text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
The lack of a cell wall also calls for increased support of the cell membrane(reinforced with sterols), which includes a rigid cytoskeleton composed of an intricate protein network and, potentially, an extracellular capsule to facilitate adherence to the host cell. M. pneumoniae are the only bacterial cells that posses... | Wikipedia - Mycoplasmal infection | null | null | null |
Mycosporine–like amino acids are rather small molecules (<400 Da). The structures of over 30 MAAs have been resolved and all contain a central cyclohexenone or cyclohexenimine ring and a wide variety of substitutions. The ring structure is thought to absorb UV light and accommodate free radicals. All MAAs absorb ultrav... | Wikipedia - Mycosporine-like amino acid | null | null | null |
They are considered to be amongst the strongest natural absorbers of UV radiation. It is this light absorbing property that allows MAAs to protect cells from the harmful UV-B and UV-A components of sunlight. Biosynthetic pathways of MAAs depend on the specific MAA molecule and the organism that is producing it. These b... | Wikipedia - Mycosporine-like amino acid | null | null | null |
Mycosubtilin has strong antifungal and hemolytic activities. It is active against fungi and yeasts such as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium notatum, and Fusarium oxysporum.Its antibacterial activity is quite limited to bacteria such as Micrococcus luteus. == References == | Wikipedia - Mycosubtilin | null | null | null |
Mycteroperca microlepis has different habitat preferences as a juvenile and as an adult. The juveniles are found in estuaries and beds of sea grass while the adults are found farther offshore over rocky substrates at depths of 40 to 10 metres (131 to 33 ft) and have been recorded as deep as 152 metres (499 ft). Adults ... | Wikipedia - Gag grouper | null | null | null |
They can be found both in brackish and marine waters. The adults can be found either in groups of 5–50 fish or as solitary fish. They have been recorded producing thumping sounds when under stress, this is done by vibrating the swim bladder using muscular contractions. | Wikipedia - Gag grouper | null | null | null |
The adults are predators on fishes (including smaller conspecifics), crabs, shrimps, and cephalopods while the smaller juveniles prey on crustaceans within the beds of sea grass in shallow waters. The fishes preyed upon are largely herring, sea bream, jacks and pompanos, drums and grey mullet.This species is a protogyn... | Wikipedia - Gag grouper | null | null | null |
However, a subsequent study discovered that proportion of males had decreased to around 5.5%, fishing pressures which are concentrated on large males being the probable cause of this result. Although the sex change can occur as early as 5 years old it is more typical for it to take place at 10 to 11 years old and at a ... | Wikipedia - Gag grouper | null | null | null |
The spawning season in this region runs from December through May, peaking in late March and early April. In the eastern Gulf of Mexico, the spawning season runs from late December through to April, peaking in February and April. After spawning the females move towards shallower waters with depths less than 30 metres (... | Wikipedia - Gag grouper | null | null | null |
Mydex - empowers individuals to manage their lives through convenient, trustworthy access and control of their personal data and how it is used by them and others. This is achieved through interoperable API-based components for identity, consent and personal data management. | Wikipedia - Personal data stores | null | null | null |
Myers theorem. If a complete Riemannian manifold has positive Ricci curvature then its fundamental group is finite. Bochner's formula. If a compact Riemannian n-manifold has non-negative Ricci curvature, then its first Betti number is at most n, with equality if and only if the Riemannian manifold is a flat torus. | Wikipedia - Riemannian Geometry | null | null | null |
Splitting theorem. If a complete n-dimensional Riemannian manifold has nonnegative Ricci curvature and a straight line (i.e. a geodesic that minimizes distance on each interval) then it is isometric to a direct product of the real line and a complete (n-1)-dimensional Riemannian manifold that has nonnegative Ricci curv... | Wikipedia - Riemannian Geometry | null | null | null |
The volume of a metric ball of radius r in a complete n-dimensional Riemannian manifold with positive Ricci curvature has volume at most that of the volume of a ball of the same radius r in Euclidean space. Gromov's compactness theorem. The set of all Riemannian manifolds with positive Ricci curvature and diameter at m... | Wikipedia - Riemannian Geometry | null | null | null |
Myo-inositol can be ingested from fruits and vegetables and actively transported into cells or instead directly synthesized from glucose. In the kidney, MIOX converts myo-inositol to glucuronic acid which is then able to enter the glucuronate-xylulose pathway for conversion to xylulose-5-phosphate. This product can the... | Wikipedia - Inositol oxygenase | null | null | null |
Myocardial infarction or cardiomyopathy causes damage to the myocardium, which impairs the heart's ability to eject blood and, therefore, reduces ejection fraction. This reduction in the ejection fraction can manifest itself as heart failure. Low EF usually indicates systolic dysfunction, and severe heart failure can r... | Wikipedia - Pressure–volume loop analysis in cardiology | null | null | null |
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitors are one of the few peptides that can cross the plasma membrane relatively quickly. Under stressful conditions, MLCK's in the human body promotes increased permeability of microvessels. It is thought that MLCK phosphorylates endothelial myosin, leading to cell contraction. Thi... | Wikipedia - Myosin light chain | null | null | null |
Myrtle is a dark green shade that resembles the color of Myrtus leaves. | Wikipedia - Shades of green | null | null | null |
Myxomitodes stirlingensis is a problematic fossil of controversial biological affinities. At first it was interpreted as a trail of a soft-bodied worm-like animal, and then as a trail of wind blown bubbles. Later it was suggested to be a trace of a giant globular, marine amoeba, similar to Gromia. Discovery of a variet... | Wikipedia - Myxomitodes | null | null | null |
Mäkitalo, Östen – Marconi, Guglielmo – Marsh, Orlando R. – Marx, Erwin Otto – Mauchly, John – Maxwell, James Clerk – Merrill, William Henry – Minorsky, Nicolas – Merz, Charles Hesterman – Metcalfe, Robert – Moll, John L. – Moog, Robert – Moore, Daniel McFarlan – | Wikipedia - Index of electrical engineering articles | null | null | null |
Möbius geometry is the study of "Euclidean space with a point added at infinity", or a "Minkowski (or pseudo-Euclidean) space with a null cone added at infinity". That is, the setting is a compactification of a familiar space; the geometry is concerned with the implications of preserving angles. At an abstract level, t... | Wikipedia - Conformal class | null | null | null |
Möbius planes consist of a family C {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}} of circles, which are topological 1-spheres, on the 2 {\displaystyle 2} -sphere S {\displaystyle S} such that for each point p {\displaystyle p} the derived structure ( S ∖ { p } , { C ∖ { p } ∣ p ∈ C ∈ C } ) {\displaystyle (S\setminus \{p\},\{C\setmin... | Wikipedia - Topological geometry | null | null | null |
Möbius transformation Conformal map conformal connection tractor bundle Weyl curvature Weyl–Schouten theorem ambient construction Willmore energy Willmore flow | Wikipedia - List of differential geometry topics | null | null | null |
Möbius transformations commonly appear in the theory of continued fractions, and in analytic number theory of elliptic curves and modular forms, as it describes the automorphisms of the upper half-plane under the action of the modular group. It also provides a canonical example of Hopf fibration, where the geodesic flo... | Wikipedia - Linear fractional map | null | null | null |
Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MPn) Configuration interaction (CI) Coupled cluster (CC) Quadratic configuration interaction (QCI) Quantum chemistry composite methods Sign Learning Kink-based (SiLK) Quantum Monte Carlo | Wikipedia - Ab initio methods | null | null | null |
Māturīdism (Arabic: الماتريدية: al-Māturīdiyyah) is also one of the main Sunni schools of Islamic theology developed and formalized by the Islamic scholar, Ḥanafī jurist Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī in the 10th century. Māturīdi scholars are thought to have been less optimistic about the chances of sinners entering paradise ... | Wikipedia - Islamic eschatology | null | null | null |
: 110 Māturīdism holds people responsible for believing in a creator due to their intellectual capacities, even if they haven't heard about any prophetic mission. : 5: 215: 110 While some (like Rifat Atay) regard Māturīdism to be exclusivistic, only allowing people who are Muslims to enter paradise,: 110 others argue t... | Wikipedia - Islamic eschatology | null | null | null |
: 109 Accordingly, people are judged by their degree of understanding God's universal law, not by their adherence to a particular belief system. : 215: 110 In modern times, Yohei Matsuyama largely agrees with this interpretation. : 5 According to Abu'l-Qasim Ishaq, children cannot be considered unbelievers, thus all of... | Wikipedia - Islamic eschatology | null | null | null |
N - anthrax TR - anthrax LE - plague UL - tularemia (schu S4) TT - wet-type UL ZZ - dry-type UL SR - tularemia JT - tularemia (425) HO - cholera AB - bovine brucellosis US - porcine brucellosis NX - porcine brucellosis AM - caprine brucellosis BX - caprine brucellosis Y - bacterial dysentery LA - Glanders HI - Melioido... | Wikipedia - Chemical weapon designation | null | null | null |
N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory ABJM superconformal field theory 6D (2,0) superconformal field theory | Wikipedia - List of quantum field theories | null | null | null |
N = 8 supergravity in five dimensions, which is a dimensional reduction from 11 dimensional supergravity, admits an E6 bosonic global symmetry and an Sp(8) bosonic local symmetry. The fermions are in representations of Sp(8), the gauge fields are in a representation of E6, and the scalars are in a representation of bot... | Wikipedia - E6 (mathematics) | null | null | null |
One way of achieving this is through breaking to SO(10) × U(1). The adjoint 78 representation breaks, as explained above, into an adjoint 45, spinor 16 and 16 as well as a singlet of the SO(10) subalgebra. Including the U(1) charge we have 78 → 45 0 ⊕ 16 − 3 ⊕ 16 ¯ 3 + 1 0 . | Wikipedia - E6 (mathematics) | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle 78\rightarrow 45_{0}\oplus 16_{-3}\oplus {\overline {16}}_{3}+1_{0}.} Where the subscript denotes the U(1) charge. Likewise, the fundamental representation 27 and its conjugate 27 break into a scalar 1, a vector 10 and a spinor, either 16 or 16: 27 → 1 4 ⊕ 10 − 2 ⊕ 16 1 , {\displaystyle 27\rightarrow 1_{... | Wikipedia - E6 (mathematics) | null | null | null |
N = 8 supergravity in four dimensions, which is a dimensional reduction from 11 dimensional supergravity, admit an E7 bosonic global symmetry and an SU(8) bosonic local symmetry. The fermions are in representations of SU(8), the gauge fields are in a representation of E7, and the scalars are in a representation of both... | Wikipedia - E7 (mathematics) | null | null | null |
N A Novile is an angle of 40°, which is 1⁄9 of the 360° ecliptic. An orb of ±1° is allowed. A Novile indicates an energy of perfection and/or idealization. Irreducible Multiples N2 A Binovile is an angle of 80°, which is 2⁄9 of the 360° ecliptic. N4 A Quadnovile is an angle of 160°, which is 4⁄9 of the 360° ecliptic. | Wikipedia - Sesquiquadrate (astrological aspect) | null | null | null |
N and F LOOK were designed to offset LOOK’s bias towards recent jobs. Both algorithms partition the request queue into smaller sub queues and process the sub queues in order (oldest first). N-LOOK is so-called because the request queue is divided into N sub queues. F-LOOK is a simplification where there are only 2 queu... | Wikipedia - LOOK algorithm | null | null | null |
While F-LOOK is processing one queue, all new requests go into the other one. To explain these algorithms we’re going to use the example of a disk with 200 tracks, and the read/write head starts at track 100. The request queue, in order, contains requests for tracks: 55, 58, 18, 90, 160, 38, we assume that the request ... | Wikipedia - LOOK algorithm | null | null | null |
In this instance, N-LOOK and F-LOOK behave the same. Also notice, that in this configuration, it doesn’t matter which direction the head was moving in, all requested tracks are less than 100 so it will only move in the direction of decreasing tracks. Even through the average number of tracks traversed is the same as LO... | Wikipedia - LOOK algorithm | null | null | null |
N represents the unit newton of force the nine-point center of a triangle Bessel function of the second kind (uncommon) Nitrogen Normal distribution Normal vector N represents the neutron number The number of particles of a thermodynamical system: 57 NA represents the Avogadro constant N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } re... | Wikipedia - Latin letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering | null | null | null |
N terminus - N-acetylhexosamine 1-dehydrogenase - N-acylmannosamine 1-dehydrogenase - N-formylmethionylaminoacyl-tRNA deformylase - N-isopropylammelide isopropylaminohydrolase - Na+-transporting two-sector ATPase - NADH:ubiquinone reductase (Na+-transporting) - native gel - nematode Her-1 - neolactotetraosylceramide al... | Wikipedia - Index of molecular biology articles | null | null | null |
N+5 is capable of oxidizing water, NO, NO2 and Br2, but not Cl2 or O2; its electron affinity is 10.44 eV (1018.4 kJ/mol). For this reason, N+5 must be prepared and handled in a dry environment: 4 N+5 + 2 H2O → 4 H+ + 10 N2 + O2 2 +− + 2 Br2 → 2 +− + 5 N2Due to stability of the fluoroantimonate, it is used as the precur... | Wikipedia - Pentazenium | null | null | null |
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a psychedelic compound identified endogenously in mammals, is biosynthesized by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and indolethylamine-N-methyltransferase (INMT). Studies have investigated brain expression of INMT transcript in rats and humans, coexpression of INMT and AADC mRNA in... | Wikipedia - Machine Elves | null | null | null |
Additionally, extracellular concentrations of DMT in the cerebral cortex of normal behaving rats, with or without the pineal gland, were similar to those of canonical monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin. A significant increase of DMT levels in the rat visual cortex was observed following induction of experi... | Wikipedia - Machine Elves | null | null | null |
In an article published four months later, the method used in their study was strongly criticized, and the credibility of their results challenged.Few of the analytical methods used prior to 2001 to measure levels of endogenously formed DMT had enough sensitivity and selectivity to produce reliable results. Gas chromat... | Wikipedia - Machine Elves | null | null | null |
The data summarized in the table below are from studies conforming to the abovementioned requirements (abbreviations used: CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; LOD = limit of detection; n = number of samples; ng/L and ng/kg = nanograms (10−9 g) per litre, and nanograms per kilogram, respectively): A 2013 study found DMT in micro... | Wikipedia - Machine Elves | null | null | null |
N-Acetylgalactosamine N-Acetylglucosamine N-Acetylmuramic acid N-type calcium channel NMDA receptor Nanobiomechanics Nanodisc Nav1.1 Nav1.2 Nav1.4 Nav1.5 Nectin Neurophysins Nicolas Rashevsky Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Niosome Norepinephrine transporter Nuclear pore | Wikipedia - Index of biophysics articles | null | null | null |
N-Acetylglutamic acid is the second intermediate in the arginine production pathway in Escherichia coli and is produced via NAGS. In this pathway, N-acetylglutamic acid kinase (NAGK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of the gamma (third) carboxyl group of N-acetylglutamic acid using the phosphate produced by hydrolysis of ... | Wikipedia - C7H11NO5 | null | null | null |
N-acetyl-perosamine is found in the O-antigen of Gram-negative bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae O1, E. coli O157:H7 and Caulobacter crescentus CB15. The sugar is also found in perimycin, an antibiotic produced by the Gram-positive organism Streptomyces coelicolor var. aminophilus. | Wikipedia - Perosamine | null | null | null |
N-acyl amides have been shown to play an important role in a variety of physiological functions as lipid signaling molecule. Apart from the aforementioned roles in cardiovascular function, memory, cognition, pain, and motor control, the compounds have also been shown to play a role in cell migration, inflammation and c... | Wikipedia - N-Acylamides | null | null | null |
N-acyl amides are primarily involved in cell-to-cell communication in biological systems. An example of this is the lipid signaling system involving transient receptor potential channels (TRP), which interact with N-acyl amides such as N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (Anandamide), N-arachidonoyl dopamine and others in an o... | Wikipedia - N-Acylamides | null | null | null |
Other N-acyl amides, including N-oleoyl-glutamine, have also been characterized as TRP channel antagonists.An application of N-acyl amides that is currently at the forefront of related research is the correlation between oleoyl serine and bone remodeling. Recent research has shown that oleoyl serine, an N-acyl amide fo... | Wikipedia - N-Acylamides | null | null | null |
Certain N-acyl amino acids can act as chemical uncouplers and directly stimulate mitochondrial respiration. These N-acyl amino acids are characterized by medium chain, unsaturated fatty acyl chains and neutral amino acid head groups. Administration of these N-acyl amino acids to mice elevates energy expenditure leading... | Wikipedia - N-Acylamides | null | null | null |
As mentioned, their importance in cell signaling in a variety systems leading to various physiological roles and in turn therapeutic capabilities, which gives all the more reason to continue the extensive research being conducted on the compounds today. Several N-acyl amides have been demonstrated to physiologically ac... | Wikipedia - N-Acylamides | null | null | null |
FAAH knockout mice show increased anandamide levels in vivo and cannabinoid-receptor dependent behaviors including antinociception and anxiolysis. GPR18, GPR55, GPR92 have also been proposed to be activated by various N-acyl amides, though the physiological relevance of these assignments remains unknown. == References ... | Wikipedia - N-Acylamides | null | null | null |
N-demethylation of 3° amines is by the von Braun reaction, which uses BrCN as the reagent to give the corresponding nor- derivatives. A modern variation of the von Braun reaction was developed, where BrCN was superseded by ethyl chloroformate. The preparation of Paxil from arecoline is an application of this reaction, ... | Wikipedia - Demethylation | null | null | null |
N-formylmethionine - N-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor - N-methylaspartate - N-terminus - NADH - NADPH - NaKATPase - native state - nef gene product - neoplasm protein - Nernst equation - nerve - nerve growth factor - nerve growth factor receptor - nerve tissue protein - nerve tiss... | Wikipedia - Index of biochemistry articles | null | null | null |
N-glycosyltransferases are an unusual type of glycosyltransferase which joins single hexoses to the target protein. Attachment of sugars to the nitrogen atom in an amide group — such as the amide group of an asparagine — requires an enzyme, as the electrons of the nitrogen are delocalized in a pi-electron system with t... | Wikipedia - N-glycosyltransferase | null | null | null |
This mechanism is supported by x-ray structures and biochemical information about glycosylation processes; the interaction breaks the delocalization and allows the electrons of the nitrogen to perform a nucleophilic attack on the sugar substrate.N-glycosyltransferases from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilu... | Wikipedia - N-glycosyltransferase | null | null | null |
The enzyme activity is further influenced by the amino acids around the sequon, with beta-loop structures especially important. At least the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae N-glycosyltransferase can also hydrolyze sugar-nucleotides in the absence of a substrate, a pattern frequently observed in glycosyltransferases, an... | Wikipedia - N-glycosyltransferase | null | null | null |
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-stabilized borenium ions have been demonstrated to be potent metal-free H2 activation and hydrogenation catalysts. Unlike the neutral boranes typically used in frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry of this type, borenium ions are inherently electrophilic and do not require electron-withdraw... | Wikipedia - Borenium ion | null | null | null |
A second-order perturbation theory analysis of the natural bond orbitals (NBOs) of the intermediate in this reaction involved with H2 activation showed a 281.8 kcal/mol interaction between the sigma bond of H2 and the 2p orbital of the cationic boron.Borenium ions have also been used catalytically for various hydrogena... | Wikipedia - Borenium ion | null | null | null |
N-rays (1903)A reported faint visual effect that experimenters could still "see" even when the supposed causative element in their apparatus had been secretly disconnected.Claimed experimental disproof of special relativity (1906)Published in Annalen der Physik and said to be the first journal paper to cite Einstein's ... | Wikipedia - List of experimental errors and frauds in physics | null | null | null |
It is no longer considered credible and there has been much debate about whether the results were fraud or that his data may have been contaminated by stray light from Sirius A. The first "reliable" confirmations of the effect appeared in the 1960s.First reproducible synthetic diamond (1955)Originally reported in Natur... | Wikipedia - List of experimental errors and frauds in physics | null | null | null |
Artificial diamonds have since been produced.Claimed detection of gravitational waves (1970)In 1970 Joseph Weber, an electrical engineer turned physicist, and working with the University of Maryland, reported the detection of 311 excitations on his test equipment designed to measure gravitational waves. He utilized an ... | Wikipedia - List of experimental errors and frauds in physics | null | null | null |
But Weber's criteria for data analysis turned out to be ill-defined and partly subjective. In 1974 the first indirect detection of gravitational waves was confirmed from observations of a binary pulsar, but by the end of the 1970s Weber's work was considered spurious as it could not be replicated by others. Still Weber... | Wikipedia - List of experimental errors and frauds in physics | null | null | null |
Subsequent data and analysis indicated that the apparent peak resulted from random noise. The name is a pun on upsilon, the proposed name for the new particle and Leon M. Lederman, the principal investigator. The illusory particle is unrelated to the Upsilon meson, discovered in 1977 by the same group.Cold fusion (1989... | Wikipedia - List of experimental errors and frauds in physics | null | null | null |
Two panels convened by the US Department of Energy, one in 1989 and a second in 2004, did not recommend a dedicated federal program for cold fusion research. In 2007 Nature reported that the American Chemical Society would host an invited symposium on cold fusion and low energy nuclear reactions at their national meeti... | Wikipedia - List of experimental errors and frauds in physics | null | null | null |
This investigation found an improperly connected fibre optic cable and a clock oscillator ticking too fast, which together had caused an underestimate of uncertainty in the initial measurement.Cosmic microwave background polarization (2014)On March 17, 2014, astrophysicists of the BICEP2 collaboration announced the det... | Wikipedia - List of experimental errors and frauds in physics | null | null | null |
N-th root process is a non-linear method to enhance the SNR during beamforming. Before summing up the single seismic traces, the N-th root is calculated for each trace retaining the sign information. signum{wj(t)} is a function defined as -1 or +1, depending on the sign of the actual sample wj(t). N is an integer that ... | Wikipedia - Seismic array | null | null | null |
After this summation, the beam has to be raised to the power of N b ( t ) = | B N ( t ) | N ⋅ s i g n u m { w j ( t ) } {\displaystyle b(t)=|B_{N}(t)|^{N}\cdot signum\{w_{j}(t)\}} The N-th root process was first proposed by K. J. Muirhead and Ram Dattin in 1976. With the N-th root process, the suppression of uncorrelat... | Wikipedia - Seismic array | null | null | null |
N. David Mermin reports that an unconventional strategy based on abstract but simple math concepts is sufficient to teach quantum mechanics to students interested in quantum computing application rather than physics. Many of the issues that confound students of physics to not apply to this case and the mathematical bac... | Wikipedia - Teaching quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
N. N. Bogoliubov, D. V. Shirkov (1959): The Theory of Quantized Fields. New York, Interscience. The first text-book on the renormalization group theory. Ryder, Lewis H.; Quantum Field Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1985), ISBN 0-521-33859-X Highly readable textbook, certainly the best introduction to relativistic ... | Wikipedia - Renormalization | null | null | null |
for particle physics. Zee, Anthony; Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell, Princeton University Press (2003) ISBN 0-691-01019-6. Another excellent textbook on Q.F.T. | Wikipedia - Renormalization | null | null | null |
Weinberg, Steven; The Quantum Theory of Fields (3 volumes) Cambridge University Press (1995). A monumental treatise on Q.F.T. written by a leading expert, Nobel laureate 1979. | Wikipedia - Renormalization | null | null | null |
Pokorski, Stefan; Gauge Field Theories, Cambridge University Press (1987) ISBN 0-521-47816-2. 't Hooft, Gerard; The Glorious Days of Physics – Renormalization of Gauge theories, lecture given at Erice (August/September 1998) by the Nobel laureate 1999 . Full text available at: hep-th/9812203. | Wikipedia - Renormalization | null | null | null |
Rivasseau, Vincent; An introduction to renormalization, Poincaré Seminar (Paris, Oct. 12, 2002), published in: Duplantier, Bertrand; Rivasseau, Vincent (Eds. ); Poincaré Seminar 2002, Progress in Mathematical Physics 30, Birkhäuser (2003) ISBN 3-7643-0579-7. | Wikipedia - Renormalization | null | null | null |
Full text available in PostScript. Rivasseau, Vincent; From perturbative to constructive renormalization, Princeton University Press (1991) ISBN 0-691-08530-7. Full text available in PostScript and in PDF (draft version). | Wikipedia - Renormalization | null | null | null |
Iagolnitzer, Daniel & Magnen, J.; Renormalization group analysis, Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Kluwer Academic Publisher (1996). Full text available in PostScript and pdf here. | Wikipedia - Renormalization | null | null | null |
Scharf, Günter; Finite quantum electrodynamics: The causal approach, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York (1995) ISBN 3-540-60142-2. A. S. Švarc (Albert Schwarz), Математические основы квантовой теории поля, (Mathematical aspects of quantum field theory), Atomizdat, Moscow, 1975. 368 pp. | Wikipedia - Renormalization | null | null | null |
N. gonorrhoeae evades the immune system through a process called antigenic variation. This process allows N. gonorrhoeae to recombine its genes and alter the antigenic determinants (sites where antibodies bind), such as the Type IV pili, that adorn its surface. Simply stated, the chemical composition of molecules is ch... | Wikipedia - Neisseria gonorrhoeae | null | null | null |
N. gonorrhoeae is usually isolated on Thayer–Martin agar (or VPN) agar in an atmosphere enriched with 3-7% carbon dioxide. Thayer–Martin agar is a chocolate agar plate (heated blood agar) containing nutrients and antimicrobials (vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim). This agar preparation facilitates the gr... | Wikipedia - Neisseria gonorrhoeae | null | null | null |
Martin Lewis and New York City agar are other types of selective chocolate agar commonly used for Neisseria growth. N. gonorrhoeae is oxidase positive (possessing cytochrome c oxidase) and catalase positive (able to convert hydrogen peroxide to oxygen). When incubated with the carbohydrates lactose, maltose, sucrose, a... | Wikipedia - Neisseria gonorrhoeae | null | null | null |
N. meningitidis is a Gram-negative diplococcus since it has an outer and inner membranes with a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between. It is 0.6–1.0 micrometers in size. It tests positive for the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. | Wikipedia - Neisseria meningitidis | null | null | null |
N. meningitidis is a part of the normal nonpathogenic flora in the nasopharynx of up to 8–25% of adults. It colonizes and infects only humans, and has never been isolated from other animals. This is thought to result from the bacterium's inability to get iron from sources other than human transferrin and lactoferrin. | Wikipedia - Meningococcal infection | null | null | null |
N.B.N. keeps features that are considered to be excellent, for example: N.B.N. names consist of one, two or three words: (a) for indication of species two words are used; the first refers to a higher taxon; the second to the species itself; (b) when a name consists of three words then it relates to a subspecies; names ... | Wikipedia - New Biological Nomenclature | null | null | null |
N.B.N. assumes that the purpose of nomenclature is to give suitable and correct names to taxa, and not to establish phylogenetic links. "It was felt useful to classify the existing N.B.N.-names logically, independent of the phylogenetic classification of present biology, but in conformity with Linnaeus' original method... | Wikipedia - New Biological Nomenclature | null | null | null |
N0: neurologically intact N1: transient deficit N2: radiculopathy N3: "incomplete spinal cord injury or cauda equina injury" N4: "complete spinal cord injury" NX: unknown neurological status | Wikipedia - Thoracic vertebrae fracture | null | null | null |
N0N Continuous, unmodulated carrier, formerly common for radio direction finding (RDF) in marine and aeronautical navigation.A1A Signalling by keying the carrier directly, a.k.a. continuous wave (CW) or on–off keying, currently used in amateur radio. This is often but not necessarily Morse code.A2A Signalling by transm... | Wikipedia - Types of radio emissions | null | null | null |
N2H+ is found mostly in dense molecular clouds, where its presence is closely related to that of many other nitrogen-containing compounds. It is particularly closely tied to the chemistry of N2, which is more difficult to detect (since it lacks a dipole moment). This is why N2H+ is commonly used to indirectly determine... | Wikipedia - Diazenylium | null | null | null |
The calculated rates here were for early time (316,000 years) and a temperature of 20 kelvins, which are typical conditions for a relatively young molecular cloud. There are dozens more reactions possible, but these are the only ones that are fast enough to affect the abundance of N2H+ in dense molecular clouds. | Wikipedia - Diazenylium | null | null | null |
Diazenylium thus plays a critical role in the chemistry of many nitrogen-containing molecules. Although the actual electron density in so-called "dense clouds" is quite low, the destruction of N2H+ is governed mostly by dissociative recombination. == References == | Wikipedia - Diazenylium | null | null | null |
N3D or full three-D normalisation is the most obvious approach to normalisation. Daniel describes it as follows: "Orthonormal basis for 3D decomposition. Simple relationship to SN3D . Ensures equal power of the encoded components in the case of a perfectly diffuse 3D field. | Wikipedia - Ambisonic data exchange formats | null | null | null |
Obvious significance for solving decoding problems (3D reconstruction). "The relation to SN3D is N ℓ , m N3D = N ℓ , m SN3D 2 ℓ + 1 {\displaystyle N_{\ell ,m}^{\text{N3D}}=N_{\ell ,m}^{\text{SN3D}}{\sqrt {2\ell +1}}} .This normalisation is standard in Physics and Mathematics and is supported by some Ambisonic software... | Wikipedia - Ambisonic data exchange formats | null | null | null |
N50 statistic defines assembly quality in terms of contiguity. Given a set of contigs, the N50 is defined as the sequence length of the shortest contig at 50% of the total assembly length. It can be thought of as the point of half of the mass of the distribution; the number of bases from all contigs longer than the N50... | Wikipedia - N50, L50, and related statistics | null | null | null |
50% of this assembly would be 10 + 9 + 8 = 27 (half the length of the sequence). Thus the N50=8, which is the size of the contig which, along with the larger contigs, contain half of sequence of a particular genome. Note: When comparing N50 values from different assemblies, the assembly sizes must be the same size in o... | Wikipedia - N50, L50, and related statistics | null | null | null |
NA-MQC dynamics are approximated methods to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a molecular system. Methods like TSH, in particular in the fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) formulation, do not have an exact limit. Other methods like MS or CT-MQC can in principle deliver the exact non-relativistic sol... | Wikipedia - Mixed quantum-classical dynamics | null | null | null |
NA-MQC dynamics is a general class of methods developed since the 1970s. It encompasses: Trajectory surface hopping (TSH; FSSH for fewest switches surface hopping); Mean-field Ehrenfest dynamics (MFE); Coherent Switching with Decay of Mixing (CSDM; MFE with Non-Markovian decoherence and stochastic pointer state switch)... | Wikipedia - Mixed quantum-classical dynamics | null | null | null |
NACA – United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, replaced by NASA in 1958. NASA – United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Navier–Stokes equations – In physics, the Navier–Stokes equations() are certain partial differential equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substa... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering | null | null | null |
They were developed over several decades of progressively building the theories, from 1822 (Navier) to 1842–1850 (Stokes).The Navier–Stokes equations mathematically express conservation of momentum and conservation of mass for Newtonian fluids. They are sometimes accompanied by an equation of state relating pressure, t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering | null | null | null |
The difference between them and the closely related Euler equations is that Navier–Stokes equations take viscosity into account while the Euler equations model only inviscid flow. As a result, the Navier–Stokes are a parabolic equation and therefore have better analytic properties, at the expense of having less mathema... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering | null | null | null |
The publication of the theory has become known as the "first great unification", as it marked the unification of the previously described phenomena of gravity on Earth with known astronomical behaviors.This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. It... | Wikipedia - Glossary of aerospace engineering | null | null | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.