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, a n ( R ) {\displaystyle \Pi _{a_{1},...,a_{n}}(R)} is defined only if { a 1 , . . . | Wikipedia - Projection (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
, a n } {\displaystyle \{a_{1},...,a_{n}\}} is a subset of the header of R {\displaystyle R} . Projection over no attributes at all is possible, yielding a relation of degree zero. In this case the cardinality of the result is zero if the operand is empty, otherwise one. The two relations of degree zero are the only on... | Wikipedia - Projection (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
More formally, a Lie supergroup is a supermanifold G together with a multiplication morphism μ: G × G → G {\displaystyle \mu :G\times G\rightarrow G} , an inversion morphism i: G → G {\displaystyle i:G\rightarrow G} and a unit morphism e: 1 → G {\displaystyle e:1\rightarrow G} which makes G a group object in the catego... | Wikipedia - Lie supergroup | null | null | null |
There are many possible supergroups. The ones of most interest in theoretical physics are the ones which extend the Poincaré group or the conformal group. Of particular interest are the orthosymplectic groups Osp(M|N) and the superunitary groups SU(M|N). | Wikipedia - Lie supergroup | null | null | null |
An equivalent algebraic approach starts from the observation that a supermanifold is determined by its ring of supercommutative smooth functions, and that a morphism of supermanifolds corresponds one to one with an algebra homomorphism between their functions in the opposite direction, i.e. that the category of superma... | Wikipedia - Lie supergroup | null | null | null |
This Hopf algebra gives the global properties of the supergroup. There is another related Hopf algebra which is the dual of the previous Hopf algebra. It can be identified with the Hopf algebra of graded differential operators at the origin. | Wikipedia - Lie supergroup | null | null | null |
It only gives the local properties of the symmetries i.e., it only gives information about infinitesimal supersymmetry transformations. The representations of this Hopf algebra are modules. Like in the non-graded case, this Hopf algebra can be described purely algebraically as the universal enveloping algebra of the Li... | Wikipedia - Lie supergroup | null | null | null |
In a similar way one can define an affine algebraic supergroup as a group object in the category of superalgebraic affine varieties. An affine algebraic supergroup has a similar one to one relation to its Hopf algebra of superpolynomials. Using the language of schemes, which combines the geometric and algebraic point o... | Wikipedia - Lie supergroup | null | null | null |
More formally, the drum is conceived as an elastic membrane whose boundary is clamped. It is represented as a domain D in the plane. Denote by λn the Dirichlet eigenvalues for D: that is, the eigenvalues of the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian: { Δ u + λ u = 0 u | ∂ D = 0 {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\Delta u+\lambd... | Wikipedia - Isospectral geometry | null | null | null |
Therefore, the question may be reformulated as: what can be inferred on D if one knows only the values of λn? Or, more specifically: are there two distinct domains that are isospectral? | Wikipedia - Isospectral geometry | null | null | null |
Related problems can be formulated for the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian on domains in higher dimensions or on Riemannian manifolds, as well as for other elliptic differential operators such as the Cauchy–Riemann operator or Dirac operator. Other boundary conditions besides the Dirichlet condition, such as the Ne... | Wikipedia - Isospectral geometry | null | null | null |
More general Iwasawa algebras are of the form Λ ( G ) := lim ← H Z p {\displaystyle \Lambda (G):=\varprojlim _{H}\mathbf {Z} _{p}} where G is a compact p-adic Lie group. The case above corresponds to G = Z p {\displaystyle G=\mathbf {Z} _{p}} . A classification of modules over Λ ( G ) {\displaystyle \Lambda (G)} up ... | Wikipedia - Iwasawa algebra | null | null | null |
More general games can be used to assign a meaning to (possibly open) IF formulas; more exactly, it is possible to define what it means for an IF formula φ {\displaystyle \varphi } to be satisfied, on a structure M {\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}} , by a team X {\displaystyle X} (a set of assignments of common variable d... | Wikipedia - Independence-friendly logic | null | null | null |
More general is using a mixed radix notation (here written little-endian) like a 0 a 1 a 2 {\displaystyle a_{0}a_{1}a_{2}} for a 0 + a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 1 b 2 {\displaystyle a_{0}+a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{1}b_{2}} , etc. This is used in Punycode, one aspect of which is the representation of a sequence of non-negative integers of... | Wikipedia - String of digits | null | null | null |
More generally, if tn is the threshold for the n-th digit, it is easy to show that b n + 1 = 36 − t n {\displaystyle b_{n+1}=36-t_{n}} . Suppose the threshold values for the second and third digits are c (i.e. 2), then the second-digit range is a–b (i.e. 0–1) with the second digit being most significant, while the rang... | Wikipedia - String of digits | null | null | null |
So the weight of the second symbol is 36 − t 0 = 35 {\displaystyle 36-t_{0}=35} . And the weight of the third symbol is 35 ( 36 − t 1 ) = 35 ⋅ 34 = 1190 {\displaystyle 35(36-t_{1})=35\cdot 34=1190} . So we have the following sequence of the numbers with at most 3 digits: a (0), ba (1), ca (2), ..., 9a (35), bb (36), cb... | Wikipedia - String of digits | null | null | null |
Unlike a regular n-based numeral system, there are numbers like 9b where 9 and b each represent 35; yet the representation is unique because ac and aca are not allowed – the first a would terminate each of these numbers. The flexibility in choosing threshold values allows optimization for number of digits depending on ... | Wikipedia - String of digits | null | null | null |
More generally still, for any topological space, we can define the nth Betti number bn as the rank of the n-th singular homology group. The Euler characteristic can then be defined as the alternating sum χ = b 0 − b 1 + b 2 − b 3 + ⋯ . {\displaystyle \chi =b_{0}-b_{1}+b_{2}-b_{3}+\cdots .} This quantity is well-defined... | Wikipedia - Euler's polyhedral formula | null | null | null |
More generally than above, similarity between tasks can be defined by a function. The regularizer encourages the model to learn similar functions for similar tasks. R ( f 1 ⋯ f T ) = ∑ t , s = 1 , t ≠ s T ‖ f t − f s ‖ 2 M t s {\displaystyle R(f_{1}\cdots f_{T})=\sum _{t,s=1,t\neq s}^{T}\|f_{t}-f_{s}\|^{2}M_{ts}} for a... | Wikipedia - Regularization (mathematics) | null | null | null |
More generally, Cooley–Tukey algorithms recursively re-express a DFT of a composite size N = N1N2 as: Perform N1 DFTs of size N2. Multiply by complex roots of unity (often called the twiddle factors). Perform N2 DFTs of size N1.Typically, either N1 or N2 is a small factor (not necessarily prime), called the radix (whic... | Wikipedia - Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm | null | null | null |
More generally, G {\displaystyle G} is called the direct sum of a finite set of subgroups H 1 , … , H n {\displaystyle H_{1},\ldots ,H_{n}} of the map is a topological isomorphism. If a topological group G {\displaystyle G} is the topological direct sum of the family of subgroups H 1 , … , H n {\displaystyle H_{1},\ldo... | Wikipedia - Direct sum of topological groups | null | null | null |
More generally, bundles or bundle objects can be defined in any category: in a category C, a bundle is simply an epimorphism π: E → B. If the category is not concrete, then the notion of a preimage of the map is not necessarily available. Therefore these bundles may have no fibers at all, although for sufficiently well... | Wikipedia - Bundle (mathematics) | null | null | null |
More generally, coordinate rotations in any dimension are represented by orthogonal matrices. The set of all orthogonal matrices in n dimensions which describe proper rotations (determinant = +1), together with the operation of matrix multiplication, forms the special orthogonal group SO(n). Matrices are often used for... | Wikipedia - Center of rotation | null | null | null |
They can be extended to represent rotations and transformations at the same time using homogeneous coordinates. Projective transformations are represented by 4×4 matrices. They are not rotation matrices, but a transformation that represents a Euclidean rotation has a 3×3 rotation matrix in the upper left corner. The ma... | Wikipedia - Center of rotation | null | null | null |
More generally, for any graph G, the number t(G) can be calculated in polynomial time as the determinant of a matrix derived from the graph, using Kirchhoff's matrix-tree theorem.Specifically, to compute t(G), one constructs the Laplacian matrix of the graph, a square matrix in which the rows and columns are both index... | Wikipedia - Spanning tree (mathematics) | null | null | null |
More generally, given a field k and a degree-2 separable k-algebra K (which may be a field extension but need not be), one can define unitary groups with respect to this extension. First, there is a unique k-automorphism of K a ↦ a ¯ {\displaystyle a\mapsto {\bar {a}}} which is an involution and fixes exactly k ( a = a... | Wikipedia - Indefinite unitary group | null | null | null |
More generally, given a map between normed vector spaces T: V → W , {\displaystyle T\colon V\to W,} one can analogously ask for this map to be an isometry on the orthogonal complement of the kernel: that ( ker T ) ⊥ → W {\displaystyle (\ker T)^{\perp }\to W} be an isometry (compare Partial isometry); in particular it... | Wikipedia - Linear projection | null | null | null |
More generally, hedgehogs are the natural geometrical objects that represent the formal differences of convex bodies: given (K,L) an ordered pair of convex bodies in the Euclidean vector space ℝn+1, there exists one, and only one, hedgehog that represents the formal difference K – L in ℝn+1. Polygonal case in the plane... | Wikipedia - Hedgehog (geometry) | null | null | null |
Of course, a few adaptations are necessary. In particular, volumes have to be replaced by their algebraic versions.In a long series of papers, hedgehogs and their extensions were studied by Y. Martinez-Maure under various aspects. The most striking result of this hedgehog theory was the construction of counterexamples ... | Wikipedia - Hedgehog (geometry) | null | null | null |
More generally, if V is an (internal) direct sum of subspaces U and W, V = U ⊕ W {\displaystyle V=U\oplus W} then the quotient space V/U is naturally isomorphic to W. | Wikipedia - Quotient vector space | null | null | null |
More generally, in a metric space (E,d), the sphere of center x and radius r > 0 is the set of points y such that d(x,y) = r. If the center is a distinguished point that is considered to be the origin of E, as in a normed space, it is not mentioned in the definition and notation. The same applies for the radius if it i... | Wikipedia - Sphere | null | null | null |
More generally, in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras (or the closely related representation theory of compact Lie groups), the weights of the dual representation are the negatives of the weights of the original representation. (See the figure.) Now, for a given Lie algebra, if it should happen that o... | Wikipedia - Contragredient representation | null | null | null |
For such Lie algebras, every irreducible representation will be isomorphic to its dual. (This is the situation for SU(2), where the Weyl group is { I , − I } {\displaystyle \{I,-I\}} .) Lie algebras with this property include the odd orthogonal Lie algebras so ( 2 n + 1 ; C ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {so} (2n+1;\... | Wikipedia - Contragredient representation | null | null | null |
If, for a given Lie algebra, − I {\displaystyle -I} is not in the Weyl group, then the dual of an irreducible representation will generically not be isomorphic to the original representation. To understand how this works, we note that there is always a unique Weyl group element w 0 {\displaystyle w_{0}} mapping the neg... | Wikipedia - Contragredient representation | null | null | null |
It then follows that the highest weight of the dual representation will be w 0 ⋅ ( − μ ) {\displaystyle w_{0}\cdot (-\mu )\,} . Since we are assuming − I {\displaystyle -I} is not in the Weyl group, w 0 {\displaystyle w_{0}} cannot be − I {\displaystyle -I} , which means that the map μ ↦ w 0 ⋅ ( − μ ) {\displaystyle \m... | Wikipedia - Contragredient representation | null | null | null |
The adjoint representation, for example, is always isomorphic to its dual. In the case of SU(3) (or its complexified Lie algebra, sl ( 3 ; C ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {sl} (3;\mathbb {C} )} ), we may choose a base consisting of two roots { α 1 , α 2 } {\displaystyle \{\alpha _{1},\alpha _{2}\}} at an angle of 12... | Wikipedia - Contragredient representation | null | null | null |
Then the map μ ↦ w 0 ⋅ ( − μ ) {\displaystyle \mu \mapsto w_{0}\cdot (-\mu )} is the reflection about the line through α 3 {\displaystyle \alpha _{3}} . The self-dual representations are then the ones that lie along the line through α 3 {\displaystyle \alpha _{3}} . These are the representations with labels of the form... | Wikipedia - Contragredient representation | null | null | null |
More generally, there is a k-dimensional tangent space at each point of a k-dimensional manifold in the n-dimensional Euclidean space. | Wikipedia - Point of tangency | null | null | null |
More information is needed about the various data elements in order to humanly understand what each element means, information such as the place of the tags in the hierarchy, the type of data (numeric, characters), together with some information on the semantics of the data. For example, the image has two attributes, w... | Wikipedia - UVC-based preservation | null | null | null |
More modern accelerators that were also run in fixed target mode; often, they will also have been run as colliders, or accelerated particles for use in subsequently built colliders. | Wikipedia - List of accelerators in particle physics | null | null | null |
More modern systems use a steerable parabolic "dish" to create a tight broadcast beam, typically using the same dish as the receiver. Such systems often combine two radar frequencies in the same antenna in order to allow automatic steering, or radar lock. Parabolic reflectors can be either symmetric parabolas or spoile... | Wikipedia - Radar | null | null | null |
Spoiled parabolic antennas produce a narrow beam in one dimension and a relatively wide beam in the other. This feature is useful if target detection over a wide range of angles is more important than target location in three dimensions. Most 2D surveillance radars use a spoiled parabolic antenna with a narrow azimutha... | Wikipedia - Radar | null | null | null |
More natural insecticides have been interesting targets of research for two main reasons, firstly because the most common chemicals are losing effectiveness, and secondly due to their toxic effects upon the environment. Many organic compounds are already produced by plants for the purpose of defending the host plant fr... | Wikipedia - Systemic insecticide | null | null | null |
More on Indian philosophy: Hindu philosophy | Wikipedia - System-building metaphysics | null | null | null |
More or less, all interpretations of quantum mechanics share two qualities: They interpret a formalism—a set of equations and principles to generate predictions via input of initial conditions They interpret a phenomenology—a set of observations, including those obtained by empirical research and those obtained informa... | Wikipedia - Time-symmetric interpretations | null | null | null |
Confusing the epistemic with the ontic, if for example one were to presume that a general law actually "governs" outcomes—and that the statement of a regularity has the role of a causal mechanism—is a category mistake. In a broad sense, scientific theory can be viewed as offering scientific realism—approximately true d... | Wikipedia - Time-symmetric interpretations | null | null | null |
In the 20th century's first half, antirealism was mainly logical positivism, which sought to exclude unobservable aspects of reality from scientific theory. Since the 1950s, antirealism is more modest, usually instrumentalism, permitting talk of unobservable aspects, but ultimately discarding the very question of reali... | Wikipedia - Time-symmetric interpretations | null | null | null |
More organic matter is preserved in sediments if there is high primary production, or the sediment is fine-grained. The lack of oxygen helps preservation greatly, and that also is caused by a large supply of organic matter. Soil does not usually preserve organic matter, it would need to be acidified or water logged, as... | Wikipedia - Geochemistry of carbon | null | null | null |
A low energy environment ensures the sediment is not stirred up and oxygenated. Salt marshes and mangroves meet some of these requirements, but unless the sea level is rising will not have a chance to accumulate much. Coral reefs are very productive, but are well oxygenated, and recycle everything before it is buried. | Wikipedia - Geochemistry of carbon | null | null | null |
More precisely, a quantum Markov chain is a pair ( E , ρ ) {\displaystyle (E,\rho )} with ρ {\displaystyle \rho } a density matrix and E {\displaystyle E} a quantum channel such that E: B ⊗ B → B {\displaystyle E:{\mathcal {B}}\otimes {\mathcal {B}}\to {\mathcal {B}}} is a completely positive trace-preserving map, and ... | Wikipedia - Quantum Markov chain | null | null | null |
More precisely, in the two-sorted algebra ( Φ , D ) {\displaystyle (\Phi ,D)} , the following operations are defined Additionally, in D {\displaystyle D} the usual lattice operations (meet and join) are defined. | Wikipedia - Information algebra | null | null | null |
More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the Stonehenge Riverside Project, led by Mike Parker Pearson. This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones — notably, Durrington Walls, where another "Avenue" leading to the Riv... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC, although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge. They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC, which, along with the Mesolithic postholes, adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehe... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the Ministry of Justice in May 2008, in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008. One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century illustrations. There is some evidence that, as an uncommon geological feature, it could have been deliberately incorporated into the mon... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes, or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within.In 2010, the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a "henge-like" monument less than 0.62 mi (1 km) away from the main site. Th... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape. According to team leader Vince Gaffney, this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge.In December 2011, geologists from Universi... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
The researchers have identified the source as a 230-foot (70 m) long rock outcrop called Craig Rhos-y-felin (51°59′30″N 4°44′41″W), near Pont Saeson in north Pembrokeshire, located 140 miles (220 km) from Stonehenge.In 2014, the University of Birmingham announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
As many as seventeen new monuments, revealed nearby, may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge. The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments. Also included in the discovery is that the cursus track is terminated by two 16-foot (5 m) wide, extremely deep pits, whose purpose is still... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
An announcement in November 2020 stated that a plan to construct a four-lane tunnel for traffic below the site had been approved. This was intended to eliminate the section of the A303 that runs close to the circle. The plan had received opposition from a group of "archaeologists, environmentalists and modern-day druid... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
Opponents of the plan were concerned that artifacts that are underground in the area would be lost or that excavation in the area could de-stabilize the stones, leading to their sinking, shifting or perhaps falling.In February 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of "vast troves of Neolithic and Bronze Age arti... | Wikipedia - Stonehenge | null | null | null |
More recent work in the area of physics of failure has been focused on predicting the time to failure of new materials (i.e., lead-free solder, high-K dielectric ), software programs, using the algorithms for prognostic purposes, and integrating physics of failure predictions into system-level reliability calculations. | Wikipedia - Physics of Failure | null | null | null |
More recently, Lieto and Vernero have also shown that arguments reducible to logical fallacies are a class of widely adopted persuasive techniques in both web and mobile technologies. These techniques have also shown their efficacy in large-scale studies about persuasive news recommendations as well as in the field of ... | Wikipedia - Persuasive technology | null | null | null |
More recently, cognitive psychologists have begun to explore the idea that the prototype and exemplar models form two extremes. It has been suggested that people are able to form a multiple prototype representation, besides the two extreme representations. For example, consider the category 'spoon'. There are two disti... | Wikipedia - Concept learning | null | null | null |
The prototypical spoon would then be a medium-size object made of a mixture of metal and wood, which is clearly an unrealistic proposal. A more natural representation of the category 'spoon' would instead consist of multiple (at least two) prototypes, one for each cluster. A number of different proposals have been made... | Wikipedia - Concept learning | null | null | null |
More recently, deep learning techniques have been applied to solve the de novo peptide sequencing problem. The first breakthrough was DeepNovo, which adopted the convolutional neural network structure, achieved major improvements in sequence accuracy, and enabled complete protein sequence assembly without assisting dat... | Wikipedia - De novo peptide sequencing | null | null | null |
Given previously predicted partial peptide sequence, neural-network-based de novo peptide sequencing models will repeatedly generate the most probable next amino acid until the predicted peptide's mass matches the precursor mass. At inference time, search strategies such as beam search can be adopted to explore a large... | Wikipedia - De novo peptide sequencing | null | null | null |
More recently, in high tech societies the use of fully automated robotic window cleaners, also for houses, is starting to become common.Robotic cleaners use fans, vacuum or magnets to stay firmly attached to glass, while cleaning windows on the inside or outside in an “N” or “Z” pattern, squeegeeing them dry as they mo... | Wikipedia - Window washer | null | null | null |
More recently, it has become much more commonplace to use ethyl chloroformate instead of cyanogen bromide for the Von Braun degradation demethylation step. See for example the list of phenyltropanes or the synthesis of paroxetine for further examples of this. | Wikipedia - Nalorphine | null | null | null |
More recently, researchers have presented newer methods for light-weight error detection for self-stabilizing systems using local checking. and for general tasks.The term local refers to a part of a computer network. When local detection is used, a computer in a network is not required to communicate with the entire ne... | Wikipedia - Self-stabilization | null | null | null |
This is because the error detection mechanism and the recovery mechanism can be designed separately. Newer algorithms based on these detection methods also turned out to be much more efficient. Moreover, these papers suggested rather efficient general transformers to transform non self stabilizing algorithms to become ... | Wikipedia - Self-stabilization | null | null | null |
The idea is to, Run the non self stabilizing protocol, at the same time, detect faults (during the execution of the given protocol) using the above-mentioned detection methods, then, apply a (self stabilizing) "reset" protocol to return the system to some predetermined initial state, and, finally, restart the given (no... | Wikipedia - Self-stabilization | null | null | null |
The idea behind these is that when only a small number of errors occurs, the recovery time can (and should) be made short. Dijkstra's original self-stabilization algorithms do not have this property. A useful property of self-stabilizing algorithms is that they can be composed of layers if the layers do not exhibit any... | Wikipedia - Self-stabilization | null | null | null |
More recently, the approach has been further implemented to include an algebraic version of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Indeed, the viewpoint of local quantum physics is in particular suitable to generalize the renormalization procedure to the theory of quantum fields developed on curved backgrounds. Seve... | Wikipedia - Algebraic quantum field theory | null | null | null |
More recently, the technique has been used to study exocytosis in chromaffin cells. When imaged using DIC, chromaffin cells appear as round cells with small protrusions. When the same cell is imaged using IRM, the footprint of the cell on the glass can be clearly seen as a dark area with small protrusions. When vesicle... | Wikipedia - Interference reflection microscopy | null | null | null |
An example of vesicle fusion in chromaffin cells using IRM is shown in movie 1. Upon stimulation with 60 mM potassium, multiple bright spots begin to appear inside the dark footprint of the chromaffin cell as a result of exocytosis of dense core granules. Because IRM doesn't require a fluorescent label, it can be combi... | Wikipedia - Interference reflection microscopy | null | null | null |
More recently, with the increasing role of Artificial Intelligence technologies in engineering, the idea of using data to create data-driven models of existing networks has been proposed. By analyzing large network data, also the less desired behaviors that may occur in real-world networks can be understood, worked aro... | Wikipedia - Network planning and design | null | null | null |
More sophisticated demosaicing algorithms exploit the spatial and/or spectral correlation of pixels within a color image. Spatial correlation is the tendency of pixels to assume similar color values within a small homogeneous region of an image. Spectral correlation is the dependency between the pixel values of differe... | Wikipedia - Demosaicing | null | null | null |
It is used in first versions of dcraw, and suffers from color artifacts. Pixel Grouping (PPG) uses assumptions about natural scenery in making estimates. It has fewer color artifacts on natural images than the Variable Number of Gradients method; it was introduced in dcraw from rel. | Wikipedia - Demosaicing | null | null | null |
8.71 as "Patterned Pixel Grouping". Adaptive Homogeneity-Directed (AHD) is widely used in the industry. | Wikipedia - Demosaicing | null | null | null |
It selects the direction of interpolation so as to maximize a homogeneity metric, thus typically minimizing color artifacts. It has been implemented in recent versions of dcraw. Aliasing Minimization and Zipper Elimination (AMaZE) designed by Emil J. Martinec is slow but has great performance, especially on low noise c... | Wikipedia - Demosaicing | null | null | null |
More speculatively, the Higgs field has also been proposed as the energy of the vacuum, which at the extreme energies of the first moments of the Big Bang caused the universe to be a kind of featureless symmetry of undifferentiated, extremely high energy. In this kind of speculation, the single unified field of a Grand... | Wikipedia - Introduction to the Higgs field | null | null | null |
More than 100 DNA double-strand breaks occur, both in the hippocampus and in the medial prefrontal cortec (mPFC), in two peaks, at 10 minutes and at 30 minutes after contextual fear conditioning. This appears to be earlier than the DNA methylations and demethylations of neuron DNA in the hippocampus that were measured ... | Wikipedia - Fear conditioning | null | null | null |
One immediate early gene newly transcribed after a double-strand break is EGR1. EGR1 is an important transcription factor in memory formation. It has an essential role in brain neuron epigenetic reprogramming. | Wikipedia - Fear conditioning | null | null | null |
EGR1 recruits the TET1 protein that initiates a pathway of DNA demethylation. Removing DNA methylation marks allows the activation of downstream genes (see Regulation of gene expression#Regulation of transcription in learning and memory. EGR1 brings TET1 to promoter sites of genes that need to be demethylated and activ... | Wikipedia - Fear conditioning | null | null | null |
EGR-1, together with TET1, is employed in programming the distribution of DNA demethylation sites on brain DNA during memory formation and in long-term neuronal plasticity.DNMT3A2 is another immediate early gene whose expression in neurons can be induced by sustained synaptic activity. DNMTs bind to DNA and methylate c... | Wikipedia - Fear conditioning | null | null | null |
More than 100 immune system disorders affect humans, including inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, bloom syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita. The Shapiro–Senapathy algorithm has been used to discover genes and mutations involved in man... | Wikipedia - Shapiro Senapathy algorithm | null | null | null |
The IVS1+5C plays a causative role in the activation of a cryptic splice donor site and the alternative splicing in intron 1, S&S algorithm shows, guanine (G) at the position of IVS+5 is well conserved (at the frequency of 84%) among primates. This also supported the fact that the G/C SNP in the conserved splice juncti... | Wikipedia - Shapiro Senapathy algorithm | null | null | null |
More than 100 species of Rhamnus exist worldwide, and most of these species are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Rhamnus species are plentiful in North America. Two confirmed Rhamnus species that support overwintering of soybean aphids in North America are common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) of... | Wikipedia - Soybean aphid | null | null | null |
In Asia, where the soybean aphid is native, dominant primary hosts include Japanese buckthorn (Rhamnus japonica) and Dahurian buckthorn (Rhamnus davurica). One study indicated certain plant species may play a role in bridging colonization of soybean from buckthorn. One such species that is readily available in early sp... | Wikipedia - Soybean aphid | null | null | null |
An experiment further reinforced this relationship by demonstrating that soybean aphids can develop on red clover in a laboratory setting.The most common secondary host in both Asia and North America for soybean aphids is soybean. Soybean has been cultivated in Asia for 4,000 to 5,000 years and in the United States sin... | Wikipedia - Soybean aphid | null | null | null |
Interference by non-host odors diminished the ability of soybean aphids to locate and colonize soybean. Deleterious effects of soybean aphids on soybean can be highly variable and are influenced by factors like soybean aphid density, plant stage, plant density, and temperature. In addition, soil nutrient conditions wit... | Wikipedia - Soybean aphid | null | null | null |
For example, in a laboratory experiment, soybean aphids that fed on potassium-deficient soybean experienced increased fecundity and survivorship. Field experiments failed to corroborate this finding. Myers et al. (2005a) hypothesized that potassium-stress in the laboratory may lead to increased nitrogen availability fo... | Wikipedia - Soybean aphid | null | null | null |
Yield data taken from this experiment showed that potassium-stress in conjunction with infestation by soybean aphids caused significant yield loss. Specificity for soybean aphids to feed on soybean has been demonstrated by Han and Yan (1995) in an experiment utilizing an electrical penetration graph. While no differenc... | Wikipedia - Soybean aphid | null | null | null |
Nevertheless, some alternate secondary hosts have been observed for soybean aphids. The most widespread of these alternate secondary hosts is wild soybean (Glycine soja), which has been known to support colonies of soybean aphids in Asia. In Korea and the Philippines, kudzu (Pueraria montana) and tropical kudzu (Puerar... | Wikipedia - Soybean aphid | null | null | null |
More than 120 chemical constituents have been identified in chamomile flower, most of them found in the essential oil. Chemical constituents of the essential oil include: the terpenes bisabolol, farnesene, and chamazulene; the flavonoids apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, and luteolin; and coumarin. | Wikipedia - Matricaria recutita | null | null | null |
More than 43 people of 20 EU Member States as well as from the US and Australia have participated in the ADMS Working Group. Most of them were experts from standardisation bodies, research centres and the EU Commission. The working group used a methodology based on W3C’s processes and methods. | Wikipedia - Asset Description Metadata Schema | null | null | null |
More than 5,000 universities and colleges offer engineering courses in India. | Wikipedia - Engineering education | null | null | null |
More than 50 BCKS forums with approximately 162,000 accounts 4 West Point forums with 17,000 accounts BCKS Growth = 3,000 per month West Point Growth = 400 per month Total Growth = 3,400 per month 83,000 unique visitors per month 2,800 unique visitors per day | Wikipedia - Battle Command Knowledge System | null | null | null |
More than 85% of those with hypertension have a BMI greater than 25, although diet is probably a more important factor than body weight. Risk estimates indicate that at least two-thirds of people with hypertension can be directly attributed to obesity. The association between obesity and hypertension has been found in ... | Wikipedia - Morbidly obese | null | null | null |
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