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Motivated by the Immirzi ambiguity in loop quantum gravity and the near conformal invariance of the standard model of elementary particles, Charles Wang and co-workers have argued that the problem of time may be related to an underlying scale invariance of gravity-matter systems. Scale invariance has also been proposed... | Wikipedia - Problem of time | null | null | null |
Motivated by the ability of water striders to jump off water surface without sinking, Kim studied how super-water-repellent solids can be disengaged from water. He showed that a tiny superhydrophobic sphere can bounce off water surface when it impacts onto water with speeds of a narrow range. By studying the force and ... | Wikipedia - Ho-Young Kim | null | null | null |
These hydrodynamic studies eventually allowed him to capture the essential physics behind water jumping of water striders and to build a robotic water strider. He has extended his interests to the jumps of terrestrial insects, and solved the motion of a simple jumper (elastic hoop) to predict its maximum jump height ac... | Wikipedia - Ho-Young Kim | null | null | null |
He found a kinematic condition of a compliant, beating fin for maximizing the thrust of a robotic fish. He also found that flapping paddles, tails, and fins of ducks, standing dolphins, and starting fish generate thrust by forming a vortical structure different from a conventional starting-stopping vortex paradigm, whi... | Wikipedia - Ho-Young Kim | null | null | null |
Motivated by the classical problems of constructions with straightedge and compass, the constructible numbers are those complex numbers whose real and imaginary parts can be constructed using straightedge and compass, starting from a given segment of unit length, in a finite number of steps. | Wikipedia - Number | null | null | null |
Motivates other orders to join the queue with large limit orders. As a consequence, the cumulative quoted volume at the best price is relatively large. | Wikipedia - Matching engine | null | null | null |
Motivates to narrow the spread, since by narrowing the spread the limit order is the first in the order queue. Discourages other orders to join the queue since a limit order that joins the queue is the last. Might be computationally more demanding than Pro-Rata. The reason is that market participants might want to plac... | Wikipedia - Order matching system | null | null | null |
Motivation for post-estimate fusion is often consideration of uncertainty management. That is, the post-estimate fusion helps to narrow the uncertainty intervals of data-driven or model-based approaches. At the same time, the accuracy improves. The underlying notion is that multiple information sources can help to impr... | Wikipedia - Prognostics | null | null | null |
Motivations direct and energize behavior, while emotions provide the affective component to motivation, positive or negative. In the early 1970s, Paul Ekman and colleagues began a line of research which suggests that many emotions are universal. He found evidence that humans share at least five basic emotions: fear, sa... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary Psychology | null | null | null |
For example, spite seems to work against the individual but it can establish an individual's reputation as someone to be feared. Shame and pride can motivate behaviors that help one maintain one's standing in a community, and self-esteem is one's estimate of one's status. Motivation has a neurobiological basis in the r... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary Psychology | null | null | null |
Motivic cohomology itself had been invented before the creation of mixed motives by means of algebraic K-theory. The above category provides a neat way to (re)define it by H n ( X , m ) := H n ( X , Z ( m ) ) := Hom D M ( X , Z ( m ) ) , {\displaystyle H^{n}(X,m):=H^{n}(X,\mathbb {Z} (m)):=\operatorname {Hom} _{DM}(... | Wikipedia - Mixed motive (math) | null | null | null |
Motor losses are mainly due to resistive losses in windings, core losses and mechanical losses in bearings, and aerodynamic losses, particularly where cooling fans are present, also occur. Losses also occur in commutation, mechanical commutators spark; electronic commutators and also dissipate heat. | Wikipedia - Electromagnetic motor | null | null | null |
Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoplasm of animal cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP. A good example is the muscle protein myosin which "motors" the contraction of muscle fibers in animals. Motor proteins are the driving force behin... | Wikipedia - Protein chemistry | null | null | null |
Kinesins and cytoplasmic dyneins play essential roles in intracellular transport such as axonal transport and in the formation of the spindle apparatus and the separation of the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Axonemal dynein, found in cilia and flagella, is crucial to cell motility, for example in spermatozoa,... | Wikipedia - Protein chemistry | null | null | null |
"n effect, the is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines...Flexible linkers allow the mobile protein domains connected by them to recruit their binding partners and induce long-range allostery via protein domain dynamics. Ot... | Wikipedia - Protein chemistry | null | null | null |
These machines and their nanoscale dynamics are far more complex than any molecular machines that have yet been artificially constructed.These molecular motors are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. In general terms, a motor is a device that consumes energy in one form and converts it into motion or ... | Wikipedia - Protein chemistry | null | null | null |
Richard Feynman theorized about the future of nanomedicine. He wrote about the idea of a medical use for biological machines. Feynman and Albert Hibbs suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would be possible to (as Feynman put it) "swallow the doctor". | Wikipedia - Protein chemistry | null | null | null |
The idea was discussed in Feynman's 1959 essay There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. These biological machines might have applications in nanomedicine. | Wikipedia - Protein chemistry | null | null | null |
For example, they could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. Molecular nanotechnology is a speculative subfield of nanotechnology regarding the possibility of engineering molecular assemblers, biological machines which could re-order matter at a molecular or atomic scale. Nanomedicine would make use of these n... | Wikipedia - Protein chemistry | null | null | null |
Motor vehicle, widely used by non-experts, but require significant infrastructure and sacrifices to public space. Internet, with still partly conflicting technological and human standards. Computers, becoming more mature due to advances in user-friendly operating systems and the decline of Moore's law. Economic models,... | Wikipedia - Technological maturity | null | null | null |
Motoring contributes £30 billion annually to the economy in taxes. 75% of all UK households have access to a car, with 30% owning two or more. The 33 million vehicles licensed for use in the UK travel a distance of more than 12.5 million times around the world each year. | Wikipedia - Retail Motor Industry Federation | null | null | null |
Mount Data is formerly known for its great biological diversity and is a place that has long been in the attention of biologists. In 1895, the Englishman John Whitehead gathered a vast collection of mammals and birds from the mountain. This mammal collection was then donated to the British Museum. | Wikipedia - Mount Data | null | null | null |
A research by zoologist Oldfield Thomas showed that many unknown species inhabit the area. Half a century later, a large collection of small mammals was collected by an expedition led by the Filipino biologist Dioscoro S. Rabor. Some of these mammals are Carpomys melanurus (short-footed Luzon tree rat) and Carpomys pha... | Wikipedia - Mount Data | null | null | null |
Mousiness is a wine fault most often attributed to Brettanomyces but can also originate from the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus hilgardii, and hence can occur in malolactic fermentation. The compounds responsible are lysine derivatives, mainly; 2-acetyl-3,4,5,6-tet... | Wikipedia - Wine fault | null | null | null |
Movement Statistics display the total aircraft traffic (arrivals & departures) at a particular airport for each day for up to 31 days. Airport Heat Maps display the frequency of flights to different airports or cities from a particular originating airport. The Radarbox real-time statistics page contains a large volume ... | Wikipedia - AirNav Systems | null | null | null |
Movement of organisms can mediate the occurrence and importance of facilitation cascades in three ways. First, movement of a facilitative species to a location with another facilitative species can bring together the components for a facilitation cascade. For examples, algae from a rocky shore that drifts into mangrove... | Wikipedia - Facilitation cascade | null | null | null |
On cobble beaches, for example, an invasive shore crabs utilizes a cordgrass-mussel facilitation cascade as a nursery habitat, but then as adults move into adjacent unvegetated intertidal habitats where they compete with native mud crabs. For highly mobile beneficiary species, such as those with more distant ontogeneti... | Wikipedia - Facilitation cascade | null | null | null |
Moves that have high base power but huge drawbacks, such as Giga Impact's recharge turn and Thunder's low accuracy, are not always viable in competitive play. Instead, moves that have reliable accuracy, minimal downsides, and have decent base power, such as Body Slam and Thunderbolt, respectively, are used instead. The... | Wikipedia - Pokémon competitive play | null | null | null |
Some players, especially followers of Smogon University, criticised this mechanic and prohibit the use of it in certain formats. Certain types in early editions of the games, such as Psychic in Generation I and Dragon in Generations IV and V, were exceptionally powerful and a clear cut above the rest due to either lack... | Wikipedia - Pokémon competitive play | null | null | null |
Psychic was resisted by itself and Dragon was only resisted by Steel. The various types are more balanced in present metagames, although certain types are better in certain circumstances (such as Ice for offense and Steel for defense). In addition, because the now-split Special Attack and Special Defense stats were com... | Wikipedia - Pokémon competitive play | null | null | null |
Moving along narrow surfaces, such as a branch of a tree, can create special difficulties for animals who are not adapted to deal with balancing on small diameter substrates. During locomotion on the ground, the location of the center of mass may swing from side to side. But during arboreal locomotion, this would resul... | Wikipedia - Arboreal locomotion | null | null | null |
Moving from the abstract, domain modelling facet to that of the concrete, actual data: the lowest level here is the data point within a dataset. Synonyms for data point include: | Wikipedia - Data collection system | null | null | null |
Moving parts within machines, such as the components of a gear train, normally have a small gap between them, to allow movement and lubrication. As a consequence of this gap, any reversal in direction of a drive part will not be passed on immediately to the driven part. This unwanted delay is normally kept as small as ... | Wikipedia - Hysteresis | null | null | null |
Moving the recursion into a data structure (either a stack or a queue) prevents a stack overflow. It is similar to the simple recursive solution, except that instead of making recursive calls, it pushes the nodes onto a stack or queue for consumption, with the choice of data structure affecting the proliferation patter... | Wikipedia - Flood fill | null | null | null |
Add node to the end of Q. 3. While Q is not empty: 4. | Wikipedia - Flood fill | null | null | null |
Set n equal to the first element of Q. 5. Remove first element from Q. | Wikipedia - Flood fill | null | null | null |
6. If n is Inside: Set the n Add the node to the west of n to the end of Q. Add the node to the east of n to the end of Q. Add the node to the north of n to the end of Q. Add the node to the south of n to the end of Q. | Wikipedia - Flood fill | null | null | null |
7. Continue looping until Q is exhausted. 8. Return. | Wikipedia - Flood fill | null | null | null |
Moxestrol, also known as 11β-methoxy-17α-ethynylestradiol (11β-MeO-EE) or as 11β-methoxy-17α-ethynylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of estradiol. It is specifically a derivative of ethinylestradiol (17α-ethynylestradiol) with a methoxy group at the C11β position and a ... | Wikipedia - Moxestrol | null | null | null |
Moxidectin, a macrocyclic lactone of the milbemycin class, is a semisynthetic derivative of nemadectin, which is a fermentation product of the bacterium Streptomyces cyanogriseus subsp. noncyanogenus. | Wikipedia - Moxidectin | null | null | null |
Moxifloxacin monohydrochloride is a slightly yellow to yellow crystalline substance. It is synthesized in several steps, the first involving the preparation of racemic 2,8-diazabicyclononane which is then resolved using tartaric acid. A suitably derivatised quinolinecarboxylic acid is then introduced, in the presence o... | Wikipedia - Moxifloxacin | null | null | null |
Mr Bill Bryson OBE HonFRSC Professor Andre Geim HonFRSC FRS Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys HonFRSC FRS Professor Ei-ichi Negishi HonFRSC Professor Konstantin Novoselov HonFRSC Professor Sir Paul Nurse HonFRSC FRSE FRS Professor Akira Suzuki HonFRSC | Wikipedia - Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry | null | null | null |
Mr Heston Blumenthal OBE HonFRSC Dr Yves Chauvin HonFRSC Professor Robert H Grubbs HonFRSC Professor Satoshi Omura HonFRSC Professor Richard Royce Schrock HonFRSC ForMemRS Professor George M Whitesides HonFRSC | Wikipedia - Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry | null | null | null |
Mu-conotoxins have two types of cysteine arrangements, but the knottin scaffold is not observed. Mu-conotoxins target the muscle-specific voltage-gated sodium channels, and are useful probes for investigating voltage-dependent sodium channels of excitable tissues. Mu-conotoxins target the voltage-gated sodium channels,... | Wikipedia - Conotoxin | null | null | null |
Much as with Modula-2, pointers are available. There are still fewer ways to evade the type system and so Oberon and its variants are still safer with respect to pointers than Modula-2 or its variants. As with Modula-3, garbage collection is a part of the language specification. | Wikipedia - Pointer structure | null | null | null |
Much constructive mathematics uses intuitionistic logic, which is essentially classical logic without the law of the excluded middle. This law states that, for any proposition, either that proposition is true or its negation is. This is not to say that the law of the excluded middle is denied entirely; special cases of... | Wikipedia - Constructive mathematics | null | null | null |
The law of non-contradiction (which states that contradictory statements cannot both at the same time be true) is still valid. For instance, in Heyting arithmetic, one can prove that for any proposition p that does not contain quantifiers, ∀ x , y , z , … ∈ N: p ∨ ¬ p {\displaystyle \forall x,y,z,\ldots \in \mathbb {N}... | Wikipedia - Constructive mathematics | null | null | null |
In this sense, propositions restricted to the finite are still regarded as being either true or false, as they are in classical mathematics, but this bivalence does not extend to propositions that refer to infinite collections. In fact, L.E.J. Brouwer, founder of the intuitionist school, viewed the law of the excluded ... | Wikipedia - Constructive mathematics | null | null | null |
For instance, Goldbach's conjecture is the assertion that every even number (greater than 2) is the sum of two prime numbers. It is possible to test for any particular even number whether or not it is the sum of two primes (for instance by exhaustive search), so any one of them is either the sum of two primes or it is ... | Wikipedia - Constructive mathematics | null | null | null |
But there is no known proof that all of them are so, nor any known proof that not all of them are so; nor is it even known whether either a proof or a disproof of Goldbach's conjecture must exist (the conjecture may be undecidable in traditional ZF set theory). Thus to Brouwer, we are not justified in asserting "either... | Wikipedia - Constructive mathematics | null | null | null |
Much criticism of Copenhagen-type interpretations has focused on the need for a classical domain where observers or measuring devices can reside, and the imprecision of how the boundary between quantum and classical might be defined. This boundary came to be termed the Heisenberg cut (while John Bell derisively called ... | Wikipedia - Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
Why should these two different processes exist, when physicists and laboratory equipment are made of the same matter as the rest of the universe? And if there is somehow a split, where should it be placed? Steven Weinberg writes that the traditional presentation gives "no way to locate the boundary between the realms i... | Wikipedia - Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
"The problem of thinking in terms of classical measurements of a quantum system becomes particularly acute in the field of quantum cosmology, where the quantum system is the universe. How does an observer stand outside the universe in order to measure it, and who was there to observe the universe in its earliest stages... | Wikipedia - Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
Rudolf Peierls noted that "the observer does not have to be contemporaneous with the event"; for example, we study the early universe through the cosmic microwave background, and we can apply quantum mechanics to that just as well as to any electromagnetic field. Likewise, Asher Peres argued that physicists are, concep... | Wikipedia - Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
Much data exists that says that stocks have higher returns. For example, Jeremy Siegel says that stocks in the United States have returned 6.8% per year over a 130-year period. Proponents of the capital asset pricing model say that this is due to the higher beta of stocks, and that higher-beta stocks should return even... | Wikipedia - Equity premium puzzle | null | null | null |
Much debate over the kind of authority that should be accorded biblical texts centers on what is meant by the "Word of God". The term can refer to Christ himself as well as to the proclamation of his ministry as kerygma. However, biblical inerrancy differs from this orthodoxy in viewing the Word of God to mean the enti... | Wikipedia - Biblical inerrancy | null | null | null |
Here the Bible is seen as a unique witness to the people and deeds that do make up the Word of God. However, it is a wholly human witness. All books of the Bible were written by human beings. | Wikipedia - Biblical inerrancy | null | null | null |
Thus, whether the Bible is—in whole or in part—the Word of God is not clear. However, some argue that the Bible can still be construed as the "Word of God" in the sense that these authors' statements may have been representative of, and perhaps even directly influenced by, God's own knowledge.There is only one instance... | Wikipedia - Biblical inerrancy | null | null | null |
However, most other references are to reported speech preserved in the Bible. The New Testament also contains a number of statements that refer to passages from the Old Testament as God's words, for instance Romans 3:2,d (which says that the Jews have been "entrusted with the very words of God"), or the book of Hebrews... | Wikipedia - Biblical inerrancy | null | null | null |
That these are God's words addressed to humanity was at the root of a lively medieval controversy. The idea of the word of God is more that God is encountered in scripture, than that every line of scripture is a statement made by God.While the phrase "the Word of God" is never applied to the modern Bible within the Bib... | Wikipedia - Biblical inerrancy | null | null | null |
Much effort has been devoted to Fisher's information measure, shedding much light upon the manifold physical applications. As a small sample, it can be shown that the whole field of thermodynamics (both equilibrium and non-equilibrium) can be derived from the MFI approach. Here FIM is specialized to the particular but ... | Wikipedia - Minimum Fisher information | null | null | null |
Much effort has gone into developing software that can recognize human faces. This work has occurred in a branch of artificial intelligence known as computer vision, which uses the psychology of face perception to inform software design. Recent breakthroughs use noninvasive functional transcranial Doppler spectroscopy ... | Wikipedia - Face perception | null | null | null |
Such a system provides for brain-machine interface for facial recognition, referred to as cognitive biometrics. Another application is estimating age from images of faces. Compared with other cognition problems, age estimation from facial images is challenging, mainly because the aging process is influenced by many ext... | Wikipedia - Face perception | null | null | null |
Much engineering design is based on the assumption that materials behave elastically. For most materials this assumption is incorrect, but empirical evidence has shown that design using this assumption can be safe. Materials that are elastic obey Hooke's Law, and plasticity does not occur. | Wikipedia - Structural engineering theory | null | null | null |
For systems that obey Hooke's Law, the extension produced is directly proportional to the load: F → = k x → {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathbf {F} }}=k{\vec {\mathbf {x} }}\ } where x is the distance that the spring has been stretched or compressed away from the equilibrium position, which is the position where the spring w... | Wikipedia - Structural engineering theory | null | null | null |
Much is known about the representations of a complex semisimple Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , besides the classification in terms of highest weights. We mention a few of these briefly. We have already alluded to Weyl's theorem, which states that every finite-dimensional representation of g {\displayst... | Wikipedia - Representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras | null | null | null |
Much like Winged Edge, quad-edge structures are used in programs to store the topology of a 2D or 3D polygonal mesh. The mesh itself does not need to be closed in order to form a valid quad-edge structure. Using a quad-edge structure, iterating through the topology is quite easy. Often, the interface to quad-edge topol... | Wikipedia - Quad-edge | null | null | null |
This allows the two vertices to have explicit names (start and end), and this gives faces explicit names as well (left and right, relative to a person standing on start and looking in the direction of end). The four edges are also given names, based on the vertices and faces: start-left, start-right, end-left, and end-... | Wikipedia - Quad-edge | null | null | null |
Much like for G protein-coupled receptors, dimerization is essential for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) to perform their function in signal transduction, affecting many different cellular processes. RTKs typically exist as monomers, but undergo a conformational change upon ligand binding, allowing them to dimerize wit... | Wikipedia - Dimerization (chemistry) | null | null | null |
Much like matroids have unique dual, oriented matroids have unique orthogonal dual. What this means is the underlying matroids are dual and that the cocircuits are signed so that they are orthogonal to every circuit. Two signed sets are said to be orthogonal if the intersection of their supports is empty or if the rest... | Wikipedia - Oriented matroid | null | null | null |
To see why orthogonality is necessary for uniqueness one needs only to look to the digraph example above. We know that for planar graphs, that the dual of the circuit matroid is the circuit matroid of the graph's planar dual. | Wikipedia - Oriented matroid | null | null | null |
Thus there are as many different oriented matroids that are dual as there are ways to orient a graph and its dual. To see the explicit construction of this unique orthogonal dual oriented matroid, consider an oriented matroid's chirotope χ: E r → { − 1 , 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle \chi :E^{r}\rightarrow \{-1,0,1\}} . If we... | Wikipedia - Oriented matroid | null | null | null |
Much like ordinary rings, vertex algebras admit a notion of module, or representation. Modules play an important role in conformal field theory, where they are often called sectors. A standard assumption in the physics literature is that the full Hilbert space of a conformal field theory decomposes into a sum of tensor... | Wikipedia - Vertex algebra | null | null | null |
Much of Bohm and Hiley's work in the 1970s and 1980s has expanded on the notion of implicate, explicate and generative orders proposed by Bohm. This concept is described in the books Wholeness and the Implicate Order by Bohm and Science, Order, and Creativity by Bohm and F. David Peat. The theoretical framework underly... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
In 2013 the research group at Birkbeck summarized their over-all approach as follows: "It is now quite clear that if gravity is to be quantised successfully, a radical change in our understanding of spacetime will be needed. We begin from a more fundamental level by taking the notion of process as our starting point. R... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
We are exploring the possibility of describing this process by some form of non-commutative algebra, an idea that fits into the general ideas of the implicate order. In such a structure, the non-locality of quantum theory can be understood as a specific feature of this more general a-local background and that locality,... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
The identification of algebraic spinors with minimal left ideals, which can be seen as a generalization of the ordinary spinor was to become central to the Birkbeck group's work on algebraic approaches to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. Frescura and Hiley considered algebras that had been developed in the 1... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
Rather, one uses only a single type of object, the algebraic element". More specifically, Frescura and Hiley showed how "the states of quantum theory become elements of the minimal ideals of the algebra and the projection operators are just the idempotents which generate these ideals". | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
In a 1981 preprint that remained unpublished for many years, Bohm, P.G. Davies and Hiley presented their algebraic approach in context with the work of Arthur Stanley Eddington. Hiley later pointed out that Eddington attributed to a particle not a metaphysical existence but a structural existence as an idempotent of an... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
With their approach based on algebraic idempotents, Bohm and Hiley "incorporate Bohr's notion of 'wholeness' and d'Espagnat's concept of 'non-separability' in a very basic way".In 1981, Bohm and Hiley introduced the "characteristic matrix", a non-Hermitian extension of the density matrix. The Wigner and Moyal transform... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
Bohm and Hiley thus demonstrated a relation between the Wigner–Moyal approach and Bohm's theory of an implicate order that allows to avoid the problem of negative probabilities. They noted that this work stands in close connection with Ilya Prigogine's proposal of a Liouville space extension of quantum mechanics. They ... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
Their approach was subsequently applied by Peter R. Holland to fermions and by Alves O. Bolivar to bosons.In 1984, Hiley and Frescura discussed an algebraic approach to Bohm's notion of implicate and explicit orders: the implicate order is carried by an algebra, the explicate order is contained in the various represent... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
The spinor is described mathematically as an ideal in the Pauli Clifford algebra, the twistor as an ideal in the conformal Clifford algebra. The notion of another order underlying space was not new. Along similar lines, both Gerard 't Hooft and John Archibald Wheeler, questioning whether space-time was the appropriate ... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
In particular, Wheeler had proposed a notion of pre-space which he called pregeometry, from which spacetime geometry should emerge as a limiting case. Bohm and Hiley underlined Wheeler's view, yet pointed out that they did not build on the foam-like structure proposed by Wheeler and by Stephen Hawking but rather worked... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
In the view of Bohm and Hiley, "things, such as particles, objects, and indeed subjects, are considered as semi-autonomous quasi-local features of this underlying activity". These features can be considered to be independent only up to a certain level of approximation in which certain criteria are fulfilled. In this pi... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
Bohm and Hiley used the word holomovement for the underlying activity in the various orders together. This term is intended to extend beyond the movement of objects in space and beyond the notion of process, covering movement in a wide context such as for instance the "movement" of a symphony: "a total ordering which i... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
They investigated non-locality of spacetime also in terms of the time dimension. In 1985, Bohm and Hiley showed that Wheeler's delayed choice experiment does not require the existence of the past to be limited to its recording in the present. Hiley and R. E. Callaghan later confirmed this view, which stands in stark co... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
Hiley and Callaghan in fact showed that, an interpretation of Wheeler's delayed choice experiment based on Bohm's model, the past is an objective history that cannot be altered retroactively by delayed choice (see also: Bohmian interpretation of Wheeler's delayed choice experiment). Bohm and Hiley sketched also how Boh... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
Hiley also pursued further work on the thought experiments set out by Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (the EPR paradox) and by Lucien Hardy (Hardy's paradox), in particular considering the relation to special relativity.In the late 1990s, Hiley expanded further on the notion he had developed with Bohm on the description of qua... | Wikipedia - Basil Hiley | null | null | null |
Much of Csicsery's work since the early 1990s has been about eminent mathematicians or the mathematics community in general. These include: Secrets of the Surface: The Mathematical Vision of Maryam Mirzakhani (2020) Navajo Math Circles (2016) Counting from Infinity: Yitang Zhang and the Twin Prime Conjecture (2015) Tak... | Wikipedia - George Csicsery | null | null | null |
Much of Egypt's cultural heritage has been and remains under threat of pillage. Tomb raiders and looters have been attempting to steal from Pharaonic sites since such structures were built, and the 2011 Arab Spring revolution has only since exacerbated the problem. Three regions have been especially hit hard since the ... | Wikipedia - Archaeological looting | null | null | null |
Much of Feyerabend's work from the late 1950s until the late 1960s was devoted to methodological issues in science. Specifically, Feyerabend offers several criticisms of empiricism and offers his own brand of theoretical pluralism. Feyerabend offers several criticisms of empiricism. One concerns the distinction between... | Wikipedia - Paul Feyerabend | null | null | null |
If an observational term is understood as one whose acceptance can be determined by immediate perception, then what counts as 'observational' or 'theoretical' changes throughout history as our patterns of habituation change and our ability to directly perceive entities evolve. On another definition, observation terms a... | Wikipedia - Paul Feyerabend | null | null | null |
On this view, proliferating new theories increases the testability of previous theories that might be well-established by observations. This is because some tests cannot be unearthed without the invention of an alternative theory. One example Feyerabend uses repeatedly is Brownian motion which was not a test of the sec... | Wikipedia - Paul Feyerabend | null | null | null |
To become a test, it must be first explained by an alternative theory – namely, Einstein's kinetic theory of gases – which formally contradicts the accepted theory. By proliferating new theories, we increase the number of indirect tests of our theories. This makes theoretical pluralism central to Feyerabend's conceptio... | Wikipedia - Paul Feyerabend | null | null | null |
Eventually, Feyerabend's pluralism incorporates what he calls the "principle of tenacity." The principle of tenacity allows scientists to pursue theories regardless of the problems it may possess. Examples of problems might include recalcitrant evidence, theoretical paradoxes, mathematical complexity, or inconsistency ... | Wikipedia - Paul Feyerabend | null | null | null |
Feyerabend learned of this idea from Kuhn, who argued that without tenacity all theories would have been prematurely abandoned. This principle complements the "principle of proliferation", which admonishes us to invent as many theories as possible, so that those invented theories can become plausible rivals.In his "Emp... | Wikipedia - Paul Feyerabend | null | null | null |
According to Feyerabend, some instances of theory change in the history of science do not involve a successor theory that retains its predecessor as a limiting case. In other words, scientific progress does not always involve producing a theory that is a generalization of the previous theory. This is because the succes... | Wikipedia - Paul Feyerabend | null | null | null |
Moreover, the two theories do not share the same empirical content and, therefore, cannot be compared by the same set of observation statements. For example, Buridan's impetus principle has no analogue in classical mechanics. The closest analogue would be momentum, but the two notions are qualitatively distinct (impetu... | Wikipedia - Paul Feyerabend | null | null | null |
Furthermore, Feyerabend claims that there can be no 'parallel notion' of impetus that is explicable within classical mechanics. Any parallel notion that gives non-zero values must assume that inertial movements happen in a resisting medium, which is inconsistent with the assumption in classical mechanics that inertial ... | Wikipedia - Paul Feyerabend | null | null | null |
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