text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Section: Types > DNA sequencing. DNA sequencing is essential to the applications of genetic analysis. This process is used to determine the order of nucleotide bases. Each molecule of DNA is made from adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, which determine what function the genes will possess. This was first discovered... | Wikipedia - Genetic analysis - Types > DNA sequencing | 236 | 1,214 | null |
Section: Applications > Research. Research has been able to identify the concepts of genetic mutations, fusion genes and changes in DNA copy numbers, and advances are made in the field every day. Much of these applications have led to new types of sciences that use the foundations of genetic analysis. Reverse genetics ... | Wikipedia - Genetic analysis - Applications > Research | 164 | 900 | null |
Article: Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis. The antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis (APT) is a theory in evolutionary biology that suggests certain genes may confer beneficial effects early in an organism's life, enhancing reproductive success, while also causing detrimental effects later in life, contributing to the a... | Wikipedia - Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis - Summary | 314 | 1,606 | null |
As an evolutionary explanation for ageing, the hypothesis relies on the fact that reproductive capacity declines with age in many species and, therefore, the strength of natural selection also declines with age (because there can be no natural selection without reproduction). Since the strength of selection declines ov... | Wikipedia - Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis - Summary | 223 | 1,188 | null |
Section: Trade-offs. In the theory of evolution, the concept of fitness has two components: mortality and reproduction. Antagonistic pleiotropy gets fixed in genomes by creating viable trade-offs between or within these two components. The existence of these trade-offs has been clearly demonstrated in human, botanical ... | Wikipedia - Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis - Trade-offs | 299 | 1,471 | null |
Section: Trade-offs > Role in fecundity and senescence. Senescence refers to the process of physiological change in individual members of a species as they age. An antagonistically pleiotropic gene can be selected for if it has beneficial effects in early life while manifesting its negative effects in later life becaus... | Wikipedia - Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis - Trade-offs > Role in fecundity and senescence | 347 | 1,862 | null |
Section: Trade-offs > Role in disease. The survival of many serious genetic disorders in human evolutionary history has led researchers to explore the role of antagonistic pleiotropy in disease. If genetic disorders are caused by mutations to a single deleterious allele, then natural selection should eliminate carriers... | Wikipedia - Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis - Trade-offs > Role in disease | 319 | 1,564 | null |
While homozygotes will have either no protection from malaria or a dramatic propensity to sickle cell anemia, heterozygotes have fewer physiological effects and a partial resistance to malaria. Thus, the gene that is responsible for sickle cell disease has fixed itself with relatively high frequencies in populations th... | Wikipedia - Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis - Trade-offs > Role in disease | 344 | 1,671 | null |
Section: Trade-offs > Role in sexual selection. Sexual selection is a process of natural selection in which individuals of one sex choose to mate with individuals of the other sex based on certain observable characteristics (intersexual selection, the exaggerated tail in peacocks, for example) or they compete with othe... | Wikipedia - Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis - Trade-offs > Role in sexual selection | 338 | 1,837 | null |
Section: Ubiquity in population genetics. Advances in genome mappings have greatly facilitated research into antagonistic pleiotropy. Such research is now often carried out in laboratories, but also in wild populations. The latter context for testing has the advantage of introducing the full complexity of the selection... | Wikipedia - Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis - Ubiquity in population genetics | 220 | 1,042 | null |
Article: Atavism. In biology, an atavism is a modification of a biological traits structure or behavior whereby an ancestral genetic trait reappears after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations. Atavisms can occur in several ways, one of which is when genes for previously existing phenotyp... | Wikipedia - Atavism - Summary | 237 | 1,087 | null |
Section: Biology. Evolutionarily traits that have disappeared phenotypically do not necessarily disappear from an organism's DNA. The gene sequence often remains, but is inactive. Such an unused gene may remain in the genome for many generations. As long as the gene remains intact, a fault in the genetic control suppre... | Wikipedia - Atavism - Biology | 349 | 1,480 | null |
Section: Culture. Atavism is a term in Joseph Schumpeter's explanation of World War I in twentieth-century liberal Europe. He defends the liberal international relations theory that an international society built on commerce will avoid war because of war's destructiveness and comparative cost. His reason for World War ... | Wikipedia - Atavism - Culture | 218 | 1,067 | null |
Section: Culture > Social Darwinism. During the interval between the acceptance of evolution in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of genetics in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a "throw-b... | Wikipedia - Atavism - Culture > Social Darwinism | 323 | 1,580 | null |
Article: Autogamy depression. Autogamy depression can be defined as the "lowered viability of autogamous progeny relative to geitonogamous progeny". Viability has also been evaluated in terms of percent fruit set or seed set rather than reproductive fitness of the progeny. The experimental design for observing the occu... | Wikipedia - Autogamy depression - Summary | 297 | 1,558 | null |
Section: Expectations of autogamy depression test. Individual crowns are treated as "independent mitotic mutation-accumulation lines" and so the appearance of deleterious somatic mutations in the autogamous crosses will be heterozygous or homozygous at the same locus (~25% homozygous) and the appearance of deleterious ... | Wikipedia - Autogamy depression - Expectations of autogamy depression test | 182 | 730 | null |
Section: Plants > Natural backcrossings. York radiate groundsel (Senecio eboracensis) is a naturally occurring hybrid species of Oxford ragwort (Senecio squalidus) and common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris). It is thought to have arisen from a backcrossing of the F1 hybrid with S. vulgaris. Again, the pure tall (TT) and p... | Wikipedia - Backcrossing - Plants > Natural backcrossings | 243 | 986 | null |
Section: Animals. Backcrossing may be deliberately employed in animals to transfer a desirable trait in an animal of inferior genetic background to an animal of preferable genetic background. In gene-knockout experiments in particular, where the knockout is performed on easily cultured stem cell lines, but is required ... | Wikipedia - Backcrossing - Animals | 336 | 1,718 | null |
Article: Barr body. A Barr body (named after discoverer Murray Barr) or X-chromatin is an inactive X chromosome. In species with XY sex-determination (including humans), females typically have two X chromosomes, and one is rendered inactive in a process called lyonization. Errors in chromosome separation can also resul... | Wikipedia - Barr body - Summary | 306 | 1,361 | null |
Section: Mechanism. All individuals with two X chromosomes (such as the majority of human females) possesses only one Barr body per somatic cell, while all individuals with one X chromosome (such as most human males) have none. The Barr body allows for equal expression of X chromosomes in the majority of human males an... | Wikipedia - Barr body - Mechanism | 349 | 1,604 | null |
The loss of Tsix expression on the future inactive X chromosome results in an increase in levels of Xist around the Xic. Meanwhile, on the future active X Tsix levels are maintained; thus the levels of Xist remain low. This shift allows Xist to begin coating the future inactive chromosome, spreading out from the Xic. I... | Wikipedia - Barr body - Mechanism | 303 | 1,413 | null |
Section: Role in cancer. The X chromosome encodes several tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes, thus incorrect dosage compensation may contribute to cancer development through their reactivation or silencing. This could be achieved through poor epigenetic regulation of the Xi – it has been observed in several cancer t... | Wikipedia - Barr body - Role in cancer | 304 | 1,445 | null |
Section: Uses > Barr Bodies in Ancient Samples: Observation and Relevance in Gender Identification of Extinct Species. Barr bodies are condensed, inactive X chromosomes found in the somatic cells of female mammals. Their detection in ancient samples provides a powerful tool for gender identification in extinct species,... | Wikipedia - Barr body - Uses > Barr Bodies in Ancient Samples: Observation and Relevance in Gender Identification of Extinct Species | 349 | 1,911 | null |
Article: Bead theory. The bead theory is a disproved hypothesis that genes are arranged on the chromosome like beads on a necklace. This theory was first proposed by Thomas Hunt Morgan after discovering genes through his work with breeding red and white eyed fruit flies. According to this theory, the existence of a gen... | Wikipedia - Bead theory - Summary | 336 | 1,577 | null |
Article: Benzoxazinone biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of benzoxazinone, a cyclic hydroxamate and a natural insecticide, has been well-characterized in maize and related grass species. In maize, genes in the pathway are named using the symbol bx. Maize Bx-genes are tightly linked, a feature that has been considered unco... | Wikipedia - Benzoxazinone biosynthesis - Summary | 234 | 995 | null |
Article: Bioecological model. The bioecological model of development is the mature and final revision of Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory. The primary focus of ecological systems theory is on the systemic examination of contextual variability in development processes. It focuses on the world outside the d... | Wikipedia - Bioecological model - Summary | 264 | 1,367 | null |
Section: Evolution of Bronfenbrenner's theory. Bronfenbrenner's initial investigations into contextual variability in developmental processes can be seen in the 1950s in the analysis of differences in methods of parental discipline as a function of historical time and social class. It was further developed in his work ... | Wikipedia - Bioecological model - Evolution of Bronfenbrenner's theory | 321 | 1,779 | null |
A second influence was Kurt Lewin, a German forerunner of ecological systems models who focused on a person's psychological activities that occur within a kind of psychological field, including all the events in the past, present, and future that shape and affect an individual. The centrality of the person's interpreta... | Wikipedia - Bioecological model - Evolution of Bronfenbrenner's theory | 226 | 1,125 | null |
Section: History. The history of bioecological systems theory is divided into two periods. The first period resulted in the publication of Bronfenbrenner's theory of ecological systems theory, titled The Ecology of Human Development, in 1979. Bronfenbrenner described the second period as a time of criticism and evaluat... | Wikipedia - Bioecological model - History | 341 | 1,748 | null |
Section: Process–Person–Context–Time. Bronfenbrenner further developed the model by adding the chronosystem, which refers to how the person and environments change over time. He also placed a greater emphasis on processes and the role of the biological person. The Process–Person–Context–Time Model (PPCT) has since beco... | Wikipedia - Bioecological model - Process–Person–Context–Time | 285 | 1,494 | null |
However, processes function differently depending on the person and the context. Proposition 2: The form, power, content, and direction of the proximal processes effecting development vary systematically as a joint function of the characteristics of the developing person; of the environment—both immediate and more remo... | Wikipedia - Bioecological model - Process–Person–Context–Time | 340 | 1,915 | null |
Context – Context involves five interconnected systems, which are based on Bronfenbrenner’s original model, ecological systems theory. The microsystem describes environments such as home or school in which children spend significant time interacting. Mesosystems are interrelations between microsystems. The exosystem de... | Wikipedia - Bioecological model - Process–Person–Context–Time | 330 | 1,599 | null |
Section: Research implications. In addition to adding to the theoretical understanding of human development, the bioecological model lends itself to changes in the conceptualization of the research endeavor. In some of his earliest comments on the state of developmental research, Bronfenbrenner lamented that developmen... | Wikipedia - Bioecological model - Research implications | 344 | 1,771 | null |
Such designs would thus occur in schools, homes, day-care centers, and other environments in which proximal processes are most likely to occur. The bioecological model also proposes that the most scientifically rich studies would include more than one distinct but theoretically related proximal process in the same desi... | Wikipedia - Bioecological model - Research implications | 181 | 971 | null |
Article: Blood type. A blood type (also known as a blood group) is based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Summary | 220 | 968 | null |
Section: Blood group systems. A complete blood type would describe each of the 47 blood groups, and an individual's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood-group antigens. Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life, but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Blood group systems | 347 | 1,641 | null |
Section: Blood group systems > ABO blood group system. The ABO blood group system involves two antigens and two antibodies found in human blood. The two antigens are antigen A and B. The two antibodies are A and B. The antigens are present on the red blood cells and the antibodies in the serum. Regarding the antigen pr... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Blood group systems > ABO blood group system | 349 | 1,563 | null |
Section: Blood group systems > Rh blood group system. The Rh system (Rh meaning Rhesus) is the second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion with currently 50 antigens. The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen, because it is the most likely to provoke an immune system response of the fiv... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Blood group systems > Rh blood group system | 243 | 1,036 | null |
Section: Blood group systems > Other blood group systems. As of October 2024, 47 blood-group systems have been identified by the International Society for Blood Transfusion in addition to the ABO and Rh systems. Thus, in addition to the ABO antigens and Rh antigens, many other antigens are expressed on the RBC surface ... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Blood group systems > Other blood group systems | 186 | 889 | null |
Section: Clinical significance > Blood transfusion. Transfusion medicine is a specialized branch of hematology that is concerned with the study of blood groups, along with the work of a blood bank that provides a transfusion service with blood and other blood products. Across the world, blood products must be prescribe... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Clinical significance > Blood transfusion | 339 | 1,714 | null |
The two main ways are centrifugation and filtration methods. This procedure can be performed with microfiltration devices. Risks can be further reduced by cross-matching blood, but this may be skipped when blood is required for an emergency. The oldest form of cross-matching involves mixing a sample of the recipient's ... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Clinical significance > Blood transfusion | 327 | 1,599 | null |
Section: Clinical significance > Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). A pregnant woman may carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from her own. Typically, this is an issue if a RhD negative mother has a child with a RhD positive father, and the fetus ends up being Rh positive. In those cases, the mother ... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Clinical significance > Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) | 332 | 1,447 | null |
Section: Clinical significance > Blood products. To provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf-life, blood banks fractionate some whole blood into several products. The most common of these products are RBCs, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP). FFP is quick-froze... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Clinical significance > Blood products | 193 | 892 | null |
Section: Clinical significance > Red blood cell compatibility. Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood plasma does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB b... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Clinical significance > Red blood cell compatibility | 328 | 1,526 | null |
If a patient needs an urgent blood transfusion, and if the time taken to process the recipient's blood would cause a detrimental delay, O negative blood can be used. Because it is compatible with anyone, there are some concerns that O negative blood is often overused and consequently is always in short supply. Accordin... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Clinical significance > Red blood cell compatibility | 313 | 1,488 | null |
Rh D-positive blood should never be given to D-negative women of child-bearing age or to patients with D antibodies, so blood banks must conserve Rh-negative blood for these patients. In extreme circumstances, such as for a major bleed when stocks of D-negative blood units are very low at the blood bank, D-positive blo... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Clinical significance > Red blood cell compatibility | 188 | 823 | null |
Section: Clinical significance > Universal donors and universal recipients. In transfusions of red blood cells, individuals with type O Rh D-negative blood are often called universal donors. Those with type AB Rh D-positive blood are called universal recipients. However, these terms are only generally true with respect... | Wikipedia - Blood type - Clinical significance > Universal donors and universal recipients | 344 | 1,666 | null |
Section: History. Blood types were first discovered by an Austrian physician, Karl Landsteiner, working at the Pathological-Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna (now Medical University of Vienna). In 1900, he found that blood sera from different persons would clump together (agglutinate) when mixed in test ... | Wikipedia - Blood type - History | 294 | 1,368 | null |
This was the discovery of blood groups for which Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. (C was later renamed to O after the German Ohne, meaning without, or zero, or null.) Another group (later named AB) was discovered a year later by Landsteiner's students Adriano Sturli and Alfred ... | Wikipedia - Blood type - History | 280 | 1,291 | null |
It was reported that "The practically universal use of the Moss classification at that time was completely and purposely cast aside. Therefore in place of bringing order out of chaos, chaos was increased in the larger cities." To resolve the confusion, the American Association of Immunologists, the Society of American ... | Wikipedia - Blood type - History | 320 | 1,596 | null |
In 1928 the Permanent Commission on Biological Standardization adopted Landsteiner's proposal and stated:The Commission learns with satisfaction that, on the initiative of the Health Organization of the League of Nations, the nomenclature proposed by von Dungern and Hirszfeld for the classification of blood groups has ... | Wikipedia - Blood type - History | 268 | 1,220 | null |
Article: Bradykinin. Bradykinin (BK) (from Greek brady- 'slow' + -kinin, kīn(eîn) 'to move') is a peptide that promotes inflammation. It causes arterioles to dilate (enlarge) via the release of prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and makes veins constrict, via prostaglandin F2, th... | Wikipedia - Bradykinin - Summary | 201 | 830 | null |
Section: Metabolism. The kinin–kallikrein system makes bradykinin by proteolytic cleavage of its kininogen precursor, high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK or HK), by the enzyme kallikrein. Moreover, there is compelling evidence that plasmin, a fibrinolytic enzyme, is able to generate bradykinin after HMWK cleavage. In... | Wikipedia - Bradykinin - Metabolism | 186 | 626 | null |
Section: Function > Effects. Bradykinin is a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator and mild diuretic, which may cause a lowering of the blood pressure. It also causes contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle in the bronchus and gut, increases vascular permeability and is also involved in the mechanism of pain. Duri... | Wikipedia - Bradykinin - Function > Effects | 249 | 1,134 | null |
Section: Disorders. Bradykinin is also thought to be the cause of the dry cough in some patients on widely prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drugs. It is thought that bradykinin is converted to inactive metabolites by ACE, therefore inhibition of this enzyme leads to increased levels of bradykini... | Wikipedia - Bradykinin - Disorders | 326 | 1,504 | null |
Section: Therapeutic implications. A bradykinin-potentiating factor (BPF) which increases both the duration and magnitude of the effects of bradykinin on vasodilation and the consequent fall in blood pressure, was discovered in Bothrops jararaca venom. On the basis of this finding, a non-protein analog of BPF which was... | Wikipedia - Bradykinin - Therapeutic implications | 223 | 1,031 | null |
Section: History. Bradykinin was discovered in 1948 by three Brazilian physiologists and pharmacologists working at the Biological Institute, in São Paulo, Brazil, led by Dr. Maurício Rocha e Silva. Together with colleagues Wilson Teixeira Beraldo and Gastão Rosenfeld, they discovered the powerful hypotensive effects o... | Wikipedia - Bradykinin - History | 261 | 1,139 | null |
Article: Britten–Davidson model. gaaa The Britten–Davidson model, also known as the gene-battery model, is a hypothesis for the regulation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. Proposed by Roy John Britten and Eric H. Davidson in 1969, the model postulates four classes of DNA sequence: an integrator gene, a producer gene... | Wikipedia - Britten–Davidson model - Summary | 200 | 961 | null |
Article: Bulked segregant analysis. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) is a technique used to identify genetic markers associated with a mutant phenotype. This allows geneticists to discover genes conferring certain traits of interest, such as disease resistance or susceptibility. This technique involves forming two group... | Wikipedia - Bulked segregant analysis - Summary | 215 | 1,057 | null |
Article: Bump and hole. The bump-and-hole method is a tool in chemical genetics for studying a specific isoform in a protein family without perturbing the other members of the family. The unattainability of isoform-selective inhibition due to structural homology in protein families is a major challenge of chemical gene... | Wikipedia - Bump and hole - Summary | 222 | 1,063 | null |
Section: History. Inspiration for the bump-and-hole method was drawn from mutant E. coli strains that carried an A294S mutant version of phenylalanine tRNA synthetase and survived exposure to p-fluoroPhe, which has a slight "bump" and is cytotoxic when incorporated during translation. The A294S mutant strain was able t... | Wikipedia - Bump and hole - History | 318 | 1,213 | null |
Cyclosporin A is a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) of cyclophilin. This first bump-and-hole pair was engineered to improve the binding efficiency between wild-type cyclosporin A and cyclophilin, thereby giving more efficient CID. The bumped cyclosporin A was found to interact efficiently with the hole-modified c... | Wikipedia - Bump and hole - History | 176 | 704 | null |
Section: Applications > Kinases. Human protein kinases use ATP as a cofactor to phosphorylate substrate proteins. Kinases play critical roles in complex cell signaling networks. Conserved ATP binding sites and similar catalytic mechanisms pose a challenge to selectively inhibiting a particular kinase to determine its f... | Wikipedia - Bump and hole - Applications > Kinases | 344 | 1,486 | null |
Once synthesized, it can activate a PINK1 kinase mutant, which is otherwise inactive in the absence of the bumped analog. Inactive PINK1 is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). In the context of PD, the mutant PINK1-KTP pair represents an orthogonal neoenzyme-neosubstrate therapeutic. The Shokat group also applied t... | Wikipedia - Bump and hole - Applications > Kinases | 310 | 1,132 | null |
Section: Applications > BET proteins. The BET (Bromodomains and Extra Terminal) family of proteins contain conserved motifs known as bromodomains (BDs) responsible for recognizing acetylated lysine on nucleosomal histones. Recently, four members of the BET family, BRD2, 3, 4, and BRDT, each containing two bromodomains,... | Wikipedia - Bump and hole - Applications > BET proteins | 348 | 1,400 | null |
Section: Applications > Glycosidases. Glycosidases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. These enzymes can cleave glycans from glycosylated proteins, one of the most common forms of post-translational modification. In a recent therapeutic application of the bump-and-hole method, a ho... | Wikipedia - Bump and hole - Applications > Glycosidases | 325 | 1,271 | null |
They engineered a corresponding hole-modified β-galactosidase mutant, A4-β-GalH363A, with specificity for the bumped galactosyl-NONOate. The bumped pro-drug evaded cleavage by wild-type β-galactosidase due to the methylated O6 of the galactose moiety and strict regioselectivity of glycosidases. NO was released in tissu... | Wikipedia - Bump and hole - Applications > Glycosidases | 183 | 685 | null |
Section: Applications > N-Acetylgalactosaminyl transferases. The N-Acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNac Ts) family transfers N-Acetylgalactosamine to the Ser/Thr side chains (O-linked glycosylation) of its substrates, using UDP-GalNac as a cofactor. Like kinases, substrate profiling for specific isoforms of GalNac ... | Wikipedia - Bump and hole - Applications > N-Acetylgalactosaminyl transferases | 335 | 1,358 | null |
Article: Bx1 benzoxazin1. Function Maize gene for first step in biosynthesis of benzoxazin, which aids in resistance to insect pests, pathogenic fungi and bacteria. First report Hamilton 1964, as a mutant sensitive to the herbicide atrazine, and lacking benzoxazinoids (less than 1% of non-mutant plants). Molecular char... | Wikipedia - Bx1 benzoxazin1 - Summary | 285 | 1,169 | null |
Section: Map location. AB chromosome translocation analyses place on short arm of chromosome 4 (4S; Simcox and Weber 1985 ). There is close linkage to other genes in the benzoxazinoid synthesis pathway [bx2, bx3, bx4, bx5 Frey et al. 1995, 1997 ). Gene bx1 is 2490 bp from bx2 (Frey et al. 1997 ); between umc123 and agr... | Wikipedia - Bx1 benzoxazin1 - Map location | 156 | 472 | null |
Section: Phenotypes. Mutants are viable, but may be distinguished from normal plants by FeCl3 staining: plants able to synthesize benzoxinoids have pale blue color when crushed and treated with FeCl3 solutions (Hamilton 1964, Simcox 1993 ). Mutations in the bx1 gene reduce the resistance to first generation European co... | Wikipedia - Bx1 benzoxazin1 - Phenotypes | 348 | 1,243 | null |
Section: Gene Product. Catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of DIMBOA, forming indole from indole-3-glycerol phosphate. The enzyme is called indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase, chloroplast, EC 4.1.2.8 and is located in the chloroplast. The X-ray structure of BX1 protein has been resolved and compared with bacterial... | Wikipedia - Bx1 benzoxazin1 - Gene Product | 225 | 721 | null |
Article: Cell autonomous sex identity. Cell Autonomous Sex Identity (CASI) refers to the intrinsic determination of a cell's sex-specific characteristics based on its genetic and epigenetic makeup, independent of external hormonal influences. Unlike traditional models of sex differentiation, which emphasize the role of... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Summary | 221 | 1,242 | null |
Section: Historical Background. The concept of cell autonomous sex identity (CASI) emerged as a challenge to the traditional understanding of sexual differentiation, which largely centered around the role of gonadal hormones in directing the development of sex-specific traits. Early research on sex determination system... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Historical Background | 350 | 2,001 | null |
Section: Mechanisms of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity. Cell autonomous sex identity arises from the intrinsic properties of individual cells, determined by genetic and epigenetic factors encoded by their sex chromosomes. Unlike hormone-driven sex differentiation, where external chemical signals guide the development of s... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Mechanisms of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity | 186 | 973 | null |
Section: Mechanisms of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity > Key Components of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity Mechanisms > Examples of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity in Action. Avian Somatic Cells: Studies in birds, such as chickens, have demonstrated that male and female somatic cells can maintain their sexual identity in mixed-... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Mechanisms of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity > Key Components of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity Mechanisms > Examples of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity in Action | 182 | 1,010 | null |
Section: Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Hormonal Influence > Interactions Between Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Hormones. CASI and hormonal influences interact dynamically during development and adulthood: Developmental Coordination: In many species, CASI establishes cellular sex identity early in development, whi... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Hormonal Influence > Interactions Between Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Hormones | 154 | 808 | null |
Section: Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Hormonal Influence > Contexts of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity-Hormonal Conflict. Instances where CASI and hormonal influences diverge provide unique insights into their interplay. For example: Chimeric Studies: In mixed-sex chimeras, cells maintain CASI-determined sexual identi... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Hormonal Influence > Contexts of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity-Hormonal Conflict | 150 | 720 | null |
Section: Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Biology > Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Sexual Differentiation in Humans. CASI plays a foundational role in early sexual differentiation in humans, particularly during embryonic development. In XY embryos, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome activates a cascade of signals... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Biology > Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Sexual Differentiation in Humans | 204 | 1,061 | null |
Section: Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Biology > Disorders of Sexual Development and Cell Autonomous Sex Identity. Understanding CASI is crucial for interpreting certain disorders of sexual development (DSDs), in which an individual's chromosomal sex and phenotypic sex do not align as expected. These condition... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Biology > Disorders of Sexual Development and Cell Autonomous Sex Identity | 225 | 1,116 | null |
Section: Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Biology > Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Brain Development. CASI’s role in human brain development is another important aspect of its contribution to human biology. There is increasing evidence that CASI may contribute to sex differences in brain structures and function... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Biology > Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Brain Development | 209 | 1,205 | null |
Section: Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Biology > Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Disease. The implications of CASI extend to human health, especially in relation to sex-specific diseases. While hormonal influences have long been studied in diseases such as cancer (e.g., prostate cancer, ovarian cancer),... | Wikipedia - Cell autonomous sex identity - Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Biology > Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Disease | 160 | 808 | null |
Section: Identifiers. EFF-AFF are the identifiers for type 1 glycoproteins that makeup cell–cell fusogens. They were first identified when EFF-1 mutants were found to "block cell fusion in all epidermal and vulval epithelia" in the roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans. EFF-AFF is a family of type I membrane glycoproteins ... | Wikipedia - Cell–cell fusogens - Identifiers | 330 | 1,318 | null |
Section: Process. Cell–cell fusogens are proteins that promote plasma membrane fusion among different cells. To be considered a fusogen, it must be required for fusion, fuse unfamiliar membranes, and be present on the fusing membrane when need be. These cells include but are not limited too: gametes, trophoblasts, epit... | Wikipedia - Cell–cell fusogens - Process | 183 | 843 | null |
Section: Applications > Roles in gamete fertilization. Cell–cell fusogens have several different applications. These chemical agents can play a significant part in sexual and asexual reproduction by promoting the fusion of the membrane bilayers. With sexual reproduction, evidence found to prove that in mice, some manda... | Wikipedia - Cell–cell fusogens - Applications > Roles in gamete fertilization | 276 | 1,275 | null |
Section: Applications > Roles in neuronal repair. In the medical field, experiments are done to test for the uses of cell-cell fusogens in axonal nerve repairs and to determine their usefulness with other nerve cells. The current method for nerve repair is suturing the cut ends of nerves. This has a long recovery proce... | Wikipedia - Cell–cell fusogens - Applications > Roles in neuronal repair | 250 | 1,259 | null |
Section: Relation to physical distance. The number of base pairs to which it corresponds varies widely across the genome (different regions of a chromosome have different propensities towards crossover) and it also depends on whether the meiosis in which the crossing-over takes place is a part of oogenesis (formation o... | Wikipedia - Centimorgan - Relation to physical distance | 266 | 1,216 | null |
Section: Relation to the probability of recombination. Because genetic recombination between two markers is detected only if there are an odd number of chromosomal crossovers between the two markers, the distance in centimorgans does not correspond exactly to the probability of genetic recombination. Assuming the Halda... | Wikipedia - Centimorgan - Relation to the probability of recombination | 284 | 938 | null |
Haldane, the number of chromosomal crossovers is distributed according to a Poisson distribution, a genetic distance of d centimorgans will lead to an odd number of chromosomal crossovers, and hence a detectable genetic recombination, with probability P ( recombination | linkage of d cM ) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ P ( 2 k + 1 crosso... | Wikipedia - Centimorgan - Relation to the probability of recombination | 343 | 807 | null |
Haldane, the number of chromosomal crossovers is distributed according to a Poisson distribution, a genetic distance of d centimorgans will lead to an odd number of chromosomal crossovers, and hence a detectable genetic recombination, with probability P ( recombination | linkage of d cM ) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ P ( 2 k + 1 crosso... | Wikipedia - Centimorgan - Relation to the probability of recombination | 370 | 927 | null |
The probability of recombination is approximately d/100 for small values of d and approaches 50% as d goes to infinity. The formula can be inverted, giving the distance in centimorgans as a function of the recombination probability: d = 50 ln ( 1 1 − 2 P ( recombination ) ) . {\displaystyle d=50\ln \left({\frac {1}{1... | Wikipedia - Centimorgan - Relation to the probability of recombination | 320 | 1,192 | null |
Article: Chaperone code. The chaperone code refers to post-translational modifications of molecular chaperones that control protein folding. Whilst the genetic code specifies how DNA makes proteins, and the histone code regulates histone-DNA interactions, the chaperone code controls how proteins are folded to produce a... | Wikipedia - Chaperone code - Summary | 334 | 1,571 | null |
Section: Levels of the Chaperone Code. The Chaperone code is incredibly complex with multiple layers of potential regulation. Studies of the chaperone code may include: Level 1: Understanding the role and regulation of single PTMs on a single chaperone Level 2: Cross-talk of different PTMs on a single amino acid or bet... | Wikipedia - Chaperone code - Levels of the Chaperone Code | 181 | 764 | null |
Section: Phosphorylation. Site-specific phosphorylation of chaperone proteins can affect their activity. In some cases phosphorylation may disrupt the interaction with a co-chaperone protein thus negatively affecting its activity. In other instances it may promote the activation of particular chaperone targets (referre... | Wikipedia - Chaperone code - Phosphorylation | 300 | 1,248 | null |
Article: Chemical genetics. Chemical genetics is the investigation of the function of proteins and signal transduction pathways in cells by the screening of chemical libraries of small molecules. Chemical genetics is analogous to classical genetic screen where random mutations are introduced in organisms, the phenotype... | Wikipedia - Chemical genetics - Summary | 244 | 1,306 | null |
Section: Applications. Adding compounds to developing embryos allow comprehension of mechanism of action of drugs, their toxicity and developmental processes involving their targets. Chemical screens have been mostly performed on either wild type or transgenic Xenopus and zebrafish organisms as they produce a large amo... | Wikipedia - Chemical genetics - Applications | 197 | 1,064 | null |
Article: Chemogenetics. Chemogenetics is the process by which macromolecules can be engineered to interact with previously unrecognized small molecules. Chemogenetics as a term was originally coined to describe the observed effects of mutations on chalcone isomerase activity on substrate specificities in the flowers of... | Wikipedia - Chemogenetics - Summary | 173 | 828 | null |
Section: Comparison to optogenetics. Optogenetics and chemogenetics are the more recent and popular methods used to study this relationship. Both of these methods target specific brain circuits and cell population to influence cell activity. However, they use different procedures to accomplish this task. Optogenetics u... | Wikipedia - Chemogenetics - Comparison to optogenetics | 342 | 1,687 | null |
Section: Applications. G-protein coupled receptors' usage and chemogenetics are nowadays the targets for many of the pharmaceutical companies to cure and alleviate symptoms of diseases that involve all tissues of the body. More specifically, DREADDs have been used to explore treatment options for various neurodegenerat... | Wikipedia - Chemogenetics - Applications | 242 | 1,236 | null |
Section: Applications > Animal Models. DREADDS have been used in many animal models (e.g., mice and other non-primate animals) to target and influence the activity of various cells. Chemogenetics used in animals assists with demonstrating human disease models such as Parkinson's disease. Having this information allows ... | Wikipedia - Chemogenetics - Applications > Animal Models | 233 | 1,190 | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.