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These can all be seen in the adjacent diagram. As well as the visual shorthand for the actions, Feynman introduces another kind of shorthand for the numerical quantities called probability amplitudes. The probability is the square of the absolute value of total probability amplitude, probability = | f ( amplitude ) | 2... | Wikipedia - Quantum electrodynamic | null | null | null |
If a photon moves from one place and time A {\displaystyle A} to another place and time B {\displaystyle B} , the associated quantity is written in Feynman's shorthand as P ( A to B ) {\displaystyle P(A{\text{ to }}B)} , and it depends on only the momentum and polarization of the photon. The similar quantity for an ele... | Wikipedia - Quantum electrodynamic | null | null | null |
Finally, the quantity that tells us about the probability amplitude for an electron to emit or absorb a photon Feynman calls j, and is sometimes called the "bare" charge of the electron: it is a constant, and is related to, but not the same as, the measured electron charge e.: 91 QED is based on the assumption that com... | Wikipedia - Quantum electrodynamic | null | null | null |
The basic rules of probability amplitudes that will be used are:: 93 The indistinguishability criterion in (a) is very important: it means that there is no observable feature present in the given system that in any way "reveals" which alternative is taken. In such a case, one cannot observe which alternative actually t... | Wikipedia - Quantum electrodynamic | null | null | null |
Indeed, if this were not the case, the very term "alternatives" to describe these processes would be inappropriate. What (a) says is that once the physical means for observing which alternative occurred is removed, one cannot still say that the event is occurring through "exactly one of the alternatives" in the sense o... | Wikipedia - Quantum electrodynamic | null | null | null |
Near the start of the film, Will sets aside his mop to study a difficult problem posed by Lambeau on the blackboard. The problem has to do with intermediate-level graph theory, but Lambeau describes it as an advanced "Fourier system." To answer the first part of the question, Will chalks up an adjacency matrix: A = ( 0... | Wikipedia - Good Will Hunting | null | null | null |
To answer the second part, he determines the number of 3-step walks in the graph, and finds the third power matrix: A 3 = ( 2 7 2 3 7 2 12 7 2 12 0 2 3 7 2 2 ) . {\displaystyle A^{3}={\begin{pmatrix}2&7&2&3\\7&2&12&7\\2&12&0&2\\3&7&2&2\end{pmatrix}}.} The third and fourth parts of the question concern generating functi... | Wikipedia - Good Will Hunting | null | null | null |
Near-ground in situ environmental monitoring equipment (such as tide gauges, weather stations, weather buoys, and radiosondes), may use satellites for one-way data transmission or two-way telemetry and telecontrol. It may be based on a secondary payload of a weather satellite (as in the case of GOES and METEOSAT and ot... | Wikipedia - Data relay satellite | null | null | null |
Nearest neighbor rules in effect implicitly compute the decision boundary. It is also possible to compute the decision boundary explicitly, and to do so efficiently, so that the computational complexity is a function of the boundary complexity. | Wikipedia - K-nearest neighbors algorithm | null | null | null |
Nearley – an Earley parser that's starting to integrate the improvements that Marpa adopted A Pint-sized Earley Parser – a toy parser (with annotated pseudocode) to demonstrate Elizabeth Scott's technique for building the shared packed parse forest lagodiuk/earley-parser-js – a tiny JavaScript implementation of Earley ... | Wikipedia - Earley parser | null | null | null |
Nearly all elements in the periodic table form binary bromides. The exceptions are decidedly in the minority and stem in each case from one of three causes: extreme inertness and reluctance to participate in chemical reactions (the noble gases, with the exception of xenon in the very unstable XeBr2); extreme nuclear in... | Wikipedia - Bromine | null | null | null |
Bromides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydrobromic acid, and then dehydrated by mildly high temperatures combined with either low pressure or anhydrous hydrogen bromide gas. These methods work best when the bromide product is stable to hydrolysis; otherwise, the possib... | Wikipedia - Bromine | null | null | null |
Another method is halogen exchange in the presence of excess "halogenating reagent", for example: FeCl3 + BBr3 (excess) → FeBr3 + BCl3When a lower bromide is wanted, either a higher halide may be reduced using hydrogen or a metal as a reducing agent, or thermal decomposition or disproportionation may be used, as follow... | Wikipedia - Bromine | null | null | null |
Nearly all elements in the periodic table form binary chlorides. The exceptions are decidedly in the minority and stem in each case from one of three causes: extreme inertness and reluctance to participate in chemical reactions (the noble gases, with the exception of xenon in the highly unstable XeCl2 and XeCl4); extre... | Wikipedia - Chlorine | null | null | null |
Chlorides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydrochloric acid, and then dehydrated by mildly high temperatures combined with either low pressure or anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas. These methods work best when the chloride product is stable to hydrolysis; otherwise, the po... | Wikipedia - Chlorine | null | null | null |
The second example also involves a reduction in oxidation state, which can also be achieved by reducing a higher chloride using hydrogen or a metal as a reducing agent. This may also be achieved by thermal decomposition or disproportionation as follows: EuCl3 + 1/2 H2 ⟶ EuCl2 + HCl ReCl5 at "bp"⟶ ReCl3 + Cl2 AuCl3 160 ... | Wikipedia - Chlorine | null | null | null |
Nearly all scientific computations involve linear algebra. Consequently, linear algebra algorithms have been highly optimized. BLAS and LAPACK are the best known implementations. For improving efficiency, some of them configure the algorithms automatically, at run time, for adapting them to the specificities of the com... | Wikipedia - Linear Algebra | null | null | null |
Nearly all sequential logic today is clocked or synchronous logic. In a synchronous circuit, an electronic oscillator called a clock (or clock generator) generates a sequence of repetitive pulses called the clock signal which is distributed to all the memory elements in the circuit. The basic memory element in synchron... | Wikipedia - Sequential logic | null | null | null |
The output of all the storage elements (flip-flops) in the circuit at any given time, the binary data they contain, is called the state of the circuit. The state of the synchronous circuit only changes on clock pulses. At each cycle, the next state is determined by the current state and the value of the input signals w... | Wikipedia - Sequential logic | null | null | null |
The main advantage of synchronous logic is its simplicity. The logic gates which perform the operations on the data require a finite amount of time to respond to changes to their inputs. This is called propagation delay. | Wikipedia - Sequential logic | null | null | null |
The interval between clock pulses must be long enough so that all the logic gates have time to respond to the changes and their outputs "settle" to stable logic values before the next clock pulse occurs. As long as this condition is met (ignoring certain other details) the circuit is guaranteed to be stable and reliabl... | Wikipedia - Sequential logic | null | null | null |
Synchronous logic has two main disadvantages: The maximum possible clock rate is determined by the slowest logic path in the circuit, otherwise known as the critical path. Every logical calculation, from the simplest to the most complex, must complete in one clock cycle. So logic paths that complete their calculations ... | Wikipedia - Sequential logic | null | null | null |
Therefore, synchronous logic can be slower than asynchronous logic. One way to speed up synchronous circuits is to split complex operations into several simple operations which can be performed in successive clock cycles, a technique known as pipelining. This technique is extensively used in microprocessor design and h... | Wikipedia - Sequential logic | null | null | null |
The clock signal must be distributed to every flip-flop in the circuit. As the clock is usually a high-frequency signal, this distribution consumes a relatively large amount of power and dissipates much heat. Even the flip-flops that are doing nothing consume a small amount of power, thereby generating waste heat in th... | Wikipedia - Sequential logic | null | null | null |
Nearly all the automatic identification technologies consist of three principal components, which also comprise the sequential steps in AIDC: Data encoder. A code is a set of symbols or signals that usually represent alphanumeric characters. When data are encoded, the characters are translated into machine-readable cod... | Wikipedia - Automatic identification and data capture | null | null | null |
Machine reader or scanner. This device reads the encoded data, converting them to an alternative form, typically an electrical analog signal. Data decoder. This component transforms the electrical signal into digital data and finally back into the original alphanumeric characters. | Wikipedia - Automatic identification and data capture | null | null | null |
Nearly every one of these distinctive characteristics has generated controversy and placed the IMP curriculum right in the middle of the “math wars,” the conflict between those that favor more traditional curricula in mathematics education and the supporters of the reform curricula that were largely an outgrowth of the... | Wikipedia - Interactive Mathematics Program | null | null | null |
The new programs are shy on fundamentals and they also lack the mathematical depth and rigor that promotes greater achievement.” Former NCTM president Frank Allen states, “Trying to organize school mathematics around problem solving instead of using its own internal structure for that purpose … (is destroying) essentia... | Wikipedia - Interactive Mathematics Program | null | null | null |
"It's fun, but it makes you really think," according to Ziouck Gonzalez, a student at Wells High School in Chicago, Illinois. Looking beyond student response, IMP was one of five mathematics education programs designated "exemplary" by the US Education Department in 1999, for "outstanding quality and demonstrated effec... | Wikipedia - Interactive Mathematics Program | null | null | null |
Merlino and Wolff, two such researchers, report that in their several studies IMP students consistently outperformed traditionally taught students on both the math and verbal sections of the PSAT, as well as on the SAT-9. Kramer reported that grade 12 IMP students in his study performed better on all areas of mathemati... | Wikipedia - Interactive Mathematics Program | null | null | null |
After three years of IMP classes, the initial cohort of 134 Taos High School juniors took the state mandated 11th grade Standards Based Assessment (SBA) in April, 2009. The SBA places students in one of four groups: Beginning Steps, Nearing Proficiency, Proficient and Advanced. The test results were compared with the S... | Wikipedia - Interactive Mathematics Program | null | null | null |
The state test placed 53% of the 2009 IMP cohort in the proficient or advanced categories while the 2008 traditional math cohort's proficiency rating was 43% and the 2007 cohort's was 38%; roughly a combined 12% less than the IMP students (p < 0.025). The performance of the 2009 juniors was also analyzed over time. In ... | Wikipedia - Interactive Mathematics Program | null | null | null |
Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. Groups at risk include children in developing countries and elderly with chronic illnesses. In children, it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea and contributes to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Or... | Wikipedia - Zinc supplements | null | null | null |
Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients. While zinc deficiency i... | Wikipedia - Zinc supplements | null | null | null |
For women, 17% consumed less than the EAR, for men 11%. The percentages below EAR increased with age. | Wikipedia - Zinc supplements | null | null | null |
The most recent published update of the survey (NHANES 2013–2014) reported lower averages – 9.3 and 13.2 mg/day – again with intake decreasing with age.Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesi... | Wikipedia - Zinc supplements | null | null | null |
Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soy foods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fibers may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal b... | Wikipedia - Zinc supplements | null | null | null |
Some evidence suggests that more than the US RDA (8 mg/day for adult women; 11 mg/day for adult men) may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidelines attempt to compensate for this by recommending higher zinc intake when dietary phytat... | Wikipedia - Zinc supplements | null | null | null |
The most recent published update of the survey (NHANES 2013–2014) reported lower averages – 9.3 and 13.2 mg/day – again with intake decreasing with age.Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesi... | Wikipedia - Zinc in biology | null | null | null |
Neat submanifold – A submanifold whose boundary equals its intersection with the boundary of the manifold into which it is embedded. | Wikipedia - Glossary of differential geometry and topology | null | null | null |
Neato Robotics was acquired by Vorwerk in 2017. Neato Robotics is now an independent subsidiary located in San Jose, California. The company is known for its line of robotic vacuum cleaners. As of 2020, the company had approximately 130 employees.As of May 2, 2023 the company announced it was shutting down but would co... | Wikipedia - Neato XV-11 | null | null | null |
Neato robot vacuums are known for their D shape, which allows them to vacuum corners.Neato robot vacuums travel in straight lines instead of a random pattern. The robots utilize a laser range finder that scan their surroundings in a full 360° circle, and its SLAM algorithm allow robots to map the room being vacuumed. I... | Wikipedia - Neato XV-11 | null | null | null |
In case the robot is used in a floorplan larger than it can cover with one battery charge, the robot is able to continue cleaning from where it left off the previous session, after recharging its batteries. The company's Botvac Connected series includes Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant and IFTTT technology, supporting vo... | Wikipedia - Neato XV-11 | null | null | null |
Neato's nineteen different models of robotic vacuums are grouped into three groups: the XV series, Botvac, and Botvac Connected. The XV series is Neato's older models, with different model numbers for different colors. There are six versions: the original XV-11 (green), the XV-12 (white, XV-15 in Europe), XV-18 (black,... | Wikipedia - Neato XV-11 | null | null | null |
The original Botvac models were 70e, 75, 80 and 85, and the Botvac 65 designed for Costco. The newer Botvac D series is more powerful, and includes a spiral blade brush. The models are D75, D80, and D85.The company's newest line is the Botvac Connected series, which includes Wi-Fi connectivity, a phone app and Lithium ... | Wikipedia - Neato XV-11 | null | null | null |
Nebivolol is unique as a beta-blocker. Unlike carvedilol, it has a nitric oxide (NO)-potentiating, vasodilatory effect via stimulation of β3 receptors.Nebivolol induces vasodilation by stimulating the production of nitric oxide, a natural blood vessel relaxant. This effect is achieved by activating the endothelial isof... | Wikipedia - Nebivolol | null | null | null |
Nebivolol lowers blood pressure (BP) by reducing peripheral vascular resistance, and significantly increases stroke volume with preservation of cardiac output. The net hemodynamic effect of nebivolol is the result of a balance between the depressant effects of beta-blockade and an action that maintains cardiac output. ... | Wikipedia - Nebivolol | null | null | null |
Nebivolol plasma protein binding is approximately 98%, mostly to albumin and its half-life of low doses is 12 hours in extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers and 19 hours in poor metabolizers. | Wikipedia - Nebivolol | null | null | null |
Nebula Genomics says that it is developing its own blockchain to enforce security and privacy but, despite that, re-identification of people starting from the genetic data could still be possible (DNA itself is a unique identifier), law enforcement could still issue search warrants or subpoena the data and this technol... | Wikipedia - Nebula Genomics | null | null | null |
Necessary conditions for a numerical method to effectively approximate F ( x , y ) = 0 {\displaystyle F(x,y)=0} are that x n → x {\displaystyle x_{n}\rightarrow x} and that F n {\displaystyle F_{n}} behaves like F {\displaystyle F} when n → ∞ {\displaystyle n\rightarrow \infty } . So, a numerical method is called consi... | Wikipedia - Numerical method | null | null | null |
Necessity can only be proven by demonstrating that a system does not work when the piece in question is not active, meaning that it is required for functioning. Biological research uses a variety of techniques to inhibit a structure or genetic player, such as lesions and knockout/deletion. All of these techniques fall ... | Wikipedia - Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency | null | null | null |
Necking commonly arises in both metals and polymers. However, while the phenomenon is caused by the same basic effect in both materials, they tend to have different types of (true) stress-strain curve, such that they should be considered separately in terms of necking behaviour. For metals, the (true) stress tends to r... | Wikipedia - Necking (engineering) | null | null | null |
With polymers, on the other hand, the curve can be more complex. For example, the gradient can in some cases rise sharply with increasing strain, due to the polymer chains becoming aligned as they reorganise during plastic deformation. This can lead to a stable neck. | Wikipedia - Necking (engineering) | null | null | null |
No effect of this type is possible in metals. The figure shows a screenshot from an interactive simulation available on the DoITPoMS educational website. The construction is shown for a (true) stress-strain curve represented by a simple analytical expression (Ludwik-Hollomon). | Wikipedia - Necking (engineering) | null | null | null |
The condition can also be expressed in terms of the nominal strain: d σ T d ε T = d σ T d ε N d ε N d ε T = d σ T d ε N d L / L 0 d L / L = d σ T d ε N L L 0 = d σ T d ε N ( 1 + ε N ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d\sigma _{T}}{d\varepsilon _{T}}}&={\frac {d\sigma _{T}}{d\varepsilon _{N}}}{\frac {d\varepsilon ... | Wikipedia - Necking (engineering) | null | null | null |
Importantly, the condition also corresponds to a peak (plateau) in the nominal stress – nominal strain plot. This can be seen on obtaining the gradient of such a plot by differentiating the expression for σN with respect to εN. σ N = σ T 1 + ε N ∴ d σ N d ε N = d σ T d ε N 1 1 + ε N − σ T ( 1 + ε N ) 2 {\displaystyle {... | Wikipedia - Necking (engineering) | null | null | null |
Since many stress-strain curves are presented as nominal plots, and this is a simple condition that can be identified by visual inspection, it is in many ways the easiest criterion to use to establish the onset of necking. It also corresponds to the “strength” (ultimate tensile stress), at least for metals that do neck... | Wikipedia - Necking (engineering) | null | null | null |
Necking results from an instability during tensile deformation when the cross-sectional area of the sample decreases by a greater proportion than the material strain hardens. Armand Considère published the basic criterion for necking in 1885, in the context of the stability of large scale structures such as bridges. Th... | Wikipedia - Necking (engineering) | null | null | null |
To determine the location of the incipient neck, these fluctuations need only be infinitesimal in magnitude. During plastic tensile deformation the material decreases in cross-sectional area due to the incompressibility of plastic flow. (Not due to the Poisson effect, which is linked to elastic behaviour.) During plast... | Wikipedia - Necking (engineering) | null | null | null |
Nectarivores and ornithophilous flowers often exist in mutualistic guild relationships facilitated by the bird's bill shape, food source, and digestive ability acting in concert with the flower's tube shape and adaptation to pollination by hovering or perching birds. The birds eat nectar using their long, thin bills an... | Wikipedia - Parallel Evolution | null | null | null |
Need to introduce terminology and the setup...Code words look like polynomials. By design, the generator polynomial has consecutive roots αc, αc+1, ..., αc+d−2. Syndromes Error location polynomial Λ ( x ) = ∏ i = 1 ν ( 1 − x X i ) = 1 + ∑ i = 1 ν λ i x i {\displaystyle \Lambda (x)=\prod _{i=1}^{\nu }(1-x\,X_{i})=1+\sum... | Wikipedia - Forney algorithm | null | null | null |
Once the error locations are known, the next step is to determine the error values at those locations. The error values are then used to correct the received values at those locations to recover the original codeword. In the more general case, the error weights ej can be determined by solving the linear system s 0 = e ... | Wikipedia - Forney algorithm | null | null | null |
First calculate the error evaluator polynomial Ω ( x ) = S ( x ) Λ ( x ) ( mod x 2 t ) {\displaystyle \Omega (x)=S(x)\,\Lambda (x){\pmod {x^{2t}}}\,} Where S(x) is the partial syndrome polynomial: S ( x ) = s 0 x 0 + s 1 x 1 + s 2 x 2 + ⋯ + s 2 t − 1 x 2 t − 1 . {\displaystyle S(x)=s_{0}x^{0}+s_{1}x^{1}+s_{2}x^{2}+\cdo... | Wikipedia - Forney algorithm | null | null | null |
Needlestick injuries are the most common accidents among veterinarians, but they are likely underreported. Needlesticks can result in hazardous drug or bloodborne-pathogen exposures. Unlike human medical professionals, veterinarians receive minimal training on safe handling of hazardous drugs in school. | Wikipedia - Exotic animal veterinarian | null | null | null |
Also, a large percentage of veterinarians are women of reproductive age and drug exposures put them at risk of infertility or other adverse health outcomes. Additionally, some antibiotics, steroids, and chemotherapy drugs are known to have negative effects on male fertility. The U.S. | Wikipedia - Exotic animal veterinarian | null | null | null |
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has issued guidance on the safe handling of hazardous drugs for veterinary workers. Animal bites and scratches are another common injury in veterinary practice.The close interactions with animals put veterinarians at increased risk of contracting zoonoses. A systema... | Wikipedia - Exotic animal veterinarian | null | null | null |
Nefazodone is a phenylpiperazine; it is an alpha-phenoxyl derivative of etoperidone which in turn was a derivative of trazodone. | Wikipedia - Nefazodone | null | null | null |
NegaMax operates on the same game trees as those used with the minimax search algorithm. Each node and root node in the tree are game states (such as game board configuration) of a two player game. Transitions to child nodes represent moves available to a player who is about to play from a given node. The negamax searc... | Wikipedia - Negamax | null | null | null |
The pseudocode below shows the negamax base algorithm, with a configurable limit for the maximum search depth: function negamax(node, depth, color) is if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then return color × the heuristic value of node value := −∞ for each child of node do value := max(value, −negamax(child, depth −... | Wikipedia - Negamax | null | null | null |
Only the node's best score is essential with non-root nodes. And a node's best move isn't necessary to retain nor return for non-root nodes. | Wikipedia - Negamax | null | null | null |
What can be confusing is how the heuristic value of the current node is calculated. In this implementation, this value is always calculated from the point of view of player A, whose color value is one. In other words, higher heuristic values always represent situations more favorable for player A. This is the same beha... | Wikipedia - Negamax | null | null | null |
The heuristic value is not necessarily the same as a node's return value due to value negation by negamax and the color parameter. The negamax node's return value is a heuristic score from the point of view of the node's current player. Negamax scores match minimax scores for nodes where player A is about to play, and ... | Wikipedia - Negamax | null | null | null |
Negamax always searches for the maximum value for all its nodes. Hence for player B nodes, the minimax score is a negation of its negamax score. | Wikipedia - Negamax | null | null | null |
Player B is the minimizing player in the minimax equivalent. Variations in negamax implementations may omit the color parameter. In this case, the heuristic evaluation function must return values from the point of view of the node's current player. | Wikipedia - Negamax | null | null | null |
Negation is written not, and can appear in front of any atom in the body of a rule. | Wikipedia - Stratified negation | null | null | null |
Negation normal form Conjunctive normal form Disjunctive normal form Algebraic normal form Prenex normal form Skolem normal form Blake canonical form, also known as the complete sum of prime implicants, the complete sum, or the disjunctive prime form | Wikipedia - Normal form (mathematics) | null | null | null |
Negative coping responses of procrastination tend to be avoidant or emotional rather than task-oriented or focused on problem-solving. Emotional and avoidant coping is employed to reduce stress (and cognitive dissonance) associated with delaying intended and important personal goals. This option provides immediate plea... | Wikipedia - Procrastination | null | null | null |
Coping responses of procrastinators include the following: Avoidance: Avoiding the location or situation where the task takes place. Denial and trivialization: Pretending that procrastinatory behavior is not actually procrastinating, but rather a task which is more important than the avoided one, or that the essential ... | Wikipedia - Procrastination | null | null | null |
Descending counterfactuality: Comparing consequences of one's procrastinatory behavior with others' worse situations. Valorisation: Pointing in satisfaction to what one achieved in the meantime while one should have been doing something else. Blaming: Delusional attributions to external factors, such as rationalizing t... | Wikipedia - Procrastination | null | null | null |
Mocking: Using humor to validate one's procrastination.Task- or problem-solving measures are taxing from a procrastinator's outlook. If such measures are pursued, it is less likely the procrastinator would remain a procrastinator. However, pursuing such measures requires actively changing one's behavior or situation to... | Wikipedia - Procrastination | null | null | null |
In 2006, it was suggested that neuroticism has no direct links to procrastination and that any relationship is fully mediated by conscientiousness. In 1982, it had been suggested that irrationality was an inherent feature of procrastination. "Putting things off even until the last moment isn't procrastination if there ... | Wikipedia - Procrastination | null | null | null |
Negative effects have been observed in prisoners. The behavior of prisoners who spend extensive time in solitude may worsen. Solitude can trigger physiological responses that increase health risks.Negative effects of solitude may also depend on age. Elementary age school children who experience frequent solitude may re... | Wikipedia - Social withdrawal | null | null | null |
This is largely because often, solitude at this age is not the child's choice. Solitude in elementary-age children may occur when they are unsure of how to interact socially, so they prefer to be alone, causing shyness or social rejection. While teenagers are more likely to feel lonely or unhappy when not around others... | Wikipedia - Social withdrawal | null | null | null |
Negative energies and negative energy density are consistent with quantum field theory. | Wikipedia - Negative energy | null | null | null |
Negative events during childhood lead the child to internalize negative events. Just as repeated positive experiences lead the child to develop a positive self image and optimism regarding future events, negative events lead to the development of expectations of hopelessness or even depression when the individual faces... | Wikipedia - Cognitive vulnerability | null | null | null |
Negative feedback occurs when the fed-back output signal has a relative phase of 180° with respect to the input signal (upside down). This situation is sometimes referred to as being out of phase, but that term also is used to indicate other phase separations, as in "90° out of phase". Negative feedback can be used to ... | Wikipedia - Sensory feedback | null | null | null |
Negative imprinting is a feature of some film cameras, in which the date, shutter speed and aperture setting are recorded on the negative directly as the film is exposed. The first known version of this process was patented in the United States in 1975, using half-silvered mirrors to direct the readout of a digital clo... | Wikipedia - Wet film | null | null | null |
The LED display is exposed on the negative at the same time the picture is taken. Digital cameras can often encode all the information in the image file itself. The Exif format is the most commonly used format. | Wikipedia - Wet film | null | null | null |
Negative luminescence is most readily observed in semiconductors. Incoming infrared radiation is absorbed in the material by the creation of an electron–hole pair. An electric field is used to remove the electrons and holes from the region before they have a chance to recombine and re-emit thermal radiation. This effec... | Wikipedia - Negative Luminescence | null | null | null |
Negative luminescence has also been observed in semiconductors in orthogonal electric and magnetic fields. In this case, the junction of a diode is not necessary and the effect can be observed in bulk material. A term that has been applied to this type of negative luminescence is galvanomagnetic luminescence. | Wikipedia - Negative Luminescence | null | null | null |
Negative luminescence might appear to be a violation of Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation. This is not true, as the law only applies in thermal equilibrium. Another term that has been used to describe negative luminescent devices is "Emissivity switch", as an electric current changes the effective emissivity. | Wikipedia - Negative Luminescence | null | null | null |
Negative photoresists are composed of a poly(cis-isoprene) matrix, xylene solvent, and bis-arylazide as the photoactive compound. Negative photoresists react to light by polymerizing. The unexposed portions can be removed by using a developer solution. negative resist has better adhesion and is great for features great... | Wikipedia - Chemistry of photolithography | null | null | null |
Neighbor is a bottom-up clustering method. It takes a distance matrix specifying the distance between each pair of sequences. The algorithm starts with a completely unresolved tree, whose topology corresponds to that of a star network, and iterates over the following steps until the tree is completely resolved and all ... | Wikipedia - Distance matrix | null | null | null |
These taxa are joined to a newly created node, which is connected to the central node. Calculate the distance from each of the taxa in the pair to this new node. Calculate the distance from each of the taxa outside of this pair to the new node. Start the algorithm again, replacing the pair of joined neighbors with the ... | Wikipedia - Distance matrix | null | null | null |
Neighbor joining on a set of n {\displaystyle n} taxa requires n − 3 {\displaystyle n-3} iterations. At each step one has to build and search a Q {\displaystyle Q} matrix. Initially the Q {\displaystyle Q} matrix is size n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} , then the next step it is ( n − 1 ) × ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-... | Wikipedia - Neighbor joining | null | null | null |
Neighbor joining takes a distance matrix, which specifies the distance between each pair of taxa, as input. The algorithm starts with a completely unresolved tree, whose topology corresponds to that of a star network, and iterates over the following steps, until the tree is completely resolved, and all branch lengths a... | Wikipedia - Neighbor joining | null | null | null |
For example, in part (B) of the figure at right, node u is created to join f and g. Calculate the distance from each of the taxa in the pair to this new node. Calculate the distance from each of the taxa outside of this pair to the new node. Start the algorithm again, replacing the pair of joined neighbors with the new... | Wikipedia - Neighbor joining | null | null | null |
Neighborhood: Similar genomic context in different species suggest a similar function of the proteins. Fusion-fission events: Proteins that are fused in some genomes are very likely to be functionally linked (as in other genomes where the genes are not fused). Occurrence: Proteins that have a similar function or an occ... | Wikipedia - STRING | null | null | null |
Neighborhoods and topologies The neighborhood filter of a nonempty subset S ⊆ X {\displaystyle S\subseteq X} in a topological space X {\displaystyle X} is equal to the intersection of all neighborhood filters of all points in S . {\displaystyle S.} A subset S ⊆ X {\displaystyle S\subseteq X} is open in X {\displaystyle... | Wikipedia - Filter (topology) | null | null | null |
Suppose σ and τ {\displaystyle \sigma {\text{ and }}\tau } are topologies on X . {\displaystyle X.} Then τ {\displaystyle \tau } is finer than σ {\displaystyle \sigma } (that is, σ ⊆ τ {\displaystyle \sigma \subseteq \tau } ) if and only if whenever x ∈ X and B {\displaystyle x\in X{\text{ and }}{\mathcal {B}}} is a fi... | Wikipedia - Filter (topology) | null | null | null |
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