethynyl-3-desoxy-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-ethynylestr-4-en-17β-ol, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of 19-nortestosterone. It differs from norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) and etynodiol (17α-ethynyl-3-deketo-3β-hydroxy-19-nortestosterone) only by the lack... | Wikipedia - Lynestrenol | null | null | null |
Lynx X-ray Observatory Giant Magellan Telescope Murchison Widefield Array Square Kilometer Array Pan-STARRS Vera C. Rubin Observatory (formerly called the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope) | Wikipedia - Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics | null | null | null |
Lyotropic liquid-crystalline phases are abundant in living systems, the study of which is referred to as lipid polymorphism. Accordingly, lyotropic liquid crystals attract particular attention in the field of biomimetic chemistry. In particular, biological membranes and cell membranes are a form of liquid crystal. Thei... | Wikipedia - Liquid Crystals | null | null | null |
These lipids vary in shape (see page on lipid polymorphism). The constituent molecules can inter-mingle easily, but tend not to leave the membrane due to the high energy requirement of this process. Lipid molecules can flip from one side of the membrane to the other, this process being catalyzed by flippases and floppa... | Wikipedia - Liquid Crystals | null | null | null |
These liquid crystal membrane phases can also host important proteins such as receptors freely "floating" inside, or partly outside, the membrane, e.g. CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT). Many other biological structures exhibit liquid-crystal behavior. For instance, the concentrated protein solution that is... | Wikipedia - Liquid Crystals | null | null | null |
The precise ordering of molecules in silk is critical to its renowned strength. DNA and many polypeptides, including actively-driven cytoskeletal filaments, can also form liquid crystal phases. Monolayers of elongated cells have also been described to exhibit liquid-crystal behavior, and the associated topological defe... | Wikipedia - Liquid Crystals | null | null | null |
Lysates are complex mixtures of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, and one must assume that some amount of non-specific binding to the IP antibody, Protein A/G or the beaded support will occur and negatively affect the detection of the immunoprecipitated target(s). In most cases, preclearing the lysate ... | Wikipedia - Pull-down assay | null | null | null |
Therefore, an alternative method of preclearing is to incubate the protein mixture with exactly the same components that will be used in the immunoprecipitation, except that a non-target, irrelevant antibody of the same antibody subclass as the IP antibody is used instead of the IP antibody itself. This approach attemp... | Wikipedia - Pull-down assay | null | null | null |
Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) is composed of an ethanolamine head group and glycerophosphoric acid with a various fatty acid located sn-1 position. The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated acyl. Chemical name: 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho(2-aminoethanol) CAS number: 95046-40-5 Molecular weight: ≅479 | Wikipedia - Lysophosphatidylethanolamine | null | null | null |
Lysyl oxidase is an extracellular copper-dependent enzyme that catalyzes formation of aldehydes from lysine residues in collagen and elastin precursors. These aldehydes react with unmodified lysine residues, resulting in cross-linking collagen and elastin, which is essential for stabilization of collagen fibrils and fo... | Wikipedia - Lysyl oxidase | null | null | null |
Thus, not only is LOX crucial to cardiovascular development, it plays a major role in connective tissue development and may also be important in neurological function.Lysyl oxidase has also proven crucial to the development of the respiratory system and the skin, as collagen and elastin represent 50-60% of the composit... | Wikipedia - Lysyl oxidase | null | null | null |
Lévi-Strauss sought to apply the structural linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure to anthropology. At the time, the family was traditionally considered the fundamental object of analysis but was seen primarily as a self-contained unit consisting of a husband, a wife, and their children. Nephews, cousins, aunts, uncles, ... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
Thus, he inverted the classical view of anthropology, putting the secondary family members first and insisting on analyzing the relations between units instead of the units themselves. In his own analysis of the formation of the identities that arise through marriages between tribes, Lévi-Strauss noted that the relatio... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
The goal of Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, then, was to simplify the masses of empirical data into generalized, comprehensible relations between units, which allow for predictive laws to be identified, such as A is to B as C is to D.Lévi-Strauss's theory is set forth in Structural Anthropology (1958). Briefly,... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
He wrote about this relationship for decades. A preference for "functionalist" explanations dominated the social sciences from the turn of the 20th century through the 1950s, which is to say that anthropologists and sociologists tried to state the purpose of a social act or institution. The existence of a thing was exp... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
The only strong alternative to that kind of analysis was historical explanation, accounting for the existence of a social fact by stating how it came to be. The idea of social function developed in two different ways, however. The English anthropologist Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, who had read and admired the work... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
Behind this approach was an old idea, the view that civilization developed through a series of phases from the primitive to the modern, everywhere in the same manner. All of the activities in a given kind of society would partake of the same character; some sort of internal logic would cause one level of culture to evo... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
In contrast, the more influential functionalism of Bronisław Malinowski described the satisfaction of individual needs, what a person derived by participating in a custom. In the United States, where the shape of anthropology was set by the German-educated Franz Boas, the preference was for historical accounts. This ap... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
Historical information seldom is available for non-literate cultures. The anthropologist fills in with comparisons to other cultures and is forced to rely on theories that have no evidential basis, the old notion of universal stages of development or the claim that cultural resemblances are based on some unrecognized p... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
There are three broad choices involved in the divergence of these schools; each had to decide: what kind of evidence to use; whether to emphasize the particulars of a single culture or look for patterns underlying all societies; and what the source of any underlying patterns might be, the definition of a common humanit... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
Do uniformities across cultures occur because of organizational needs that must be met everywhere, or because of the uniform needs of human personality?For Lévi-Strauss, the choice was for the demands of the social order. He had no difficulty bringing out the inconsistencies and triviality of individualistic accounts. ... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
In the Trobriand Islands, he found the proof of this claim in the rites surrounding abortions and weaving skirts. But in the same tribes, there is no magic attached to making clay pots even though it is no more certain a business than weaving. So, the explanation is not consistent. | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
Furthermore, these explanations tend to be used in an ad hoc, superficial way – one postulates a trait of personality when needed. However, the accepted way of discussing organizational function did not work either. Different societies might have institutions that were similar in many obvious ways and yet, served diffe... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
Many tribal cultures divide the tribe into two groups and have elaborate rules about how the two groups may interact. However, exactly what they may do—trade, intermarry—is different in different tribes; for that matter, so are the criteria for distinguishing the groups. Nor will it do to say that dividing-in-two is a ... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
For Lévi-Strauss, the methods of linguistics became a model for all his earlier examinations of society. His analogies usually are from phonology (though also later from music, mathematics, chaos theory, cybernetics, and so on). "A really scientific analysis must be real, simplifying, and explanatory," he writes. | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
Phonemic analysis reveals features that are real, in the sense that users of the language can recognize and respond to them. At the same time, a phoneme is an abstraction from language – not a sound, but a category of sound defined by the way it is distinguished from other categories through rules unique to the languag... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
In the study of the kinship systems that first concerned him, this ideal of explanation allowed a comprehensive organization of data that partly had been ordered by other researchers. The overall goal was to find out why family relations differed among various South American cultures. The father might have great author... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
In another group, the mother's brother would have that kind of relationship with the son, while the father's relationship was relaxed and playful. A number of partial patterns had been noted. Relations between the mother and father, for example, had some sort of reciprocity with those of father and son–if the mother ha... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
But these smaller patterns joined in inconsistent ways. One possible way of finding a master order was to rate all the positions in a kinship system along several dimensions. | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
For example, the father was older than the son, the father produced the son, the father had the same sex as the son, and so on; the matrilineal uncle was older and of the same sex, but did not produce the son, and so on. An exhaustive collection of such observations might cause an overall pattern to emerge. | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
However, for Lévi-Strauss, this kind of work was considered "analytical in appearance only". It results in a chart that is far more difficult to understand than the original data and is based on arbitrary abstractions (empirically, fathers are older than sons, but it is only the researcher who declares that this featur... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
The explanation it offers is tautological—if age is crucial, then age explains a relationship. And it does not offer the possibility of inferring the origins of the structure. A proper solution to the puzzle is to find a basic unit of kinship which can explain all the variations. | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
It is a cluster of four roles – brother, sister, father, son. These are the roles that must be involved in any society that has an incest taboo requiring a man to obtain a wife from some man outside his own hereditary line. A brother may give away his sister, for example, whose son might reciprocate in the next generat... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
The underlying demand is a continued circulation of women to keep various clans peacefully related. Right or wrong, this solution displays the qualities of structural thinking. Even though Lévi-Strauss frequently speaks of treating culture as the product of the axioms and corollaries that underlie it, or the phonemic d... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
He notes that it is logically possible for a different atom of kinship structure to exist–sister, sister's brother, brother's wife, daughter – but there are no real-world examples of relationships that can be derived from that grouping. The trouble with this view has been shown by Australian anthropologist Augustus Elk... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
There is a big difference between the two situations, in that the kinship structure involving the classificatory kin relations allows for the building of a system which can bring together thousands of people. Lévi-Strauss's atom of kinship stops working once the true MoBrDa is missing. Lévi-Strauss also developed the c... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
The purpose of structuralist explanation is to organize real data in the simplest effective way. All science, he says, is either structuralist or reductionist. In confronting such matters as the incest taboo, one is facing an objective limit of what the human mind has accepted so far. | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
One could hypothesize some biological imperative underlying it, but so far as social order is concerned, the taboo has the effect of an irreducible fact. The social scientist can only work with the structures of human thought that arise from it. | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
And structural explanations can be tested and refuted. A mere analytic scheme that wishes causal relations into existence is not structuralist in this sense. | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
Lévi-Strauss's later works are more controversial, in part because they impinge on the subject matter of other scholars. He believed that modern life and all history was founded on the same categories and transformations that he had discovered in the Brazilian backcountry—The Raw and the Cooked, From Honey to Ashes, Th... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
He also pointed out that the modern view of primitive cultures was simplistic in denying them a history. The categories of myth did not persist among them because nothing had happened–it was easy to find the evidence of defeat, migration, exile, repeated displacements of all the kinds known to recorded history. Instead... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
He argued for a view of human life as existing in two timelines simultaneously, the eventful one of history and the long cycles in which one set of fundamental mythic patterns dominates and then perhaps another. In this respect, his work resembles that of Fernand Braudel, the historian of the Mediterranean and 'la long... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
Another issue is the experience that the same person can tell one a myth highly charged in symbols, and some years later a sort of chronological history claiming to be the chronic of a descent line (e.g., in the Loyalty islands and New Zealand), the two texts having in common that they each deal in topographical detail... | Wikipedia - Claude Lévi-Strauss | null | null | null |
L’Essence de la manifestation, PUF, collection "Epiméthée", 1963 (réédition 1990) Philosophie et Phénoménologie du corps, PUF, collection "Epiméthée", 1965 (réédition 1987) Marx: Marx I. Une philosophie de la réalité, Gallimard, 1976 (réédition collection "Tel", 1991) Marx II. Une philosophie de l’économie, Gallimard, ... | Wikipedia - Phenomenological definition of God | null | null | null |
Théorie d'une catastrophe, Odile Jacob, 1990 (réédition Éditions l'Âge d'Homme, 2008) C'est moi la Vérité. Pour une philosophie du christianisme, Éditions du Seuil, 1996 Vie et révélation, Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences humaines de l'Université Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, 1996. Incarnation. Une phil... | Wikipedia - Phenomenological definition of God | null | null | null |
M = U c 0 {\displaystyle M={\frac {U}{c_{0}}}} It is the ratio of the steady speed to the speed of sound. The number was named in honor of Ernst Mach, who first studied (among other things) supersonic flow and shock waves. This number describes the range between flows that can be considered in compressible and flows th... | Wikipedia - Physics of whistles | null | null | null |
M phase Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle – the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. macroevolution Evolution on a scale of separated gene pools. Macroevolutionary studies focus on change th... | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
They are typically composed of thousands or more atoms. macronutrient Nutrients needed in large amounts which provide calories or energy. Nutrients are substances needed for growth, metabolism, and for other body functions. | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
There are three basic types of macronutrients: fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. macrophage A kind of swallowing cell, which means it functions by literally swallowing up other particles or smaller cells. | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
Macrophages engulf and digest debris (such as dead cells) and foreign particles through the process of phagocytosis, so macrophages act like scavengers. mammalogy The branch of biology that studies mammals, a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and comp... | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy. mast cell A cell filled with basophil granules, found in numbers in connective tissue and releasing histamine and... | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
meiosis A specialized type of cell division in which a dividing parent cell proceeds through two consecutive divisions, ultimately producing four genetically unique daughter cells in each of which the chromosome number is half of that in the original parent cell. This process is exclusive to cells of the sex organs in ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
In a typical neuron, this is about –70 millivolts (mV). The minus sign indicates that the inside of the cell is negative with respect to the surrounding extracellular fluid. messenger RNA A large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome. | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
metabolism metamorphosis metaphase The third phase of mitosis, in which duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell is separated into two identical daughter cells. During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war". microbi... | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents. microevolution The alteration in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population. mitochondria (sing.) | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
mitochondrion mitosis In eukaryotic cells, the part of the cell cycle during which the division of the nucleus takes place and duplicated chromosomes are separated into two distinct nuclei. Mitosis is generally preceded by the "S" stage of interphase, when the cell's DNA is replicated, and followed by cytokinesis, when... | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
molecule The smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound. Molecules are made up of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electrons among atoms. | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
molecular biology The branch of biology concerning biological activity at the molecular level. The field of molecular biology overlaps with biology and chemistry and in particular with genetics and biochemistry. molecular switch A molecule that can be reversibly changed between two or more stable states. | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
monomer A molecule that "can undergo polymerization thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule". morphology motile motor neuron A neuron whose cell body is situated in the motor cortex, brain stem, or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or out... | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
multicellular Having or consisting of more than one cell, as opposed to being unicellular. mycology The branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their... | Wikipedia - Glossary of biology | null | null | null |
M phase See mitosis. meiosis A specialized type of cell division which occurs exclusively in sexually reproducing eukaryotes, during which DNA replication is followed by two consecutive rounds of cell division to ultimately produce four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of cell biology | null | null | null |
meiotic spindle See spindle apparatus. metaphase The stage of mitosis and meiosis that occurs after prometaphase and before anaphase, during which the centromeres of the replicated chromosomes align along the equator of the cell, with each kinetochore attached to the mitotic spindle. micronucleus The smaller of the two... | Wikipedia - Glossary of cell biology | null | null | null |
Whereas the larger macronucleus is polyploid, the micronucleus is diploid and generally transcriptionally inactive. microspike See filopodium. | Wikipedia - Glossary of cell biology | null | null | null |
microtomy microtrabecula (pl.) microtrabeculae A fine protein filament of the cytoskeleton. Multiple filaments form the microtrabecular network. | Wikipedia - Glossary of cell biology | null | null | null |
microtubule microtubule-organizing center microvillus mid body The centrally constricted region that forms across the central axis of a cell during cell division, constricted by the closing of the contractile ring until the daughter cells are finally separated. middle lamella mitochondrion mitosis In eukaryotic cells, ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of cell biology | null | null | null |
Colloquially, the term "mitosis" is often used to refer to the entire process of cell division, not just that of the nucleus. mitotic index (MI) The proportion of cells within a sample which are undergoing mitosis at the time of observation, typically expressed as a percentage or as a value between 0 and 1. The number ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of cell biology | null | null | null |
M represents: a manifold a metric space a matroid the unit prefix mega- (106) the Madelung constant for crystal structures held by ionic bonding the moment of forceTorque when denoted as moment of force molar mass molar mass constant, denoted Mu relative molecular mass, denoted Mr Magnetization vector field M A spectra... | Wikipedia - List of mathematical uses of Latin letters | null | null | null |
M {\displaystyle M} , N {\displaystyle N} are n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional smooth manifolds, where n ∈ N {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} } . That is, differentiable manifolds that can be differentiated enough times for the purposes on this page. p ∈ M {\displaystyle p\in M} , q ∈ N {\displaystyle q\in N} denote one... | Wikipedia - Exterior calculus identities | null | null | null |
The boundary of a manifold M {\displaystyle M} is a manifold ∂ M {\displaystyle \partial M} , which has dimension n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} . An orientation on M {\displaystyle M} induces an orientation on ∂ M {\displaystyle \partial M} . We usually denote a submanifold by Σ ⊂ M {\displaystyle \Sigma \subset M} . | Wikipedia - Exterior calculus identities | null | null | null |
M-estimator marginal distribution Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y, the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X when information about Y is ignored. marginal likelihood marginal probability The probability of a given event, ignoring any information about other events... | Wikipedia - Glossary of probability and statistics | null | null | null |
Markov chain Monte Carlo mathematical statistics maximum likelihood estimation mean 1. The expected value of a random variable. 2. | Wikipedia - Glossary of probability and statistics | null | null | null |
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