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Using FTR, reduced Ferredoxin then reduces Thioredoxin. Thioredoxin, through thiol/disulfide exchange, then activates carbohydrate synthesis enzymes such as chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase, and phosphoribulokinase. | Wikipedia - Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase | null | null | null |
As a result, light uses FTR to activate carbohydrate biosynthesis. In the dark, Ferredoxin remains oxidized. This leaves Thioredoxin inactive and allows carbohydrate breakdown to dominate metabolism. | Wikipedia - Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase | null | null | null |
Major ideas in Islamic metaphysics (Arabic: ما وراء الطبيعة, romanized: Mawaraultabia) have surrounded the concept of weḥdah (وحدة) meaning 'unity', or in Arabic توحيد tawhid. Waḥdat al-wujūd literally means the 'unity of existence' or 'unity of being'. In modern times the phrase has been translated as "pantheism." Wuj... | Wikipedia - Identity and change | null | null | null |
Major ideas in Sufi metaphysics have surrounded the concept of wahdat or "unity with God". Two main Sufi philosophies prevail on this controversial topic. Wahdat-ul-Wujood (unity of being) essentially states that the only truth within the universe is God, and that all things exist within God only. | Wikipedia - Sufi philosophy | null | null | null |
Wahdat-ul-shuhud (apparentism, or unity of witness), on the other hand, holds that any experience of unity between God and the created world is only in the mind of the believer and that God and his creation are entirely separate. It is the state where there is no difference between God and human being who is trying to ... | Wikipedia - Sufi philosophy | null | null | null |
In this metaphor, al-Arabi compares an object being reflected in countless mirrors to the relationship between God and his creatures. God's essence is seen in the existent human being, as God is the object and human beings the mirrors. Meaning two things, that since humans are mere reflections of God there can be no di... | Wikipedia - Sufi philosophy | null | null | null |
Major items in the collection include: | Wikipedia - Broadcast Engineering Conservation Group | null | null | null |
Major lateral offsets between large extensional or thrust faults are normally connected by diffuse or discrete zones of strike-slip deformation allowing the transfer of the overall displacement between the structures. | Wikipedia - Fault stepover | null | null | null |
Major vulnerability databases such as the ISS X-Force database, Symantec / SecurityFocus BID database, and the Open Source Vulnerability Database (OSVDB) aggregate a broad range of publicly disclosed vulnerabilities, including Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE). The primary purpose of CVE, run by MITRE, is to a... | Wikipedia - Vulnerability database | null | null | null |
The National Vulnerability Database (NVD), run by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is operated separately from the MITRE-run CVE database, but only includes vulnerability information from CVE. NVD serves as an enhancement to that data by providing Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) ris... | Wikipedia - Vulnerability database | null | null | null |
The Open Source Vulnerability Database provides an accurate, technical and unbiased index on vulnerability security. The comprehensive database cataloged over 121,000 vulnerabilities. The OSVDB was founded in August 2002 and was launched in March 2004. | Wikipedia - Vulnerability database | null | null | null |
In its primitive beginning, newly identified vulnerabilities were investigated by site members and explanations were detailed on the website. However, as the necessity for the service thrived, the need for dedicated staff resulted in the inception of the Open Security Foundation (OSF) which was founded as a non-profit ... | Wikipedia - Vulnerability database | null | null | null |
National Vulnerability Database is a comprehensive cyber security vulnerability database formed in 2005 that reports on CVE. The NVD is a primary cyber security referral tool for individuals and industries alike providing informative resources on current vulnerabilities. The NVD holds in excess of 100,000 records. | Wikipedia - Vulnerability database | null | null | null |
Similar to the OSVDB, the NVD publishes impact ratings and categorises material into an index to provide users with an intelligible search system. Other countries have their own vulnerability databases, such as the Chinese National Vulnerability Database and Russia's Data Security Threats Database. A variety of commerc... | Wikipedia - Vulnerability database | null | null | null |
Examples include Symantec's DeepSight portal and vulnerability data feed, Secunia's (purchased by Flexera) vulnerability manager and Accenture's vulnerability intelligence service (formerly iDefense). Vulnerability databases advise organisations to develop, prioritize, and execute patches or other mitigations which att... | Wikipedia - Vulnerability database | null | null | null |
Majority gate and inverter (NOT) gate are considered as the two most fundamental building blocks of QCA. Figure 5 shows a majority gate with three inputs and one output. In this structure, the electrical field effect of each input on the output is identical and additive, with the result that whichever input state ("bin... | Wikipedia - Quantum dot cellular automata | null | null | null |
Majority of organic compounds undergo simple bond cleavage reactions, in which direct cleavage of bond take place. Sigma bond cleavage, radical site-initiated fragmentation, and charge site-initiated fragmentation are few types of simple bond cleavage reactions. | Wikipedia - Fragmentation (chemistry) | null | null | null |
Makatoxin-3 is made up of 85 amino acid residues, 19 of which make up the signal peptide at the N-terminal, and four disulfide bonds. It has a high sequence homology (90% identity) with two other toxins from the same Makatoxin protein family, Makatoxin-1 and Makatoxin-2. The full amino acid sequence of Makatoxin-3 is t... | Wikipedia - Makatoxin-3 | null | null | null |
Make sure the data are not redundant. Datasets often include redundant variables. For example, a dataset may include variables for income, expenses, and savings. However, because income is equal to expenses plus savings (by definition), it is incorrect to include all 3 variables simultaneously. | Wikipedia - Collinearity (statistics) | null | null | null |
Similarly, including a dummy variable for every category (e.g., summer, autumn, winter, and spring) as well as a constant term creates perfect multicollinearity. Standardize predictor variables. | Wikipedia - Collinearity (statistics) | null | null | null |
Generating polynomial terms (i.e., for x 1 {\displaystyle x_{1}} , x 1 2 {\displaystyle x_{1}^{2}} , x 1 3 {\displaystyle x_{1}^{3}} , etc.) or interaction terms (i.e., x 1 × x 2 {\displaystyle x_{1}\times x_{2}} , etc.) can cause multicollinearity if the variable in question has a limited range. Mean-centering will el... | Wikipedia - Collinearity (statistics) | null | null | null |
Poorly-written statistical software will sometimes fail to converge to a correct representation when variables are strongly correlated. However, it is still possible to rewrite the regression to use only uncorrelated variables by performing a change of basis. The model should be left as is. | Wikipedia - Collinearity (statistics) | null | null | null |
Multicollinearity does not affect the accuracy of the model or its predictions. It is a numerical problem, not a statistical one. Excluding collinear variables leads to artificially small estimates for standard errors, but does not reduce the true (not estimated) standard errors for regression coefficients. Excluding v... | Wikipedia - Collinearity (statistics) | null | null | null |
Making Mathematics Count is the title of a report on mathematics education in the United Kingdom (U.K.). The report was written by Adrian Smith as leader of an "Inquiry into Post–14 Mathematics Education", which was commissioned by the UK Government in 2002. The purpose of the Inquiry was: "To make recommendations on c... | Wikipedia - Making Mathematics Count | null | null | null |
Making all areas of mathematics accessible to young children is a key goal of modern elementary mathematics. Author and academic Liping Ma calls for "profound understanding of fundamental mathematics" by elementary teachers and parents of learners, as well as learners themselves. Algebra: Early algebra covers the appro... | Wikipedia - Modern elementary mathematics | null | null | null |
Geometry: Specially developed physical and virtual manipulatives, as well as interactive geometry software, can make geometry (beyond basic sorting and measuring) available to elementary learners. Calculus: New innovations, such as Don Cohen's map to calculus, which was developed using children's work and level of unde... | Wikipedia - Modern elementary mathematics | null | null | null |
Malachite green (also known as diamond green B or victoria green B) can be used as a blue-green counterstain to safranin in the Gimenez staining technique for bacteria. It can also be used to directly stain spores. | Wikipedia - Cell staining | null | null | null |
Malachite, also called malachite green, is a color that is a representation of the color of the mineral malachite. The first recorded use of malachite green as a color name in English was in the 1200s (exact year uncertain). | Wikipedia - Brunswick green | null | null | null |
Maladaptive behaviors are shown by organisms that display a preference for supernormal stimuli over naturally occurring stimuli. This is often based on instinct to gather as many resources as possible in a resource-sparse environment. It can also be instinctual for certain species to select the supernormal stimuli that... | Wikipedia - Supernormal stimulus | null | null | null |
This is shown in the cuckoo chick and the effects on host reed warblers. These parasitic chicks exhibit irresistible begging calls toward the parental host. This occurs as a result of selective pressures. The reed warbler increases foraging efforts to feed the parasitic chick and its own offspring. As a result, this sh... | Wikipedia - Supernormal stimulus | null | null | null |
Malaysian multi-channel pay-TV operator, MiTV Corporation Sdn Bhd launched its IP-over-UHF service in September 2005. The full digital broadcast capacity was used to deliver IP services which such as multicast streaming and datacasting. | Wikipedia - Datacasting | null | null | null |
Malcev Lie algebras also arise in the theory of mixed Hodge structures. | Wikipedia - Malcev Lie algebra | null | null | null |
Maldacena has made numerous discoveries in theoretical physics. Leonard Susskind called him "perhaps the greatest physicist of his generation... certainly the greatest theoretical physicist of his generation". His most famous discovery is the most reliable realization of the holographic principle – namely the AdS/CFT c... | Wikipedia - Juan Maldacena | null | null | null |
In subsequent works, Maldacena elucidated several aspects of the AdS/CFT correspondence, describing how certain physical observables defined in one theory can be described in the equivalent theory. Shortly after his original work on the AdS/CFT correspondence, Maldacena showed how Wilson lines can be computed in a corr... | Wikipedia - Juan Maldacena | null | null | null |
In 2001, Maldacena proposed that an eternal black hole, an object defined in a gravitational theory, is equivalent to a certain entangled state involving two copies of the corresponding quantum mechanical theory. Ordinary black holes emit Hawking radiation and eventually evaporate. An eternal black hole is a type of bl... | Wikipedia - Juan Maldacena | null | null | null |
Male and female flowers are born on different plants and there are many more female plants than males. The flowers are in spikes at the base of the leaves and do not have petals. The pollen is spread by water movement which can occur underwater, but most pollination takes place on the surface of the sea at very low tid... | Wikipedia - Phyllospadix scouleri | null | null | null |
Instead they germinate among algae, such as red coralline algae, attaching themselves by means of small barbs and intertwining their roots among the algae as they grow. They also send out rhizomes which can colonise new areas. When established, the surf grass may dominate the habitat. A biodiverse invertebrate communit... | Wikipedia - Phyllospadix scouleri | null | null | null |
Male animals are typically more elaborately ornamented than females. The classic sexual selection theory notes that because sperm are cheaper to produce than eggs, and because males generally compete more intensely for reproductive opportunities and invest less in parental care than females, males can obtain greater fi... | Wikipedia - Biological ornament | null | null | null |
Females are not expected to invest in ornamentation unless the fitness benefits of the ornament exceed those from investing the resources directly into offspring. An example of a scenario in which female ornamentation occurs is in the pipefish. Within this species of fish, sex roles are reversed so the male is responsi... | Wikipedia - Biological ornament | null | null | null |
Accordingly, females must compete for access to male parental care. Thus, females have been selected for ornamentation as the benefit of producing the ornamentation, namely male paternal care, outweighs the costs, such as the energy requirements. | Wikipedia - Biological ornament | null | null | null |
Most notably, their venter becomes more colourful during breeding season. Males tend to prefer females with more colourful venters, with research showing that there is a positive association between this ornament and the condition of the female. As this ornamentation reliably indicates mate quality, it can be considere... | Wikipedia - Biological ornament | null | null | null |
In the phalaropes and the Eurasian dotterel, females are more brightly colored than males, and it is the males who are primarily responsible for parental care. It has been proposed that when females gain direct benefits from mating, females may instead be selected for ornamentation that deceives males about their repro... | Wikipedia - Biological ornament | null | null | null |
Male birds of some species, such as the peacock, have conspicuous eyespots in their plumage, used to signal their quality to sexually selecting females. The number of eyespots in a peacock's train predicts his mating success; when a peacock's train is experimentally pruned, females lose interest. Several species of pyg... | Wikipedia - Eyespot (mimicry) | null | null | null |
Male gametes move actively in the stomach of mosquitoes in search of female gametes. Male gametes then enter into female gametes through the cone of reception. The complete fusion of 2 gametes results in the formation of zygote. Here, fusion of 2 dissimilar gametes occurs, known as anisogamy. | Wikipedia - P. vivax | null | null | null |
The zygote remains inactive for sometime but it soon elongates, becomes vermiform (worm-like) and motile. It is now known as ookinete. The pointed ends of ookinete penetrate the stomach wall and come to lie below its outer epithelial layer. | Wikipedia - P. vivax | null | null | null |
Here the zygote becomes spherical and develops a cyst wall around itself. The cyst wall is derived partly from the stomach tissues and partly produced by the zygote itself. At this stage, the zygote is known as an oocyst. | Wikipedia - P. vivax | null | null | null |
The oocyst absorbs nourishment and grows in size. Oocysts protrude from the surface of stomach, giving it a blistered appearance. In a highly infected mosquito, as many as 1000 oocysts may be seen. | Wikipedia - P. vivax | null | null | null |
Male green iguanas have highly developed femoral pores on the underside of their thighs, which secrete a scent (females have femoral pores, but they are smaller in comparison to those of the males). In addition, the dorsal spines that run along a green iguana's back are noticeably longer and thicker in males than they ... | Wikipedia - Green iguana | null | null | null |
Jowls are located under the jaw and are protected by the subtympanic plate, which is a large, green, circular-shaped scale. Green iguanas are oviparous, with females laying clutches of 20 to 71 eggs once per year during a synchronized nesting period. The female green iguana gives no parental protection after egg laying... | Wikipedia - Green iguana | null | null | null |
In Panama, the green iguana has been observed sharing nest sites with American crocodiles, and in Honduras with spectacled caimans.The hatchlings emerge from the nest after 10–15 weeks of incubation. Once hatched, the young iguanas look similar to the adults in color and shape, resembling adult females more so than mal... | Wikipedia - Green iguana | null | null | null |
Male internal reproductive structures are the testicles, the duct system, the prostate and seminal vesicles, and the Cowper's gland.The testicles (male gonads), are where sperm and male hormones are produced. Millions of sperm are produced daily in several hundred seminiferous tubules. Cells called the Leydig cells lie... | Wikipedia - Human sexuality | null | null | null |
The testicles are held by the spermatic cord, which is a tubelike structure containing blood vessels, nerves, the vas deferens, and a muscle that helps to raise and lower the testicles in response to temperature changes and sexual arousal, in which the testicles are drawn closer to the body.Sperm gets transported throu... | Wikipedia - Human sexuality | null | null | null |
The second part of the duct system is the vas deferens, a muscular tube that begins at the lower end of the epididymis. The vas deferens passes upward along the side of the testicles to become part of the spermatic cord. The expanded end is the ampulla, which stores sperm before ejaculation. | Wikipedia - Human sexuality | null | null | null |
The third part of the duct system is the ejaculatory ducts, which are 1-inch (2.5 cm)-long paired tubes that pass through the prostate gland, where semen is produced. The prostate gland is a solid, chestnut-shaped organ that surrounds the first part of the urethra, which carries urine and semen. Similar to the female G... | Wikipedia - Human sexuality | null | null | null |
The prostate gland lies under the bladder and in front of the rectum. It consists of two main zones: the inner zone that produces secretions to keep the lining of the male urethra moist and the outer zone that produces seminal fluids to facilitate the passage of semen. The seminal vesicles secrete fructose for sperm ac... | Wikipedia - Human sexuality | null | null | null |
Male mammals of many species have been observed to lactate under unusual or pathogenic conditions, such as extreme stress, castration, and exposure to phytoestrogens, or pituitary tumors. Therefore, it is hypothesized that while most male mammals could easily develop the ability to lactate, there is no selective advant... | Wikipedia - Male lactation | null | null | null |
Male-on-male rape has been heavily stigmatized. According to psychologist Sarah Crome, fewer than 1 in 10 male-on-male rapes are reported. As a group, male rape victims reported a lack of services and support, and legal systems are often ill-equipped to deal with this type of crime. In the United Kingdom, epidemiologic... | Wikipedia - Male rape | null | null | null |
Maleimide and its derivatives are prepared from maleic anhydride by treatment with amines followed by dehydration. A special feature of the reactivity of maleimides is their susceptibility to additions across the double bond either by Michael additions or via Diels-Alder reactions. Bismaleimides are a class of compound... | Wikipedia - C4H3NO2 | null | null | null |
Malena Rice and Gregory Laughlin applied a targeted shift-stacking search algorithm to analyze data from TESS sectors 18 and 19 looking for candidate outer solar system objects. Their search recovered known ETNOs like Sedna and produced 17 new outer Solar system body candidates located at geocentric distances in the ra... | Wikipedia - Extreme detached disc object | null | null | null |
Males and females are anatomically similar; this extends to some degree to the development of the reproductive system. As adults, they have different reproductive mechanisms that enable them to perform sexual acts and to reproduce. Men and women react to sexual stimuli in a similar fashion with minor differences. Women... | Wikipedia - Human sexuality | null | null | null |
Males attract females by creating courtship territories approximately 200 m (660 ft) in diameter; these territories are maintained from mid-July through the end of October, with particularly intense activity in September. Courtship territories are usually in the vicinity of popular winter roosts for the species. Males ... | Wikipedia - Common pipistrelle | null | null | null |
While copulation occurs in the fall, fertilization does not occur until after its hibernation due to female sperm storage. Females are pregnant in May and June. Pregnant females form large aggregations in roosts, called maternity colonies. | Wikipedia - Common pipistrelle | null | null | null |
Colonies can consist of dozens or hundreds of individuals. Parturition usually occurs in June. | Wikipedia - Common pipistrelle | null | null | null |
The litter size is usually one young, called a pup, though in some populations, twins are regularly produced. Females nurse their pups through July; pups are usually weaned by August. Females reach sexual maturity at one year of age. | Wikipedia - Common pipistrelle | null | null | null |
Males can ejaculate multiple times in a row, and this increases the likelihood of pregnancy as well as decreases the number of stillborns. Multiple ejaculation also means that males can mate with multiple females, and they exhibit more ejaculatory series when there are several oestrous females present. Males also copul... | Wikipedia - Sewer rat | null | null | null |
Males have both internal and external genitalia that are responsible for procreation and sexual intercourse. Production of spermatozoa (sperm) is also cyclic, but unlike the female ovulation cycle, the sperm production cycle is constantly producing millions of sperm daily. | Wikipedia - Alternative sexuality | null | null | null |
Males have developed behaviours that help them to retain a mate, also known as mate guarding, in order to enhance reproductive success in long-term relationships. Examples are intersexual manipulations which involves the male manipulating the way his partner views their current relationship and to repulse her from othe... | Wikipedia - Evolved psychological mechanism | null | null | null |
Males of this genus are known to have the longest sperm cells of any studied organism on Earth, including one species, Drosophila bifurca, that has sperm cells that are 58 mm (2.3 in) long. The cells mostly consist of a long, thread-like tail, and are delivered to the females in tangled coils. The other members of the ... | Wikipedia - Drosophila genome | null | null | null |
Several species in the D. melanogaster species group are known to mate by traumatic insemination.Drosophila species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as D. melanogaster that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on... | Wikipedia - Drosophila genome | null | null | null |
The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not on the vegetable matter itself, but on the yeasts and microorganisms present on the decaying breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between ... | Wikipedia - Drosophila genome | null | null | null |
Fruit flies lay eggs in response to environmental cycles. Eggs laid at a time (e.g., night) during which likelihood of survival is greater than in eggs laid at other times (e.g., day) yield more larvae than eggs that were laid at those times. Ceteris paribus, the habit of laying eggs at this 'advantageous' time would y... | Wikipedia - Drosophila genome | null | null | null |
Males reach the peak of their sex drive in their teenage years, while females reach it in their thirties. The surge in testosterone hits the male at puberty resulting in a sudden and extreme sex drive which reaches its peak at age 15–16, then drops slowly over his lifetime. In contrast, a female's libido increases slow... | Wikipedia - Carnal desire | null | null | null |
Some boys and girls will start expressing romantic or sexual interest by age 10–12. The romantic feelings are not necessarily sexual, but are more associated with attraction and desire for another. For boys and girls in their preteen years (ages 11–12), at least 25% report "thinking a lot about sex". | Wikipedia - Carnal desire | null | null | null |
By the early teenage years (ages 13–14), however, boys are much more likely to have sexual fantasies than girls. In addition, boys are much more likely to report an interest in sexual intercourse at this age than girls. Masturbation among youth is common, with prevalence among the population generally increasing until ... | Wikipedia - Carnal desire | null | null | null |
Boys generally start masturbating earlier, with less than 10% boys masturbating around age 10, around half participating by age 11–12, and over a substantial majority by age 13–14. This is in sharp contrast to girls where virtually none are engaging in masturbation before age 13, and only around 20% by age 13–14.People... | Wikipedia - Carnal desire | null | null | null |
In contrast to common belief, postmenopausal women often report an increase in sexual desire and an increased willingness to satisfy their partner. Women often report family responsibilities, health, relationship problems, and well-being as inhibitors to their sexual desires. Aging adults often have more positive attit... | Wikipedia - Carnal desire | null | null | null |
Those exhibiting negative attitudes generally cite health as one of the main reasons. Stereotypes about aging adults and sexuality often regard seniors as asexual beings, doing them no favors when they try to talk about sexual interest with caregivers and medical professionals. | Wikipedia - Carnal desire | null | null | null |
Non-western cultures often follow a narrative of older women having a much lower libido, thus not encouraging any sort of sexual behavior for women. Residence in retirement homes has affects on residents' libidos. In these homes, sex occurs, but it is not encouraged by the staff or other residents. Lack of privacy and ... | Wikipedia - Carnal desire | null | null | null |
Males typically have less body fat than females. Recent results indicate androgens inhibit the ability of some fat cells to store lipids by blocking a signal transduction pathway that normally supports adipocyte function. Also, androgens, but not estrogens, increase beta adrenergic receptors while decreasing alpha adre... | Wikipedia - Male sex hormones | null | null | null |
Males typically have more skeletal muscle mass than females. Androgens promote the enlargement of skeletal muscle cells in a coordinated manner by acting on several cell types in skeletal muscle tissue. One cell type, called the myoblast, conveys androgen receptors for generating muscle. Fusion of myoblasts generates m... | Wikipedia - Androgenic hormone | null | null | null |
Malhotra–Kumar–Maheshwari blocking flow (ru.) Manhattan distance many-one reduction Markov chain marriage problem (see assignment problem) Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) matched edge matched vertex matching (graph theory) matrix matrix-chain multiplication problem max-heap property maximal independent set maxi... | Wikipedia - List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | null | null | null |
Malikov, Schechtman, and Vaintrob showed that by a method of localization, one may canonically attach a bcβγ (boson–fermion superfield) system to a smooth complex manifold. This complex of sheaves has a distinguished differential, and the global cohomology is a vertex superalgebra. Ben-Zvi, Heluani, and Szczesny showed... | Wikipedia - Virasoro constraint | null | null | null |
Mallba is a library for combinatorial optimizations supporting exact, heuristic and hybrid search strategies. Each strategy is implemented in Mallba as a generic skeleton which can be used by providing the required code. On the exact search algorithms Mallba provides branch-and-bound and dynamic-optimization skeletons.... | Wikipedia - Algorithmic Skeletons | null | null | null |
The hybrid skeletons combine strategies, such as: GASA, a mixture of genetic algorithm and simulated annealing, and CHCCES which combines CHC and ES. The skeletons are provided as a C++ library and are not nestable but type safe. A custom MPI abstraction layer is used, NetStream, which takes care of primitive data type... | Wikipedia - Algorithmic Skeletons | null | null | null |
For example: centralized master-slave, distributed master-slave, etc. Mallba also provides state variables which hold the state of the search skeleton. The state links the search with the environment, and can be accessed to inspect the evolution of the search and decide on future actions. For example, the state can be ... | Wikipedia - Algorithmic Skeletons | null | null | null |
Malliavin calculus a set of mathematical techniques and ideas that extend the mathematical field of calculus of variations from deterministic functions to stochastic processes. Mathematical biology the mathematical modeling of biological phenomena. Mathematical chemistry the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena.... | Wikipedia - Glossary of areas of mathematics | null | null | null |
Mathematical finance a field of applied mathematics, concerned with mathematical modeling of financial markets. Mathematical logic a subfield of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics. Mathematical optimization Mathematical physics The development of mathematical methods suitable for appl... | Wikipedia - Glossary of areas of mathematics | null | null | null |
Mathematical psychology an approach to psychological research that is based on mathematical modeling of perceptual, thought, cognitive and motor processes, and on the establishment of law-like rules that relate quantifiable stimulus characteristics with quantifiable behavior. Mathematical sciences refers to academic di... | Wikipedia - Glossary of areas of mathematics | null | null | null |
Mathematical sociology the area of sociology that uses mathematics to construct social theories. Mathematical statistics the application of probability theory, a branch of mathematics, to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data. Mathematical system theory Matrix algebra Matrix calculus Matr... | Wikipedia - Glossary of areas of mathematics | null | null | null |
Modern algebra Occasionally used for abstract algebra. The term was coined by van der Waerden as the title of his book Moderne Algebra, which was renamed Algebra in the latest editions. Modern algebraic geometry the form of algebraic geometry given by Alexander Grothendieck and Jean-Pierre Serre drawing on sheaf theory... | Wikipedia - Glossary of areas of mathematics | null | null | null |
Modern invariant theory the form of invariant theory that analyses the decomposition of representations into irreducibles. Modular representation theory a part of representation theory that studies linear representations of finite groups over a field K of positive characteristic p, necessarily a prime number. Module th... | Wikipedia - Glossary of areas of mathematics | null | null | null |
Motivic cohomology Multilinear algebra an extension of linear algebra building upon concepts of p-vectors and multivectors with Grassmann algebra. Multiplicative number theory a subfield of analytic number theory that deals with prime numbers, factorization and divisors. Multivariable calculus the extension of calculus... | Wikipedia - Glossary of areas of mathematics | null | null | null |
Malliavin calculus provides a theory of differentiation for random variables defined over Wiener space, including an integration by parts formula (Nualart 2006). | Wikipedia - Itō process | null | null | null |
Mallios and Raptis use ADG to avoid the singularities in general relativity and propose this as a route to quantum gravity. | Wikipedia - Abstract differential geometry | null | null | null |
Mally was the first logician ever to attempt an axiomatization of ethics (Mally 1926). He used five axioms, which are given below. They form a first-order theory that quantifies over propositions, and there are several predicates to understand first. !x means that x ought to be the case. | Wikipedia - Ernst Mally | null | null | null |
Ux means that x is unconditionally obligatory, i.e. that !x is necessarily true. ∩x means that x is unconditionally forbidden, i.e. U(¬x). A f B is the binary relation A requires B, i.e. A materially implies !B. | Wikipedia - Ernst Mally | null | null | null |
(All entailment in the axioms is material conditional.) It is defined by axiom III, whereas all other terms are defined as a preliminary. I. | Wikipedia - Ernst Mally | null | null | null |
( ( A f B ) & ( B → C ) ) → ( A f C ) II. ( ( A f B ) & ( A f C ) ) → ( A f ( B & C ) ) III. ( A f B ) ↔ ! | Wikipedia - Ernst Mally | null | null | null |
( A → B ) IV. ∃ U ! U V. | Wikipedia - Ernst Mally | null | null | null |
¬ ( U f ∩ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rl}{\mbox{I. }}&((A\;\operatorname {f} \;B)\And (B\to C))\to (A\;\operatorname {f} \;C)\\{\mbox{II. }}&((A\;\operatorname {f} \;B)\And (A\;\operatorname {f} \;C))\to (A\;\operatorname {f} \;(B\And C))\\{\mbox{III. | Wikipedia - Ernst Mally | null | null | null |
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