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In finite nanosystems T ( E ) {\displaystyle T(E)} has a feature corresponding to every “subphase transition”. For a sufficiently strong transition, an equal-area construction on an S-loop in 1 / T ( E ) {\displaystyle 1/T(E)} gives the transition temperature. STMD has been refined by the BU group, and applied to sever... | Wikipedia - Wang and Landau algorithm | null | null | null |
It was recognized by D. Stelter that despite our emphasis on working with intensive quantities, l n ( f ) {\displaystyle ln(f)} is extensive. However δ f = ( l n ( f ) / 2 Δ E ) {\displaystyle \delta f=(ln(f)/2\Delta E)} is intensive, and the procedure f → f {\displaystyle f\rightarrow {\sqrt {f}}} based on histogram f... | Wikipedia - Wang and Landau algorithm | null | null | null |
Furthermore, the final value of the intensive δ f {\displaystyle \delta f} is a constant that determines the magnitude of error in the converged T ( E ) {\displaystyle T(E)} , and is independent of system size. STMD is implemented in LAMMPS as fix stmd. STMD is particularly useful for phase transitions. | Wikipedia - Wang and Landau algorithm | null | null | null |
Equilibrium information is impossible to obtain with a canonical simulation, as supercooling or superheating is necessary to cause the transition. However an STMD run obtains flat energy sampling with a natural progression of heating and cooling, without getting trapped in the low energy or high energy state. | Wikipedia - Wang and Landau algorithm | null | null | null |
Most recently it has been applied to the fluid/gel transition in lipid-wrapped nanoparticles. Replica exchange STMD has also been presented by the BU group. == References == | Wikipedia - Wang and Landau algorithm | null | null | null |
Molecular dynamics (MD) use either quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics or a mixture of both to calculate forces which are then used to solve Newton's laws of motion to examine the time-dependent behavior of systems. The result of a molecular dynamics simulation is a trajectory that describes how the position and vel... | Wikipedia - Computational Chemistry | null | null | null |
Molecular geomicrobiology takes a mechanistic approach to understanding biological processes that are geologically relevant. It can be at the level of DNA, protein, lipids, or any metabolite. One example of Molecular geomicrobiology research is studying how recently created lava fields are colonized by microbes. The Un... | Wikipedia - Geobiology | null | null | null |
Molecular hydrogen, H2, contains two different spin isomers, para-hydrogen and ortho-hydrogen, with a ratio of 25:75 at room temperature. Creating para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) means that this ratio is increased, in other words that para-hydrogen is enriched. This can be accomplished by cooling hydrogen gas... | Wikipedia - Hyperpolarization (physics) | null | null | null |
50%. When cooling to below 20 K and then inducing the ortho-to-para conversion, close to 100% parahydrogen can be obtained.For practical applications, the PHIP is most commonly transferred to organic molecules by reacting the hyperpolarized hydrogen with precursor molecules in the presence of a transition metal catalys... | Wikipedia - Hyperpolarization (physics) | null | null | null |
Molecular imprinting describes a process by which a host is constructed from small molecules using a suitable molecular species as a template. After construction, the template is removed leaving only the host. The template for host construction may be subtly different from the guest that the finished host binds to. In ... | Wikipedia - Macromolecular system | null | null | null |
Molecular machines are molecules or molecular assemblies that can perform functions such as linear or rotational movement, switching, and entrapment. These devices exist at the boundary between supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology, and prototypes have been demonstrated using supramolecular concepts. Jean-Pierre ... | Wikipedia - Supramolecular chemistry | null | null | null |
Molecular mechanics is one aspect of molecular modelling, as it involves the use of classical mechanics (Newtonian mechanics) to describe the physical basis behind the models. Molecular models typically describe atoms (nucleus and electrons collectively) as point charges with an associated mass. The interactions betwee... | Wikipedia - Molecular Simulations | null | null | null |
The Lennard-Jones potential is commonly used to describe the latter. The electrostatic interactions are computed based on Coulomb's law. Atoms are assigned coordinates in Cartesian space or in internal coordinates, and can also be assigned velocities in dynamical simulations. | Wikipedia - Molecular Simulations | null | null | null |
The atomic velocities are related to the temperature of the system, a macroscopic quantity. The collective mathematical expression is termed a potential function and is related to the system internal energy (U), a thermodynamic quantity equal to the sum of potential and kinetic energies. Methods which minimize the pote... | Wikipedia - Molecular Simulations | null | null | null |
E = E bonds + E angle + E dihedral + E non-bonded {\displaystyle E=E_{\text{bonds}}+E_{\text{angle}}+E_{\text{dihedral}}+E_{\text{non-bonded}}\,} E non-bonded = E electrostatic + E van der Waals {\displaystyle E_{\text{non-bonded}}=E_{\text{electrostatic}}+E_{\text{van der Waals}}\,} This function, referred to as a pot... | Wikipedia - Molecular Simulations | null | null | null |
The common force fields in use today have been developed by using chemical theory, experimental reference data, and high level quantum calculations. The method, termed energy minimization, is used to find positions of zero gradient for all atoms, in other words, a local energy minimum. | Wikipedia - Molecular Simulations | null | null | null |
Lower energy states are more stable and are commonly investigated because of their role in chemical and biological processes. A molecular dynamics simulation, on the other hand, computes the behaviour of a system as a function of time. It involves solving Newton's laws of motion, principally the second law, F = m a {\d... | Wikipedia - Molecular Simulations | null | null | null |
Integration of Newton's laws of motion, using different integration algorithms, leads to atomic trajectories in space and time. The force on an atom is defined as the negative gradient of the potential energy function. The energy minimization method is useful to obtain a static picture for comparing between states of s... | Wikipedia - Molecular Simulations | null | null | null |
Molecular motion in condensed matter can be represented by a Fourier series whose physical interpretation consists of a superposition of longitudinal and transverse waves of atomic displacement with varying directions and wavelengths. In monatomic systems, these waves are called density fluctuations. (In polyatomic sys... | Wikipedia - Glass transformation range | null | null | null |
)Thus, thermal motion in liquids can be decomposed into elementary longitudinal vibrations (or acoustic phonons) while transverse vibrations (or shear waves) were originally described only in elastic solids exhibiting the highly ordered crystalline state of matter. In other words, simple liquids cannot support an appli... | Wikipedia - Glass transformation range | null | null | null |
This revision follows directly from the continuous characteristic of the viscoelastic crossover from the liquid state into the solid one when the transition is not accompanied by crystallization—ergo the supercooled viscous liquid. Thus we see the intimate correlation between transverse acoustic phonons (or shear waves... | Wikipedia - Glass transformation range | null | null | null |
In fact, the shoving model stipulates that the activation energy of the relaxation time is proportional to the high-frequency plateau shear modulus, a quantity that increases upon cooling thus explaining the ubiquitous non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of the relaxation time in glass-forming liquids. The velocities ... | Wikipedia - Glass transformation range | null | null | null |
The thermal phonon mean free paths or relaxation lengths of a number of glass formers have been plotted versus the glass transition temperature, indicating a linear relationship between the two. This has suggested a new criterion for glass formation based on the value of the phonon mean free path.It has often been sugg... | Wikipedia - Glass transformation range | null | null | null |
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that examines the biology of the nervous system with molecular biology, molecular genetics, protein chemistry and related methodologies. Nutritional neuroscience Neurochemistry | Wikipedia - Outline of neuroscience | null | null | null |
Molecular oxygen (O2) can be produced by geophysical processes, as well as a byproduct of photosynthesis by life forms, so although encouraging, O2 is not a reliable biosignature. In fact, planets with high concentration of O2 in their atmosphere may be uninhabitable. Abiogenesis in the presence of massive amounts of a... | Wikipedia - Ocean planet | null | null | null |
Molecular oxygen, O2, is essential for cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms. Oxygen is used as an electron acceptor in mitochondria to generate chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. The reaction for the aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of ph... | Wikipedia - Dioxygen in biological reactions | null | null | null |
Molecular recognition and self-assembly may be used with reactive species in order to pre-organize a system for a chemical reaction (to form one or more covalent bonds). It may be considered a special case of supramolecular catalysis. Non-covalent bonds between the reactants and a "template" hold the reactive sites of ... | Wikipedia - Supermolecular chemistry | null | null | null |
This pre-organization also serves purposes such as minimizing side reactions, lowering the activation energy of the reaction, and producing desired stereochemistry. After the reaction has taken place, the template may remain in place, be forcibly removed, or may be "automatically" decomplexed on account of the differen... | Wikipedia - Supermolecular chemistry | null | null | null |
Molecular recognition is the specific binding of a guest molecule to a complementary host molecule to form a host–guest complex. Often, the definition of which species is the "host" and which is the "guest" is arbitrary. The molecules are able to identify each other using non-covalent interactions. Key applications of ... | Wikipedia - Template-directed synthesis | null | null | null |
Molecular recognition plays an important role in biological systems and is observed in between receptor-ligand, antigen-antibody, DNA-protein, sugar-lectin, RNA-ribosome, etc. An important example of molecular recognition is the antibiotic vancomycin that selectively binds with the peptides with terminal D-alanyl-D-ala... | Wikipedia - Molecular recognition | null | null | null |
Molecular self-assembly is one of the few methods for creating biomaterials with properties similar in scale and chemistry to that of the natural in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM), a crucial step toward tissue engineering of complex tissues. Moreover, these hydrogel scaffolds have shown superiority in in vivo toxicolo... | Wikipedia - Tissue scaffold | null | null | null |
Molecular self-assembly is the construction of systems without guidance or management from an outside source (other than to provide a suitable environment). The molecules are directed to assemble through non-covalent interactions. Self-assembly may be subdivided into intermolecular self-assembly (to form a supramolecul... | Wikipedia - Template-directed synthesis | null | null | null |
Molecular self-assembly underlies the construction of biologic macromolecular assemblies and biomolecular condensates in living organisms, and so is crucial to the function of cells. It is exhibited in the self-assembly of lipids to form the membrane, the formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen bonding of the ... | Wikipedia - Molecular self-assembly | null | null | null |
Molecular set theory (MST) is a mathematical formulation of the wide-sense chemical kinetics of biomolecular reactions in terms of sets of molecules and their chemical transformations represented by set-theoretical mappings between molecular sets. It was introduced by Anthony Bartholomay, and its applications were deve... | Wikipedia - Mathematical and theoretical biology | null | null | null |
Molecular structures of glycans, glycopolymers and glycoconjugates: primary structure, aglycon information, polymerization degree and class of molecule. Structural scope includes molecules composed of residues (monosaccharides, alditols, amino acids, fatty acids etc.) linked by glycosidic, ester, amidic, ketal, phospho... | Wikipedia - Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB) | null | null | null |
The covered domains are: prokaryotes, plants, fungi and selected pathogenic unicellular metazoa. The database contains only glycans originating from these domains or obtained by chemical modification of such glycans. Assigned NMR spectra and experimental conditions. Glycosyltransferases associated with taxons: gene and... | Wikipedia - Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB) | null | null | null |
Molecular studies of retroviruses have been partly responsible for elucidating the mechanisms responsible for oncogenesis. The Epsilonretroviruses provide a unique model for understanding the development and regression of tumors due to its seasonal prevalence and genetic evolutionary baggage. Proteins encoded by these ... | Wikipedia - Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus | null | null | null |
Molecular virology is the study of viruses at the level of nucleic acids and proteins. The methods invented by molecular biologists have all proven useful in virology. Their small sizes and relatively simple structures make viruses an ideal candidate for study by these techniques. | Wikipedia - Virology | null | null | null |
Molecular-beam epitaxy is a technique used to construct thin epitaxial films of materials ranging from oxides to semiconductors to metals. Different beams of atoms and molecules in an ultra-high vacuum environment are shot onto a nearly atomically clean crystal, creating a layering effect. This is a type of thin-film d... | Wikipedia - Band-gap engineering | null | null | null |
Technologies such as quantum well devices, super-lattices, and lasers are possible with MBE. Epitaxial films are useful due to their ability to be produced with electrical properties different from those of the substrate, either higher purity, or fewer defects or with a different concentration of electrically active im... | Wikipedia - Band-gap engineering | null | null | null |
Molecules have fixed equilibrium geometries—bond lengths and angles— about which they continuously oscillate through vibrational and rotational motions. A pure substance is composed of molecules with the same average geometrical structure. The chemical formula and the structure of a molecule are the two important facto... | Wikipedia - Polyatomic molecules | null | null | null |
Molecules produced by plants in case of pathogens attacks are called phytoalexins. Such compounds can be implied in the hypersensitive response of plants. High levels of polyphenols (stilbenoids and ellagitannins) in E. sideroxylon wood can explain its natural preservation against rot. | Wikipedia - Eucalyptus sideroxylon | null | null | null |
Molecules synthesized in the cell bodies of neurons must be conveyed outward to the distal synapses. This is accomplished via fast anterograde transport. It has been found that APP can mediate interaction between cargo and kinesin and thus facilitate this transport. Specifically, a short peptide 15-amino-acid sequence ... | Wikipedia - Amyloid-beta precursor protein | null | null | null |
Molecules that have bifunctionality are used to modify the carbon nanotube. One end of the molecule are polyaromatic compounds that interact with the carbon nanotube through π-π stacking. The other end of the same molecule has a functional group such as amino, carboxyl, or thiol. For example, pyrene derivatives and ary... | Wikipedia - Carbon nanotube chemistry | null | null | null |
Molecules that promote the regeneration of neural tissue, including pharmaceutical drugs, growth factors known as morphogens, and miRNA can also be directly introduced to the injury site of the damaged CNS tissue. Neurogenesis has been seen in animals that are treated with psychotropic drugs through the inhibition of s... | Wikipedia - Neural tissue engineering | null | null | null |
Currently, morphogen delivery has minimal benefits because of the interactions the morphogens have with the injured tissue. Morphogens that are not innate in the body have a limited effect on the injured tissue due to the physical size and their limited mobility within CNS tissue. To be an effective treatment, the morp... | Wikipedia - Neural tissue engineering | null | null | null |
Moley's engineers developed this multi-functional kitchen platform in two modifications: for residential and commercial usage. A commercial version was developed for busy kitchens in restaurant, catering, hotel and other industries. | Wikipedia - Moley Robotics | null | null | null |
Molluscum contagiosum Herpes: simplex, zoster | Wikipedia - Male genital disease | null | null | null |
Molybdenum (Mo) is the most abundant transition element in solution in the sea (mostly as dianionic molybdate ion) and in living organisms, its abundance in the Earth's crust is quite low. Therefore, the use of Mo by living organisms seems surprising at first glance. Archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, inclu... | Wikipedia - Evolution of metal ions in biological systems | null | null | null |
It is also found in over 50 different enzymes. Its hydrolysis to water-soluble oxo-anionic species makes Mo readily accessible. Mo is found in the active sites of metalloenzymes that perform key transformations in the metabolism of carbon, nitrogen, arsenic, selenium, sulfur, and chlorine compounds. | Wikipedia - Evolution of metal ions in biological systems | null | null | null |
The mononuclear Mo enzymes are widely distributed in the biosphere; they catalyze many significant reactions in the metabolism of nitrogen and sulfur-containing compounds as well as various carbonyl compounds (e.g., aldehydes, CO, and CO2). Nitrate reductases enzymes are important for the nitrogen cycle. They belong to... | Wikipedia - Evolution of metal ions in biological systems | null | null | null |
Due to the oxidation of sulfides, The first considerable development was that of aerobic bacteria which could now utilize Mo. As oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere and oceans, the reaction of MoS2 to MoO4 also increased. This reaction made the highly soluble molybdate ion available for incorporation into crit... | Wikipedia - Evolution of metal ions in biological systems | null | null | null |
It allowed organisms to occupy new ecological niches. Mo plays an important role in the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia, which occurs in one type of nitrogenases. These enzymes are used by bacteria that usually live in a symbiotic relationship with plants; their role is nitrogen fixation, which is vital for sustaini... | Wikipedia - Evolution of metal ions in biological systems | null | null | null |
Molybdenum hexacarbonyl is the precursor to many substituted derivatives. It reacts with organolithium reagents to give anionic acyls which can be O-alkylated to give Fischer carbenes. Mo(CO)6 reacts with arenes to give piano-stool complexes such as (mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl. | Wikipedia - Organomolybdenum chemistry | null | null | null |
Cycloheptatrienemolybdenum tricarbonyl, which is related to (arene)Mo(CO)3, reacts with trityl salts to give the cycloheptatrienyl complex: (C7H8)Mo(CO)3 + (C6H5)3C+ → + + (C6H5)3CHReduction of Mo(CO)6 gives 2− which is formally Mo(-II).CO-free Mo(0) compounds tend to be more reducing and kinetically labile than the ca... | Wikipedia - Organomolybdenum chemistry | null | null | null |
Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms; a 2008 research paper speculated that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth's early oceans may have strongly influenced the evolution of eukaryotic life (which includes all plants and animals).At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been identified, mostly in... | Wikipedia - Molybdenum | null | null | null |
In some animals, and in humans, the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid, a process of purine catabolism, is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase, a molybdenum-containing enzyme. The activity of xanthine oxidase is directly proportional to the amount of molybdenum in the body. An extremely high concentration of molybdenum rever... | Wikipedia - Molybdenum | null | null | null |
Molybdenum concentration also affects protein synthesis, metabolism, and growth.Mo is a component in most nitrogenases. Among molybdoenzymes, nitrogenases are unique in lacking the molybdopterin. Nitrogenases catalyze the production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen: N 2 + 8 H + + 8 e − + 16 A T P + 16 H 2 O ⟶ 2 N H... | Wikipedia - Molybdenum | null | null | null |
Molybdenum is an essential trace dietary element. Four mammalian Mo-dependent enzymes are known, all of them harboring a pterin-based molybdenum cofactor (Moco) in their active site: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime reductase. People severely deficient in molybdenu... | Wikipedia - Molybdenum | null | null | null |
Molybdenum is also present within human tooth enamel and may help prevent its decay.Acute toxicity has not been seen in humans, and the toxicity depends strongly on the chemical state. Studies on rats show a median lethal dose (LD50) as low as 180 mg/kg for some Mo compounds. Although human toxicity data is unavailable... | Wikipedia - Molybdenum | null | null | null |
Sodium tungstate is a competitive inhibitor of molybdenum. Dietary tungsten reduces the concentration of molybdenum in tissues.Low soil concentration of molybdenum in a geographical band from northern China to Iran results in a general dietary molybdenum deficiency and is associated with increased rates of esophageal c... | Wikipedia - Molybdenum | null | null | null |
It results in high blood levels of sulfite and urate, in much the same way as molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Since pure molybdenum deficiency from this cause occurs primarily in adults, the neurological consequences are not as marked as in cases of congenital cofactor deficiency.A congenital molybdenum cofactor defici... | Wikipedia - Molybdenum | null | null | null |
Sodium tungstate is a competitive inhibitor of molybdenum. Dietary tungsten reduces the concentration of molybdenum in tissues.Low soil concentration of molybdenum in a geographical band from northern China to Iran results in a general dietary molybdenum deficiency, and is associated with increased rates of esophageal ... | Wikipedia - Molybdenum in biology | null | null | null |
Monadic Boolean algebras have an important connection to topology. If ∀ is interpreted as the interior operator of topology, (1)–(3) above plus the axiom ∀(∀x) = ∀x make up the axioms for an interior algebra. But ∀(∀x) = ∀x can be proved from (1)–(4). Moreover, an alternative axiomatization of monadic Boolean algebras ... | Wikipedia - Monadic Boolean algebra | null | null | null |
Hence monadic Boolean algebras are the semisimple interior/closure algebras such that: The universal (dually, existential) quantifier interprets the interior (closure) operator; All open (or closed) elements are also clopen.A more concise axiomatization of monadic Boolean algebra is (1) and (2) above, plus ∀(x∨∀y) = ∀x... | Wikipedia - Monadic Boolean algebra | null | null | null |
They are to monadic predicate logic what Boolean algebras are to propositional logic, and what polyadic algebras are to first-order logic. Paul Halmos discovered monadic Boolean algebras while working on polyadic algebras; Halmos (1962) reprints the relevant papers. Halmos and Givant (1998) includes an undergraduate tr... | Wikipedia - Monadic Boolean algebra | null | null | null |
Monadic Boolean algebras also have an important connection to modal logic. The modal logic S5, viewed as a theory in S4, is a model of monadic Boolean algebras in the same way that S4 is a model of interior algebra. Likewise, monadic Boolean algebras supply the algebraic semantics for S5. Hence S5-algebra is a synonym ... | Wikipedia - Monadic Boolean algebra | null | null | null |
Monadic second-order logic comes in two variants. In the variant considered over structures such as graphs and in Courcelle's theorem, the formula may involve non-monadic predicates (in this case the binary edge predicate E ( x , y ) {\displaystyle E(x,y)} ), but quantification is restricted to be over monadic predicat... | Wikipedia - Monadic second-order | null | null | null |
Monadic second-order logic of trees has applications in formal verification. Decision procedures for MSO satisfiability have been used to prove properties of programs manipulating linked data structures, as a form of shape analysis, and for symbolic reasoning in hardware verification. | Wikipedia - Monadic second-order | null | null | null |
Monads are used in functional programming to express types of sequential computation (sometimes with side-effects). See monads in functional programming, and the more mathematically oriented Wikibook module b:Haskell/Category theory. Monads are used in the denotational semantics of impure functional and imperative prog... | Wikipedia - Algebra over a monad | null | null | null |
Monarda punctata attracts pollinators in great numbers, especially wasps. Among the wasps that it brings to the garden are beneficial predatory wasps that control grubs, pest caterpillars, and other harmful insects. | Wikipedia - Monarda punctata | null | null | null |
Monatomic anions are named as the element modified with an -ide ending. The charge follows in brackets, (optional for 1−) e.g.: Cl− chloride(1−) or chloride S2− sulfide(2−)Some elements take their Latin name as the root e.g silver, Ag, argentide copper, Cu, cupride iron, Fe, ferride tin, Sn, stannidePolyatomic anions o... | Wikipedia - IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005 | null | null | null |
Monatomic anions: Cl− chloride S2− sulfide P3− phosphidePolyatomic ions: NH+4 ammonium H3O+ hydronium NO−3 nitrate NO−2 nitrite ClO− hypochlorite ClO−2 chlorite ClO−3 chlorate ClO−4 perchlorate SO2−3 sulfite SO2−4 sulfate S2O2–3 thiosulfate HSO−3 hydrogen sulfite (or bisulfite) HCO−3 hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate)... | Wikipedia - IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry | null | null | null |
Monatomic cations are named by taking the element name and following it with the charge in brackets e.g Na+ sodium(1+) Cr3+ chromium(3+)Sometimes an abbreviated form of the element name has to be taken, e.g. germide for germanium as germanide refers to GeH−3. Polyatomic cations of the same element are named as the elem... | Wikipedia - IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005 | null | null | null |
Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell (the outer-most electron shell) in an atom. The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus, and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction. The process o... | Wikipedia - Ionic charge | null | null | null |
This transfer is usually driven by the attaining of stable ("closed shell") electronic configurations. Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy. For example, a sodium atom, Na, has a single electron in its valence shell, surrounding 2 stable, filled inner shells of 2 and 8 elec... | Wikipedia - Ionic charge | null | null | null |
Since these filled shells are very stable, a sodium atom tends to lose its extra electron and attain this stable configuration, becoming a sodium cation in the process Na ⟶ Na + + e − {\displaystyle {\ce {Na -> Na+ + e-}}} On the other hand, a chlorine atom, Cl, has 7 electrons in its valence shell, which is one short ... | Wikipedia - Ionic charge | null | null | null |
Monazite usually occurs as inclusions in the porphyroblasts in metamorphic rocks.For instance, during the growth of garnet zones in metamorphic processes, monazite grains are included into the zones of garnets. Since garnets are quite stable upon changing temperature, the included monazite grains are well preserved and... | Wikipedia - Pressure-temperature-time path | null | null | null |
Mondrian works on plain text files with tab-separated columns with variable header, as exported from Microsoft Excel as ".txt". If the Rserve link and R are present, Mondrian also reads data directly from R workspace files (.RData files). | Wikipedia - Mondrian (software) | null | null | null |
MonetDB/e is the embedded version of the open source MonetDB SQL column store engine. Available for C, C++, Java (JDBC) and Python. MonetDB License, based on MPL 2.0. The predecessor MonetDBLite (for R, Python and Java) is no longer maintained. It's replaced by MonetDB/e. | Wikipedia - Embedded database | null | null | null |
Monetary aggregates are measurements of the money or ‘money-like’ instruments of the banking system, which is owed to businesses and households. An example of a ‘money-like’ instrument is deposits in the bank account. | Wikipedia - Aggregate data | null | null | null |
Monitor mixers provide musicians with a stage mix. The mix can be controlled by a sound engineer or by the musicians, depending on the monitor mixer's capabilities and the amount of control required. The stage mix consists of whatever vocal and instrument sources are connected to the sound reinforcement system. Some mu... | Wikipedia - Stage monitors | null | null | null |
This provides a more musician-controllable mix and provides them exactly what they want. This can be achieved by using a separate mixing console (the monitor mixer) and using either a split snake cable or Y-cable splitters cables to allow the required instrument or vocal inputs, to feed both the FOH mixer and monitor m... | Wikipedia - Stage monitors | null | null | null |
Monitor speakers need their own equalization primarily to reduce or eliminate acoustic feedback. Acoustic feedback occurs when the time delay between the acoustic input of a microphone and the output of a monitor speaker is a multiple of the period of a frequency. When this occurs the acoustic output of the speaker is ... | Wikipedia - Stage monitor | null | null | null |
Equalization is used to attenuate the specific frequency that is feeding back. The process of eliminating feedback in the monitor is called ringing out the monitors. To eliminate feedback, the monitor's level is increased until it starts to feed back. | Wikipedia - Stage monitor | null | null | null |
The feedback frequency is identified either by ear or by a frequency analyzer. Equalization is used to reduce that frequency. | Wikipedia - Stage monitor | null | null | null |
The monitor level is again increased until the next frequency starts to feed back and that frequency is eliminated. The process is repeated until feedback occurs at a previously suppressed frequency or at multiple frequencies simultaneously. If multiple monitor mixes are being used, the process has to be repeated for e... | Wikipedia - Stage monitor | null | null | null |
Monitoring all activity at the data layer is a key component of a data-centric security strategy. It provides visibility into the types of actions that users and tools have requested and been authorized to on specific data elements. Continuous monitoring at the data layer combined with precise access control can contri... | Wikipedia - Data-centric security | null | null | null |
Mono tube Twin tube Double-ended MR damper VIP MR damper | Wikipedia - Magnetorheological damper | null | null | null |
Mono- and bismaleimide-based polymers are used for high temperature applications up to 250 °C (480 °F). Maleimides linked to rubber chains are often used as flexible linking molecules to reinforce rubber in tires. The double bond readily reacts with all hydroxy, amine or thiol groups found on the matrix to form a stabl... | Wikipedia - C4H3NO2 | null | null | null |
These polymers are used in aerospace for high temperature applications of composites. Lockheed Martin's F-22 extensively uses thermoset composites, with bismaleimide and toughened epoxy comprising up to 17.5% and 6.6% of the structure by weight respectively. Lockheed Martin's F-35B (a STOVL version of this US fighter) ... | Wikipedia - C4H3NO2 | null | null | null |
Monoamines are neurotransmitters that include serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. | Wikipedia - Biology of depression | null | null | null |
Monocle Differential expression and time-series analysis for single-cell RNA-Seq and qPCR experiments. SCANPY Scalable Python-based implementation for preprocessing, visualization, clustering, trajectory inference and differential expression testing. SCell integrated analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data. | Wikipedia - List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools | null | null | null |
Seurat R package designed for QC, analysis, and exploration of single-cell RNA-seq data. Sincell an R/Bioconductor package for statistical assessment of cell-state hierarchies from single-cell RNA-seq. SINCERA A Pipeline for Single-Cell RNA-Seq Profiling Analysis. | Wikipedia - List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools | null | null | null |
Monocyclic topology is a topological structure with only one cycle in the polymer chain, and it could be coupled with outward branching structures. Selected monocyclic topologies have been listed below: | Wikipedia - Topological polymers | null | null | null |
Monodisperse, nanometer-size clusters (also known as nanoclusters) are synthetically grown crystals whose size and structure influence their properties through the effects of quantum confinement. One method of growing these crystals is through inverse micellar cages in non-aqueous solvents. Research conducted on the op... | Wikipedia - Nanochemistry | null | null | null |
Monogamy exists in many societies around the world, resulting in extensive scientific research which tries to understand how these marriage systems might have evolved. In any species, there are three main aspects that combine to promote a monogamous mating system: paternal care, resource access, and mate choice; howeve... | Wikipedia - Social monogamy | null | null | null |
Similarly, monogamy should evolve in areas of ecological stress because male reproductive success should be higher if their resources are focused on ensuring offspring survival rather than searching for other mates. Due to the extreme sociality and increased intelligence of humans, H. sapiens have solved many problems ... | Wikipedia - Social monogamy | null | null | null |
Furthermore, human intelligence and material culture allows for better adaptation to different and rougher ecological areas, thus reducing the causation and even correlation of monogamous marriage and extreme climates. However, some scientists argue that monogamy evolved by reducing within-group conflict, thus giving c... | Wikipedia - Social monogamy | null | null | null |
According to Reno et al., the sexual dimorphism of Australopithecus afarensis, a human ancestor from approximately 3.9–3.0 million years ago, was within the modern human range, based on dental and postcranial morphology. Although careful not to say that this indicates monogamous mating in early hominids, the authors do... | Wikipedia - Social monogamy | null | null | null |
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