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In turn, computational analysis of post-translational modifications has gained the attention of the scientific community. The current post-translational modification programs are only predictive. Chemists, biologists and computer scientists are working together to create and introduce new pipelines that allow for analy... | Wikipedia - Call-map proteomics | null | null | null |
Most prokaryotes (bacteria) and lower eukaryotes (fungus, green algae, plants, and so on) produce NAG through ornithine acetyltransferase (OAT), which is part of a ‘cyclic’ ornithine production pathway. NAGS is therefore used in a supportive role, replenishing NAG reserves as required. In some plants and bacteria, howe... | Wikipedia - N-Acetylglutamate synthase | null | null | null |
While the role of arginine as an inhibitor of NAG in ornithine and arginine synthesis is well understood, there is some controversy as to the role of NAG in the urea cycle. The currently accepted role of NAG in vertebrates is as an essential allosteric cofactor for CPS1, and therefore it acts as the primary controller ... | Wikipedia - N-Acetylglutamate synthase | null | null | null |
Most properties of generalized Kac–Moody algebras are straightforward extensions of the usual properties of (symmetrizable) Kac–Moody algebras. A generalized Kac–Moody algebra has an invariant symmetric bilinear form such that ( e i , f i ) = 1 {\displaystyle (e_{i},f_{i})=1} . There is a character formula for highest ... | Wikipedia - Generalized Kac–Moody algebra | null | null | null |
Most proteins consist of linear polymers built from series of up to 20 different L-α- amino acids. All proteinogenic amino acids possess common structural features, including an α-carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain are bonded. Only proline differs from this basic structure as it... | Wikipedia - Protein molecule | null | null | null |
The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds. Once linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid is called a residue, and the linked series of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or protein backbone. : 19 The peptide bond has two resonance forms that contribute s... | Wikipedia - Protein molecule | null | null | null |
The other two dihedral angles in the peptide bond determine the local shape assumed by the protein backbone. : 31 The end with a free amino group is known as the N-terminus or amino terminus, whereas the end of the protein with a free carboxyl group is known as the C-terminus or carboxy terminus (the sequence of the pr... | Wikipedia - Protein molecule | null | null | null |
Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable conformation, whereas peptide is generally reserved for a short amino acid oligomers often lacking a stable 3D structure. But the boundary between the two is not well defined and usually lies near 20–30 residues. Polypeptide can refer to... | Wikipedia - Protein molecule | null | null | null |
Most protocols are designed by human intuition and discussions during the standardization process. However, some methods have been proposed for using constructive methods possibly supported by tools to automatically derive protocols that satisfy certain properties. The following are a few examples: Semi-automatic proto... | Wikipedia - Protocol engineering | null | null | null |
Protocol derived from service specification: The service specification is given by the user and the method derives a suitable protocol for all entities. Protocol for control applications: The specification of one entity (called the plant - which must be controlled) is given, and the method derives a specification of th... | Wikipedia - Protocol engineering | null | null | null |
Most psychologists recommend being open and honest with children from an early age. Groups for donor conceived children make a strong case for the rights of children to have access to information about their genetic background. For donor conceived children who find out after a long period of secrecy, their main grief i... | Wikipedia - Oocyte donation | null | null | null |
Telling the children that they were donor conceived is recommended, based on decades of experience with adoption (and more recent feedback from donor-conceived children) showing that not telling children is harmful to the parent-child relationship and to the child psychologically. Even parents who would normally be ext... | Wikipedia - Oocyte donation | null | null | null |
Where the child is found to have a genetically transmitted disorder and it is necessary to take legal action which then identifies the donor.Conversely, when the child is being raised in a religion or a culture that strongly disapproves of donor conception (e.g., a Catholic country where egg donation is illegal), that ... | Wikipedia - Oocyte donation | null | null | null |
Most quantum option pricing research typically focuses on the quantization of the classical Black–Scholes–Merton equation from the perspective of continuous equations like the Schrödinger equation. Haven builds on the work of Chen and others, but considers the market from the perspective of the Schrödinger equation. Th... | Wikipedia - Quantum finance | null | null | null |
Haven argues that by setting this value appropriately, a more accurate option price can be derived, because in reality, markets are not truly efficient. This is one of the reasons why it is possible that a quantum option pricing model could be more accurate than a classical one. Baaquie has published many papers on qua... | Wikipedia - Quantum finance | null | null | null |
Core to Baaquie's research and others like Matacz are Feynman's path integrals.Baaquie applies path integrals to several exotic options and presents analytical results comparing his results to the results of Black–Scholes–Merton equation showing that they are very similar. Piotrowski et al. take a different approach by... | Wikipedia - Quantum finance | null | null | null |
With this new assumption in place, they derive a quantum finance model as well as a European call option formula. Other models such as Hull–White and Cox–Ingersoll–Ross have successfully used the same approach in the classical setting with interest rate derivatives. Khrennikov builds on the work of Haven and others and... | Wikipedia - Quantum finance | null | null | null |
Most red hair is caused by the MC1R gene and is non-pathological. However, in rare cases red hair can be associated with disease or genetic disorders: In cases of severe malnutrition, normally dark human hair may turn red or blonde. The condition, part of a syndrome known as kwashiorkor, is a sign of critical starvatio... | Wikipedia - Red hair | null | null | null |
One variety of albinism (Type 3, a.k.a. rufous albinism), sometimes seen in Africans and inhabitants of New Guinea, results in red hair and red-colored skin. Red hair is found on people lacking pro-opiomelanocortin.There have also been rare reports of scalp or beard hair spontaneously turning partially red, with no ide... | Wikipedia - Red hair | null | null | null |
Most relay logic diagrams are in "ladder logic" form. Systems using relay logic diagrams in other forms include the Vernam cipher machine, the many 20th century telephone exchanges that controlled their crossbar switches by relays, and the designs for the various electro-mechanical computers including the Harvard Mark ... | Wikipedia - Relay logic | null | null | null |
Most research into eye movement in music reading has primarily aimed to compare the eye movement patterns of skilled and unskilled performers. The implicit presumption appears to have been that this might lay the foundation for developing better ways of training musicians. However, there are significant methodological ... | Wikipedia - Eye movement in music reading | null | null | null |
Skilled and unskilled performers typically sight read the same passage at different tempos and/or levels of accuracy. At a sufficiently slow tempo, players over a large range of skill-levels are capable of accurate performance, but the skilled will have excess capacity in their perception and processing of the informat... | Wikipedia - Eye movement in music reading | null | null | null |
Weaver (1943:15) implied the existence of the wandering effect and its confounding influence, as did Truitt et al. (1997:51), who suspected that at slow tempo their participants' eyes were "hanging around rather than extracting information". The wandering effect is undesirable, because it is an unquantifiable and possi... | Wikipedia - Eye movement in music reading | null | null | null |
The skilled and the unskilled have quite different ranges for sight reading the same music. On the other hand, a faster tempo may minimise excess capacity in the skilled, but will tend to induce inaccurate performance in the unskilled; inaccuracies rob us of the only evidence that a performer has processed the informat... | Wikipedia - Eye movement in music reading | null | null | null |
In these cases, it is self-evident that useful comparisons require consistency in performance tempo and accuracy within and between performances. However, most studies have accommodated their participants’ varied performance ability in the reading of the same stimulus, by allowing them to choose their own tempo or by n... | Wikipedia - Eye movement in music reading | null | null | null |
The location of the boundaries of the optimal range depends on the skill-level of an individual performer and the relative difficulty of reading/performing the stimulus.Thus, unless participants are drawn from a narrow range of skill-levels, their optimal ranges will be mutually exclusive, and observations at a single,... | Wikipedia - Eye movement in music reading | null | null | null |
Most results previously achievable only by (costly) fine-tuning, can be achieved through prompt engineering, although limited to the scope of a single conversation (more precisely, limited to the scope of a context window). In order to find out which tokens are relevant to each other within the scope of the context win... | Wikipedia - Large Language Model | null | null | null |
For the training with gradient descent a batch size of 512 was utilized.The largest models can have a context window sized up to 32k (for example, GPT-4; while GPT-3.5 has a context window sized from 4k to 16k, and legacy GPT-3 has had 2k sized context window).Length of a conversation that the model can take into accou... | Wikipedia - Large Language Model | null | null | null |
Balancing them are a matter of experimentation and domain-specific considerations. A model may be pre-trained either to predict how the segment continues, or what is missing in the segment, given a segment from its training dataset. It can be either autoregressive (i.e. predicting how the segment continues, the way GPT... | Wikipedia - Large Language Model | null | null | null |
Most retirement savings, such as private pension funds or 401(k) and individual retirement accounts in the US, are invested in mutual funds, the most popular of which are index funds which must periodically "rebalance" or adjust their portfolio to match the new prices and market capitalization of the underlying securit... | Wikipedia - Trading system | null | null | null |
Most rifts consist of a series of separate segments that together form the linear zone characteristic of rifts. The individual rift segments have a dominantly half-graben geometry, controlled by a single basin-bounding fault. Segment lengths vary between rifts, depending on the elastic thickness of the lithosphere. Are... | Wikipedia - Rifting (geology) | null | null | null |
Along the axis of the rift the position, and in some cases the polarity (the dip direction), of the main rift bounding fault changes from segment to segment. Segment boundaries often have a more complex structure and generally cross the rift axis at a high angle. These segment boundary zones accommodate the differences... | Wikipedia - Rifting (geology) | null | null | null |
Accommodation zones take various forms, from a simple relay ramp at the overlap between two major faults of the same polarity, to zones of high structural complexity, particularly where the segments have opposite polarity. Accommodation zones may be located where older crustal structures intersect the rift axis. | Wikipedia - Rifting (geology) | null | null | null |
In the Gulf of Suez rift, the Zaafarana accommodation zone is located where a shear zone in the Arabian-Nubian Shield meets the rift.Rift flanks or shoulders are elevated areas around rifts. Rift shoulders are typically about 70 km wide. Contrary to what was previously thought, elevated passive continental margins (EPC... | Wikipedia - Rifting (geology) | null | null | null |
Most rock is completely saturated with groundwater. Sometimes, under the right conditions, some of the pore space in the rock is occupied by other liquids or gases. In the energy industry, oil and natural gas are the fluids most commonly being modelled. The preferred methods for calculating hydrocarbon saturations in a... | Wikipedia - Geological modelling | null | null | null |
Most roller coaster loops are not circular in shape. A commonly used shape is the clothoid loop, which resembles an inverted tear drop and allows for less intense G-forces throughout the element for the rider. The use of this shape was pioneered in 1976 on The New Revolution at Six Flags Magic Mountain, by Werner Steng... | Wikipedia - Vertical Loop | null | null | null |
The train is slowest at the top of the loop. Once beyond the top, gravity helps to pull the cars down around the bend. If the loop's curvature is constant, the rider is subjected to the greatest force at the bottom. | Wikipedia - Vertical Loop | null | null | null |
If the curvature of the track changes suddenly, as from level to a circular loop, the greatest force is imposed almost instantly (see jerk). Gradual changes in curvature, as in the clothoid, reduce the force maximum (permitting more speed) and allow the rider time to cope safely with the changing force.This "gentling" ... | Wikipedia - Vertical Loop | null | null | null |
The Psyké Underground coaster (then known as Sirocco) at Walibi Belgium once stranded riders upside-down for several hours. The design of the trains and the rider restraint system (in this case, a simple lap bar) prevented any injuries from occurring, and the riders were removed with the use of a cherry picker. A simil... | Wikipedia - Vertical Loop | null | null | null |
Most root-finding algorithms behave badly with polynomials that have multiple roots. It is therefore useful to detect and remove them before calling a root-finding algorithm. A GCD computation allows detection of the existence of multiple roots, since the multiple roots of a polynomial are the roots of the GCD of the p... | Wikipedia - Polynomial greatest common divisor | null | null | null |
Most scholars, like Angela Daly, advocate for federal data breach notification laws emphasize the problem with having varying forms of data breach notification laws. That is, companies are forced to comply with multiple state data breach notification laws. This creates increased difficulty to comply with the laws and t... | Wikipedia - Security breach notification laws | null | null | null |
Most scorpion species are nocturnal or crepuscular, finding shelter during the day in burrows, cracks in rocks and tree bark. Many species dig a shelter underneath stones a few centimeters long. Some may use burrows made by other animals including spiders, reptiles and small mammals. Other species dig their own burrows... | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
Hadrurus species dig burrows as over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) deep. Digging is done using the mouth parts, claws and legs. In several species, particularly of the family Buthidae, individuals may gather in the same shelter; bark scorpions may aggregate up to 30 individuals. | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
In some species, families of females and young sometimes aggregate.Scorpions prefer areas where the temperature remains in the range of 11–40 °C (52–104 °F), but may survive temperatures from well below freezing to desert heat. Scorpions can withstand intense heat: Leiurus quinquestriatus, Scorpio maurus and Hadrurus a... | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
Scorpions that live outside deserts prefer lower temperatures. The ability to resist cold may be related to the increase in the sugar trehalose when the temperature drops. Some species hibernate. | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
Scorpions appear to have resistance to ionizing radiation. This was discovered in the early 1960s when scorpions were found to be among the few animals to survive nuclear tests at Reggane, Algeria.Desert scorpions have several adaptations for water conservation. They excrete insoluble compounds such as xanthine, guanin... | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
Guanine is the main component and maximizes the amount of nitrogen excreted. A scorpion's cuticle holds in moisture via lipids and waxes from epidermal glands, and protects against ultraviolet radiation. Even when dehydrated, a scorpion can tolerate high osmotic pressure in its blood. | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
Desert scorpions get most of their moisture from the food they eat but some can absorb water from the humid soil. Species that live in denser vegetation and in more moderate temperatures will drink water on plants and in puddles. A scorpion uses its stinger both for killing prey and defense. Some species make direct, q... | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
Most scorpions reproduce sexually, with male and female individuals; species in some genera, such as Hottentotta and Tityus, and the species Centruroides gracilis, Liocheles australasiae, and Ananteris coineaui have been reported, not necessarily reliably, to reproduce through parthenogenesis, in which unfertilized egg... | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
In this dance, the male and female move back and forth while facing each other, as the male searches for a suitable place to deposit his spermatophore. The courtship ritual can involve several other behaviors such as a cheliceral kiss, in which the male and female grasp each other's mouth-parts, arbre droit ("upright t... | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
This allows the spermatophore to enter her genital opercula, which triggers release of the sperm, thus fertilizing the female. A mating plug then forms in the female to prevent her from mating again before the young are born. The male and female then abruptly separate. Sexual cannibalism after mating has only been repo... | Wikipedia - Scorpion venom | null | null | null |
Most seamounts are built by one of two volcanic processes, although some, such as the Christmas Island Seamount Province near Australia, are more enigmatic. Volcanoes near plate boundaries and mid-ocean ridges are built by decompression melting of rock in the upper mantle. The lower density magma rises through the crus... | Wikipedia - Seamount | null | null | null |
Which of these two process involved in the formation of a seamount has a profound effect on its eruptive materials. Lava flows from mid-ocean ridge and plate boundary seamounts are mostly basaltic (both tholeiitic and alkalic), whereas flows from subducting ridge volcanoes are mostly calc-alkaline lavas. Compared to mi... | Wikipedia - Seamount | null | null | null |
The first stage of a seamount's evolution is its early activity, building its flanks and core up from the sea floor. This is followed by a period of intense volcanism, during which the new volcano erupts almost all (e.g. 98%) of its total magmatic volume. The seamount may even grow above sea level to become an oceanic ... | Wikipedia - Seamount | null | null | null |
After a period of explosive activity near the ocean surface, the eruptions slowly die away. With eruptions becoming infrequent and the seamount losing its ability to maintain itself, the volcano starts to erode. After finally becoming extinct (possibly after a brief rejuvenated period), they are ground back down by the... | Wikipedia - Seamount | null | null | null |
Seamounts are built in a far more dynamic oceanic setting than their land counterparts, resulting in horizontal subsidence as the seamount moves with the tectonic plate towards a subduction zone. Here it is subducted under the plate margin and ultimately destroyed, but it may leave evidence of its passage by carving an... | Wikipedia - Seamount | null | null | null |
During the first stage the volcano erupts basalt of various types, caused by various degrees of mantle melting. In the second, most active stage of its life, ocean-ridge volcanoes erupt tholeiitic to mildly alkalic basalt as a result of a larger area melting in the mantle. This is finally capped by alkalic flows late i... | Wikipedia - Seamount | null | null | null |
Most search engines can, and do, collect personal information about their users according to their own privacy policies. This user data could be anything from location information to cookies, IP addresses, search query histories, click-through history, and online fingerprints. This data is often stored in large databas... | Wikipedia - Search engine privacy | null | null | null |
Data can be stored for an extended period of time. For example, the data collected by Google on its users is retained for up to 9 months. Some studies state that this number is actually 18 months. This data is used for various reasons such as optimizing and personalizing search results for users, targeting advertising,... | Wikipedia - Search engine privacy | null | null | null |
Most self-healing hydrogels rely on electrostatic attraction to spontaneously create new bonds. The electrostatic attraction can be masked using protonation of the polar functional groups. When the pH is raised the polar functional groups become deprotonated, freeing the polar functional group to react. Since the hydro... | Wikipedia - Self-healing hydrogels | null | null | null |
The effects of a change in salinity can be modeled using the Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory Double Layer . ϕ = ζ ∗ e κ h {\displaystyle \phi =\zeta *e^{\kappa h}} ζ {\displaystyle \zeta }: Zeta Potential κ {\displaystyle \kappa }: Salinity of solution h {\displaystyle \ h}: Distance between molecules, if the polar functiona... | Wikipedia - Self-healing hydrogels | null | null | null |
They will be affected by the pH and salinity of blood. These effects also come into play during synthesis when trying to add large hydrophobes to a hydrophilic polymer backbone. A research group from the Istanbul Technical University has shown that large hydrophobes can be added by adding an electrolyte in a sufficient... | Wikipedia - Self-healing hydrogels | null | null | null |
During synthesis, the hydrophobes were held in micelles before attaching to the polymer backbone. By increasing the salinity of the solution, the micelles were able to grow and encompass more hydrophobes. If there are more hydrophobes in a micelle, then the solubility of the hydrophobe increases. The increase in the so... | Wikipedia - Self-healing hydrogels | null | null | null |
Most spaces considered in functional analysis have infinite dimension. To show the existence of a vector space basis for such spaces may require Zorn's lemma. However, a somewhat different concept, the Schauder basis, is usually more relevant in functional analysis. Many theorems require the Hahn–Banach theorem, usuall... | Wikipedia - Infinite-dimensional analysis | null | null | null |
Most spaces used in physics are separable, and since these are all isomorphic to each other, one often refers to any infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space as "the Hilbert space" or just "Hilbert space". Even in quantum field theory, most of the Hilbert spaces are in fact separable, as stipulated by the Wightman ... | Wikipedia - Hilbert Space | null | null | null |
For instance, a bosonic field can be naturally thought of as an element of a tensor product whose factors represent harmonic oscillators at each point of space. From this perspective, the natural state space of a boson might seem to be a non-separable space. However, it is only a small separable subspace of the full te... | Wikipedia - Hilbert Space | null | null | null |
Most species are hermaphrodites, and juveniles of at least some species are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. This combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate. Ctenophores may balance marine ecosystems by preventing an over... | Wikipedia - Comb jellies | null | null | null |
The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal – and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas wer... | Wikipedia - Comb jellies | null | null | null |
Most species of land snail are annual, others are known to live 2 or 3 years, but some of the larger species may live over 10 years in the wild. For instance, 10-year old individuals of the Roman snail Helix pomatia are probably not uncommon in natural populations. Populations of some threatened species may be dependen... | Wikipedia - Land snail | null | null | null |
Most species, including both plants and animals, interact with one another within ecosystems and habitats, known as biological interactions. These interactions (whether it be plant-plant, animal-animal, predator-prey or plant-animal interactions) can be vital to the success and survival of populations and therefore spe... | Wikipedia - Phenology | null | null | null |
Mismatches can occur in many different biological interactions, including between species in one trophic level (intratrophic interactions) (i.e. plant-plant), between different trophic levels (intertrophic interactions) (i.e. plant-animal) or through creating competition (intraguild interactions). For example, if a pla... | Wikipedia - Phenology | null | null | null |
Another example includes the interaction between plant species, where the presence of one specie aids in the pollination of another through attraction of pollinators. However, if these plant species develop at mismatched times, this interaction will be negatively affected and therefore the plant species that relies on ... | Wikipedia - Phenology | null | null | null |
Most stable binary chalcogenide glasses are compounds of a chalcogen and a group 14 or 15 element and may be formed in a wide range of atomic ratios. Ternary glasses are also known.Not all chalcogenide compositions exist in glassy form, though it is possible to find materials with which these non-glass-forming composit... | Wikipedia - Chalcogenide glass | null | null | null |
Most stable organic molecules have complete electron shells with no unpaired electrons and therefore have singlet ground states. This is true also for inorganic molecules containing only main-group elements. Important exceptions are dioxygen (O2) as well as methylene (CH2) and other carbenes. However, higher spin groun... | Wikipedia - Multiplicity (chemistry) | null | null | null |
Most standard techniques treat color quantization as a problem of clustering points in three-dimensional space, where the points represent colors found in the original image and the three axes represent the three color channels. Almost any three-dimensional clustering algorithm can be applied to color quantization, and... | Wikipedia - Color quantization | null | null | null |
The most popular algorithm by far for color quantization, invented by Paul Heckbert in 1979, is the median cut algorithm. Many variations on this scheme are in use. Before this time, most color quantization was done using the population algorithm or population method, which essentially constructs a histogram of equal-s... | Wikipedia - Color quantization | null | null | null |
A more modern popular method is clustering using octrees, first conceived by Gervautz and Purgathofer and improved by Xerox PARC researcher Dan Bloomberg. If the palette is fixed, as is often the case in real-time color quantization systems such as those used in operating systems, color quantization is usually done usi... | Wikipedia - Color quantization | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {(r_{1}-r_{2})^{2}+(g_{1}-g_{2})^{2}+(b_{1}-b_{2})^{2}}}.} This effectively decomposes the color cube into a Voronoi diagram, where the palette entries are the points and a cell contains all colors mapping to a single palette entry. | Wikipedia - Color quantization | null | null | null |
There are efficient algorithms from computational geometry for computing Voronoi diagrams and determining which region a given point falls in; in practice, indexed palettes are so small that these are usually overkill. Color quantization is frequently combined with dithering, which can eliminate unpleasant artifacts su... | Wikipedia - Color quantization | null | null | null |
A number of other much less frequently used methods have been invented that use entirely different approaches. The Local K-means algorithm, conceived by Oleg Verevka in 1995, is designed for use in windowing systems where a core set of "reserved colors" is fixed for use by the system and many images with different colo... | Wikipedia - Color quantization | null | null | null |
In the early days of color quantization, the k-means clustering algorithm was deemed unsuitable because of its high computational requirements and sensitivity to initialization. In 2011, M. Emre Celebi reinvestigated the performance of k-means as a color quantizer. He demonstrated that an efficient implementation of k-... | Wikipedia - Color quantization | null | null | null |
Portrait of Ada Lovelace - Faithful representation and several versions processed by k-means color-quantization. The high-quality but slow NeuQuant algorithm reduces images to 256 colors by training a Kohonen neural network "which self-organises through learning to match the distribution of colours in an input image. T... | Wikipedia - Color quantization | null | null | null |
It is particularly advantageous for images with gradients. Finally, one of the newer methods is spatial color quantization, conceived by Puzicha, Held, Ketterer, Buhmann, and Fellner of the University of Bonn, which combines dithering with palette generation and a simplified model of human perception to produce visuall... | Wikipedia - Color quantization | null | null | null |
Most states have a statute of ultimate repose (similar to, but not to be confused with, a statute of limitations) that limits the length of time after which a party can legally be held liable for their negligent act or defective product. Many states have a "useful life" statute of ultimate repose. Therefore, a determin... | Wikipedia - Forensic electrical engineering | null | null | null |
Some states pick an arbitrary number of years for the statute of ultimate repose. It may be short (six or seven years) or longer 15 or 25 years. If a coffee maker starts on fire after the statute of ultimate repose has expired, the manufacturer can no longer be held liable for manufacturing or design defects. | Wikipedia - Forensic electrical engineering | null | null | null |
The statute of ultimate repose is different from the statute of limitations. In a state with a short statute of ultimate repose, it is common that a person's right to bring a claim in court expires before their injury ever occurs. Thus, if a defective product (for example a car) caused a collision when the steering fai... | Wikipedia - Forensic electrical engineering | null | null | null |
Most states served by an Interstate: 15 states plus the District of Columbia: I-95 through Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, DC, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. Most Interstates in a state: 32 routes: N... | Wikipedia - Interstate highways | null | null | null |
Most statistical tests (particularly inferential statistics) involve assumptions about the data that make the analysis suitable for testing a hypothesis. Violating the assumptions of statistical tests can lead to incorrect inferences about the cause–effect relationship. The robustness of a test indicates how sensitive ... | Wikipedia - Statistical conclusion validity | null | null | null |
Most step-growth polymers can suffer hydrolysis in the presence of water, often a reaction catalysed by acid or alkali. Nylon for example, will degrade and crack rapidly if exposed to strong acids, a phenomenon well known to people who accidentally spill acid onto their tights. The broken fuel pipe caused a serious acc... | Wikipedia - Forensic polymer engineering | null | null | null |
Scanning electron microscopy or SEM showed that the nylon connector had fractured by stress corrosion cracking due to a small leak of battery acid. Nylon is susceptible to hydrolysis in contact with sulfuric acid, and only a small leak of acid would have sufficed to start a brittle crack in the injection moulded connec... | Wikipedia - Forensic polymer engineering | null | null | null |
He did not, therefore resulting in the accident. The fracture surface showed a mainly brittle surface with striations indicating progressive growth of the crack across the diameter of the pipe. Once the crack had penetrated the inner bore, fuel started leaking onto the road. | Wikipedia - Forensic polymer engineering | null | null | null |
Diesel is especially hazardous on road surfaces because it forms a thin oily film that cannot be seen easily by drivers. It is akin to black ice in lubricity, so skids are common when diesel leaks occur. The insurers of the van driver admitted liability and the injured driver was compensated. Polycarbonate is susceptib... | Wikipedia - Forensic polymer engineering | null | null | null |
Most strong Computer Go programs since 2008 do not actually use Benson's algorithm. "Knowledge-based" approaches to Go that attempt to simulate human strategy proved to not be very effective, and later approaches generally used tools such as Monte Carlo random playouts to "score" positions. Go positions frequently requ... | Wikipedia - Benson's algorithm (Go) | null | null | null |
Most studies of Alzheimer's have used mice or rat brains with Beta amyloid plaque buildup as the disease model. In 2013, Dr. Su-Chun Zhang and his research team derived cholinergic neurons from neuroepithelial stem cells in a laboratory setting, making it easier to test potential treatments without the use of live anim... | Wikipedia - Cholinergic neuron | null | null | null |
Most studies of the biological effects of ginsenosides have been in cell culture or animal models and thus their relevance to human biology is unknown. Effects on the cardiovascular system, central nervous system and immune system have been reported, primarily in rodents. Antiproliferative effects have also been descri... | Wikipedia - Ginsenoside | null | null | null |
Ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 have been observed in cell models as having an inhibitory effect on the cell growth of various cancer cells while studies in animal models have suggested that ginsenosides have neuroprotective properties and could be useful in treating neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson... | Wikipedia - Ginsenoside | null | null | null |
Some ginsenosides have also been shown to be partial agonists of steroid hormone receptors. It is not known how these mechanisms yield the reported biological effects of ginsenosides. The molecules as a class have low bioavailability due to both metabolism and poor intestinal absorption. | Wikipedia - Ginsenoside | null | null | null |
Most studies only sample part of a population, so results do not fully represent the whole population. Any estimates obtained from the sample only approximate the population value. Confidence intervals allow statisticians to express how closely the sample estimate matches the true value in the whole population. Often t... | Wikipedia - Statistical Sciences | null | null | null |
Formally, a 95% confidence interval for a value is a range where, if the sampling and analysis were repeated under the same conditions (yielding a different dataset), the interval would include the true (population) value in 95% of all possible cases. This does not imply that the probability that the true value is in t... | Wikipedia - Statistical Sciences | null | null | null |
Either the true value is or is not within the given interval. However, it is true that, before any data are sampled and given a plan for how to construct the confidence interval, the probability is 95% that the yet-to-be-calculated interval will cover the true value: at this point, the limits of the interval are yet-to... | Wikipedia - Statistical Sciences | null | null | null |
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