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The Guardian observed that the "eerie toytown image" prophesied Modernism's usurpation of "cosy traditional forms", but also plays with the human tendency to seek patterns in nature. Salvador Dalí's last painting, The Swallow's Tail (1983), was part of a series inspired by René Thom's catastrophe theory. The Spanish pa... | Wikipedia - Mathematical art | null | null | null |
He developed a style that he described as the geometry of life and the geometry of all nature. Consisting of simple geometric shapes with detailed patterning and coloring, in works such as Angular I and Automnes, Palazuelo expressed himself in geometric transformations.The artist Adrian Gray practises stone balancing, ... | Wikipedia - Mathematical art | null | null | null |
As Douglas Hofstadter writes in his 1980 reflection on human thought, Gödel, Escher, Bach, by way of (among other things) the mathematics of art: "The difference between an Escher drawing and non-Euclidean geometry is that in the latter, comprehensible interpretations can be found for the undefined terms, resulting in ... | Wikipedia - Mathematical art | null | null | null |
Modelling of the continuum is suitable for the analysis of soil slopes, massive intact rock or heavily jointed rock masses. This approach includes the finite-difference and finite element methods that discretize the whole mass to finite number of elements with the help of generated mesh (Fig. 3). In finite-difference m... | Wikipedia - Slope stability analysis | null | null | null |
finite element method (FEM) uses the approximations to the connectivity of elements, continuity of displacements and stresses between elements. Most of numerical codes allows modelling of discrete fractures, e.g. bedding planes, faults. Several constitutive models are usually available, e.g. elasticity, elasto-plastici... | Wikipedia - Slope stability analysis | null | null | null |
Models have predicted that empirical relationships between temporal variation of community productivity and species diversity are indeed real, and that they almost have to be. Some temporal stability data can be almost completely explained by the averaging effect by constructing null models to test the data against. Co... | Wikipedia - Ecological effects of biodiversity | null | null | null |
Models of (propositional) μ-calculus are given as labelled transition systems ( S , R , V ) {\displaystyle (S,R,V)} where: S {\displaystyle S} is a set of states; R {\displaystyle R} maps to each label a {\displaystyle a} a binary relation on S {\displaystyle S} ; V: P → 2 S {\displaystyle V:P\to 2^{S}} , maps each pro... | Wikipedia - Mu calculus | null | null | null |
]_{i}\cap \! ]_{i}} ; ] i = S ∖ ] i {\displaystyle \! ]_{i}=S\smallsetminus \! | Wikipedia - Mu calculus | null | null | null |
]_{i}} ; ϕ ] ] i = { s ∈ S ∣ ∀ t ∈ S , ( s , t ) ∈ R a → t ∈ ] i } {\displaystyle \phi ]\! ]_{i}=\{s\in S\mid \forall t\in S,(s,t)\in R_{a}\rightarrow t\in \! ]_{i}\}} ; ] i = ⋃ { T ⊆ S ∣ T ⊆ ] i } {\displaystyle \! | Wikipedia - Mu calculus | null | null | null |
]_{i}=\bigcup \{T\subseteq S\mid T\subseteq \! ]_{i}\}} , where i {\displaystyle i} maps Z {\displaystyle Z} to T {\displaystyle T} while preserving the mappings of i {\displaystyle i} everywhere else.By duality, the interpretation of the other basic formulas is: ] i = ] i ∪ ] i {\displaystyle \!]_{i}=\! | Wikipedia - Mu calculus | null | null | null |
]_{i}\cup \! ]_{i}} ; ] i = { s ∈ S ∣ ∃ t ∈ S , ( s , t ) ∈ R a ∧ t ∈ ] i } {\displaystyle \! ]_{i}=\{s\in S\mid \exists t\in S,(s,t)\in R_{a}\wedge t\in \! | Wikipedia - Mu calculus | null | null | null |
]_{i}\}} ; ] i = ⋂ { T ⊆ S ∣ ] i ⊆ T } {\displaystyle \! ]_{i}=\bigcap \{T\subseteq S\mid \! ]_{i}\subseteq T\}} Less formally, this means that, for a given transition system ( S , R , V ) {\displaystyle (S,R,V)}: p {\displaystyle p} holds in the set of states V ( p ) {\displaystyle V(p)} ; ϕ ∧ ψ {\displaystyle \phi... | Wikipedia - Mu calculus | null | null | null |
ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } holds in a state s {\displaystyle s} if every a {\displaystyle a} -transition leading out of s {\displaystyle s} leads to a state where ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } holds. ⟨ a ⟩ ϕ {\displaystyle \langle a\rangle \phi } holds in a state s {\displaystyle s} if there exists a {\displaystyle a} -transiti... | Wikipedia - Mu calculus | null | null | null |
ϕ {\displaystyle \nu Z.\phi } holds in any state in any set T {\displaystyle T} such that, when the variable Z {\displaystyle Z} is set to T {\displaystyle T} , then ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } holds for all of T {\displaystyle T} . (From the Knaster–Tarski theorem it follows that ] i {\displaystyle \! ]_{i}} is the great... | Wikipedia - Mu calculus | null | null | null |
]_{i}} , and ] i {\displaystyle \! ]_{i}} its least fixed point. )The interpretations of ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and ⟨ a ⟩ ϕ {\displaystyle \langle a\rangle \phi } are in fact the "classical" ones from dynamic logic. Additionally, the operator μ {\displaystyle \mu } can be interpreted as liveness ("something good eve... | Wikipedia - Mu calculus | null | null | null |
Models of neural computation are attempts to elucidate, in an abstract and mathematical fashion, the core principles that underlie information processing in biological nervous systems, or functional components thereof. Due to the complexity of nervous system behavior, the associated experimental error bounds are ill-de... | Wikipedia - Neuroinformatics | null | null | null |
Models of non-Euclidean geometry are mathematical models of geometries which are non-Euclidean in the sense that it is not the case that exactly one line can be drawn parallel to a given line l through a point that is not on l. In hyperbolic geometric models, by contrast, there are infinitely many lines through A paral... | Wikipedia - Non-Euclidean Geometry | null | null | null |
Models of polymer chains are split into two types: "ideal" models, and "real" models. Ideal chain models assume that there are no interactions between chain monomers. This assumption is valid for certain polymeric systems, where the positive and negative interactions between the monomer effectively cancel out. Ideal ch... | Wikipedia - Polymer physics | null | null | null |
Models of quantum cellular automata have been proposed by David Meyer, Bruce Boghosian and Washington Taylor, and Peter Love and Bruce Boghosian as a means of simulating quantum lattice gases, motivated by the use of "classical" cellular automata to model classical physical phenomena such as gas dispersion. Criteria de... | Wikipedia - Quantum cellular automata | null | null | null |
Models of the Kerala school (active 1380 to 1632) involved higher order polynomials and other cutting-edge algebra; many neatly were put to use, principally for predicting motions and alignments within the Solar System. | Wikipedia - Indian astronomy | null | null | null |
Models play important and diverse roles in systems engineering. A model can be defined in several ways, including: An abstraction of reality designed to answer specific questions about the real world An imitation, analogue, or representation of a real world process or structure; or A conceptual, mathematical, or physic... | Wikipedia - Interactive systems engineering | null | null | null |
The heart of any mathematical model is a set of meaningful quantitative relationships among its inputs and outputs. These relationships can be as simple as adding up constituent quantities to obtain a total, or as complex as a set of differential equations describing the trajectory of a spacecraft in a gravitational fi... | Wikipedia - Interactive systems engineering | null | null | null |
Models with nonlocal symmetries whose charges do not act on multiparticle states as if they were a tensor product of one-particle states, evade the theorem. Such an evasion is found more generally for quantum group symmetries which avoid the theorem because the corresponding algebra is no longer a Lie algebra. | Wikipedia - Coleman–Mandula theorem | null | null | null |
Modems (modulator-demodulator) are used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for digital network traffic, or for wireless. To do this one or more carrier signals are modulated by the digital signal to produce an analog signal that can be tailored to give the required properties for transmission. Ea... | Wikipedia - Data networks | null | null | null |
Modems always start out in command mode when powered up. Here are the ways a modem can switch to data mode: After a successful dial-out connection in response to an "ATD" dial command in which the modem reaches another modem. After answering the phone with the "ATA" answer command, if another modem is on the other end.... | Wikipedia - Data mode (modem) | null | null | null |
(Almost all modems support auto-answering when given the command "ATS0=1".) After being given the "ATO" (that's three letters A-T-Oh, not A-T-zero) command after being put back in the command mode with an escape sequence (see below). | Wikipedia - Data mode (modem) | null | null | null |
In response to similar dialing or connecting commands for fax or voice communications.Modems switch back into command mode from data mode for the following reasons: The connection got broken (for example, the other party hung up). The computer issued an escape command, which is usually a 1-second pause, then the three ... | Wikipedia - Data mode (modem) | null | null | null |
The computer can issue the "ATO" command to return to data mode. The computer instructed the modem to terminate the call by setting the Data Terminal Ready (DTR) pin to an "off" state.The DTR pin is usually how computers invoke the termination of a modem call nowadays. The +++ escape sequence is rarely used, and may ev... | Wikipedia - Data mode (modem) | null | null | null |
Modern 3D CAD applications allow for the insertion of engineering information such as dimensions, GD&T, notes and other product details within the 3D digital data set for components and assemblies. MBD uses such capabilities to establish the 3D digital data set as the source of these specifications and design authority... | Wikipedia - Model based definition | null | null | null |
Modern DNA sequencing, where available, may permit rapid detection (sometimes known as 'real-time detection') of genetic variants that appear in pathogens during disease outbreaks. Through use of phylogenetic tree visualisation software, records of genome sequences can be clustered into groups of identical genomes all ... | Wikipedia - SARS-CoV-2 variants | null | null | null |
Modern FPGA families expand upon the above capabilities to include higher level functionality fixed into the silicon. Having these common functions embedded into the silicon reduces the area required and gives those functions increased speed compared to building them from primitives. Examples of these include multiplie... | Wikipedia - Logic block | null | null | null |
These cores exist alongside the programmable fabric, but they are built out of transistors instead of LUTs so they have ASIC level performance and power consumption while not consuming a significant amount of fabric resources, leaving more of the fabric free for the application-specific logic. The multi-gigabit transce... | Wikipedia - Logic block | null | null | null |
Modern High bypass turbofans are not only more fuel efficient, but also much quieter than older turbojet and low-bypass turbofan engines. On newer engines noise-reducing chevrons further reduce the engine's noise, while on older engines hush kits are used to help mitigate their excessive noise. | Wikipedia - Aircraft noise pollution | null | null | null |
Modern ILP systems like Progol, Hail and Imparo find a hypothesis H using the principle of the inverse entailment for theories B, E, H: B ∧ H ⊨ E ⟺ B ∧ ¬ E ⊨ ¬ H {\displaystyle B\land H\models E\iff B\land \neg E\models \neg H} . First they construct an intermediate theory F called a bridge theory satisfying the condit... | Wikipedia - Inductive Logic Programming | null | null | null |
Therefore, an alternative hypothesis search can be conducted using the operation of the inverse subsumption (anti-subsumption) instead which is less non-deterministic than anti-entailment. Questions of completeness of a hypothesis search procedure of specific ILP system arise. For example, Progol's hypothesis search pr... | Wikipedia - Inductive Logic Programming | null | null | null |
Modern RTUs are usually capable of executing simple programs autonomously without involving the host computers of the DCS or SCADA system to simplify deployment and to provide redundancy for safety reasons. An RTU in a modern water management system will typically have code to modify its behavior when physical override... | Wikipedia - Remote Terminal Unit | null | null | null |
Modern artificially-constructed vectors contain essential components found in all vectors, and may contain other additional features found only in some vectors: Origin of replication: Necessary for the replication and maintenance of the vector in the host cell. Promoter: Promoters are used to drive the transcription of... | Wikipedia - Vector DNA | null | null | null |
Genetic markers: Genetic markers for viral vectors allow for confirmation that the vector has integrated with the host genomic DNA. Antibiotic resistance: Vectors with antibiotic-resistance open reading frames allow for survival of cells that have taken up the vector in growth media containing antibiotics through antib... | Wikipedia - Vector DNA | null | null | null |
It allows for antibody identification of cells expressing the target protein. Reporter genes: Some vectors may contain a reporter gene that allow for identification of plasmid that contains inserted DNA sequence. An example is lacZ-α which codes for the N-terminus fragment of β-galactosidase, an enzyme that digests gal... | Wikipedia - Vector DNA | null | null | null |
A multiple cloning site is located within lacZ-α, and an insert successfully ligated into the vector will disrupt the gene sequence, resulting in an inactive β-galactosidase. Cells containing vector with an insert may be identified using blue/white selection by growing cells in media containing an analogue of galactose... | Wikipedia - Vector DNA | null | null | null |
White colonies would be selected as those that may contain an insert. Other commonly used reporters include green fluorescent protein and luciferase. | Wikipedia - Vector DNA | null | null | null |
Targeting sequence: Expression vectors may include encoding for a targeting sequence in the finished protein that directs the expressed protein to a specific organelle in the cell or specific location such as the periplasmic space of bacteria. Protein purification tags: Some expression vectors include proteins or pepti... | Wikipedia - Vector DNA | null | null | null |
Modern bacterial cloning vectors (e.g. pUC19 and later derivatives including the pGEM vectors) use the blue-white screening system to distinguish colonies (clones) of transgenic cells from those that contain the parental vector (i.e. vector DNA with no recombinant sequence inserted). In these vectors, foreign DNA is in... | Wikipedia - Cloned DNA | null | null | null |
The total population of individual clones obtained in a molecular cloning experiment is often termed a DNA library. Libraries may be highly complex (as when cloning complete genomic DNA from an organism) or relatively simple (as when moving a previously cloned DNA fragment into a different plasmid), but it is almost al... | Wikipedia - Cloned DNA | null | null | null |
Modern birds are known to communicate using visual and auditory signals, and the wide diversity of visual display structures among fossil dinosaur groups, such as horns, frills, crests, sails, and feathers, suggests that visual communication has always been important in dinosaur biology. Reconstruction of the plumage c... | Wikipedia - Dinosaur | null | null | null |
Instead they vocalize with a novel organ called the syrinx, located further down the trachea. The earliest remains of a syrinx was found in a specimen of the duck-like Vegavis iaai dated 69 –66 million years ago, and this organ is unlikely to have existed in non-avian dinosaurs. Paleontologist Phil Senter has suggested... | Wikipedia - Dinosaur | null | null | null |
He states that they mostly on visual displays and possibly non-vocal acoustic sounds like hissing, jaw grinding or clapping, splashing and wing beating (possible in winged maniraptoran dinosaurs). Other researchers have countered that vocalizations also exist in turtles, the closest relatives of archosaurs, suggesting ... | Wikipedia - Dinosaur | null | null | null |
Hence the syrinx may have supplemented and then replaced the larynx as a vocal organ rather than there being a "silent period" in bird evolution.In 2023, a fossilized larynx was described from a specimen of the ankylosaurid Pinacosaurus. The structure was composed of cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, similar to those o... | Wikipedia - Dinosaur | null | null | null |
In addition, the cartilages were ossified, implying that laryngeal ossification is a feature of some non-avian dinosaurs. A 2016 study concludes that some dinosaurs may have produced closed mouth vocalizations like cooing, hooting and booming. | Wikipedia - Dinosaur | null | null | null |
These occur in both reptiles and birds and involve inflating the esophagus or tracheal pouches. Such vocalizations evolved independently in extant archosaurs numerous times, following increases in body size. The crests of some hadrosaurids and the nasal chambers of ankylosaurids have been suggested to have functioned i... | Wikipedia - Dinosaur | null | null | null |
Modern calculators and computers compute division either by methods similar to long division, or by faster methods; see Division algorithm. In modular arithmetic (modulo a prime number) and for real numbers, nonzero numbers have a multiplicative inverse. In these cases, a division by x may be computed as the product by... | Wikipedia - Division (mathematics) | null | null | null |
Modern car paint is typically made from acrylic-polyurethane hybrid dispersions, which are a combination of two different plastics. They were developed during the 1970's and 80's as a water-soluble replacement for enamel paints, following health concerns over their high VOC content. Acrylic is less expensive and can ho... | Wikipedia - Car paint | null | null | null |
Combining both types gives a material which can contain a lot of color and be hard-wearing. Simply mixing the materials is not sufficient, as this give heterogeneous coating with separate acrylic and polyurethane domains. Instead, the starting chemicals for each plastic (monomers) are combined and partially polymerized... | Wikipedia - Car paint | null | null | null |
Within this the polymer-chains are not chemically bonded to one another, but instead become entangled and interwoven and as they form. This is possible because they polymerize in different ways, which are incompatible with each other. Polyurethane is formed by step growth polymerization involving polycondensation, wher... | Wikipedia - Car paint | null | null | null |
Modern cetaceans are highly adapted sea creatures which, morphologically, have little in common with land mammals; they are similar to other marine mammals, such as seals and sea cows, due to convergent evolution. However, they evolved from originally terrestrial mammals. The most likely ancestors were long thought to ... | Wikipedia - Even-toed ungulates | null | null | null |
Modern commercial broilers, for example, Cornish crosses and Cornish-Rocks, are artificially selected and bred for large-scale, efficient meat production. They are noted for having very fast growth rates, a high feed conversion ratio, and low levels of activity. Modern commercial broilers are bred to reach a slaughter-... | Wikipedia - Broiler chicken | null | null | null |
Slow growing free-range and organic strains have been developed which reach slaughter-weight at 12 to 16 weeks of age. Typical broilers have white feathers and yellowish skin. | Wikipedia - Broiler chicken | null | null | null |
Recent genetic analysis has revealed that the gene for yellow skin was incorporated into domestic birds through hybridization with the grey junglefowl (G. sonneratii). Modern crosses are also favorable for meat production because they lack the typical "hair" which many breeds have that must be removed by singeing after... | Wikipedia - Broiler chicken | null | null | null |
Modern computation technologies change elementary mathematics in several ways. Technology reduces the amount of attention, memory, and computation required by users, making higher mathematical topics accessible to young children. However, the main opportunity technology provides is not in making traditional mathematica... | Wikipedia - Modern elementary mathematics | null | null | null |
The pedagogical approach of constructionism describes how creating algorithms, programs and models on computers promotes deep mathematical thinking. Technology allows children to experience these complex concepts in a more visual manner. | Wikipedia - Modern elementary mathematics | null | null | null |
Computer algebra systems are software environments that support and scaffold working with symbolic expressions. Some computer algebra systems have intuitive, child-friendly interfaces and therefore can be used in Early Algebra. Interactive geometry software supports creation and manipulation of geometric constructions. | Wikipedia - Modern elementary mathematics | null | null | null |
Both computer algebra systems and interactive geometry software help with several cognitive limitations of young children, such as attention and memory. The software scaffolds step-by-step procedures, helping children focus attention. It has "undo" capabilities, lowering frustration when errors happen, and promoting cr... | Wikipedia - Modern elementary mathematics | null | null | null |
Modern computer processors use a variety of techniques to gain high levels of efficiency. Four widely used features are particularly relevant to Meltdown: Virtual (paged) memory, also known as memory mapping – used to make memory access more efficient and to control which processes can access which areas of memory.A mo... | Wikipedia - Meltdown (security vulnerability) | null | null | null |
This allows multiple processes, including the kernel or operating system itself, to co-habit on the same system, but retain their individual activity and integrity without being affected by other running processes, and without being vulnerable to interference or unauthorized data leaks caused by a rogue process. Privil... | Wikipedia - Meltdown (security vulnerability) | null | null | null |
This is usually considered safe, because the operating system can rely on privilege controls built into the processor itself, to limit which areas of memory any given process is permitted to access. An attempt to access authorized memory will immediately succeed, and an attempt to access unauthorized memory will cause ... | Wikipedia - Meltdown (security vulnerability) | null | null | null |
As unauthorized reads are usually not part of normal program execution, it is much faster to use this approach than to pause the process every time it executes some function that requires privileged memory to be accessed, to allow that memory to be mapped into a readable address space. Instruction pipelining and specul... | Wikipedia - Meltdown (security vulnerability) | null | null | null |
So long as the correct outcome is still achieved, this maximizes efficiency by keeping all of the processor's execution units in use as much as possible. Some instructions, such as conditional branches, will lead to one of two different outcomes, depending on a condition. | Wikipedia - Meltdown (security vulnerability) | null | null | null |
For example, if a value is 0, it will take one action, and otherwise will take a different action. In some cases, the CPU may not yet know which branch to take. This may be because a value is uncached. | Wikipedia - Meltdown (security vulnerability) | null | null | null |
Rather than wait to learn the correct option, the CPU may proceed immediately (speculative execution). If so, it can either guess the correct option (predictive execution) or even take both (eager execution). If it executes the incorrect option, the CPU will attempt to discard all effects of its incorrect guess. | Wikipedia - Meltdown (security vulnerability) | null | null | null |
(See also: Branch predictor) CPU cache – a modest amount of memory within the CPU used to ensure it can work at high speed, to speed up memory access, and to facilitate "intelligent" execution of instructions in an efficient manner.From the perspective of a CPU, the computer's physical memory is slow to access. Also th... | Wikipedia - Meltdown (security vulnerability) | null | null | null |
Modern conceptions of personality, such as the Temperament and Character Inventory have suggested four basic temperaments that are thought to reflect basic and automatic responses to danger and reward that rely on associative learning. The four temperaments, harm avoidance, reward dependence, novelty-seeking and persis... | Wikipedia - Personality style | null | null | null |
Novelty seeking correlates with dopamine synthesis capacity in the striatum and reduced auto receptor availability in the midbrain. Reward dependence has been linked with the oxytocin system, with increased concentration of plasma oxytocin being observed, as well as increased volume in oxytocin-related regions of the h... | Wikipedia - Personality style | null | null | null |
Modern considerations of triviality are usually formulated in terms of the real-space renormalization group, largely developed by Kenneth Wilson and others. Investigations of triviality are usually performed in the context of lattice gauge theory. A deeper understanding of the physical meaning and generalization of the... | Wikipedia - Quantum triviality | null | null | null |
Leo P. Kadanoff's paper in 1966 proposed the "block-spin" renormalization group. The blocking idea is a way to define the components of the theory at large distances as aggregates of components at shorter distances. | Wikipedia - Quantum triviality | null | null | null |
This approach covered the conceptual point and was given full computational substance in Wilson's extensive important contributions. The power of Wilson's ideas was demonstrated by a constructive iterative renormalization solution of a long-standing problem, the Kondo problem, in 1974, as well as the preceding seminal ... | Wikipedia - Quantum triviality | null | null | null |
Now let us try to rewrite the Z {\displaystyle Z} function only in terms of the s ~ i {\displaystyle {\tilde {s}}_{i}} . If this is achievable by a certain change in the parameters, { J k } → { J ~ k } {\displaystyle \{J_{k}\}\to \{{\tilde {J}}_{k}\}} , then the theory is said to be renormalizable. The most important i... | Wikipedia - Quantum triviality | null | null | null |
The possible macroscopic states of the system, at a large scale, are given by this set of fixed points. If these fixed points correspond to a free field theory, the theory is said to be trivial. Numerous fixed points appear in the study of lattice Higgs theories, but the nature of the quantum field theories associated ... | Wikipedia - Quantum triviality | null | null | null |
Modern day control engineering is a relatively new field of study that gained significant attention during the 20th century with the advancement of technology. It can be broadly defined or classified as practical application of control theory. Control engineering plays an essential role in a wide range of control syste... | Wikipedia - Control engineer | null | null | null |
A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical, financial or biological, and its mathematical modelling, analysis and controller design uses control theory in one or many of the time, frequency and complex-s domains, depending on the nature of the design problem. Control engineering is the engineering discipli... | Wikipedia - Control engineer | null | null | null |
Electrical circuits, digital signal processors and microcontrollers can all be used to implement control systems. Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airliners to the cruise control present in many modern automobiles. | Wikipedia - Control engineer | null | null | null |
In most cases, control engineers utilize feedback when designing control systems. This is often accomplished using a PID controller system. For example, in an automobile with cruise control the vehicle's speed is continuously monitored and fed back to the system, which adjusts the motor's torque accordingly. | Wikipedia - Control engineer | null | null | null |
Where there is regular feedback, control theory can be used to determine how the system responds to such feedback. In practically all such systems stability is important and control theory can help ensure stability is achieved. Although feedback is an important aspect of control engineering, control engineers may also ... | Wikipedia - Control engineer | null | null | null |
Modern day solar physics is focused towards understanding the many phenomena observed with the help of modern telescopes and satellites. Of particular interest are the structure of the solar photosphere, the coronal heat problem and sunspots. | Wikipedia - Solar physicist | null | null | null |
Modern deposits of uranium contain only up to ~0.7% 235U (and ~99.3% 238U), which is not enough to sustain a chain reaction moderated by ordinary water. But 235U has a much shorter half-life (700 million years) than 238U (4.5 billion years), so in the distant past the percentage of 235U was much higher. About two billi... | Wikipedia - Nuclear reactor control | null | null | null |
Modern descriptions of biological evolution will typically elaborate on major contributing factors to evolution such as the formation of local micro-environments, mutational robustness, molecular degeneracy, and cryptic genetic variation. Many of these contributing factors in evolution have been isolated and described ... | Wikipedia - Somatic evolution in cancer | null | null | null |
Modern developments in the area of logic have resulted in a great proliferation of logical systems. This stands in stark contrast to the historical dominance of Aristotelian logic, which was treated as the one canon of logic for over two thousand years. Treatises on modern logic often treat these different systems as a... | Wikipedia - Philosophical logic | null | null | null |
However, one classification frequently mentioned in the academic literature is due to Susan Haack and distinguishes between classical logic, extended logics, and deviant logics. This classification is based on the idea that classical logic, i.e. propositional logic and first-order logic, formalizes some of the most com... | Wikipedia - Philosophical logic | null | null | null |
Extended logics accept this basic account and extend it to additional areas. This usually happens by adding new vocabulary, for example, to express necessity, obligation, or time. These new symbols are then integrated into the logical mechanism by specifying which new rules of inference apply to them, like that possibi... | Wikipedia - Philosophical logic | null | null | null |
Deviant logics, on the other hand, reject some of the basic assumptions of classical logic. In this sense, they are not mere extensions of it but are often formulated as rival systems that offer a different account of the laws of logic.Expressed in a more technical language, the distinction between extended and deviant... | Wikipedia - Philosophical logic | null | null | null |
For a deviant logic, on the other hand, (a) its class of well-formed formulas coincides with that of classical logic, while (b) some valid inferences in classical logic are not valid inferences in it. The term quasi-deviant logic is used if (i) it introduces new vocabulary but all well-formed formulas of classical logi... | Wikipedia - Philosophical logic | null | null | null |
Some theorists favor a local approach in which different types of logic are applied to different areas. Early intuitionists, for example, saw intuitionistic logic as the correct logic for mathematics but allowed classical logic in other fields. But others, like Michael Dummett, prefer a global approach by holding that ... | Wikipedia - Philosophical logic | null | null | null |
Monism is the thesis that there is only one true logic. This can be understood in different ways, for example, that only one of all the suggested logical systems is correct or that the correct logical system is yet to be found as a system underlying and unifying all the different logics. Pluralists, on the other hand, ... | Wikipedia - Philosophical logic | null | null | null |
This is especially relevant for deviant logics that stray very far from the common logical intuitions associated with classical logic. In this sense, it has been argued, for example, that fuzzy logic is a logic only in name but should be considered a non-logical formal system instead since the idea of degrees of truth ... | Wikipedia - Philosophical logic | null | null | null |
Modern duties of a broadcast engineer include maintaining broadcast automation systems for the studio and automatic transmission systems for the transmitter plant. There are also important duties regarding radio towers, which must be maintained with proper lighting and painting. Occasionally a station's engineer must d... | Wikipedia - Broadcast engineering | null | null | null |
Modern engineering AFV's utilize chassis based on main battle tank platforms: these vehicles are as well armoured and protected as tanks, designed to keep up with tanks, breach obstacles to help tanks get to wherever it needs to be, perform utility functions necessary to expedite mission objectives of tanks, and to con... | Wikipedia - Armoured Fighting Vehicle | null | null | null |
Although the term "armoured engineer vehicle" is used specifically to describe these multi-purpose tank-based engineering vehicles, that term is also used more generically in British and Commonwealth militaries to describe all heavy tank-based engineering vehicles used in the support of mechanized forces. Thus, "armour... | Wikipedia - Armoured Fighting Vehicle | null | null | null |
Modern examples of quantum field-effect transistors integrate structures traditional to conventual MOSFETs and utilize many of the same materials. MOSFET transistors consist of dielectric materials, such as SiO2, and metal gates. The metal gates are insulated from the gate dielectric layer, which leads to a very high i... | Wikipedia - Quantum field effect transistor | null | null | null |
These are either p or n type regions, with both terminals being of the same type and opposite to that of the body type. If the MOSFET is a n-channel MOSFET, both source and drain regions are n+ and the body is a p region. If the MOSFET is a p-channel MOSFET, both source and drain regions are p+ and the body is a n regi... | Wikipedia - Quantum field effect transistor | null | null | null |
In a n-channel MOSFET electrons carry the charge through the source region, and holes carry the charges in the p-channel MOSFET source. FET structures are typically constructed gradually, layer by layer, using a variety of techniques such as molecular-beam epitaxy, liquid-phase epitaxy, and vapor-phase epitaxy, an exam... | Wikipedia - Quantum field effect transistor | null | null | null |
Wet chemical etching can be used to create layers of thickness 3 μm or larger, while dry etching techniques can be used to achieve layers on the nanometer scale. When layer thickness approaches 50 nanometers or less, the de Broglie wavelength of the layer approaches that of a thermalized electron, and conventional ener... | Wikipedia - Quantum field effect transistor | null | null | null |
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