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Many factors within the environment can affect the surface wear of adhesive tape. Even the prospect of rapidly changing environmental conditions can be enough to cause a failure in the substrate. For instance, rapid cooling can cause the substrate to shrink dramatically while the adhesive remains stationary. This pulli... | Wikipedia - Chemistry of pressure-sensitive adhesives | null | null | null |
Thus, substrate failure is predicated on the response of the substrate to various environmental conditions as well as the rate at which those conditions change. An adhesive tape applied in a moderate setting will experience a smaller range of temperatures than one applied in a hot desert. Substrate failure is largely p... | Wikipedia - Chemistry of pressure-sensitive adhesives | null | null | null |
However, the substrate can still be affected by humidity and UV exposure if the substrate is applied in an environment that it was not designed for. For instance, one could get substrate failure by using a tape that was made to be used in a desert in a place such as Florida. The difference in temperature might not be v... | Wikipedia - Chemistry of pressure-sensitive adhesives | null | null | null |
Many feminist economists challenge the perception that only "objective" (often presumed to be quantitative) data are valid. Instead, they say economists should enrich their analysis by using data sets generated from other disciplines or through increased use of qualitative methods. Additionally, many feminist economist... | Wikipedia - Feminist economics | null | null | null |
Many filters are designed to remove chlorine from water to improves the smell and taste of the water. Removing the chlorine can allow bacteria and other microorganisms to colonise parts of the filter downstream of the chlorine removal and the stem of the tap or the shower hose and head. Such colonisation may pose healt... | Wikipedia - Point of use water filter | null | null | null |
Many finite matroids may be represented by a matrix over a field K, in which the matroid elements correspond to matrix columns, and a set of elements is independent if the corresponding set of columns is linearly independent. Every matroid with a linear representation of this type over a field F may also be represented... | Wikipedia - Algebraic matroid | null | null | null |
Many fluorescent stains have been designed for a range of biological molecules. Some of these are small molecules which are intrinsically fluorescent and bind a biological molecule of interest. Major examples of these are nucleic acid stains such as DAPI and Hoechst (excited by UV wavelength light) and DRAQ5 and DRAQ7 ... | Wikipedia - Fluorescent microscope | null | null | null |
A major example of this class of fluorescent stain is phalloidin, which is used to stain actin fibers in mammalian cells. A new peptide, known as the Collagen Hybridizing Peptide, can also be conjugated with fluorophores and used to stain denatured collagen fibers. Staining of the plant cell walls is performed using st... | Wikipedia - Fluorescent microscope | null | null | null |
Many folds are directly related to faults, associated with their propagation, displacement and the accommodation of strains between neighboring faults. | Wikipedia - Fold (geology) | null | null | null |
Many food webs rely on cross-boundary subsidies of detritus for sources of energy and nutrients (Huxel and McCann 1998). For example, a series of lakes in Wisconsin were examined for the presence of Coarse woody debris (CWD) and the characteristics of the surrounding landscape that might control its input to lakes. Coa... | Wikipedia - Cross-boundary subsidy | null | null | null |
They found that subsidies of CWD to lakes were lower when the lakes had human development along the shore. Development along the lakeshore can be thought of as an alteration to the characteristics of the patch boundary between the lake and forest. In this case, development decreased both forest density that is the sour... | Wikipedia - Cross-boundary subsidy | null | null | null |
Many forms of generic magnetic storage media can be reused after degaussing, including reel-to-reel audio tape, VHS videocassettes, and floppy disks. These older media types are simply a raw medium which are overwritten with fresh new patterns, created by fixed-alignment read/write heads. For certain forms of computer ... | Wikipedia - Degaussing | null | null | null |
This servo data is written onto the media a single time at the factory using special-purpose servo writing hardware. The servo patterns are normally never overwritten by the device for any reason and are used to precisely position the read/write heads over data tracks on the media, to compensate for sudden jarring devi... | Wikipedia - Degaussing | null | null | null |
Many forms of psychological torture methods attempt to destroy the subject's normal self-image by removing them from any kind of control over their environment, isolation, monopolising of perception, impression of almightiness, creating a state of learned helplessness, psychological regression and depersonalization. Ot... | Wikipedia - Psychological torture | null | null | null |
Another method is indirect torture, in which a victim is forced to witness the torture of another person, often a loved one. This preys on the victim's affection for and loyalty to a partner, relative, friend, comrade-in-arms, etc, whose real pain induces vicarious suffering in the targeted psychological victim, who is... | Wikipedia - Psychological torture | null | null | null |
soldiers tortured by North Korean and Chinese secret services during the Korean war. He defined three basic actions to break the victims as dependence, debility, and dread. His work was further developed for the CIA. | Wikipedia - Psychological torture | null | null | null |
Many fossorial and sub-fossorial mammals that live in temperate zones with partially frozen grounds tend to hibernate due to the seasonal lack of soft, succulent herbage and other sources of nutrition.W. H. Shimer concluded that, in general, species that adopted fossorial lifestyles likely did so because they failed, a... | Wikipedia - Fossorial | null | null | null |
Sub-fossorial species weighing more than 80 grams (2.8 oz) have comparably lower basal rates than those weighing lower than 60 grams (2.1 oz). The average fossorial animal has a basal rate between 60% and 90%. Further observations conclude that larger burrowing animals, such as hedgehogs or armadillos, have lower therm... | Wikipedia - Fossorial | null | null | null |
Many frameworks can be defined for infinite positional games of perfect information. The typical setup is a game between two players, I and II, who alternately pick subsets of a topological space X. In the nth round, player I plays a subset In of X, and player II responds with a subset Jn. There is a round for every na... | Wikipedia - Topological game | null | null | null |
For example, in the Banach–Mazur game BM(X), the allowed moves are nonempty open subsets of the previous move, and player I wins if ⋂ n I n ≠ ∅ {\displaystyle \bigcap _{n}I_{n}\neq \emptyset } . This typical setup can be modified in various ways. For example, instead of being a subset of X, each move might consist of a... | Wikipedia - Topological game | null | null | null |
Many free and open-source software tools have existed and continued to grow since the 1980s. The combination of a continued need for new algorithms for the analysis of emerging types of biological readouts, the potential for innovative in silico experiments, and freely available open code bases have created opportuniti... | Wikipedia - Bioinformatics | null | null | null |
Many functions can be defined as the antiderivative of another function. This is the case of the natural logarithm, which is the antiderivative of 1/x that is 0 for x = 1. Another common example is the error function. More generally, many functions, including most special functions, can be defined as solutions of diffe... | Wikipedia - Function of several variables | null | null | null |
The simplest example is probably the exponential function, which can be defined as the unique function that is equal to its derivative and takes the value 1 for x = 0. Power series can be used to define functions on the domain in which they converge. For example, the exponential function is given by e x = ∑ n = 0 ∞ x n... | Wikipedia - Function of several variables | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle e^{x}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{x^{n} \over n!}} . However, as the coefficients of a series are quite arbitrary, a function that is the sum of a convergent series is generally defined otherwise, and the sequence of the coefficients is the result of some computation based on another definition. | Wikipedia - Function of several variables | null | null | null |
Then, the power series can be used to enlarge the domain of the function. Typically, if a function for a real variable is the sum of its Taylor series in some interval, this power series allows immediately enlarging the domain to a subset of the complex numbers, the disc of convergence of the series. Then analytic cont... | Wikipedia - Function of several variables | null | null | null |
Many games involve the management of resources. Examples of game resources include tokens, money, land, natural resources, human resources and game points. Resource management involves the players establishing relative values for various types of available resources, in the context of the current state of the game and ... | Wikipedia - Game mechanics | null | null | null |
Many games make use of derived statistics: statistics whose values are determined only by the values of other, "basic" statistics. They often represent a single capability of the character such as the weight a character can lift, or the speed at which they can move. Some are unitless numbers, but often they use real-wo... | Wikipedia - Attribute points | null | null | null |
Basic and derived statistics are also called primary and secondary statistics, respectively. In games which use such concepts, derived statistics are often modified by the character's race and class. In addition, certain in-game methods such as spells or magical items might raise or lower these statistics temporarily. | Wikipedia - Attribute points | null | null | null |
Many games use tiles - flat, rigid pieces of a regular shape - that can be laid down on a flat surface to form a tessellation. Usually, such tiles have patterns or symbols on their surfaces, that combine when tessellated to form game-mechanically significant combinations. The tiles themselves are often drawn at random ... | Wikipedia - Gameplay mechanics | null | null | null |
Many genes encoding FOX proteins have been identified. For example, the FOXF2 gene encodes forkhead box F2, one of many human homologues of the Drosophila melanogaster transcription factor forkhead. FOXF2 is expressed in the lung and placenta. Some FOX genes are downstream targets of the hedgehog signaling pathway, whi... | Wikipedia - FOX proteins | null | null | null |
Many geophysical data sets have spectra that follow a power law, meaning that the frequency of an observed magnitude varies as some power of the magnitude. An example is the distribution of earthquake magnitudes; small earthquakes are far more common than large earthquakes. This is often an indicator that the data sets... | Wikipedia - Geomathematics | null | null | null |
Fractal sets have a number of common features, including structure at many scales, irregularity, and self-similarity (they can be split into parts that look much like the whole). The manner in which these sets can be divided determine the Hausdorff dimension of the set, which is generally different from the more famili... | Wikipedia - Geomathematics | null | null | null |
Many government agencies have made guidelines and recommendations in an effort to increase biosafety measures across laboratories in the United States. Agencies involved in producing policies surrounding biosafety within a hospital, pharmacy or clinical research laboratory include: the CDC, FDA, USDA, DHHS, DoT, EPA an... | Wikipedia - Biosafety | null | null | null |
Many of these agencies have their own manuals and guidance documents relating to training and certain aspects of biosafety directly tied to their agency's scope, including transportation, storage and handling of blood borne pathogens (OSHA, IATA). The American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) has a list of such age... | Wikipedia - Biosafety | null | null | null |
There was also a formation of a Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, but this is more concerned with national defense programs and biosecurity. Ultimately states and local governments, as well as private industry labs, are left to make the final determinants for their own biosafety programs, which vary widely in scop... | Wikipedia - Biosafety | null | null | null |
22 states have approved Occupational Safety plans by OSHA that are audited annually for effectiveness. These plans apply to private and public sector workers, and not necessarily state/ government workers, and not all specifically have a comprehensive program for all aspects of biohazard management from start to finish... | Wikipedia - Biosafety | null | null | null |
Many graph problems can be solved or approximated more efficiently for graphs with bounded boxicity than they can for other graphs; for instance, the maximum clique problem can be solved in polynomial time for graphs with bounded boxicity. For some other graph problems, an efficient solution or approximation can be fou... | Wikipedia - Boxicity | null | null | null |
Many graph-based data structures are used in computer science and related fields: Graph Adjacency list Adjacency matrix Graph-structured stack Scene graph Decision tree Binary decision diagram Zero-suppressed decision diagram And-inverter graph Directed graph Directed acyclic graph Propositional directed acyclic graph ... | Wikipedia - List of data structures | null | null | null |
Many hardware description language (HDL) simulation tools, such as Verilog and VHDL, support an unknown value like that shown above during simulation of digital electronics. The unknown value may be the result of a design error, which the designer can correct before synthesis into an actual circuit. The unknown also re... | Wikipedia - IEEE 1164 | null | null | null |
Many have argued that the absence of time travelers from the future demonstrates that such technology will never be developed, suggesting that it is impossible. This is analogous to the Fermi paradox related to the absence of evidence of extraterrestrial life. As the absence of extraterrestrial visitors does not catego... | Wikipedia - Time machine | null | null | null |
Some versions of general relativity suggest that time travel might only be possible in a region of spacetime that is warped a certain way, and hence time travelers would not be able to travel back to earlier regions in spacetime, before this region existed. Stephen Hawking stated that this would explain why the world h... | Wikipedia - Time machine | null | null | null |
Events such as Perth's Destination Day or MIT's Time Traveler Convention heavily publicized permanent "advertisements" of a meeting time and place for future time travelers to meet. In 1982, a group in Baltimore, Maryland, identifying itself as the Krononauts, hosted an event of this type welcoming visitors from the fu... | Wikipedia - Time machine | null | null | null |
Many hazards and injuries can result from the use of robots in the workplace. Some robots, notably those in a traditional industrial environment, are fast and powerful. This increases the potential for injury as one swing from a robotic arm, for example, could cause serious bodily harm. There are additional risks when ... | Wikipedia - Workplace robotics safety | null | null | null |
A worker who is working on the robot may be injured because a malfunctioning robot is typically unpredictable. For example, a robotic arm that is part of a car assembly line may experience a jammed motor. A worker who is working to fix the jam may suddenly get hit by the arm the moment it becomes unjammed. | Wikipedia - Workplace robotics safety | null | null | null |
Additionally, if a worker is standing in a zone that is overlapping with nearby robotic arms, he or she may get injured by other moving equipment.There are four types of accidents that can occur with robots: impact or collision accidents, crushing and trapping accidents, mechanical part accidents, and other accidents. ... | Wikipedia - Workplace robotics safety | null | null | null |
Mechanical part accidents can occur when a robot malfunctions and starts to "break down", where the ejection of parts or exposed wire can cause serious injury. Other accidents at just general accidents that occur from working with robots.There are seven sources of hazards that are associated with human interaction with... | Wikipedia - Workplace robotics safety | null | null | null |
Many hazards can stem from human-based error. Control errors are intrinsic and are usually not controllable nor predictable. | Wikipedia - Workplace robotics safety | null | null | null |
Unauthorized access hazards occur when a person who is not familiar with the area enters the domain of a robot. Mechanical failures can happen at any time, and a faulty unit is usually unpredictable. Environmental sources are things such as electromagnetic or radio interference in the environment that can cause a robot... | Wikipedia - Workplace robotics safety | null | null | null |
Many heavy-metal quantum dot (lead/cadmium chalcogenides such as PbSe, CdSe) semiconductors can be cytotoxic and must be encapsulated in a stable polymer shell to prevent exposure. Non-toxic quantum dot materials such as AgBiS2 nanocrystals have been explored due to their safety and abundance; exploration with solar ce... | Wikipedia - Quantum dot solar cell | null | null | null |
Many high-level computer languages treat data cubes and other large arrays as single entities distinct from their contents. These languages, of which Fortran, APL, IDL, NumPy, PDL, and S-Lang are examples, allow the programmer to manipulate complete film clips and other data en masse with simple expressions derived fro... | Wikipedia - Data cube | null | null | null |
Many high-pressure, high-temperature materials have been observed in fulgurites. Many of these minerals and compounds are also known to be formed in extreme environments such as nuclear weapon tests, hypervelocity impacts, and interstellar space. Shocked quartz was first described in fulgurites in 1980. Other materials... | Wikipedia - Fulgurite | null | null | null |
Many hydrodynamical systems show s.t. pattern formation: Rayleigh–Bénard convection Taylor–Couette flow Liquid crystal instabilities | Wikipedia - Spatiotemporal pattern | null | null | null |
Many ideas of dimension can be tested with finite geometry. The simplest instance is PG(3,2), which has Fano planes as its 2-dimensional subspaces. It is an instance of Galois geometry, a study of projective geometry using finite fields. Thus, for any Galois field GF(q), there is a projective space PG(3,q) of three dim... | Wikipedia - 3 dimensions | null | null | null |
Many image file formats use data compression to reduce file size and save storage space. Digital compression of images may take place in the camera, or can be done in the computer with the image editor. When images are stored in JPEG format, compression has already taken place. Both cameras and computer programs allow ... | Wikipedia - Image editing | null | null | null |
Some compression algorithms, such as those used in PNG file format, are lossless, which means no information is lost when the file is saved. By contrast, the more popular JPEG file format uses a lossy compression algorithm (based on discrete cosine transform coding) by which the greater the compression, the more inform... | Wikipedia - Image editing | null | null | null |
Many implementations of logic programming extend the above grammar to allow writing facts without the :-, like so: Many also allow writing 0-ary relations without parentheses, like so: These are merely abbreviations (syntactic sugar); they have no impact on the semantics of the program. | Wikipedia - Syntax and semantics of logic programming | null | null | null |
Many important biological processes involve redox reactions. Before some of these processes can begin iron must be assimilated from the environment.Cellular respiration, for instance, is the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) to CO2 and the reduction of oxygen to water. The summary equation for cell respiration is: C6H12O6... | Wikipedia - Oxidation and reduction | null | null | null |
Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to... | Wikipedia - Oxidation and reduction | null | null | null |
In animal cells, mitochondria perform similar functions. See the Membrane potential article. Free radical reactions are redox reactions that occur as a part of homeostasis and killing microorganisms, where an electron detaches from a molecule and then reattaches almost instantaneously. | Wikipedia - Oxidation and reduction | null | null | null |
Free radicals are a part of redox molecules and can become harmful to the human body if they do not reattach to the redox molecule or an antioxidant. Unsatisfied free radicals can spur the mutation of cells they encounter and are, thus, causes of cancer. The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of GSH... | Wikipedia - Oxidation and reduction | null | null | null |
The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g., lactate and pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate), whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios. An abnormal redox state can develop in a variety of deleterious situations, such as hypoxia, shock, and sepsis. Redox mecha... | Wikipedia - Oxidation and reduction | null | null | null |
Many important industrial enzymes use cofactors to catalyze reactions. By using cofactors to manipulate metabolic pathways, it is possible to reduce material cost, eliminate steps in production, reduce production time, decrease pollution, and increase overall production efficiency. One case that demonstrates several of... | Wikipedia - Cofactor engineering | null | null | null |
The chemical pulping process requires the manufacturing plant to use a significant amount of energy, as well as many expensive and toxic chemicals. A group of genetic engineers, through cofactor engineering, engineered a genetically superior aspen tree that produced less lignin. These genetically engineered trees have ... | Wikipedia - Cofactor engineering | null | null | null |
Many important problems in physics, especially low-temperature physics and many-body physics, remain poorly understood because the underlying quantum mechanics is vastly complex. Conventional computers, including supercomputers, are inadequate for simulating quantum systems with as few as 30 particles because the dimen... | Wikipedia - Universal quantum simulator | null | null | null |
These simulators create clean realizations of specific systems of interest, which allows precise realizations of their properties. Precise control over and broad tunability of parameters of the system allows the influence of various parameters to be cleanly disentangled. Quantum simulators can solve problems which are ... | Wikipedia - Universal quantum simulator | null | null | null |
Many important statements are independent of ZFC (see list of statements independent of ZFC). The independence is usually proved by forcing, whereby it is shown that every countable transitive model of ZFC (sometimes augmented with large cardinal axioms) can be expanded to satisfy the statement in question. A different... | Wikipedia - ZFC set theory | null | null | null |
Some statements independent of ZFC can be proven to hold in particular inner models, such as in the constructible universe. However, some statements that are true about constructible sets are not consistent with hypothesized large cardinal axioms. Forcing proves that the following statements are independent of ZFC: Con... | Wikipedia - ZFC set theory | null | null | null |
The Diamond Principle implies the Continuum Hypothesis and the negation of the Suslin Hypothesis. Martin's axiom plus the negation of the Continuum Hypothesis implies the Suslin Hypothesis. The constructible universe satisfies the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis, the Diamond Principle, Martin's Axiom and the Kurepa Hy... | Wikipedia - ZFC set theory | null | null | null |
The failure of the Kurepa hypothesis is equiconsistent with the existence of a strongly inaccessible cardinal.A variation on the method of forcing can also be used to demonstrate the consistency and unprovability of the axiom of choice, i.e., that the axiom of choice is independent of ZF. The consistency of choice can ... | Wikipedia - ZFC set theory | null | null | null |
Since forcing preserves choice, we cannot directly produce a model contradicting choice from a model satisfying choice. However, we can use forcing to create a model which contains a suitable submodel, namely one satisfying ZF but not C. Another method of proving independence results, one owing nothing to forcing, is b... | Wikipedia - ZFC set theory | null | null | null |
This approach employs the statement whose independence is being examined, to prove the existence of a set model of ZFC, in which case Con(ZFC) is true. Since ZFC satisfies the conditions of Gödel's second theorem, the consistency of ZFC is unprovable in ZFC (provided that ZFC is, in fact, consistent). Hence no statemen... | Wikipedia - ZFC set theory | null | null | null |
Many in-service colored signal flares and spectrally balanced decoy flares contain perchlorate oxidizers. Perchlorate, a type of salt in its solid form, dissolves and moves rapidly in groundwater and surface water. Even in low concentrations in drinking water supplies, perchlorate is known to inhibit the uptake of iodi... | Wikipedia - Pyrotechnic flare | null | null | null |
For example, the US Environmental Protection Agency has studied the impacts of perchlorate on the environment as well as drinking water. California has also issued guidance regarding perchlorate use.US courts have taken action regarding the use of perchlorate in manufacturing pyrotechnic devices such as flares. For exa... | Wikipedia - Pyrotechnic flare | null | null | null |
Many incidents of multiracial people being affected by the pressure to align with one race have been recorded. Simple things like microaggressions, physical and verbal abuse about the minority race in them come at many multiracial individuals. This then causes them to just force themselves to align with a certain race ... | Wikipedia - Biracial and multiracial identity development | null | null | null |
A study with 3,282 students from three high schools looked at the correlation between ethnic and racial identity and self-esteem levels (Bracey, Bámaca & Umaña, 2004). Students reported their parents’ racial categories to determine classification of racial group membership, which included a variety of monoracial and bi... | Wikipedia - Biracial and multiracial identity development | null | null | null |
Although Biracial participants did not show higher self-esteem than Black participants, they did show higher self-esteem than Asian participants. Studies show that although Biracial adolescents display less resilience to racism and have a smaller community support than Black adolescents, being bicultural introduces “a ... | Wikipedia - Biracial and multiracial identity development | null | null | null |
Many individuals with spina bifida have an associated abnormality of the cerebellum, called the Arnold Chiari II malformation. In affected individuals, the back portion of the brain is displaced from the back of the skull down into the upper neck. In about 90% of the people with myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus also occ... | Wikipedia - Spina bifida | null | null | null |
In fact, the cerebellum also tends to be smaller in individuals with spina bifida, especially for those with higher lesion levels.The corpus callosum is abnormally developed in 70–90% of individuals with spina bifida myelomeningocele; this affects the communication processes between the left and right brain hemispheres... | Wikipedia - Spina bifida | null | null | null |
For example, frontal regions of the brain tend to be thicker than expected, while posterior and parietal regions are thinner. Thinner sections of the brain are also associated with increased cortical folding. Neurons within the cortex may also be displaced. | Wikipedia - Spina bifida | null | null | null |
Many infertile women tend to cope with immense stress and social stigma behind their condition, which can lead to considerable mental distress. The long-term stress involved in attempting to conceive a child and the social pressures behind giving birth can lead to emotional distress that may manifest as mental disease.... | Wikipedia - Female reproductive biomarkers | null | null | null |
There can be considerable social shaming that can lead to intense feelings of sadness and frustration that potentially contribute to depression and suicide. The implications behind infertility bear huge consequences for the mental health of an infertile woman because of the social pressures and personal grief behind be... | Wikipedia - Female reproductive biomarkers | null | null | null |
Many informal Bayesian inferences are based on "intuitively reasonable" summaries of the posterior. For example, the posterior mean, median and mode, highest posterior density intervals, and Bayes Factors can all be motivated in this way. While a user's utility function need not be stated for this sort of inference, th... | Wikipedia - Statistical inference | null | null | null |
(Methods of prior construction which do not require external input have been proposed but not yet fully developed.) Formally, Bayesian inference is calibrated with reference to an explicitly stated utility, or loss function; the 'Bayes rule' is the one which maximizes expected utility, averaged over the posterior uncer... | Wikipedia - Statistical inference | null | null | null |
Given assumptions, data and utility, Bayesian inference can be made for essentially any problem, although not every statistical inference need have a Bayesian interpretation. Analyses which are not formally Bayesian can be (logically) incoherent; a feature of Bayesian procedures which use proper priors (i.e. those inte... | Wikipedia - Statistical inference | null | null | null |
Many instances of mature design databases exist in the EDA industry, both as a basis for commercial EDA tools as well as proprietary EDA tools developed by the CAD groups of major electronics companies. IBM, Hewlett-Packard, SDA Systems and ECAD (now Cadence Design Systems), High Level Design Systems, and many other co... | Wikipedia - EDA database | null | null | null |
Most of the mature design databases have evolved to the point where they can represent netlist data, layout data, and the ties between the two. They are hierarchical to allow for reuse and smaller designs. They can support styles of layout from digital through pure analog and many styles of mixed-signal design. | Wikipedia - EDA database | null | null | null |
Many instrumental goals, such as technological advancement, are valuable to an agent because they increase its freedom of action. | Wikipedia - Instrumental convergence | null | null | null |
Many integer sorting algorithms have been developed whose theoretical analysis shows them to behave better than comparison sorting, pigeonhole sorting, or radix sorting for large enough combinations of the parameters defining the number of items to be sorted, range of keys, and machine word size. Which algorithm has th... | Wikipedia - Integer sorting | null | null | null |
Many interesting analyses of the Belle and BaBar experiments were limited by statistical uncertainties, which was the main motivation to build a new generation of B-factory - Belle II. The target dataset is 50 ab−1 at Belle II compared to 988 fb−1 (with 711 fb−1 at the Υ(4S) energy) at Belle. The dataset of good runs f... | Wikipedia - Belle II experiment | null | null | null |
Many interesting statements in set theory are independent of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF). The following statements in set theory are known to be independent of ZF, under the assumption that ZF is consistent: The axiom of choice The continuum hypothesis and the generalized continuum hypothesis The Suslin conjecture... | Wikipedia - Independence (mathematical logic) | null | null | null |
However they are probably independent of ZF, in a corresponding sense to the above: They cannot be proved in ZF, and few working set theorists expect to find a refutation in ZF. However ZF cannot prove that they are independent of ZF, even with the added hypothesis that ZF is consistent. The axiom of determinacy The ax... | Wikipedia - Independence (mathematical logic) | null | null | null |
Many intricate macromolecules are synthesized in a pattern of simple, repeated structures. For example, the simplest structures of lipids are fatty acids. Fatty acids are hydrocarbon derivatives; they contain a carboxyl group "head" and a hydrocarbon chain "tail". These fatty acids create larger components, which in tu... | Wikipedia - Biological synthesis | null | null | null |
Many invasive neophytes in Australia and New Zealand were originally garden escapees. The Jerusalem thorn forms in the Northern Territory impenetrable thorny thickets which can be several kilometers in length and width. Two other plants introduced as ornamental garden plants, Asparagus asparagoides and Chrysanthemoides... | Wikipedia - Escaped plant | null | null | null |
The same can be seen in many acidic peatlands in the Atlantic and subatlantic climates. Robinia pseudoacacia was imported from America to Central Europe for its rapid growth, and it now threatens the scarce steppe and natural forest areas of the drylands. Examples in forests include Prunus serotina which was initially ... | Wikipedia - Escaped plant | null | null | null |
In North America, Tamarisk trees, native to southern Europe and temperate parts of Asia, have proven to be problematic plants. In nutrient-poor heaths, but rich in grasses and bushes (fynbos) in the region Cape in South Africa, species of eucalyptus from Australia are growing strongly. As they are largely accustomed to... | Wikipedia - Escaped plant | null | null | null |
In Hawaii, the epiphytic fern Phlebodium aureum has spread widely, and is considered an invasive plant.Particularly unstable ecosystems, already unbalanced by attacks or possessing certain characteristics, can be massively damaged by neophytes because the final vegetation is already weakened. In the humid forests of Au... | Wikipedia - Escaped plant | null | null | null |
Many invertebrate species are known to exhibit various forms of bet hedging. Diaptomus sanguineus, an aquatic crustacean species found in many ponds of the Northeast United States, is one of the most well-studied examples of bet hedging. This species uses a form of diversified bet hedging called germ banking, in which ... | Wikipedia - Bet hedging (biology) | null | null | null |
In Diaptomus sanguineus, germ banking occurs when parents produce dormant eggs prior to annual environmental shifts that yield increased risk for developing offspring. For example, in temporary ponds, Diaptomus sanguineus production of dormant eggs peaks just before the annual dry season in June when ponds levels decre... | Wikipedia - Bet hedging (biology) | null | null | null |
This example demonstrates that germ banking may take different forms within a species depending on the environmental risk presented. Bet hedging through variable egg hatching patterns are seen in other crustaceans as well.Invertebrate bet-hedging has also been observed in the mating systems of some species of spider. F... | Wikipedia - Bet hedging (biology) | null | null | null |
Primary male mates are considered to be of higher fitness than secondary males, as primary mates must overcome intrasexual fighting prior to mating with a female, while secondary male mates are chosen through female choice. Scientists believe multiple paternity has evolved in response to virgin insemination by low qual... | Wikipedia - Bet hedging (biology) | null | null | null |
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