text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Furthermore, Homo habilis, living approximately 2.3 mya, is the most sexually dimorphic early hominid. Plavcan and van Schaik conclude their examination of this controversy by stating that, overall, sexual dimorphism in australopithecines is not indicative of any behavioral implications or mating systems.Currently the ... | Wikipedia - Social monogamy | null | null | null |
Monogamy is one of several mating systems observed in animals. However, a pair of animals may be socially monogamous without necessarily being sexually or genetically monogamous. Social monogamy, sexual monogamy, and genetic monogamy can occur in different combinations.Social monogamy refers to the overtly observed liv... | Wikipedia - Socially monogamous | null | null | null |
Social monogamy has also been observed in reptiles, fish, and insects.Sexual monogamy is defined as an exclusive sexual relationship between a female and a male based on observations of sexual interactions. However, scientific analyses can test for paternity, for example by DNA paternity testing or by fluorescent pigme... | Wikipedia - Socially monogamous | null | null | null |
Genetic monogamy refers to DNA analyses confirming that a female-male pair reproduce exclusively with each other.The incidence of sexual monogamy appears quite rare in other parts of the animal kingdom. It is becoming clear that even animals that are overtly socially monogamous engage in extra-pair copulations. For exa... | Wikipedia - Socially monogamous | null | null | null |
Patricia Adair Gowaty has estimated that, out of 180 different species of socially monogamous songbirds, only 10% are sexually monogamous. Offspring are far more successful when both the male and the female members of the social pair contribute food resources. | Wikipedia - Socially monogamous | null | null | null |
The highest known frequency of reproductively successful extra-pair copulations are found among fairywrens Malurus splendens and Malurus cyaneus where more than 65% of chicks are fathered by males outside the supposed breeding pair. This discordantly low level of genetic monogamy has been a surprise to biologists and z... | Wikipedia - Socially monogamous | null | null | null |
Elacatinus, also widely known as neon gobies, also exhibit social monogamy. Hetereosexual pairs of fish belonging to the genus Elacatinus remain closely associated during both reproductive and non-reproductive periods, and often reside in same cleaning station to serve client fish. Fish of this genus frequently mate wi... | Wikipedia - Socially monogamous | null | null | null |
Monogamy occurs when one male mates with one female exclusively. This is also called pair spawning. Most fish are not monogamous, and when they are, they often alternate with non-monogamous behaviours. Monogamy can occur when feeding and breeding grounds are small, when it is difficult for fish to find partners, or whe... | Wikipedia - Spawning ground | null | null | null |
Many tropical cichlids, which rear their young together in locations where they must fiercely defend against competitors and predators are monogamous. "In some pipefishes and seahorses, development of eggs takes a long time before the female can place them in the brood pouch of a male, where they are fertilized. While ... | Wikipedia - Spawning ground | null | null | null |
This close timing of development promotes monogamy, especially if the likelihood of encountering another potential mate is low. "Polygyny occurs when one male gets exclusive mating rights with multiple females. In polygyny a large conspicuous male usually defends females from other males or defends a breeding site. | Wikipedia - Spawning ground | null | null | null |
The females choose large males that are successfully defending prime breeding sites which the females find attractive. For example, sculpin males defend "caves" underneath rocks which are suitable for the incubation of embryos. Another way males get to mate with several females is through the use of leks. | Wikipedia - Spawning ground | null | null | null |
Leks are places where many fish come together, and the males display to each other. Based on these displays, each female then selects the male they want to be their mate. For example, among the cichlid Cyrtocara eucinostomus in Lake Malawi, up to 50,000 large and colourful males display together on a lek four kilometre... | Wikipedia - Spawning ground | null | null | null |
The females, which are mouth brooders, choose which male they want to fertilize their eggs.Polyandry occurs when one female gets exclusive mating rights with multiple males. This happens among fish like clownfish that change their sex. It can also happen when males do the brooding but cannot handle all the eggs the fem... | Wikipedia - Spawning ground | null | null | null |
: 161 The males in some deep sea anglerfishes are much smaller than the females. When they find a female they bite into her skin, releasing an enzyme that digests the skin of their mouth and her body and fusing the pair down to the blood-vessel level. The male then slowly atrophies, losing first his digestive organs, t... | Wikipedia - Spawning ground | null | null | null |
This ensures that, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate immediately available. A single anglerfish female can "mate" with many males in this manner. Polygynandry occurs when multiple males mate indiscriminately with multiple females. | Wikipedia - Spawning ground | null | null | null |
This mutual promiscuity is the approach most commonly used by spawning animals, and is perhaps the "original fish mating system. ": 161 Common examples are forage fish, such as herrings, which form huge mating shoals in shallow water. The water becomes milky with sperm and the bottom is draped with millions of fertiliz... | Wikipedia - Spawning ground | null | null | null |
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar. They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their structure. The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix aldo-. Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix keto-. | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
Examples of monosaccharides are the hexoses, glucose, fructose, Trioses, Tetroses, Heptoses, galactose, pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose. Consumed fructose and glucose have different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed and have different metabolic fates, providing multiple opportunities for two diff... | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple sugars, form a bond with removal of water. They can be hydrolyzed to yield their saccharin building blocks by boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with appropriate enzymes. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose. | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or complex carbohydrates. They have multiple simple sugars. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
They are generally large and often have a complex branched connectivity. Because of their size, polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but their many hydroxy groups become hydrated individually when exposed to water, and some polysaccharides form thick colloidal dispersions when heated in water. | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 to 10 monomers, are called oligosaccharides. A fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor was developed for discriminating saccharides. It successfully discriminated three brands of orange juice beverage. The change in fluorescence intensity of the sensing films resul... | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia Eosinophilic granuloma Bone atrophy secondary to diseases like polio | Wikipedia - Fragility fracture | null | null | null |
Monozygotic twins share around 99.99% of their DNA, while other siblings share around 50%. Some next generation sequencing tools are capable of detecting rare de novo mutations in only one of the twins (detectable in rare single nucleotide polymorphisms). Most DNA testing tools would not detect these rare SNPs in most ... | Wikipedia - DNA databases | null | null | null |
Tiny differences between identical twins can now (2014) be detected by next generation sequencing. For current fiscally available testing, "identical" twins cannot be easily differentiated by the most common DNA testing, but it has been shown to be possible. While other siblings (including fraternal twins) share about ... | Wikipedia - DNA databases | null | null | null |
Monster is 111.5 feet (34.0 m) tall, 2,296.6 feet (700.0 m) long, and reaches a top speed of 55.9 mph (90.0 km/h). The coaster is able to run two trains with 7 cars, each car of which seats 4 riders in a single row for a total occupancy of 28 riders per train. Monster was designed and manufactured by Swiss firm Bollige... | Wikipedia - Monster (Gröna Lund) | null | null | null |
Montan wax is a fossilized wax extracted from coal and lignite. It is very hard, reflecting the high concentration of saturated fatty acids and alcohols. Although dark brown and odorous, they can be purified and bleached to give commercially useful products. | Wikipedia - Wax | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo (MC) generates configurations of a system by making random changes to the positions of its particles, together with their orientations and conformations where appropriate. It is a random sampling method, which makes use of the so-called importance sampling. Importance sampling methods are able to generate l... | Wikipedia - Computational Chemistry | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo is one of the most widely used algorithms for protein design. In its simplest form, a Monte Carlo algorithm selects a residue at random, and in that residue a randomly chosen rotamer (of any amino acid) is evaluated. The new energy of the protein, Enew is compared against the old energy Eold and the new rot... | Wikipedia - Protein Design | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo methods and quasi-Monte Carlo methods are easy to apply to multi-dimensional integrals. They may yield greater accuracy for the same number of function evaluations than repeated integrations using one-dimensional methods.A large class of useful Monte Carlo methods are the so-called Markov chain Monte Carlo ... | Wikipedia - Squaring of curves | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo methods are a class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to compute their results. In statistical mechanics applications prior to the introduction of the Metropolis algorithm, the method consisted of generating a large number of random configurations of the system, computing the... | Wikipedia - Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines | null | null | null |
To choose configurations with a probability exp(−E/kT) that can be weighed evenly, the authors devised the following algorithm: 1) each configuration is generated by a random move on the previous configuration and the new energy is computed; 2) if the new energy is lower, the move is always accepted; otherwise the move... | Wikipedia - Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines | null | null | null |
Subsequent work generalized the method to three dimensions and to fluids using the Lennard-Jones potential. The simulations were done for a system of 224 particles; each simulation consisted of up to 48 cycles, where each cycle consisted of moving each particle once and took about three minutes of computer time using t... | Wikipedia - Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines | null | null | null |
This means that the simulated system is treated as a unit cell in a lattice, and when a particle moves out of the cell, it automatically comes in through the other side (making the system a topological torus). According to a perspective published nearly fifty years later by William L. Jorgensen, "Metropolis et al. intr... | Wikipedia - Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo methods are used in various fields of computational biology, for example for Bayesian inference in phylogeny, or for studying biological systems such as genomes, proteins, or membranes. The systems can be studied in the coarse-grained or ab initio frameworks depending on the desired accuracy. Computer simul... | Wikipedia - Monte Carlo Method | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo methods are widely used in engineering for sensitivity analysis and quantitative probabilistic analysis in process design. The need arises from the interactive, co-linear and non-linear behavior of typical process simulations. For example, In microelectronics engineering, Monte Carlo methods are applied to ... | Wikipedia - Monte Carlo Simulation | null | null | null |
In geostatistics and geometallurgy, Monte Carlo methods underpin the design of mineral processing flowsheets and contribute to quantitative risk analysis. In fluid dynamics, in particular rarefied gas dynamics, where the Boltzmann equation is solved for finite Knudsen number fluid flows using the direct simulation Mont... | Wikipedia - Monte Carlo Simulation | null | null | null |
It is often applied to stochastic filters such as the Kalman filter or particle filter that forms the heart of the SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) algorithm. In telecommunications, when planning a wireless network, the design must be proven to work for a wide variety of scenarios that depend mainly on the ... | Wikipedia - Monte Carlo Simulation | null | null | null |
The network performance is then evaluated and, if results are not satisfactory, the network design goes through an optimization process. In reliability engineering, Monte Carlo simulation is used to compute system-level response given the component-level response. In signal processing and Bayesian inference, particle f... | Wikipedia - Monte Carlo Simulation | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo methods can be used in an algorithm that mimics policy iteration. Policy iteration consists of two steps: policy evaluation and policy improvement. Monte Carlo is used in the policy evaluation step. In this step, given a stationary, deterministic policy π {\displaystyle \pi } , the goal is to compute the fu... | Wikipedia - Inverse reinforcement learning | null | null | null |
Assume (for simplicity) that the MDP is finite, that sufficient memory is available to accommodate the action-values and that the problem is episodic and after each episode a new one starts from some random initial state. Then, the estimate of the value of a given state-action pair ( s , a ) {\displaystyle (s,a)} can b... | Wikipedia - Inverse reinforcement learning | null | null | null |
This finishes the description of the policy evaluation step. In the policy improvement step, the next policy is obtained by computing a greedy policy with respect to Q {\displaystyle Q}: Given a state s {\displaystyle s} , this new policy returns an action that maximizes Q ( s , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle Q(s,\cdot )} . In pra... | Wikipedia - Inverse reinforcement learning | null | null | null |
Problems with this procedure include: 1. The procedure may spend too much time evaluating a suboptimal policy. 2. | Wikipedia - Inverse reinforcement learning | null | null | null |
It uses samples inefficiently in that a long trajectory improves the estimate only of the single state-action pair that started the trajectory. 3. When the returns along the trajectories have high variance, convergence is slow. | Wikipedia - Inverse reinforcement learning | null | null | null |
4. It works in episodic problems only. 5. It works in small, finite MDPs only. | Wikipedia - Inverse reinforcement learning | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo methods have been developed into a technique called Monte-Carlo tree search that is useful for searching for the best move in a game. Possible moves are organized in a search tree and many random simulations are used to estimate the long-term potential of each move. A black box simulator represents the oppo... | Wikipedia - Monte Carlo Method | null | null | null |
Play a simulated game starting with that node. Use the results of that simulated game to update the node and its ancestors.The net effect, over the course of many simulated games, is that the value of a node representing a move will go up or down, hopefully corresponding to whether or not that node represents a good mo... | Wikipedia - Monte Carlo Method | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo simulation (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century) invented at Los Alamos by von Neumann, Ulam and Metropolis. Crank–Nicolson method was developed by Crank and Nicolson. Dantzig introduces the simplex method (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century) in 1947. Turing formulated... | Wikipedia - Timeline of numerical analysis after 1945 | null | null | null |
Monte Carlo simulation (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century) invented at Los Alamos by von Neumann, Ulam and Metropolis. Dantzig introduces the simplex algorithm (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century). First hydro simulations at Los Alamos occurred. Ulam and von Neumann introduce th... | Wikipedia - Timeline of computational mathematics | null | null | null |
A routine for the Manchester Baby written to factor a large number (2^18), one of the first in computational number theory. The Manchester group would make several other breakthroughs in this area. LU decomposition technique first discovered. | Wikipedia - Timeline of computational mathematics | null | null | null |
Montgomery (1973) suggested the pair correlation conjecture that the correlation functions of the (suitably normalized) zeros of the zeta function should be the same as those of the eigenvalues of a random hermitian matrix. Odlyzko (1987) showed that this is supported by large-scale numerical calculations of these corr... | Wikipedia - Critical line (mathematics) | null | null | null |
Monti consensus clustering can be a powerful tool for identifying clusters, but it needs to be applied with caution as shown by Şenbabaoğlu et al. It has been shown that the Monti consensus clustering algorithm is able to claim apparent stability of chance partitioning of null datasets drawn from a unimodal distributio... | Wikipedia - Consensus clustering | null | null | null |
However, these methods rely on certain assumptions for the null model that may not always be appropriate. Şenbabaoğlu et al demonstrated the original delta K metric to decide K {\displaystyle K} in the Monti algorithm performed poorly, and proposed a new superior metric for measuring the stability of consensus matrices... | Wikipedia - Consensus clustering | null | null | null |
The proportion of ambiguous clustering (PAC) score measure quantifies this middle segment; and is defined as the fraction of sample pairs with consensus indices falling in the interval (u1, u2) ∈ where u1 is a value close to 0 and u2 is a value close to 1 (for instance u1=0.1 and u2=0.9). A low value of PAC indicates ... | Wikipedia - Consensus clustering | null | null | null |
Montreal Science Centre (Montreal, Quebec) displays many hands-on activities involving various physics phenomena. | Wikipedia - Physics outreach | null | null | null |
Montreal-based Discreet Logic was founded in 1991 by former Softimage Company sales director Richard Szalwinski, to commercialize the 2D compositor Eddie, licensed from Australian production company Animal Logic. Eddie was associated with Australian software engineer Bruno Nicoletti, who later founded visual effects so... | Wikipedia - Discreet Logic | null | null | null |
Flame, which was originally named Flash, was first shown at NAB in 1992, ran on the Silicon Graphics platform, and became the company's flagship product. In July 1995, Discreet Logic's initial public offering raised about US$40 million. On May 26, 1995, the company acquired the assets of Brughetti Corporation for about... | Wikipedia - Discreet Logic | null | null | null |
Moonshine from various countries: Changaa (Kenya) Guaro (Latin America) Jamaica ginger (United States) Kumi Kumi (Kenya) Lotoko (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Tharra (Indian subcontinent) | Wikipedia - Clandestine chemistry | null | null | null |
Moore's algorithm for DFA minimization is due to Edward F. Moore (1956). Like Hopcroft's algorithm, it maintains a partition that starts off separating the accepting from the rejecting states, and repeatedly refines the partition until no more refinements can be made. At each step, it replaces the current partition wit... | Wikipedia - DFA minimization | null | null | null |
Its worst-case time complexity is O(n2s): each step of the algorithm may be performed in time O(ns) using a variant of radix sort to reorder the states so that states in the same set of the new partition are consecutive in the ordering, and there are at most n steps since each one but the last increases the number of s... | Wikipedia - DFA minimization | null | null | null |
Moorish idols feed on sponges, coral polyps, tunicates and other benthic invertebrates. They are normally found in small groups of 2 or 3 individuals but they can also be solitary or gather in large schools. They have a long pelagic larval stage and this is why they are so widespread and geographically uniform. These f... | Wikipedia - Moorish idol | null | null | null |
Moral interpretation searches for moral lessons which can be understood from writings within the Bible. Allegories are often placed in this category. | Wikipedia - Romantic hermeneutics | null | null | null |
More abstractly, generalized barycentric coordinates express a convex polytope with n vertices, regardless of dimension, as the image of the standard ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} -simplex, which has n vertices – the map is onto: Δ n − 1 ↠ P . {\displaystyle \Delta ^{n-1}\twoheadrightarrow P.} The map is one-to-one i... | Wikipedia - Barycentric coordinates (mathematics) | null | null | null |
Dual to generalized barycentric coordinates are slack variables, which measure by how much margin a point satisfies the linear constraints, and gives an embedding P ↪ ( R ≥ 0 ) f {\displaystyle P\hookrightarrow (\mathbf {R} _{\geq 0})^{f}} into the f-orthant, where f is the number of faces (dual to the vertices). This ... | Wikipedia - Barycentric coordinates (mathematics) | null | null | null |
More broadly, any software with access to the real world, including autonomous vehicles and robots, can cause property damage, injury, and death. This raises questions about civil liability or criminal responsibility. In 2018, The University of Brighton researcher John Kingston analyzed three legal theories of criminal... | Wikipedia - Self-driving car liability | null | null | null |
This is used in common law when a person instructs or directly causes an animal or person incapable of criminal responsibility (such as a young child or a person with a severe mental disability) to commit a crime. Natural and probable consequence - the programmer or the user could be held liable for causing the AI enti... | Wikipedia - Self-driving car liability | null | null | null |
Direct liability - the AI system has demonstrated the criminal elements of the recognized theory of liability in criminal law. Strict liability offenses (like speeding) require an action (actus reus), but "conventional" offenses (like murder) require an intention (a type of mens rea). Criminal negligence involves non-p... | Wikipedia - Self-driving car liability | null | null | null |
Legally, courts may be capable under existing laws of assigning criminal liability to the AI system of an existing self-driving car for speeding; however, it is not clear that this would be a useful thing for a court to do.Possible defenses include unexpected malfunction or infection with malware, which has been succes... | Wikipedia - Self-driving car liability | null | null | null |
Volvo has already announced that it will pay for any injuries or damage caused by its fully autonomous car, which it expects to start selling in 2020. Starting in 2012, laws or regulations specifically regarding autonomous car testing, certification, and sales, with some issuing special driver's licenses; have been pas... | Wikipedia - Self-driving car liability | null | null | null |
states, this remains an active area of lawmaking. Human occupants would still be liable for actions they directed, such as choosing where to park (and thus for parking tickets). University of South Carolina law professor Bryant Walker Smith points out that with automated systems, considerably more data will typically b... | Wikipedia - Self-driving car liability | null | null | null |
More changes occur in the 1st millennium BC and the first centuries AD, leading to Coptic (1st or 3rd – c. 19th centuries AD). In Sahidic ẖ ḫ ḥ had merged into ϣ š (most often from ḫ) and ϩ /h/ (most often ẖ ḥ). | Wikipedia - Egyptological pronunciation | null | null | null |
Bohairic and Akhmimic are more conservative and have a velar fricative /x/ (ϧ in Bohairic, ⳉ in Akhmimic). Pharyngeal *ꜥ had merged into glottal /ʔ/ after it had affected the quality of the surrounding vowels. /ʔ/ is not indicated orthographically unless it follows a stressed vowel; then, it is marked by doubling the v... | Wikipedia - Egyptological pronunciation | null | null | null |
The phoneme ⲃ /b/ was probably pronounced as a fricative , becoming ⲡ /p/ after a stressed vowel in syllables that had been closed in earlier Egyptian (compare ⲛⲟⲩⲃ < */ˈnaːbaw/ 'gold' and ⲧⲁⲡ < */dib/ 'horn'). The phonemes /d g z/ occur only in Greek loanwords, with rare exceptions triggered by a nearby /n/: ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃⲉ/ⲁⲛ... | Wikipedia - Egyptological pronunciation | null | null | null |
Although the same graphemes are used for the pulmonic stops (⟨ⲧ ϫ ⲕ⟩), the existence of the former may be inferred because the stops ⟨ⲡ ⲧ ϫ ⲕ⟩ /p t c k/ are allophonically aspirated before stressed vowels and sonorant consonants. In Bohairic, the allophones are written with the special graphemes ⟨ⲫ ⲑ ϭ ⲭ⟩, but other d... | Wikipedia - Egyptological pronunciation | null | null | null |
More complex and systematized models take into account the fact that they may meet both quantitative, and qualitative distinctions or traits. The distributions of these traits have clear connections and may form types which in term will have a constent distribution in society. Example: Psycosmology model in the context... | Wikipedia - Psychological typologies | null | null | null |
More complex logic functions such as those involving AND and OR gates require manipulating the paths between gates to represent the logic. When a path consists of two transistors in series, both transistors must have low resistance to the corresponding supply voltage, modelling an AND. When a path consists of two trans... | Wikipedia - CMOS | null | null | null |
If both of the A and B inputs are high, then both the NMOS transistors (bottom half of the diagram) will conduct, neither of the PMOS transistors (top half) will conduct, and a conductive path will be established between the output and Vss (ground), bringing the output low. If both of the A and B inputs are low, then n... | Wikipedia - CMOS | null | null | null |
As the only configuration of the two inputs that results in a low output is when both are high, this circuit implements a NAND (NOT AND) logic gate. An advantage of CMOS over NMOS logic is that both low-to-high and high-to-low output transitions are fast since the (PMOS) pull-up transistors have low resistance when swi... | Wikipedia - CMOS | null | null | null |
In addition, the output signal swings the full voltage between the low and high rails. This strong, more nearly symmetric response also makes CMOS more resistant to noise. See Logical effort for a method of calculating delay in a CMOS circuit. | Wikipedia - CMOS | null | null | null |
More complicated (non-linear) formulas are occasionally used. For a compact two-dimensional triangular array, for instance, the addressing formula is a polynomial of degree 2. | Wikipedia - Vector data structure | null | null | null |
More complicated scoring systems attribute values not only for the type of alteration, but also for the letters that are involved. For example, a match between A and A may be given 1, but a match between T and T may be given 4. Here (assuming the first scoring system) more importance is given to the Ts matching than th... | Wikipedia - Needleman–Wunsch algorithm | null | null | null |
In order to represent all the possible combinations of letters and their resulting scores a similarity matrix is used. The similarity matrix for the most basic system is represented as: Each score represents a switch from one of the letters the cell matches to the other. Hence this represents all possible matches and m... | Wikipedia - Needleman–Wunsch algorithm | null | null | null |
Note all the matches go along the diagonal, also not all the table needs to be filled, only this triangle because the scores are reciprocal.= (Score for A → C = Score for C → A). If implementing the T-T = 4 rule from above the following similarity matrix is produced: Different scoring matrices have been statistically c... | Wikipedia - Needleman–Wunsch algorithm | null | null | null |
More concretely, suppose there is an étale morphism U → X {\displaystyle U\to X} from an affine finite-type k {\displaystyle k} -scheme U {\displaystyle U} together with a locally closed immersion f: U → M {\displaystyle f:U\to M} into a smooth affine finite-type k {\displaystyle k} -scheme M {\displaystyle M} . Then o... | Wikipedia - Normal cone | null | null | null |
More detailed computation simulations can be carried out accounting for not cellular models, but taking into consideration the functional syncytium and enabling the cells to mutually interact, the so called electrotonic coupling.In case of tissue simulation or in wider cases, such as in whole organ simulations, all the... | Wikipedia - Pharmacological cardiotoxicity | null | null | null |
More direct criticism is the "rigid" nature of Six Sigma with its over-reliance on methods and tools. In most cases, more attention is paid to reducing variation and searching for any significant factors, and less attention is paid to developing robustness in the first place (which can altogether eliminate the need for... | Wikipedia - Six Sigma | null | null | null |
One of the most serious but all-too-common misuses of inferential statistics is to take a model that was developed through exploratory model building and subject it to the same sorts of statistical tests that are used to validate a model that was specified in advance.Another comment refers to the oft-mentioned Transfer... | Wikipedia - Six Sigma | null | null | null |
Much of the first criticism was already published more than 40 years ago (see Statistical hypothesis testing § Criticism). In a 2006 issue of USA Army Logistician an article critical of Six Sigma noted: "The dangers of a single paradigmatic orientation (in this case, that of technical rationality) can blind us to value... | Wikipedia - Six Sigma | null | null | null |
He states that statistics is fundamentally incomplete as a field as it cannot predict the risk of rare events—something Six Sigma is especially concerned with. Furthermore, errors in prediction are likely to occur as a result of ignorance of or distinction between epistemic and other uncertainties. These errors are the... | Wikipedia - Six Sigma | null | null | null |
More efficient than the aforementioned are specialized partial sorting algorithms based on mergesort and quicksort. In the quicksort variant, there is no need to recursively sort partitions which only contain elements that would fall after the k'th place in the final sorted array (starting from the "left" boundary). Th... | Wikipedia - Partial sorting | null | null | null |
More equivalence criteria can be studied if the flows, ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and ψ {\displaystyle \psi } , arise from differential equations. Two dynamical systems defined by the differential equations, x ˙ = f ( x ) {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=f(x)} and y ˙ = g ( y ) {\displaystyle {\dot {y}}=g(y)} , are said to be sm... | Wikipedia - Topologically conjugate | null | null | null |
Two dynamical systems on the same state space, defined by x ˙ = f ( x ) {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=f(x)} and x ˙ = g ( x ) {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=g(x)} , are said to be orbitally equivalent if there is a positive function, μ: X → R {\displaystyle \mu :X\to \mathbb {R} } , such that g ( x ) = μ ( x ) f ( x ) {\display... | Wikipedia - Topologically conjugate | null | null | null |
However, the reverse is not true. For example, consider linear systems in two dimensions of the form x ˙ = A x {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=Ax} . If the matrix, A {\displaystyle A} , has two positive real eigenvalues, the system has an unstable node; if the matrix has two complex eigenvalues with positive real part, the s... | Wikipedia - Topologically conjugate | null | null | null |
More exotic examples, and the raison d'être of topos theory, come from algebraic geometry. The basic example of a topos comes from the Zariski topos of a scheme. For each scheme X {\displaystyle X} there is a site Open ( X ) {\displaystyle {\text{Open}}(X)} (of objects given by open subsets and morphisms given by inclu... | Wikipedia - Elementary topoi | null | null | null |
Moreover, topoi give the foundations for studying schemes purely as functors on the category of algebras. To a scheme and even a stack one may associate an étale topos, an fppf topos, or a Nisnevich topos. Another important example of a topos is from the crystalline site. In the case of the étale topos, these form the ... | Wikipedia - Elementary topoi | null | null | null |
More fat on the body allows for faster decomposition. This is due to the composition of fat, which is high in water content. Larger corpses with higher percent body fat also tend to retain heat much longer than corpses with less body fat. Higher temperatures favor the reproduction of bacteria inside high nutrient areas... | Wikipedia - Forensic entomological decomposition | null | null | null |
More formally the semantics of projection are defined as follows: Π a 1 , . . . , a n ( R ) = { t : t ∈ R } , {\displaystyle \Pi _{a_{1},...,a_{n}}(R)=\{\ t:\ t\in R\ \},} where t {\displaystyle t} is the restriction of the tuple t {\displaystyle t} to the set { a 1 , . | Wikipedia - Projection (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
. . , a n } {\displaystyle \{a_{1},...,a_{n}\}} so that t = { ( a ′ , v ) | ( a ′ , v ) ∈ t , a ′ ∈ { a 1 , . | Wikipedia - Projection (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
. . , a n } } , {\displaystyle t=\{\ (a',v)\ |\ (a',v)\in t,\ a'\in \{a_{1},...,a_{n}\}\},} where ( a ′ , v ) {\displaystyle (a',v)} is an attribute value, a ′ {\displaystyle a'} is an attribute name, and v {\displaystyle v} is an element of that attribute's domain — see Relation (database). | Wikipedia - Projection (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
The result of a projection Π a 1 , . . . | Wikipedia - Projection (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.