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Section: Ectodermin and FAM > Ectodermin and FAM functions. Ectodermin is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that inhibits the TGFβ and the BMP signaling pathways by inhibition of Smad4 via ubiquitination of Lysine 519 and also though direct binding to phospho-Smad2. Injection of Ecto mRNA in the marginal zone leads to an expansion... | Wikipedia - Ectoderm specification - Ectodermin and FAM > Ectodermin and FAM functions | 295 | 1,098 | null |
Section: Ectodermin and FAM > Conservation of Ectodermin and FAM in other species. The molecular function of human ectodermin to act as a negative regulator of Smad4 suggests that this specific function is conserved among the vertebrate lineage. The sequence identity between FAM homologs is higher than 90% when compari... | Wikipedia - Ectoderm specification - Ectodermin and FAM > Conservation of Ectodermin and FAM in other species | 304 | 1,304 | null |
This model was confirmed by the finding that ectodermin-/- embryos were rescued to wild type (normal AVE, normal mesoderm development) by lowering the genetic dosage of the main TGF-beta ligand of the embryo, Nodal. Further supporting a role as TGF-beta inhibitor, tissue-selective deletion of ectodermin from the epibla... | Wikipedia - Ectoderm specification - Ectodermin and FAM > Conservation of Ectodermin and FAM in other species | 166 | 707 | null |
Section: FOXI1e > Localization in the cell. FoxI1e mRNA is expressed zygotically (stage 8.5) and reaches higher level of expression early in gastrulation and maintains that level in neurula, tailbud until early tadpole stages. FoxI1e has a peculiar mosaic expression pattern, it is expressed first in the dorsal ectoderm... | Wikipedia - Ectoderm specification - FOXI1e > Localization in the cell | 150 | 616 | null |
Section: FOXI1e > Loss and gain-of-function. Inhibition of FoxI1e mRNA maturation by a splice-blocking morpholino shows malformations in the development of epidermis and pervious system and down-regulates of ectoderm specific genes, whereas FoxI1e over-expression inhibits the formation of mesoderm and endoderm. Vegetal... | Wikipedia - Ectoderm specification - FOXI1e > Loss and gain-of-function | 179 | 672 | null |
Article: Elective genetic and genomic testing. Elective genetic and genomic testing are DNA tests performed for an individual who does not have an indication for testing. An elective genetic test analyzes selected sites in the human genome while an elective genomic test analyzes the entire human genome. Some elective g... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - Summary | 154 | 807 | null |
Section: History. Genetic testing for a variety of disorders has seen many advances starting with cytogenetics to evaluate human chromosomes for aneuploidy and other chromosome abnormalities. The development of molecular cytogenetics involving techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) followed, permi... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - History | 326 | 1,730 | null |
Section: Testing categories > Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is used in conjunction with in-vitro fertilization. In-vitro fertilization is the process of combining an egg (oocyte) and sperm outside of the body with intent of fertilization. PGD is the testing of individual o... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - Testing categories > Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis | 150 | 705 | null |
Section: Technologies > Noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPT) using cell-free fetal DNA. Non-invasive prenatal screening screens for specific chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome in a fetus using cell-free DNA. This screening can also provide information about fetal sex and rhesus (Rh) blood type. A blood sa... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - Technologies > Noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPT) using cell-free fetal DNA | 157 | 746 | null |
Section: Pros and cons > Pros. , Determine an individual's risk to develop a genetic condition. By identifying gene changes that may increase risk to develop a certain condition, a person can be screened earlier and more frequently for the disease and/or could make changes to health habits such as diet and exercise Dia... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - Pros and cons > Pros | 155 | 836 | null |
Section: Importance of family history. A patient's family history also known as genealogy, can provide important insight into medical conditions within the family. Given that many conditions have a genetic component, gathering an accurate family history can provide important information about an individual's personal r... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - Importance of family history | 318 | 1,793 | null |
Section: Ethical issues > Family implications. Family sharing. The implications of genetic test results for other family members are important to consider in patients considering elective genetic testing. Unlike most other medical tests, genetic testing may reveal health information about the patient as well as his or ... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - Ethical issues > Family implications | 226 | 1,237 | null |
Section: Ethical issues > Genetic discrimination. Many patients are concerned about the possibility of genetic discrimination, the idea that certain individuals or entities would use a patient's genetic information against him or her in order to make employment, insurance policies, or other activities and services diff... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - Ethical issues > Genetic discrimination | 244 | 1,403 | null |
Section: Ethical issues > Limitations. When considering elective genetic testing, it is important to take into account the type and goals of testing. Providers and patients should be familiar with differing testing methodologies the potential results from each test. For many individuals, factors such as test cost, scop... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - Ethical issues > Limitations | 156 | 866 | null |
Section: How do I find a geneticist or genetic counselor?. Due to their advanced training, genetic counselors have a unique set of skills. Their clinical and psychosocial skills are used to help patients understand their genetic risks, determine which tests are most appropriate for their needs, and explain what the pos... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - How do I find a geneticist or genetic counselor? | 179 | 958 | null |
Section: Future. Elective genetic and genomic testing will continue to evolve as the cost of genetic testing technology falls and patients become increasingly involved in their own health care. The rapid drop in cost of whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing in the last five years has resulted in the initia... | Wikipedia - Elective genetic and genomic testing - Future | 320 | 1,911 | null |
Section: Species under study. The species considered are all classified in danger or in critical danger of extinction in the IUCN Red List: Podarcis raffonei (Aeolian wall lizard), a lizard with a current range restricted to three Aeolian Islands and subdivided into isolated and relatively distant populations. Hipparch... | Wikipedia - Endemixit - Species under study | 214 | 918 | null |
Section: Applications and innovative aspects. Endemixit is a genomic project applied to the conservation of biodiversity. Five reference genomes will be produced (one for each endemic species/subspecies), and 20 to 30 individuals per species will be re-sequenced (whole genomes at intermediate coverage). Population geno... | Wikipedia - Endemixit - Applications and innovative aspects | 211 | 1,067 | null |
Article: Endoreduplication. Endoreduplication (also referred to as endoreplication or endocycling) is replication of the nuclear genome in the absence of mitosis, which leads to elevated nuclear gene content and polyploidy. Endoreduplication can be understood simply as a variant form of the mitotic cell cycle (G1-S-G2-... | Wikipedia - Endoreduplication - Summary | 255 | 1,152 | null |
Section: Endoreduplication, endomitosis and polytenization. Endoreduplication, endomitosis and polytenization are three different processes resulting in polyploidization of a cell in a regulated manner. In endoreduplication cells skip M phase completely by exiting the mitotic cell cycle in the G2 phase after completing... | Wikipedia - Endoreduplication - Endoreduplication, endomitosis and polytenization | 216 | 961 | null |
Section: Biological significance > Oogenesis and embryonic development. Endoreduplication is commonly observed in cells responsible for the nourishment and protection of oocytes and embryos. It has been suggested that increased gene copy number might allow for the mass production of proteins required to meet the metabo... | Wikipedia - Endoreduplication - Biological significance > Oogenesis and embryonic development | 166 | 819 | null |
Section: Genetic control of endoreplication. The best-studied example of a mitosis-to-endoreduplication transition occurs in Drosophila follicle cells and is activated by Notch signaling. Entry into endoreduplication involves modulation of mitotic and S-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. Inhibition of M-phas... | Wikipedia - Endoreduplication - Genetic control of endoreplication | 315 | 1,237 | null |
As with Drosophila follicle cells, endoreduplication in megakaryocytes results from activation of S-phase cyclin-CDK complexes and inhibition of mitotic cyclin-CDK activity. Entry into S-phase during endoreduplication (and mitosis) is regulated through the formation of a prereplicative complex (pre-RC) at replication o... | Wikipedia - Endoreduplication - Genetic control of endoreplication | 311 | 1,328 | null |
Section: Premeiotic endomitosis in unisexual vertebrates. The unisexual salamanders (genus Ambystoma) are the oldest known unisexual vertebrate lineage, having arisen about 5 million years ago. In these polyploid unisexual females, an extra premeiotic endomitotic replication of the genome, doubles the number of chromos... | Wikipedia - Endoreduplication - Premeiotic endomitosis in unisexual vertebrates | 195 | 824 | null |
Article: Enhancer trap. An enhancer trap is a method in molecular biology. The enhancer trap construct contains a transposable element and a reporter gene. The first is necessary for (random) insertion in the genome, the latter is necessary for identification of the spatial regulation by the enhancer. On top of this, t... | Wikipedia - Enhancer trap - Summary | 232 | 1,085 | null |
Article: EPR1. Effector cell peptidase receptor 1, also known as EPR1, is a withdrawn database record. This locus represents an antisense transcript of the survivin locus. This record was withdrawn in collaboration with HGNC. It was defined by L26245.1, which appears to be a cloning artifact (Zaman GJ, Conway EM (July ... | Wikipedia - EPR1 - Summary | 182 | 586 | null |
Section: Toolkit. Toolkit genes are highly conserved among phyla, meaning that they are ancient, dating back to the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals. For example, that ancestor had at least 7 Pax genes for transcription factors. Differences in deployment of toolkit genes affect the body plan and the number, i... | Wikipedia - Evo-devo gene toolkit - Toolkit | 330 | 1,600 | null |
This means that a big part of the morphological evolution undergone by organisms is a product of variation in the genetic toolkit, either by the genes changing their expression pattern or acquiring new functions. A good example of the first is the enlargement of the beak in Darwin's large ground-finch (Geospiza magniro... | Wikipedia - Evo-devo gene toolkit - Toolkit | 338 | 1,657 | null |
Section: Diseases and diagnoses. Rare mutations that affect the function of essential proteins constitute the majority of Mendelian diseases. In addition, the overwhelming majority of disease-causing mutations in Mendelian loci can be found within the coding region. With the goal of finding methods to best detect harmf... | Wikipedia - Exome - Diseases and diagnoses | 316 | 1,583 | null |
It is an example of a rare disease, affecting fewer than one per million people, whose patients have been positively impacted by whole-exome sequencing. Thanks to this method, patients who formerly did not exhibit the classical mutations associated with Bartter Syndrome were formally diagnosed with it after the discove... | Wikipedia - Exome - Diseases and diagnoses | 335 | 1,665 | null |
Section: Mechanism. Exon skipping is used to restore the reading frame within a gene. Genes are the genetic instructions for creating a protein, and are composed of introns and exons. Exons are the sections of DNA that contain the instruction set for generating a protein; they are interspersed with non-coding regions c... | Wikipedia - Exon skipping - Mechanism | 311 | 1,518 | null |
Section: As a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Exon skipping is being heavily researched for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), where the muscular protein dystrophin is prematurely truncated, which leads to a non-functioning protein. Successful treatment by way of exon skipping could lead to ... | Wikipedia - Exon skipping - As a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy | 325 | 1,582 | null |
Mildly affected BMD patients carrying deletions that involve over two thirds of the central rod domain have been described, suggesting that this domain is largely dispensable. Dystrophin can maintain a large degree of functionality so long as the essential terminal domains are unaffected, and exon skipping only occurs ... | Wikipedia - Exon skipping - As a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy | 317 | 1,419 | null |
The goal of exon skipping is to manipulate the splicing pattern so that an out-of-frame mutation becomes an in-frame mutation, thus changing a severe DMD mutation into a less harmful in-frame BMD mutation. One exon-skipping drug was approved in 2016, by the US FDA: eteplirsen (ExonDys51), a Morpholino oligo from Sarept... | Wikipedia - Exon skipping - As a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy | 293 | 1,128 | null |
Section: Role in splicing. SR proteins bind to and promote exon splicing in regions with ESEs, while heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNPs) bind to and block exon splicing in regions with exonic splicing silencers. Both types of proteins are involved in the assembly and proper functioning of spliceosomes. D... | Wikipedia - Exonic splicing enhancer - Role in splicing | 232 | 1,000 | null |
Section: Role in genetic diseases > Myotonic dystrophy. Myotonic dystrophy (MD) is most noticeably caused by inheriting an unstable CTG triplet expansion in the DMPK gene. In healthy genotypes two isoforms of an insulin receptor mRNA transcript exist. The isoform IR-A lacks exon 11 and is expressed ubiquitously in cell... | Wikipedia - Exonic splicing silencer - Role in genetic diseases > Myotonic dystrophy | 194 | 777 | null |
Section: Role in genetic diseases > Cystic fibrosis. Mutations in the CFTR gene are responsible for causing cystic fibrosis. A particular mutation occurs in the CFTR pre-mRNA and leads to the exclusion of exon 9, mRNA lacking this exon folds a truncated protein (a protein shortened by a mutation). Exclusion of exon 9 i... | Wikipedia - Exonic splicing silencer - Role in genetic diseases > Cystic fibrosis | 258 | 1,031 | null |
Section: Role in genetic diseases > Spinal muscular atrophy. Spinal muscular atrophy is caused by the homozygous loss of the SMN1 gene. Humans have two isoforms of the SMN (survival motor neuron) gene, SMN1 and SMN2. The SMN1 gene produces a complete transcript, while SMN2 produces a transcript without exon 7 which res... | Wikipedia - Exonic splicing silencer - Role in genetic diseases > Spinal muscular atrophy | 206 | 834 | null |
Article: Extrachromosomal array. An extrachromosomal array is a method for mosaic analysis in genetics. It is a cosmid, and contains two functioning (wild-type) closely linked genes: a gene of interest and a mosaic marker. Such an array is injected into germ line cells, which already contain mutant (specifically, loss ... | Wikipedia - Extrachromosomal array - Summary | 344 | 1,669 | null |
Section: Organelles. Mitochondria are organelles which function to transform energy as a result of cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are organelles which function to produce sugars via photosynthesis in plants and algae. The genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts are very important for proper cellular function... | Wikipedia - Extranuclear inheritance - Organelles | 278 | 1,345 | null |
Section: Types. Three general types of extranuclear inheritance exist. Vegetative segregation results from random replication and partitioning of cytoplasmic organelles. It occurs with chloroplasts and mitochondria during mitotic cell divisions and results in daughter cells that contain a random sample of the parent ce... | Wikipedia - Extranuclear inheritance - Types | 334 | 1,621 | null |
Section: Structure and mechanism of phase variation. The operon consists of the promoter region fim S, the main constituent fim A, its gene product forming a rod like structure and fim H, coding for an adhesin at the tip, to name just a few important elements. The fim S region is flanked by 9bp repeats that are mirror ... | Wikipedia - Fim switch - Structure and mechanism of phase variation | 340 | 1,447 | null |
Section: Conceptualization. Sometimes referred to as the Fisher–Orr model, Fisher's model addresses the problem of adaptation (and, to some extent, complexity), and continues to be a point of reference in contemporary research on the genetic and evolutionary consequences of pleiotropy. The model has two forms, a geomet... | Wikipedia - Fisher's geometric model - Conceptualization | 347 | 1,812 | null |
The more independent dimensions of variation the phenotype has, the more difficult is improvement resulting from random changes. If there are many different ways to change a phenotype it becomes very unlikely that a random change affects the right combination of traits in the right way to improve fitness. Fisher noted ... | Wikipedia - Fisher's geometric model - Conceptualization | 179 | 965 | null |
Article: Forward genetics. Forward genetics is a molecular genetics approach of determining the genetic basis responsible for a phenotype. Forward genetics provides an unbiased approach because it relies heavily on identifying the genes or genetic factors that cause a particular phenotype or trait of interest. This was... | Wikipedia - Forward genetics - Summary | 191 | 977 | null |
Section: Techniques used in Forward Genetics > Chemical mutagenesis. Chemical mutagenesis is an easy tool that is used to generate a broad spectrum of mutant alleles. Chemicals like ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) cause random point mutations particularly in G/C to A/T transitions due to guanine alkylation. These point mu... | Wikipedia - Forward genetics - Techniques used in Forward Genetics > Chemical mutagenesis | 213 | 1,009 | null |
Section: Techniques used in Forward Genetics > Insertional mutagenesis. Mutations can also be generated by insertional mutagenesis. Most often, insertional mutagenesis involves the use of transposons, which introduces dramatic changes in the genome of an organism. Transposon movements can create random mutations in the... | Wikipedia - Forward genetics - Techniques used in Forward Genetics > Insertional mutagenesis | 163 | 822 | null |
Section: Techniques used in Forward Genetics > Post mutagenesis. Once mutagenized and screened, typically a complementation test is done to ensure that mutant phenotypes arise from the same genes if the mutations are recessive. If the progeny after a cross between two recessive mutants have a wild-type phenotype, then ... | Wikipedia - Forward genetics - Techniques used in Forward Genetics > Post mutagenesis | 169 | 764 | null |
Section: Human diseases. Human diseases and disorders can be the result of mutations. Forward genetics methods are employed in studying heritable diseases to determine the genes that are accountable. With single-gene or mendelian disorders a missense mutation can be significant; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) c... | Wikipedia - Forward genetics - Human diseases | 336 | 1,777 | null |
Section: Classical forward genetics. By the classical genetics approach, a researcher would locate (map) the gene on its chromosome by crossbreeding with individuals that carry other unusual traits and collecting statistics on how frequently the two traits are inherited together. Classical geneticists would have used p... | Wikipedia - Forward genetics - Classical forward genetics | 192 | 1,036 | null |
Section: History. Gregor Mendel experimented with pea plant phenotypes and published his conclusions about genes and inheritance in 1865. Around the early 1900s Thomas Hunt Morgan was mutating Drosophila using radium and attempting to find heritable mutations. Alfred Sturtevant later began mapping genes of Drosophila w... | Wikipedia - Forward genetics - History | 164 | 842 | null |
Article: Functional divergence. Functional divergence is the process by which genes, after gene duplication, shift in function from an ancestral function. Functional divergence can result in either subfunctionalization, where a paralog specializes one of several ancestral functions, or neofunctionalization, where a tot... | Wikipedia - Functional divergence - Summary | 307 | 1,536 | null |
Article: Haplotype. A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent. Many organisms contain genetic material (DNA) which is inherited from two parents. Normally these organisms have their DNA organized in two sets of pairwise similar chromosomes. The ... | Wikipedia - Haplotype - Summary | 303 | 1,514 | null |
Section: Haplotype resolution. An organism's genotype may not define its haplotype uniquely. For example, consider a diploid organism and two bi-allelic loci (such as SNPs) on the same chromosome. Assume the first locus has alleles A or T and the second locus G or C. Both loci, then, have three possible genotypes: (AA,... | Wikipedia - Haplotype - Haplotype resolution | 348 | 1,363 | null |
Given the genotypes for a number of individuals, the haplotypes can be inferred by haplotype resolution or haplotype phasing techniques. These methods work by applying the observation that certain haplotypes are common in certain genomic regions. Therefore, given a set of possible haplotype resolutions, these methods c... | Wikipedia - Haplotype - Haplotype resolution | 225 | 1,024 | null |
Section: Y-DNA haplotypes from genealogical DNA tests. Unlike other chromosomes, Y chromosomes generally do not come in pairs. Every human male (excepting those with XYY syndrome) has only one copy of that chromosome. This means that there is not any chance variation of which copy is inherited, and also (for most of th... | Wikipedia - Haplotype - Y-DNA haplotypes from genealogical DNA tests | 192 | 906 | null |
Section: Y-DNA haplotypes from genealogical DNA tests > UEP results (SNP results). Unique-event polymorphisms (UEPs) such as SNPs represent haplogroups. STRs represent haplotypes. The results that comprise the full Y-DNA haplotype from the Y chromosome DNA test can be divided into two parts: the results for UEPs, somet... | Wikipedia - Haplotype - Y-DNA haplotypes from genealogical DNA tests > UEP results (SNP results) | 238 | 1,053 | null |
Section: Y-DNA haplotypes from genealogical DNA tests > Y-STR haplotypes. Genetic results also include the Y-STR haplotype, the set of results from the Y-STR markers tested. Unlike the UEPs, the Y-STRs mutate much more easily, which allows them to be used to distinguish recent genealogy. But it also means that, rather ... | Wikipedia - Haplotype - Y-DNA haplotypes from genealogical DNA tests > Y-STR haplotypes | 311 | 1,404 | null |
Instead, the clusters of Y-STR haplotype results inherited from different events and different histories tend to overlap. In most cases, it is a long time since the haplogroups' defining events, so typically the cluster of Y-STR haplotype results associated with descendants of that event has become rather broad. These ... | Wikipedia - Haplotype - Y-DNA haplotypes from genealogical DNA tests > Y-STR haplotypes | 333 | 1,665 | null |
Section: Integrons. Integrons are genetic structures in bacteria which express and are capable of acquiring and exchanging gene cassettes. The integron consists of a promoter, an attachment site, and an integrase gene that encodes a site-specific recombinase There are three classes of integrons described. The mobile un... | Wikipedia - Gene cassette - Integrons | 210 | 998 | null |
Section: Genetic engineering. In genetic engineering, a gene cassette is a manipulable fragment of DNA carrying, and capable of expressing, one or more genes of interest between one or more sets of restriction sites. It can be transferred from one DNA sequence (usually on a vector) to another by 'cutting' the fragment ... | Wikipedia - Gene cassette - Genetic engineering | 306 | 1,503 | null |
Section: Horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the transfer of genetic elements between cells other than parental inheritance. HGT is responsible for much of the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Gene cassettes containing antibiotic resistance genes, or other virulence factors such a... | Wikipedia - Gene cassette - Horizontal gene transfer | 189 | 990 | null |
Article: Gene mapping. Gene mapping or genome mapping describes the methods used to identify the location of a gene on a chromosome and the distances between genes. Gene mapping can also describe the distances between different sites within a gene. The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular... | Wikipedia - Gene mapping - Summary | 333 | 1,903 | null |
Section: Mapping approaches. There are two distinctive mapping approaches used in the field of genome mapping: genetic maps (also known as linkage maps) and physical maps. While both maps are a collection of genetic markers and gene loci, genetic maps' distances are based on the genetic linkage information, while physi... | Wikipedia - Gene mapping - Mapping approaches | 161 | 849 | null |
Section: Mapping approaches > Genetic mapping. Researchers begin a genetic map by collecting samples of blood, saliva, or tissue from family members that carry a prominent disease or trait and family members that do not. The most common sample used in gene mapping, especially in personal genomic tests is saliva. Scient... | Wikipedia - Gene mapping - Mapping approaches > Genetic mapping | 318 | 1,622 | null |
Genes, in this regard, are represented by "traits" that can be faithfully distinguished between two parents. Their linkage with other genetic markers is calculated in the same way as if they are common markers and the actual gene loci are then bracketed in a region between the two nearest neighboring markers. The entir... | Wikipedia - Gene mapping - Mapping approaches > Genetic mapping | 296 | 1,476 | null |
Section: Mapping approaches > Physical mapping. Since actual base-pair distances are generally hard or not possible to directly measure, physical maps are actually constructed by first shattering the genome into hierarchically smaller pieces. By characterizing each single piece and assembling back together, the overlap... | Wikipedia - Gene mapping - Mapping approaches > Physical mapping | 338 | 1,848 | null |
Section: Mapping approaches > Physical mapping > Fluorescent in situ hybridization. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a method used to detect the presence (or absence) of a DNA sequence within a cell. DNA probes that are specific for chromosomal regions or genes of interest are labeled with fluorochromes. By... | Wikipedia - Gene mapping - Mapping approaches > Physical mapping > Fluorescent in situ hybridization | 151 | 741 | null |
Section: Mapping approaches > Physical mapping > Sequence-tagged site (STS) mapping. A sequence-tagged site (STS) is a short sequence of DNA (about 100 - 500 base pairs in length) that is seen to appear multiple times within an individual's genome. These sites are easily recognizable, usually appearing at least once in... | Wikipedia - Gene mapping - Mapping approaches > Physical mapping > Sequence-tagged site (STS) mapping | 172 | 898 | null |
Section: Mapping approaches > Mapping mutational sites. In the early 1950s the prevailing view was that the genes in a chromosome are discrete entities, indivisible by genetic recombination and arranged like beads on a string. During 1955 to 1959, Benzer performed genetic recombination experiments using rII mutants of ... | Wikipedia - Gene mapping - Mapping approaches > Mapping mutational sites | 309 | 1,474 | null |
Section: Use > Disease association. The process to identify a genetic element that is responsible for a disease is also referred to as "mapping". If the locus in which the search is performed is already considerably constrained, the search is called the fine mapping of a gene. This information is derived from the inves... | Wikipedia - Gene mapping - Use > Disease association | 258 | 1,350 | null |
Article: Gene orders. Gene order is the permutation of genome arrangement. A fair amount of research has been done trying to determine whether gene orders evolve according to a molecular clock (molecular clock hypothesis) or in jumps (punctuated equilibrium). By comparing gene orders in dissimilar organisms, scientists... | Wikipedia - Gene orders - Summary | 211 | 1,092 | null |
Article: Gene regulatory circuit. Genetic regulatory circuits (also referred to as transcriptional regulatory circuits) is a concept that evolved from the Operon Model discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. They are functional clusters of genes that impact each other's expression through inducible transcriptio... | Wikipedia - Gene regulatory circuit - Summary | 229 | 1,309 | null |
Section: In-silico application. These circuits can be modelled in silico to predict the dynamics of a genetic system. Having constructed a computational model of the natural circuit of interest, one can use the model to make testable predictions about circuit performance. When designing a synthetic circuit for a specif... | Wikipedia - Gene regulatory circuit - In-silico application | 163 | 928 | null |
Article: Gene signature. A gene signature or gene expression signature is a single or combined group of genes in a cell with a uniquely characteristic pattern of gene expression that occurs as a result of an altered or unaltered biological process or pathogenic medical condition. This is not to be confused with the con... | Wikipedia - Gene signature - Summary | 212 | 1,177 | null |
Section: Timeline of gene signature detection. In 1995, 2 studies conducted identified unique approaches to analyzing global gene expression of a genome which collectively promoted the value of identifying and analyzing gene signatures for physiological relevance. The first study reports a technique that improves expre... | Wikipedia - Gene signature - Timeline of gene signature detection | 313 | 1,831 | null |
Section: Types of gene signatures > Prognostic gene signature. Prognostic refers to predicting the likely outcome or course of a disease. Classifying a biological phenotype or medical condition based on a specific gene signature or multiple gene signatures, can serve as a prognostic biomarker for the associated phenoty... | Wikipedia - Gene signature - Types of gene signatures > Prognostic gene signature | 274 | 1,491 | null |
Section: Types of gene signatures > Predictive gene signatures. A predictive gene signature is similar to a predictive biomarker, where it predicts the effect of treatment in patients or study participants that exhibit a particular disease phenotype. A predictive gene signature unlike a prognostic gene signature can be... | Wikipedia - Gene signature - Types of gene signatures > Predictive gene signatures | 157 | 931 | null |
Section: Criminal law. Currently, there are not many laws pertaining to the punishment that one may receive from obtaining the genetic material of others without their consent. However, due to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), one's genetic material cannot be given to his or her school or... | Wikipedia - Gene theft - Criminal law | 241 | 1,211 | null |
Section: Ethics. Many bioethicists believe that such conduct is an unethical invasion of human privacy. Professor Jacob Appel has warned that criminals may acquire the capability to copy DNA of innocent people and deposit it at crimes scenes, endangering the blameless and undermining a key tool of forensic investigatio... | Wikipedia - Gene theft - Ethics | 253 | 1,327 | null |
Article: Gene transfer agent. Gene transfer agents (GTAs) are DNA-containing virus-like particles that are produced by some bacteria and archaea and mediate horizontal gene transfer. Different GTA types have originated independently from viruses in several bacterial and archaeal lineages. These cells produce GTA partic... | Wikipedia - Gene transfer agent - Summary | 193 | 842 | null |
Section: GTA genes and evolution. The genes specifying GTAs are derived from bacteriophage (phage) DNA that has integrated into a host chromosome. Such prophages often acquire mutations that make them defective and unable to produce phage particles. Many bacterial genomes contain one or more defective prophages that ha... | Wikipedia - Gene transfer agent - GTA genes and evolution | 328 | 1,574 | null |
Some GTA systems appear to be recent additions to their host genomes, but others have been maintained for many millions of years. Where studies of sequence divergence have been done (dN/dS analysis), they indicate that the genes are being maintained by natural selection for protein function (i.e. defective versions are... | Wikipedia - Gene transfer agent - GTA genes and evolution | 310 | 1,516 | null |
Section: GTA production. In laboratory cultures, production of GTAs is typically maximized by particular growth conditions that induce transcription of the GTA genes; most GTAs are not induced by the DNA-damaging treatments that induce many prophages. Even under maximally inducing conditions only a small fraction of th... | Wikipedia - Gene transfer agent - GTA production | 234 | 1,087 | null |
Section: GTA-mediated transduction. Whether release of GTA particles leads to transfer of DNA to new genomes depends on several factors. First, the particles must survive in the environment – little is known about this, although particles are reported to be quite unstable under laboratory conditions. Second, particles ... | Wikipedia - Gene transfer agent - GTA-mediated transduction | 283 | 1,351 | null |
Section: Specific GTA systems > RcGTA/Rhodobactegtaviriform (Rhodobacter capsulatus). The GTA produced by the alphaproteobacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus, named R. capsulatus GTA (RcGTA), is currently the best studied GTA. When laboratory cultures of R. capsulatus enter stationary phase, a subset of the bacterial popul... | Wikipedia - Gene transfer agent - Specific GTA systems > RcGTA/Rhodobactegtaviriform (Rhodobacter capsulatus) | 322 | 1,321 | null |
Section: Specific GTA systems > DsGTA/Dinogtaviriform (Dinoroseobacter shibae). D. shibae, like R. capsulatus, is a member of the Order Rhodobacterales, and its GTA shares a common ancestor and many features with RcGTA, including gene organization, packaging of short DNA fragments (4.2 kb) and regulation by quorum sens... | Wikipedia - Gene transfer agent - Specific GTA systems > DsGTA/Dinogtaviriform (Dinoroseobacter shibae) | 150 | 608 | null |
Section: Method. Trapping is performed with gene trap vectors whose principal element is a gene trapping cassette consisting of a promoterless reporter gene and/or selectable genetic marker, flanked by an upstream 3' splice site (splice acceptor; SA) and a downstream transcriptional termination sequence (polyadenylatio... | Wikipedia - Gene trapping - Method | 214 | 1,056 | null |
Section: Content. Generation of Animals consists of five books, which are themselves split into varying numbers of chapters. Most editions of this work categorise it with Bekker numbers. In general, each book covers a range of related topics, however there is also a significant amount of overlap in the content of the b... | Wikipedia - Generation of Animals - Content | 340 | 1,710 | null |
The latter provides clear examples of Aristotle's teleological approach to causation, as it is applied to biology. He argues that the male hedgehog has its testes near its loin, unlike the majority of vivipara, because due to their spines hedgehogs mate standing upright. The hedgehog's form is that of an animal able to... | Wikipedia - Generation of Animals - Content | 302 | 1,436 | null |
The remainder of Book I (chapters 17 – 23) is concerned with providing an account of semen and its contribution to the generative process. The primary conclusions reached in this section are, firstly, that semen is not a bodily waste product, but "a residue of useful nutriment", and that because the bodily emissions pr... | Wikipedia - Generation of Animals - Content | 344 | 1,651 | null |
Soul is not an extra ingredient added to the organ over-and-above its structure. Once there is a properly constructed organ it straightaway possess the corresponding soul-function in virtue of its structure."The generative capacity of semen in imparting the soul is its heat, with semen itself being "a compound of breat... | Wikipedia - Generation of Animals - Content | 340 | 1,537 | null |
The first four chapters provide a description and explanation of eggs, while in chapters 5–7 Aristotle responds to other ideas about eggs and some observational difficulties in providing an empirical account of all eggs. The final chapters cover the development of hitherto unmentioned animals. Chapter 1 is on the subje... | Wikipedia - Generation of Animals - Content | 335 | 1,626 | null |
Chapter 11 concerns the generation of testacea, which are said to generate spontaneously. While it is possible for some of the Testacea, such as mussels, to emit a liquid slime which can form others of the same kind, they are also formed "in connexion with putrefaction and admixture of rain-water." Book IV (763b – 778a... | Wikipedia - Generation of Animals - Content | 333 | 1,548 | null |
In chapter two Aristotle provides pieces of observational evidence for this, including the following:"Again, more males are born if copulation takes place when north than when south winds are blowing; for animals' bodies are more liquid when the wind is in the south, so that they produce more residue – and more residue... | Wikipedia - Generation of Animals - Content | 337 | 1,631 | null |
Chapter 4 develops this theory for the cases of deformities, and why different animals produce different amounts of offspring. The former is due to malformed reproductive material present in the female, and for the latter it is particular relations of the size of the animal, the moisture of reproductive materials, and ... | Wikipedia - Generation of Animals - Content | 312 | 1,527 | null |
Article: Genetic architecture. Genetic architecture is the underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait and its variational properties. Phenotypic variation for quantitative traits is, at the most basic level, the result of the segregation of alleles at quantitative trait loci (QTL). Environmental factors and other e... | Wikipedia - Genetic architecture - Summary | 197 | 1,086 | null |
Section: Applications. Genetic architecture can be studied and applied at many different levels. At the most basic, individual level, genetic architecture describes the genetic basis for differences between individuals, species, and populations. This can include, among other details, how many genes are involved in a sp... | Wikipedia - Genetic architecture - Applications | 294 | 1,614 | null |
Section: Evolvability. Evolvability is literally defined as the ability to evolve. In terms of genetics, evolvability is the ability of a genetic system to produce and maintain potentially adaptive genetic variants. There are several aspects of genetic architecture that contribute strongly to the evolvability of a syst... | Wikipedia - Genetic architecture - Evolvability | 223 | 1,087 | null |
Section: Examples. A study published in 2006 used phylogeny to compare the genetic architecture of differing human skin color. In this study, researchers were able to suggest a speculative framework for the evolutionary history underlying current-day phenotypic variation in human skin pigmentation based on the similari... | Wikipedia - Genetic architecture - Examples | 300 | 1,670 | null |
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