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Females have developed a mechanism for sperm precedence to retain control over offspring paternity and increase offspring fitness. Further examination of female genitalia has supported this hypothesis. The sierra dome spider exhibits this behavior as a form of genetic bet hedging, reducing the risk of producing low qua... | Wikipedia - Bet hedging (biology) | null | null | null |
Many journals publish research in quantum information science, although only a few are dedicated to this area. Among these are: International Journal of Quantum Information npj Quantum Information Quantum Quantum Information & Computation Quantum Information Processing Quantum Science and Technology | Wikipedia - Quantum Information | null | null | null |
Many kinds of fuels and lubricants are produced by processes that include biotransformations starting from natural precursors such as fats, cellulose, and sugars. | Wikipedia - Biotransformation | null | null | null |
Many laboratory workers encounter daily exposure to biological hazards. These hazards are present in various sources throughout the laboratory such as blood and body fluids, culture specimens, body tissue and cadavers, and laboratory animals, as well as other workers. These are federally regulated biological agents (e.... | Wikipedia - Laboratory safety | null | null | null |
Anthrax - Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Avian Flu - Avian influenza is caused by Influenza A viruses. | Wikipedia - Laboratory safety | null | null | null |
Botulism - Cases of botulism are usually associated with consumption of preserved foods. Foodborne Disease - Foodborne illnesses are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins, metals, and prions (microscopic protein particles). Symptoms range from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening neurologic, hepatic and re... | Wikipedia - Laboratory safety | null | null | null |
Hantavirus - Hantaviruses are transmitted to humans from the dried droppings, urine, or saliva of mice and rats. Legionnaires’ Disease - Legionnaires’ disease is a bacterial disease commonly associated with water-based aerosols. Molds and fungi - Molds and fungi produce and release millions of spores small enough to be... | Wikipedia - Laboratory safety | null | null | null |
Plague - The World Health Organization reports 1,000 to 3,000 cases of plague every year. A bioterrorist release of plague could result in a rapid spread of the pneumonic form of the disease, which could have devastating consequences. Ricin - Ricin is one of the most toxic and easily produced plant toxins. | Wikipedia - Laboratory safety | null | null | null |
It has been used in the past as a bioterrorist weapon and remains a serious threat. Smallpox - Smallpox is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. It is estimated that no more than 20 percent of the population has any immunity from previous vaccination. Tularemia - Tularemia is also known as "rabbit fever" or "de... | Wikipedia - Laboratory safety | null | null | null |
Many lake pigments are azo dyes. They characteristically have sulfonate and sometimes carboxylate substituents, which confer negative charge to the chromophore (colored species). The metallic salts or binders used are typically colourless or almost so. The organic component of the dye determines the color of the result... | Wikipedia - Lake pigment | null | null | null |
Many languages distinguish between bitwise and logical disjunction by providing two distinct operators; in languages following C, bitwise disjunction is performed with the single pipe operator (|), and logical disjunction with the double pipe (||) operator. Logical disjunction is usually short-circuited; that is, if th... | Wikipedia - Logical sum | null | null | null |
Many languages use tone in a more limited way. In Japanese, fewer than half of the words have a drop in pitch; words contrast according to which syllable this drop follows. Such minimal systems are sometimes called pitch accent since they are reminiscent of stress accent languages, which typically allow one principal s... | Wikipedia - Tone accent | null | null | null |
Many languages, including object-oriented ones, implement strings as records with an internal structure like: However, since the implementation is usually hidden, the string must be accessed and modified through member functions. text is a pointer to a dynamically allocated memory area, which might be expanded as neede... | Wikipedia - String algorithm | null | null | null |
Many large animals on islands have been hunted to extinction by humans. A well-known example is the dodo, once found on the island of Mauritius. It evolved to become large, flightless and docile, and was subsequently driven to extinction by humans and introduced predators. | Wikipedia - Island ecology | null | null | null |
Many large-scale structures have been discovered, and some authors have reported some of the structures to be in conflict with the homogeneity condition required for the cosmological principle, including The Clowes–Campusano LQG, discovered in 1991, which has a length of 580 Mpc The Sloan Great Wall, discovered in 2003... | Wikipedia - Steady-state cosmology | null | null | null |
Many limits derived in terms of physical constants and abstract models of computation in computer science are loose. Very few known limits directly obstruct leading-edge technologies, but many engineering obstacles currently cannot be explained by closed-form limits. | Wikipedia - Physical limits to computing | null | null | null |
Many linear algebra statements hold for Manin matrices even when R is not commutative. In particular, the determinant can be defined in the standard way using permutations and it satisfies a Cramer's rule. MacMahon Master theorem holds true for Manin matrices and actually for their generalizations (super), (q), etc. an... | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
Cramer's rule (See or section 4.1.) The inverse to a Manin matrix M can be defined by the standard formula: M − 1 = 1 det c o l ( M ) M a d j , {\displaystyle M^{-1}={\frac {1}{{\det }^{col}(M)}}M^{adj},} where Madj is adjugate matrix given by the standard formula - its (i,j)-th element is the column-determinant of the... | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
Proposition. Inverse is also Manin. (See section 4.3.) | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
Assume a two-sided inverse to a Manin matrix M exists, then it will also be a Manin matrix. Moreover, det(M−1) = (det(M))−1. This proposition is somewhat non-trivial, it implies the result by Enriquez-Rubtsov and Babelon-Talon in the theory of quantum integrable systems (see section 4.2.1). | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
Proposition. Cayley–Hamilton theorem (See section 7.1.) | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
d e t c o l u m n ( t − M ) | t = M r i g h t s u b s t i t u t e = 0 , i . e . | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
∑ i = 0... n ( − 1 ) i σ i M n − i = 0. {\displaystyle det^{column}(t-M)|_{t=M}^{right~substitute}=0,~~i.e.~~\sum _{i=0...n}(-1)^{i}\sigma _{i}M^{n-i}=0.} Where σi are coefficients of the characteristic polynomial d e t c o l u m n ( t − M ) = ∑ i = 0... n ( − 1 ) i σ i t n − i {\displaystyle det^{column}(t-M)=\sum _{i... | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
Proposition. Newton identities (See section 7.2.1.) ∀ k ≥ 0: − ( − 1 ) k k σ k = ∑ i = 0... k − 1 σ i T r ( M k − i ) {\displaystyle \forall k\geq 0:-(-1)^{k}k\sigma _{k}=\sum _{i=0...k-1}\sigma _{i}Tr(M^{k-i})} Where σi are coefficients of the characteristic polynomial d e t c o l u m n ( t − M ) = ∑ i = 0... n ( − 1 ... | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
Determinant via Schur complement (See section 5.2.) Assume block matrix below is a Manin matrix and two-sided inverses M−1, A−1, D−1 exist, then d e t c o l u m n ( A B C d ) = d e t c o l u m n ( A ) d e t c o l u m n ( D − C A − 1 B ) = d e t c o l u m n ( D ) d e t c o l u m n ( A − B D − 1 C ) . {\displaystyle det^... | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
Moreover, Schur complements ( D − C A − 1 B ) , ( A − B D − 1 C ) {\displaystyle (D-CA^{-1}B),(A-BD^{-1}C)} are Manin matrices. Proposition. MacMahon Master theorem | Wikipedia - Manin matrix | null | null | null |
Many living organisms are able to tolerate prolonged periods of time at temperatures below the freezing point of water. Most living organisms accumulate cryoprotectants such as antinucleating proteins, polyols, and glucose to protect themselves against frost damage by sharp ice crystals. Most plants, in particular, can... | Wikipedia - Cryobiology | null | null | null |
Many living organisms employ toxins offensively or defensively. A relatively small number of toxins are known to have the potential to cause widespread sickness or casualties, but these may be appealing to those who would use them nefariously for several reasons. They are often inexpensive and easily available, and in ... | Wikipedia - Biological toxin | null | null | null |
Many logical operations on BDDs can be implemented by polynomial-time graph manipulation algorithms:: 20 conjunction disjunction negationHowever, repeating these operations several times, for example forming the conjunction or disjunction of a set of BDDs, may in the worst case result in an exponentially big BDD. This ... | Wikipedia - Binary decision diagram | null | null | null |
Also, since constructing the BDD of a Boolean function solves the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem and the co-NP-complete tautology problem, constructing the BDD can take exponential time in the size of the Boolean formula even when the resulting BDD is small. Computing existential abstraction over multiple v... | Wikipedia - Binary decision diagram | null | null | null |
Many logical rules of IF logic can be adequately expressed only in terms of more restricted notions of equivalence, which take into account the context in which a formula might appear. For example, if U {\displaystyle U} is a finite set of variables and U ⊇ Free ( φ ) ∪ Free ( ψ ) {\displaystyle U\supseteq {\mbox{Free}... | Wikipedia - Independence-friendly logic | null | null | null |
Many logics besides first-order logic are studied. These include infinitary logics, which allow for formulas to provide an infinite amount of information, and higher-order logics, which include a portion of set theory directly in their semantics. The most well studied infinitary logic is L ω 1 , ω {\displaystyle L_{\om... | Wikipedia - Mathematical Logic | null | null | null |
Thus, for example, it is possible to say that an object is a whole number using a formula of L ω 1 , ω {\displaystyle L_{\omega _{1},\omega }} such as ( x = 0 ) ∨ ( x = 1 ) ∨ ( x = 2 ) ∨ ⋯ . {\displaystyle (x=0)\lor (x=1)\lor (x=2)\lor \cdots .} Higher-order logics allow for quantification not only of elements of the d... | Wikipedia - Mathematical Logic | null | null | null |
The semantics are defined so that, rather than having a separate domain for each higher-type quantifier to range over, the quantifiers instead range over all objects of the appropriate type. The logics studied before the development of first-order logic, for example Frege's logic, had similar set-theoretic aspects. Alt... | Wikipedia - Mathematical Logic | null | null | null |
Another type of logics are fixed-point logics that allow inductive definitions, like one writes for primitive recursive functions. One can formally define an extension of first-order logic — a notion which encompasses all logics in this section because they behave like first-order logic in certain fundamental ways, but... | Wikipedia - Mathematical Logic | null | null | null |
Many manufacturing companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This method has many benefits, including easier and more exhaus... | Wikipedia - Product Engineering | null | null | null |
These tools include finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Using CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate the design process to develop a product that better meets cost, performance, and other constraints. No physical prot... | Wikipedia - Product Engineering | null | null | null |
In addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or non-Newtonian flows. Just as manufacturing engineering is linked with other disciplines, such as mechatronics, multidisciplinary design optimizati... | Wikipedia - Product Engineering | null | null | null |
Many manufacturing companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs, such as SolidWorks and AutoCAD, into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This method has many benefits,... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering | null | null | null |
Many mathematical definitions have been proposed to formalise the notion of directed space. E. W. Dijkstra introduced a simple dialect to deal with semaphores, the so-called 'PV language', and to provide each PV program an abstract model: its 'geometric semantics'. Any such model admits a natural partially ordered spac... | Wikipedia - Directed topology | null | null | null |
Following this approach, the directed paths over the model i.e. the monotonic continuous paths, represent the execution traces of the program. From the computer science point of view, however, the resulting pospaces have a severe drawback. | Wikipedia - Directed topology | null | null | null |
Because partial orders are by definition antisymmetric, their only directed loops i.e. directed paths which end where they start, are the constant loops. Inspired by smooth manifolds, L. Fajstrup, E. Goubault, and M. Raussen use the sheaf-theoretic approach to define local pospaces. Roughly speaking, a local pospace is... | Wikipedia - Directed topology | null | null | null |
Given two elements U and V of the covering, it is required that the partial orders on U and V match on the intersection. Though local pospaces allow directed loops, they form a category whose colimits—when they exist—may be rather ill-behaved. Noting that the directed paths of a (local) pospace appear as a by-product o... | Wikipedia - Directed topology | null | null | null |
D-spaces admit non-constant directed loops and form a category enjoying properties similar to the ones enjoyed by the category of topological spaces. As shown by Sanjeevi Krishnan, the drawbacks of local pospaces can be avoided if we extend the notion of pospaces by means of 'cosheaves'. The notion of stream is defined... | Wikipedia - Directed topology | null | null | null |
More precisely one considers preorders on open subsets and one requires that given any open subset U and any open covering Ω of U, the preorder associated with U is 'generated' by the preorders associated with each member of Ω. The resulting category behaves as nicely as the category of d-spaces. Indeed, both of them o... | Wikipedia - Directed topology | null | null | null |
Many mathematical fallacies in geometry arise from using an additive equality involving oriented quantities (such as adding vectors along a given line or adding oriented angles in the plane) to a valid identity, but which fixes only the absolute value of (one of) these quantities. This quantity is then incorporated int... | Wikipedia - False proof | null | null | null |
Many mathematical suites are computer algebra systems that use symbolic mathematics. They are designed to solve classical algebra equations and problems in human readable notation. | Wikipedia - Mathematical software | null | null | null |
Many mathematical theorems are conditional statements, whose proofs deduce conclusions from conditions known as hypotheses or premises. In light of the interpretation of proof as justification of truth, the conclusion is often viewed as a necessary consequence of the hypotheses. Namely, that the conclusion is true in c... | Wikipedia - Mathematical theorem | null | null | null |
Although theorems can be written in a completely symbolic form (e.g., as propositions in propositional calculus), they are often expressed informally in a natural language such as English for better readability. The same is true of proofs, which are often expressed as logically organized and clearly worded informal arg... | Wikipedia - Mathematical theorem | null | null | null |
In some cases, one might even be able to substantiate a theorem by using a picture as its proof. Because theorems lie at the core of mathematics, they are also central to its aesthetics. Theorems are often described as being "trivial", or "difficult", or "deep", or even "beautiful". | Wikipedia - Mathematical theorem | null | null | null |
These subjective judgments vary not only from person to person, but also with time and culture: for example, as a proof is obtained, simplified or better understood, a theorem that was once difficult may become trivial. On the other hand, a deep theorem may be stated simply, but its proof may involve surprising and sub... | Wikipedia - Mathematical theorem | null | null | null |
Many megabat species are highly gregarious or social. Megabats will vocalize to communicate with each other, creating noises described as "trill-like bursts of sound", honking, or loud, bleat-like calls in various genera. At least one species, the Egyptian fruit bat, is capable of a kind of vocal learning called vocal ... | Wikipedia - Fruit bats | null | null | null |
It has been postulated that these dialect differences may result in individuals of different colonies communicating at different frequencies, for instance.Megabat social behavior includes using sexual behaviors for more than just reproduction. Evidence suggests that female Egyptian fruit bats take food from males in ex... | Wikipedia - Fruit bats | null | null | null |
Homosexual fellatio has been observed in at least one species, the Bonin flying fox (Pteropus pselaphon). This same-sex fellatio is hypothesized to encourage colony formation of otherwise-antagonistic males in colder climates.Megabats are mostly nocturnal and crepuscular, though some have been observed flying during th... | Wikipedia - Fruit bats | null | null | null |
A few island species and subspecies are diurnal, hypothesized as a response to a lack of predators. Diurnal taxa include a subspecies of the black-eared flying fox (Pteropus melanotus natalis), the Mauritian flying fox (Pteropus niger), the Caroline flying fox (Pteropus molossinus), a subspecies of Pteropus pelagicus (... | Wikipedia - Fruit bats | null | null | null |
Many memory devices designed to connect to a bus (such as RAM and ROM chips) have both CS (chip select) and OE (output enable) pins, which superficially appear to do the same thing. If CS is not asserted, the outputs are high impedance. The difference lies in the time needed to output the signal. When chip select is de... | Wikipedia - Three-state logic | null | null | null |
(An advantage of course, is that the chip consumes minimal power in this case.) When chip select is asserted, the chip internally performs the access, and only the final output drivers are disabled by deasserting output enable. This can be done while the bus is in use for other purposes, and when output enable is final... | Wikipedia - Three-state logic | null | null | null |
Many metabolic pathways are of commercial interest. For instance, the production of many antibiotics or other drugs requires complex pathways. The pathways to produce such compounds can be transplanted into microbes or other more suitable organism for production purposes. For example, the world's supply of the anti-can... | Wikipedia - Biochemical pathways | null | null | null |
The biosynthetic pathway to produce vinblastine, including 30 enzymatic steps, has been transferred into yeast cells which is a convenient system to grow in large amounts. With these genetic modifications yeast can use its own metabolites geranyl pyrophosphate and tryptophan to produce the precursors of catharanthine a... | Wikipedia - Biochemical pathways | null | null | null |
Many metal silicides are known, most of which have formulae that cannot be explained through simple appeals to valence: their bonding ranges from metallic to ionic and covalent. Some known stoichiometries are M6Si, M5Si, M4Si, M15Si4, M3Si, M5Si2, M2Si, M5Si3, M3Si2, MSi, M2Si3, MSi2, MSi3, and MSi6. They are structura... | Wikipedia - Metallurgical grade silicon | null | null | null |
Silicides are known for all stable elements in groups 1–10, with the exception of beryllium: in particular, uranium and the transition metals of groups 4–10 show the widest range of stoichiometries. Except for copper, the metals in groups 11–15 do not form silicides. Instead, most form eutectic mixtures, although the h... | Wikipedia - Metallurgical grade silicon | null | null | null |
For example, the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals react with silicon or silicon oxide to give silicides. Nevertheless, even with these highly electropositive elements true silicon anions are not obtainable, and most of these compounds are semiconductors. For example, the alkali metal silicides (M+)4(Si4−4) conta... | Wikipedia - Metallurgical grade silicon | null | null | null |
Metal-rich silicides tend to have isolated silicon atoms (e. g. Cu5Si); with increasing silicon content, catenation increases, resulting in isolated clusters of two (e. g. U3Si2) or four silicon atoms (e. g. 44−) at first, followed by chains (e. g. CaSi), layers (e. g. CaSi2), or three-dimensional networks of silicon a... | Wikipedia - Metallurgical grade silicon | null | null | null |
The pre-transition metal silicides instead readily react with water and aqueous acids, usually producing hydrogen or silanes: Na2Si + 3 H2O → Na2SiO3 + 3 H2 Mg2Si + 2 H2SO4 → 2 MgSO4 + SiH4Products often vary with the stoichiometry of the silicide reactant. For example, Ca2Si is polar and non-conducting and has the ant... | Wikipedia - Metallurgical grade silicon | null | null | null |
Many metal tellurides are known, including some telluride minerals. These include natural gold tellurides, like calaverite and krennerite (AuTe2), and sylvanite (AgAuTe4). They are minor ores of gold, although they comprise the major naturally occurring compounds of gold. (A few other natural compounds of gold, such as... | Wikipedia - Telluride (chemistry) | null | null | null |
Although the bonding in such materials is often fairly covalent, they are described casually as salts of Te2−. Using this approach, Ag2Te is derived from Ag+ and Te2−. Catenated Te anions are known in the form of the polytellurides. They arise by the reaction of telluride dianion with elemental Te: Te2- + n Te → Ten+12... | Wikipedia - Telluride (chemistry) | null | null | null |
Many methods for concurrency control exist. Most of them can be implemented within either main category above. The major methods, which have each many variants, and in some cases may overlap or be combined, are: Locking (e.g., Two-phase locking - 2PL) - Controlling access to data by locks assigned to the data. Access o... | Wikipedia - Concurrent access | null | null | null |
Serialization graph checking (also called Serializability, or Conflict, or Precedence graph checking) - Checking for cycles in the schedule's graph and breaking them by aborts. Timestamp ordering (TO) - Assigning timestamps to transactions, and controlling or checking access to data by timestamp order. Commitment order... | Wikipedia - Concurrent access | null | null | null |
Index concurrency control - Synchronizing access operations to indexes, rather than to user data. Specialized methods provide substantial performance gains. | Wikipedia - Concurrent access | null | null | null |
Private workspace model (Deferred update) - Each transaction maintains a private workspace for its accessed data, and its changed data become visible outside the transaction only upon its commit (e.g., Weikum and Vossen 2001). This model provides a different concurrency control behavior with benefits in many cases.The ... | Wikipedia - Concurrent access | null | null | null |
Many methods for introducing DNA sequences into organisms to create recombinant DNA and genetically modified organisms use the process of homologous recombination. Also called gene targeting, the method is especially common in yeast and mouse genetics. The gene targeting method in knockout mice uses mouse embryonic ste... | Wikipedia - Homolog recombination | null | null | null |
In recognition of their discovery of how homologous recombination can be used to introduce genetic modifications in mice through embryonic stem cells, Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.Advances in gene targeting technologies which hijack the ho... | Wikipedia - Homolog recombination | null | null | null |
Many methods for selection are based on choosing a special "pivot" element from the input, and using comparisons with this element to divide the remaining n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} input values into two subsets: the set L {\displaystyle L} of elements less than the pivot, and the set R {\displaystyle R} of elements gre... | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
In the remaining case, the k {\displaystyle k} th smallest value is in R {\displaystyle R} , and more specifically it is the element in position k − | L | − 1 {\displaystyle k-|L|-1} of R {\displaystyle R} . It can be found by applying a selection algorithm recursively, seeking the value in this position in R {\display... | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
Details vary depending on how the input collection is represented. The time to compare the pivot against all the other values is O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} . However, pivoting methods differ in how they choose the pivot, which affects how big the subproblems in each recursive call will be. | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
The efficiency of these methods depends greatly on the choice of the pivot. If the pivot is chosen badly, the running time of this method can be as slow as O ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2})} . If the pivot were exactly at the median of the input, then each recursive call would have at most half as many values as the pr... | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
However, finding the median is itself a selection problem, on the entire original input. Trying to find it by a recursive call to a selection algorithm would lead to an infinite recursion, because the problem size would not decrease in each call. | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
Quickselect chooses the pivot uniformly at random from the input values. It can be described as a prune and search algorithm, a variant of quicksort, with the same pivoting strategy, but where quicksort makes two recursive calls to sort the two subcollections L {\displaystyle L} and R {\displaystyle R} , quickselect on... | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
For any constant C {\displaystyle C} , the probability that its number of comparisons exceeds C n {\displaystyle Cn} is superexponentially small in C {\displaystyle C} . The Floyd–Rivest algorithm, a variation of quickselect, chooses a pivot by randomly sampling a subset of r {\displaystyle r} data values, for some sam... | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
This method can achieve an expected number of comparisons that is n + min ( k , n − k ) + o ( n ) {\displaystyle n+\min(k,n-k)+o(n)} . In their original work, Floyd and Rivest claimed that the o ( n ) {\displaystyle o(n)} term could be made as small as O ( n ) {\displaystyle O({\sqrt {n}})} by a recursive sampling sche... | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
Although the usual analysis of both quickselect and the Floyd–Rivest algorithm assumes the use of a true random number generator, a version of the Floyd–Rivest algorithm using a pseudorandom number generator seeded with only logarithmically many true random bits has been proven to run in linear time with high probabili... | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
Thus, a problem on n {\displaystyle n} elements is reduced to two recursive problems on n / 5 {\displaystyle n/5} elements (to find the pivot) and at most 7 n / 10 {\displaystyle 7n/10} elements (after the pivot is used). The total size of these two recursive subproblems is at most 9 n / 10 {\displaystyle 9n/10} , allo... | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
It was the first linear-time deterministic selection algorithm known, and is commonly taught in undergraduate algorithms classes as an example of a divide and conquer that does not divide into two equal subproblems. However, the high constant factors in its O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} time bound make it slower than qu... | Wikipedia - Selection algorithm | null | null | null |
Many methods help women to relax and make pain more manageable. A review of the effectiveness of non-medical approaches to pain relief found that water immersion, relaxation methods, and acupuncture relieved pain. These and other non-pharmacologic pain management options are further discussed below. Breathing and relax... | Wikipedia - Pain management during childbirth | null | null | null |
Warm showers or baths MassageMany types of massage can be used during various stages of labor. Literature suggests light touch or stroke massage techniques may aid in the release of oxytocin, which may help stimulate contractions and facilitate cervical dilatation. Various types of massage may also help soothe and dist... | Wikipedia - Pain management during childbirth | null | null | null |
Warm or cold compresses, such as heat on lower back or cold washcloth on foreheadApplying warm compresses, especially to the lower back area, while the cervix is dilating may help reduce pain during the first stage of labor and may even help to decrease the length of labor itself, however, the evidence supporting this ... | Wikipedia - Pain management during childbirth | null | null | null |
Evidence suggests using a birthing ball can facilitate pain relief by supporting the perineum and providing gentle stimulation to the area during cervical dilatation. It may also aid in fetal descent through various positioning exercises and with gravity. | Wikipedia - Pain management during childbirth | null | null | null |
Listening to musicAlthough little evidence supports music as an effective method in decreasing pain, it may provide a distraction or assist in creating a more positive birth experience which may ultimately decrease the chance of negative postpartum outcomes. AcupunctureThe use of acupuncture may be associated with fewe... | Wikipedia - Pain management during childbirth | null | null | null |
Many miRNAs function to direct cleavage of their mRNA targets; this is particularly true in plants, and thus high-throughput sequencing methods have been developed to take advantage of this property of miRNAs by sequencing the uncapped 3' ends of cleaved or degraded mRNAs. These methods are known as Degradome sequencin... | Wikipedia - MicroRNA Sequencing | null | null | null |
Many microsatellites are located in non-coding DNA and are biologically silent. Others are located in regulatory or even coding DNA – microsatellite mutations in such cases can lead to phenotypic changes and diseases. A genome-wide study estimates that microsatellite variation contributes 10–15% of heritable gene expre... | Wikipedia - Simple Sequence Repeat | null | null | null |
Many misuses of statistics occur because The source is a subject matter expert, not a statistics expert. The source may incorrectly use a method or interpret a result. The source is a statistician, not a subject matter expert. An expert should know when the numbers being compared describe different things. | Wikipedia - Data manipulation | null | null | null |
Numbers change, as reality does not, when legal definitions or political boundaries change. The subject being studied is not well defined, or some of its aspects are easy to quantify while others hard to quantify or there is no known quantification method (see McNamara fallacy). For example: While IQ tests are availabl... | Wikipedia - Data manipulation | null | null | null |
Publishing "impact" has the same problem. Scientific papers and scholarly journals are often rated by "impact", quantified as the number of citations by later publications. Mathematicians and statisticians conclude that impact (while relatively objective) is not a very meaningful measure. | Wikipedia - Data manipulation | null | null | null |
"The sole reliance on citation data provides at best an incomplete and often shallow understanding of research — an understanding that is valid only when reinforced by other judgments. Numbers are not inherently superior to sound judgments." A seemingly simple question about the number of words in the English language... | Wikipedia - Data manipulation | null | null | null |
Data quality is poor. Apparel provides an example. | Wikipedia - Data manipulation | null | null | null |
People have a wide range of sizes and body shapes. It is obvious that apparel sizing must be multidimensional. Instead it is complex in unexpected ways. | Wikipedia - Data manipulation | null | null | null |
Some apparel is sold by size only (with no explicit consideration of body shape), sizes vary by country and manufacturer and some sizes are deliberately misleading. While sizes are numeric, only the crudest of statistical analyses is possible using the size numbers with care. The popular press has limited expertise and... | Wikipedia - Data manipulation | null | null | null |
If the facts are not "newsworthy" (which may require exaggeration) they may not be published. The motives of advertisers are even more mixed. "Politicians use statistics in the same way that a drunk uses lamp posts—for support rather than illumination" – Andrew Lang (WikiQuote) "What do we learn from these two ways of ... | Wikipedia - Data manipulation | null | null | null |
We learn that a clever propagandist, right or left, can almost always find a way to present the data on economic growth that seems to support her case. And we therefore also learn to take any statistical analysis from a strongly political source with handfuls of salt." The term statistics originates from numbers genera... | Wikipedia - Data manipulation | null | null | null |
Many models are used; defined at different levels of abstraction, and modeling different aspects of neural systems. They range from models of the short-term behaviour of individual neurons, through models of the dynamics of neural circuitry arising from interactions between individual neurons, to models of behaviour ar... | Wikipedia - Neural networks | null | null | null |
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