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Many data sets, such as spatial entities of countries or common structures for governments, can be organized into natural hierarchies. Node-link diagrams, adjacency diagrams, and enclosure diagrams are all types of infographics that effectively communicate hierarchical data. Node-link diagrams are a popular method due ... | Wikipedia - Information graphics | null | null | null |
An alternative is adjacency diagrams, which is a space-filling variant of the node-link diagram. Instead of drawing a link between hierarchies, nodes are drawn as solid areas with sub-sections inside of each section. | Wikipedia - Information graphics | null | null | null |
This method allows for size to be easily represented than in the node-link diagrams. Enclosure diagrams are also a space-filling visualization method. However, they use containment rather than adjacency to represent the hierarchy. Similar to the adjacency diagram, the size of the node is easily represented in this mode... | Wikipedia - Information graphics | null | null | null |
Many data structures and databases implement immutable objects, effectively making their data structures append-only. Implementing an append-only data structure has many benefits, such as ensuring data consistency, improving performance, and permitting rollbacks.The prototypical append-only data structure is the log fi... | Wikipedia - Append-only | null | null | null |
Append-only data structures may also be mandated by the hardware or software environment: All objects are immutable in purely functional programming languages, where every function is pure and global states do not exist. Flash storage cells can only be written to once before erasing. Erasing on a flash drive works on t... | Wikipedia - Append-only | null | null | null |
Hard drives that use shingled magnetic recording cannot be written to randomly because writing on a track would clobber a neighboring, usually later, track. As a result, each "zone" on the drive is append-only.Append-only data structures grow over time, with more and more space dedicated to "stale" data found only in t... | Wikipedia - Append-only | null | null | null |
Many definitions of skeleton make use of the concept of distance function, which is a function that returns for each point x inside a shape A its distance to the closest point on the boundary of A. Using the distance function is very attractive because its computation is relatively fast. One of the definitions of skele... | Wikipedia - Topological skeletons | null | null | null |
Ridges may have varying height, so a point on the ridge may be lower than its immediate neighbor on the ridge. It is thus not a local maximum, even though it belongs to the ridge. It is, however, less far away vertically than its ground distance would warrant. Otherwise it would be part of the slope. | Wikipedia - Topological skeletons | null | null | null |
Many definitions that describe a specific conformer (IUPAC Gold Book) exist, developed by William Klyne and Vladimir Prelog, constituting their Klyne–Prelog system of nomenclature: a torsion angle of ±60° is called gauche a torsion angle between 0° and ±90° is called syn (s) a torsion angle between ±90° and 180° is cal... | Wikipedia - Stereochemistry | null | null | null |
Many design techniques for 2-D IIR digital filters have been reported in the literature. In 2013, genetic algorithm had been successfully used to digital filter design for about a decade. Here we present a method for designing 2-D IIR Filters called GA-Based design method. | Wikipedia - 2D Filters | null | null | null |
Many devices or programs need data to be presented in a specific format to process the data. For example, Apple Inc devices generally require applications to be downloaded from their App Store. This is a non-data agnostic method, as it uses a specified file type, downloaded from a specific location, and does not functi... | Wikipedia - Agnostic (data) | null | null | null |
Non-data agnostic devices and programs can present problems. For example, if your file contains the right type of data (such as text), but in the wrong format, you may have to create a new file and enter the text manually in the proper format in order to use that program. Various file conversion programs exist because ... | Wikipedia - Agnostic (data) | null | null | null |
Many different concepts are involved in the field of food and biological process engineering. Below are listed several major ones. | Wikipedia - Food and biological process engineering | null | null | null |
Many different geometric isomers of retinol, retinal and retinoic acid are possible as a result of either a trans or cis configuration of four of the five double bonds found in the polyene chain. The cis isomers are less stable and can readily convert to the all-trans configuration (as seen in the structure of all-tran... | Wikipedia - Retinol equivalent | null | null | null |
Rhodopsin is composed of the 11-cis-retinal covalently linked via a Schiff base to the opsin protein (either rod opsin or blue, red or green cone opsins). The process of vision relies on the light-induced isomerisation of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans resulting in a change of the conformation and activation ... | Wikipedia - Retinol equivalent | null | null | null |
Many different instruments and systems can be used to create an analogical model. "Many important discoveries have been made when scientists commenced their work as if their theoretically postulated models of atoms, viruses, vitamins, hormones, and genes had actual, real world substantial existence. They proceeded as t... | Wikipedia - Analogical models | null | null | null |
Achinstein (1964, p.332) reminds us that, despite thinking about gases in this useful way, "the physicist obviously supposes that molecules, not billiard balls, comprise gases" — Yeates (2004, pp.71, 73)A mechanical device can be used to represent mathematical calculations. For instance, the Phillips Hydraulic Computer... | Wikipedia - Analogical models | null | null | null |
Many different kinds of analysis are performed on ice cores, including visual layer counting, tests for electrical conductivity and physical properties, and assays for inclusion of gases, particles, radionuclides, and various molecular species. For the results of these tests to be useful in the reconstruction of palaeo... | Wikipedia - Ice core | null | null | null |
Another method is to correlate radionuclides or trace atmospheric gases with other timescales such as periodicities in the earth's orbital parameters.A difficulty in ice core dating is that gases can diffuse through firn, so the ice at a given depth may be substantially older than the gases trapped in it. As a result, ... | Wikipedia - Ice core | null | null | null |
At locations with very low snowfall, such as Vostok, the uncertainty in the difference between ages of ice and gas can be over 1,000 years.The density and size of the bubbles trapped in ice provide an indication of crystal size at the time they formed. The size of a crystal is related to its growth rate, which in turn ... | Wikipedia - Ice core | null | null | null |
The CO2 can be isolated by subliming the ice in a vacuum, keeping the temperature low enough to avoid the loess giving up any carbon. The results have to be corrected for the presence of 14C produced directly in the ice by cosmic rays, and the amount of correction depends strongly on the location of the ice core. Corre... | Wikipedia - Ice core | null | null | null |
Carbon in particulates can also be dated by separating and testing the water-insoluble organic components of dust. The very small quantities typically found require at least 300 g of ice to be used, limiting the ability of the technique to precisely assign an age to core depths.Timescales for ice cores from the same he... | Wikipedia - Ice core | null | null | null |
The Laschamp event, a geomagnetic reversal about 40,000 years ago, can be identified in cores; away from that point, measurements of gases such as CH4 (methane) can be used to connect the chronology of a Greenland core (for example) with an Antarctic core. In cases where volcanic tephra is interspersed with ice, it can... | Wikipedia - Ice core | null | null | null |
Another approach is to use Bayesian probability techniques to find the optimal combination of multiple independent records. This approach was developed in 2010 and has since been turned into a software tool, DatIce.The boundary between the Pleistocene and the Holocene, about 11,700 years ago, is now formally defined wi... | Wikipedia - Ice core | null | null | null |
Many different mammalian and avian species produce myostatin, indicating that the ability to produce myostatin was positively selected for. According to some researchers, this is most likely because muscle building and maintenance are biologically expensive processes that require relatively large amounts of energy and ... | Wikipedia - Myostatin | null | null | null |
Many different models have been proposed throughout the history of quantum mechanics, but the most prominent system of nomenclature spawned from the Hund-Mulliken molecular orbital theory of Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, and contributions from Schrödinger, Slater and John Lennard-Jones. This system of nomenclatur... | Wikipedia - Quantum number | null | null | null |
Many different organisms utilize the mevalonate pathway and mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, but for different purposes. In gram positive bacteria, isopentenyl diphosphate, the end product of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, is an essential intermediate in peptidoglycan and polyisoprenoid biosynethesis. There... | Wikipedia - Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase | null | null | null |
Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase is mainly present in the liver of mammals where the majority of mevalonate is converted to cholesterol. Some of the cholesterol is converted to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. Mevalonate is also converted into many other important intermediates in mammalian cells: dolic... | Wikipedia - Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase | null | null | null |
Many different robotic applications have been built using Soar since the original Robo-Soar was implemented in 1991 for controlling a Puma robot arm. These have ranged from mobile robot control to humanoid service REEM robots, taskable robotic mules and unmanned underwater vehicles. | Wikipedia - Soar (cognitive architecture) | null | null | null |
Many different types of memory have been identified in humans, such as declarative memory (including episodic memory and semantic memory), working memory, spatial memory, and procedural memory. Studies done, have found that memory functions, more specifically those associated with the medial temporal lobe are especiall... | Wikipedia - Brain aging | null | null | null |
Many different universities have incorporated service-learning into their curricula to address the contextual, motivational, and multi-disciplinary team needs. Purdue University created the Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) program in 1995. Under this program, freshman to senior undergraduate engineerin... | Wikipedia - Service-learning in engineering education | null | null | null |
At Purdue, the service projects are long-term and students earn up to seven semesters worth of credit working on the service project. The program began with 40 students on 5 teams but has quickly grown to 400 students on 24 teams.The EPICS program at Purdue as well as service-learning programs at other universities, ha... | Wikipedia - Service-learning in engineering education | null | null | null |
On student evaluations, 70% of students indicated that the program positively impacted their decision to stay in engineering; of the 30% that responded differently, several indicated they had previously decided to stay in the engineering before the program and thus, the program did not affect their decision to stay in ... | Wikipedia - Service-learning in engineering education | null | null | null |
The emphasis of the program is on relationship building – and are not simply project-driven exercises. Long-term, sustainable, collaborative partnerships are formed with host universities and marginalized communities. This enables development of outreach programs at the universities reaching into local communities. | Wikipedia - Service-learning in engineering education | null | null | null |
The Penn State program is vertically integrated across the four-year engineering program allowing students to form these long-term relationships with the host communities. This method allows for greater understanding of the cultural aspects of engineering design and its impact, as well as development of technical profi... | Wikipedia - Service-learning in engineering education | null | null | null |
Engineering design solutions are developed and students are encouraged to develop business plans and implement them in the host community.\ Clemson University also hosts Clemson Engineers for Developing Countries (CEDC), a multi-level immersive student-led organization and class that provides Clemson students of any ma... | Wikipedia - Service-learning in engineering education | null | null | null |
The program also features multidisciplinary teams of 2–4 student interns who live in Haiti year- round, fall and spring break trips to Haiti for groups of 10–14 students to collect data for their projects, and a course at Clemson University for students to work on their multi-semester projects. The program has designed... | Wikipedia - Service-learning in engineering education | null | null | null |
Many digital designs, including those of ICs, are simulated to detect defects before the unit is constructed. The simulation usually provides logic analysis displays. Often, complex discrete logic is verified by simulating inputs and testing outputs using boundary scan. Logic analyzers can uncover hardware defects that... | Wikipedia - Logic analyzers | null | null | null |
These problems are typically too difficult to model in simulation, or too time-consuming to simulate and often cross multiple clock domains. Field-programmable gate arrays have become a common measurement point for logic analyzers and are also used to debug the logic circuit. Logic Analyzers are also very useful when i... | Wikipedia - Logic analyzers | null | null | null |
Many diseases are the result of a homeostatic failure. Almost any homeostatic component can malfunction either as a result of an inherited defect, an inborn error of metabolism, or an acquired disease. Some homeostatic mechanisms have inbuilt redundancies, which ensures that life is not immediately threatened if a comp... | Wikipedia - Regulatory biology | null | null | null |
Here blood sugar regulation is unable to function because the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed and cannot produce the necessary insulin. The blood sugar rises in a condition known as hyperglycemia.The plasma ionized calcium homeostat can be disrupted by the constant, unchanging, over-production of para... | Wikipedia - Regulatory biology | null | null | null |
On receiving a zero blood ADH signal, the kidneys produce huge unchanging volumes of very dilute urine, causing dehydration and death if not treated. As organisms age, the efficiency of their control systems becomes reduced. The inefficiencies gradually result in an unstable internal environment that increases the risk... | Wikipedia - Regulatory biology | null | null | null |
However, the compensating mechanisms eventually wear out or are disrupted by a new complicating factor (such as the advent of a concurrent acute viral infection), which sends the body reeling through a new cascade of events. Such decompensation unmasks the underlying disease, worsening its symptoms. Common examples inc... | Wikipedia - Regulatory biology | null | null | null |
Many distributed filesystems use replication to ensure fault tolerance and avoid a single point of failure. Many commercial synchronous replication systems do not freeze when the remote replica fails or loses connection – behaviour which guarantees zero data loss – but proceed to operate locally, losing the desired zer... | Wikipedia - Database replication | null | null | null |
Many donees do not inform the child that they were conceived through sperm donation, or, when non-anonymous donor sperm has been used, they do not tell the child until they are old enough for the clinic to provide contact information about the donor. Some believe that it is a human right for a person to know who their ... | Wikipedia - Sperm donation | null | null | null |
For example, health care staff and support groups have been demonstrated to influence the decision to disclose the procedure. The appropriate age of the child at disclosure is most commonly given at between seven and eleven years.Single mothers and lesbian couples are more likely to disclose from a young age. Donor con... | Wikipedia - Sperm donation | null | null | null |
Many drivers who have won the Daytona 500 have also won the Coke Zero 400 at some point in their career. In addition, almost every multiple-time Daytona 500 winner has won at least one Coke Zero 400 in the career, with the exception of Matt Kenseth who has won the Daytona 500 in 2009 and 2012, but never the July race. ... | Wikipedia - Coke Zero 400 | null | null | null |
Many drugs follow a biphasic elimination curve — first a steep slope then a shallow slope: STEEP (initial) part of curve —> initial distribution of the drug in the body. SHALLOW part of curve —> ultimate excretion of drug, which is dependent on the release of the drug from tissue compartments into the blood.The longer ... | Wikipedia - Terminal half-life | null | null | null |
Many dyes contain carbon-bromine bonds. The naturally occurring Tyrian purple (6,6’-dibromoindigo) was a valued dye before the development of the synthetic dye industry in the late 19th century. Several brominated anthroquinone derivatives are used commercially. Bromothymol blue is a popular indicator in analytical che... | Wikipedia - Organobromine chemistry | null | null | null |
Many early PLCs were not capable of graphical representation of the logic, and so it was instead represented as a series of logic expressions in some kind of Boolean format, similar to Boolean algebra. As programming terminals evolved, it became more common for ladder logic to be used, because it was a familiar format ... | Wikipedia - Programmable Logic Controller | null | null | null |
Some proprietary programming terminals displayed the elements of PLC programs as graphic symbols, but plain ASCII character representations of contacts, coils, and wires were common. Programs were stored on cassette tape cartridges. Facilities for printing and documentation were minimal due to a lack of memory capacity... | Wikipedia - Programmable Logic Controller | null | null | null |
Many early radio systems tuned their transmitter circuit, so the system automatically created radio waves of the desired frequency. This design has given way to designs that use a separate oscillator to provide a signal that is then amplified to the desired power. | Wikipedia - Self oscillation | null | null | null |
Many early scientists attributed the magnetism of lodestones to two different "magnetic fluids" ("effluvia"), a north-pole fluid at one end and a south-pole fluid at the other, which attracted and repelled each other in analogy to positive and negative electric charge. However, an improved understanding of electromagne... | Wikipedia - Magnetic charge | null | null | null |
Many early-stage projects find that the dominant unknown values are the first-order range estimates of the major components of operating profits: revenue and manufacturing cost of goods sold (COGS). In turn the uncertainty about revenue is driven by guesstimates of either market demand price or size. Market price and s... | Wikipedia - Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation | null | null | null |
The interplay of these three market elements within a DM Real Options simulation, even with early-stage ranges, can reduce uncertainty for project planning by yielding reasonably narrowed target estimates for product pricing and production size that maximizes potential operating profits and improves option value. A mar... | Wikipedia - Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation | null | null | null |
A second curve, the manufacturing cost graph, models the learning curve effect illustrating the relationship between the quantity of goods produced and the efficiency gains of that production. Fig. 9. | Wikipedia - Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation | null | null | null |
Mathematically, the learning curve takes the form of a power function.A demand curve can be realistically modeled using an inverse lognormal distribution which convolves the market price distribution estimate with the market size range. A demand curve deftly models highly differentiated markets which through pricing di... | Wikipedia - Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation | null | null | null |
Airfare markets are highly differentiated where demand pricing and quantity sold are dependent on seasonality, day of week, time of day, routing, sale promotions, and seating or fare class. The airfare demand distribution pattern is well represented with an inverse lognormal distribution as shown in Fig. 10. Curves for... | Wikipedia - Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation | null | null | null |
For example, the simulation results represented in Fig. 12. indicate ranges for price and unit quantity that potentially will maximize profitability. Extracted from these first-order range estimates, a selection of the peak (frequency) values identifies a significantly narrowed spread of promising estimates. Knowing th... | Wikipedia - Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation | null | null | null |
Many eco-socialists have noted that the potential for building such projects is easier for media workers than for those in heavy industry because of the decline in trade unionism and the globalized division of labor which divides workers. Kovel posits that class struggle is "internationalized in the face of globalizati... | Wikipedia - Ecological Marxism | null | null | null |
Many efforts to define the grammatical relations emphasize the role inflectional morphology. In English, the subject can or must agree with the finite verb in person and number, and in languages that have morphological case, the subject and object (and other verb arguments) are identified in terms of the case markers t... | Wikipedia - Grammatical function | null | null | null |
Many elders have difficulties with everyday functioning that require modifications to the houses or apartments they live in. There are several reasons why these changes happen: Motor functioning: In a 2002 study by Min Soo Kang, it was reported that of the elder population in America, 18% will have a disability. This c... | Wikipedia - Aging in place | null | null | null |
To make life easier for the elder, some modifications that can aid them are wider entrances, grab rails, elevator chairs on stairs, etc. Fine motor functioning: Elders may have difficulty using their fingers, which can be problematic. As a result, modifications to handles, bathroom fixtures, etc. can aid with this prob... | Wikipedia - Aging in place | null | null | null |
Cognitive functioning: It was reported in Kochera (2002) that 1 out of 5 people over the age of 55 will have a mental health disorder. Due to the deterioration, the five senses and cognitive capability decrease and cause slower responses. As a result, fire hazards may not be noticed, which can be very important when se... | Wikipedia - Aging in place | null | null | null |
Many electrophiles are chiral and optically stable. Typically chiral electrophiles are also optically pure. One such reagent is the fructose-derived organocatalyst used in the Shi epoxidation. | Wikipedia - Electrophile | null | null | null |
The catalyst can accomplish highly enantioselective epoxidations of trans-disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes. The Shi catalyst, a ketone, is oxidized by stoichiometric oxone to the active dioxirane form before proceeding in the catalytic cycle. Oxaziridines such as chiral N-sulfonyloxaziridines effect enantiosele... | Wikipedia - Electrophile | null | null | null |
The reagents are aryl selenenyl bromides, and they were first developed for solution phase chemistry and then modified for solid phase bead attachment via an aryloxy moiety. The solid-phase reagents were applied toward the selenenylation of various alkenes with good enantioselectivities. The products can be cleaved fro... | Wikipedia - Electrophile | null | null | null |
Many electrophilic oxides insert into metal carbon bonds; these include sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide. These reactions have limited practical significance, but are of historic interest. With transition metal alkyls, these oxides behave as electrophiles and insert into the bond between metals and thei... | Wikipedia - Insertion reaction | null | null | null |
Many engineering disciplines engage in green engineering. This includes sustainable design, life cycle analysis (LCA), pollution prevention, design for the environment (DfE), design for disassembly (DfD), and design for recycling (DfR). As such, green engineering is a subset of sustainable engineering. Green engineerin... | Wikipedia - Green engineering | null | null | null |
Waste reduction; Materials management; Pollution prevention; and, Product enhancement.Green engineering approaches design from a systematic perspective which integrates numerous professional disciplines. In addition to all engineering disciplines, green engineering includes land use planning, architecture, landscape ar... | Wikipedia - Green engineering | null | null | null |
Green engineers are concerned with space, the sense of place, viewing the site map as a set of fluxes across the boundary, and considering the combinations of these systems over larger regions, e.g. urban areas. The life cycle analysis is an important green engineering tool, which provides a holistic view of the entire... | Wikipedia - Green engineering | null | null | null |
The first step in a life cycle assessment is to gather data on the flow of a material through an identifiable society. Once the quantities of various components of such a flow are known, the important functions and impacts of each step in the production, manufacture, use, and recovery/disposal are estimated. In sustain... | Wikipedia - Green engineering | null | null | null |
Daniel A. Vallero has compared green engineering to be a form of VE because both systems require that all elements and linkages within the overall project be considered to enhance the value of the project. Every component and step of the system must be challenged. Ascertaining overall value is determined not only be a ... | Wikipedia - Green engineering | null | null | null |
Thus, the broader sense of VE is compatible with and can be identical to green engineering, since VE is aimed at effectiveness, not just efficiency, i.e. a project is designed to achieve multiple objectives, without sacrificing any important values. Efficiency is an engineering and thermodynamic term for the ratio of a... | Wikipedia - Green engineering | null | null | null |
Many engineering faculty members believe the educational solution lies in taking a more constructivist approach, where students construct knowledge and connections between nodes of knowledge as opposed to passively absorbing knowledge. Educators see service learning as a way to both implement a constructivism in engine... | Wikipedia - Service learning | null | null | null |
Many engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. The National Society of Professional Engineers code of ethics states: Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit th... | Wikipedia - Engineering | null | null | null |
Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct. I... | Wikipedia - Engineering | null | null | null |
Many enzymatic reactions are oxidation–reduction reactions, in which one compound is oxidized and another compound is reduced. The ability of an organism to carry out oxidation–reduction reactions depends on the oxidation–reduction state of the environment, or its reduction potential ( E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} ). Stri... | Wikipedia - Oxidation-reduction potential | null | null | null |
Many enzymatic systems need Mn to function, but in high levels, Mn can become toxic. One environmental reason Mn levels can increase in seawater is when hypoxic periods occur. Since 1990 there have been reports of Mn accumulation in marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and echinoderms. Specific tissu... | Wikipedia - Manganese in biology | null | null | null |
Physiological effects have been reported in these species. Mn can affect the renewal of immunocytes and their functionality, such as phagocytosis and activation of pro-phenoloxidase, suppressing the organisms' immune systems. This causes the organisms to be more susceptible to infections. As climate change occurs, path... | Wikipedia - Manganese in biology | null | null | null |
Many ethnographic studies demonstrate that music is a participatory, community-based activity. Music is experienced by individuals in a range of social settings ranging from being alone to attending a large concert, forming a music community, which cannot be understood as a function of individual will or accident; it i... | Wikipedia - Music | null | null | null |
"High culture" types of music typically include Western art music such as Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and modern-era symphonies, concertos, and solo works, and are typically heard in formal concerts in concert halls and churches, with the audience sitting quietly in seats. Other types of music—including, but not limi... | Wikipedia - Music | null | null | null |
However, in the 1980s and 1990s, musicologists studying this perceived divide between "high" and "low" musical genres argued that this distinction is not based on the musical value or quality of the different types of music. Rather, they argued that this distinction was based largely on the socioeconomics standing or s... | Wikipedia - Music | null | null | null |
Even though the performers, audience, or venue where non-"art" music is performed may have a lower socioeconomic status, the music that is performed, such as blues, rap, punk, funk, or ska may be very complex and sophisticated. When composers introduce styles of music that break with convention, there can be a strong r... | Wikipedia - Music | null | null | null |
Many exact algorithms are known for solving the PMS problem as well. Examples include the ones in (Martinez 1983), (Brazma, et al. 1998), (Galas, et al. 1985), (Sinha, et al. 2000), (Staden 1989), (Tompa 1999), (Helden, et al. 1998) (Rajasekaran, et al.), (Davila and Rajasekaran 2006), (Davila, Balla, and Rajasekaran 2... | Wikipedia - Planted motif search | null | null | null |
Many examples exist that demonstrate the utility of DCvC in macrocycle synthesis. This type of chemistry is effective for large macrocycle synthesis because the thermodynamic template effect is well suited to stabilize ring structures. Furthermore, the error-correcting ability inherent to DCvC allows large structures t... | Wikipedia - Dynamic covalent chemistry | null | null | null |
Many examples of Noetherian topological spaces come from algebraic geometry, where for the Zariski topology an irreducible set has the intuitive property that any closed proper subset has smaller dimension. Since dimension can only 'jump down' a finite number of times, and algebraic sets are made up of finite unions of... | Wikipedia - Locally noetherian topological space | null | null | null |
That follows because the rings of algebraic geometry, in the classical sense, are Noetherian rings. This class of examples therefore also explains the name. If R is a commutative Noetherian ring, then Spec(R), the prime spectrum of R, is a Noetherian topological space. More generally, a Noetherian scheme is a Noetheria... | Wikipedia - Locally noetherian topological space | null | null | null |
Many examples of problems with checkable algorithms come from graph theory. For instance, a classical algorithm for testing whether a graph is bipartite would simply output a Boolean value: true if the graph is bipartite, false otherwise. In contrast, a certifying algorithm might output a 2-coloring of the graph in the... | Wikipedia - Certifying algorithm | null | null | null |
Both checking whether a 2-coloring is valid and checking whether a given odd-length sequence of vertices is a cycle may be performed more simply than testing bipartiteness.Analogously, it is possible to test whether a given directed graph is acyclic by a certifying algorithm that outputs either a topological order or a... | Wikipedia - Certifying algorithm | null | null | null |
Many experts interviewed by The Straits Times thought that the phenomenon could be a case of "believing is seeing". A sociologist from the National University of Singapore explained that "those who believe in divine objects are mostly those who follow a simple faith which is founded in tangible evidences of the sacred"... | Wikipedia - Monkey tree phenomenon | null | null | null |
Many experts, such as Jerry Fodor, write that the purpose of perception is knowledge, but evolutionary psychologists hold that its primary purpose is to guide action. For example, they say, depth perception seems to have evolved not to help us know the distances to other objects but rather to help us move around in spa... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary psychologist | null | null | null |
Perception accurately mirrors the world; animals get useful, accurate information through their senses.Scientists who study perception and sensation have long understood the human senses as adaptations to their surrounding worlds. Depth perception consists of processing over half a dozen visual cues, each of which is b... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary psychologist | null | null | null |
Sound waves go around corners and interact with obstacles, creating a complex pattern that includes useful information about the sources of and distances to objects. Larger animals naturally make lower-pitched sounds as a consequence of their size. | Wikipedia - Evolutionary psychologist | null | null | null |
The range over which an animal hears, on the other hand, is determined by adaptation. Homing pigeons, for example, can hear the very low-pitched sound (infrasound) that carries great distances, even though most smaller animals detect higher-pitched sounds. Taste and smell respond to chemicals in the environment that ar... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary psychologist | null | null | null |
For example, salt and sugar were apparently both valuable to the human or pre-human inhabitants of the environment of evolutionary adaptedness, so present-day humans have an intrinsic hunger for salty and sweet tastes. The sense of touch is actually many senses, including pressure, heat, cold, tickle, and pain. Pain, w... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary psychologist | null | null | null |
An important adaptation for senses is range shifting, by which the organism becomes temporarily more or less sensitive to sensation. For example, one's eyes automatically adjust to dim or bright ambient light. Sensory abilities of different organisms often coevolve, as is the case with the hearing of echolocating bats ... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary psychologist | null | null | null |
Many extended studies have been conducted on the SPO due to its simple structure and concept; these studies have helped improve its global search performance and proposed novel applications. == References == | Wikipedia - Spiral optimization algorithm | null | null | null |
Many facilitative interactions directly affect the distribution of species. As discussed above, transport of plant propagules by animal dispersers can increase colonization rates of more distant sites, which may impact the distribution and population dynamics of the plant species. Facilitation most often affects distri... | Wikipedia - Ecological facilitation | null | null | null |
A facilitating species may also help drive the progression from one ecosystem type to another, as mesquite apparently does in the grasslands of the Rio Grande Plains. As a nitrogen-fixing tree, mesquite establishes more readily than other species on nutrient-poor soils, and following establishment, mesquite acts as a n... | Wikipedia - Ecological facilitation | null | null | null |
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