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Natural hybridisation presents a challenge to the concept of a reproductively isolated species, as fertile hybrids permit gene flow between two populations. For example, the carrion crow Corvus corone and the hooded crow Corvus cornix appear and are classified as separate species, yet they can hybridise where their geo... | Wikipedia - Ecological species | null | null | null |
Natural join (⋈) is a binary operator that is written as (R ⋈ S) where R and S are relations. The result of the natural join is the set of all combinations of tuples in R and S that are equal on their common attribute names. For an example consider the tables Employee and Dept and their natural join: Note that neither ... | Wikipedia - Join (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
For example, the composition of Employee and Dept is their join as shown above, projected on all but the common attribute DeptName. In category theory, the join is precisely the fiber product. The natural join is arguably one of the most important operators since it is the relational counterpart of the logical AND oper... | Wikipedia - Join (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
Note that if the same variable appears in each of two predicates that are connected by AND, then that variable stands for the same thing and both appearances must always be substituted by the same value (this is a consequence of the idempotence of the logical AND). In particular, natural join allows the combination of ... | Wikipedia - Join (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
This works because the foreign key holds between attributes with the same name. If this is not the case such as in the foreign key from Dept.Manager to Employee.Name then these columns must be renamed before taking the natural join. Such a join is sometimes also referred to as an equijoin (see θ-join). | Wikipedia - Join (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
More formally the semantics of the natural join are defined as follows: where Fun(t) is a predicate that is true for a relation t (in the mathematical sense) iff t is a function (that is, t does not map any attribute to multiple values). It is usually required that R and S must have at least one common attribute, but i... | Wikipedia - Join (relational algebra) | null | null | null |
Natural language formalization starts with a sentence in natural language and translates it into a logical formula. Its goal is to make the logical structure of natural language sentences and arguments explicit. It is mainly concerned with their logical form while their specific content is usually ignored. Logical anal... | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
Natural language formalization makes it possible to use formal logic to analyze and evaluate natural language arguments. This is especially relevant for complex arguments, which are often difficult to evaluate without formal tools. Logic translation can also be used to look for new arguments and thereby guide the reaso... | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
The reverse process of formalization is sometimes called "verbalization". It happens when logical formulas are translated back into natural language. This process is less nuanced and discussions concerning the relation between natural language and logic usually focus on the problem of formalization.The success of appli... | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
A formalization is correct if its explicit logical features fit the implicit logical features of the original sentence. The logical form of ordinary language sentences is often not obvious since there are many differences between natural languages and the formal languages used by logicians. | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
This poses various difficulties for formalization. For example, ordinary expressions frequently include vague and ambiguous expressions. For this reason, the validity of an argument often depends not just on the expressions themselves but also on how they are interpreted. | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
For example, the sentence "donkeys have ears" could mean that all donkeys (without exception) have ears or that donkeys typically have ears. The second translation does not exclude the existence of some donkeys without ears. This difference matters for whether a universal quantifier can be used to translate the sentenc... | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
Such ambiguities are not found in the precise formulations of artificial logical languages and have to be solved before translation is possible.The problem of natural language formalization has various implications for the sciences and humanities, especially for the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and compute... | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
If logic is understood as the theory of valid inferences in general then formalization plays a central role in it since many of these inferences are formulated in ordinary language. Logic translation is needed to link formal systems of logic to arguments expressed in ordinary language. A related claim is that all logic... | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
One difficulty in this regard is that logic is usually understood as a formal science, but a theory of its relation to empirical matters pertaining to ordinary languages goes beyond this purely formal conception. For this reason, some theorists like Georg Brun identify a pure branch of logic and contrast it with applie... | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
For example, Michael Baumgartner and Timm Lampert hold that "there are no informal fallacies" but only "misunderstanding of informal arguments expressed by inadequate formalizations". This position is rejected by Jaroslav Peregrin and Vladimír Svoboda, who argue that informal reasoning is not always accurate and may be... | Wikipedia - Logic translation | null | null | null |
Natural language processing algorithms personalized medicine for patients who suffer genetic diseases, by combining the extraction of clinical information and genomic data available from the patients. Institutes such as Health-funded Pharmacogenomics Research Network focus on finding breast cancer treatments.Precision ... | Wikipedia - Machine learning in bioinformatics | null | null | null |
Natural language processing deals with getting computers to understand human (natural) languages at a high level. This usually means text, but also often includes speech processing and recognition. | Wikipedia - Information engineering | null | null | null |
Natural language processing tool available for computation of LI-RADS assessment category from the findings recorded in the textual radiology reports (documented without LI-RADS template) which may enable standardizing screening recommendations and treatment planning of patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma by ... | Wikipedia - LI-RADS | null | null | null |
Natural mode is characterised by subjective effect of balance of different frequency sounds, regardless of level of distortion, appearing in the reproduction device. It is also regardless of personal user's ability to perceive specific sound frequencies (excluding obvious hearing loss). The natural effect is obtained d... | Wikipedia - Digital Audio Player | null | null | null |
The factor is determined with the help of integrated function to test audibility threshold: the program generates tone signals (with divergent oscillations – from minimum volume 30–45 Hz to maximum volume appr. 16 kHz), and user assess their subjective audibility. | Wikipedia - Digital Audio Player | null | null | null |
The principle is similar to in situ audiometry, used in medicine to prescribe a hearing aid. However, the results of test may be used to a limited extent as far as FRF of sound devices depends on reproduction volume. It means correction coefficient should be determined several times – for various signal strengths, whic... | Wikipedia - Digital Audio Player | null | null | null |
Natural numbers can be considered either as finite ordinals or finite cardinals. Here consider them as finite cardinal numbers. This is the first place where a major difference between the implementations in ZFC and NFU becomes evident. The Axiom of Infinity of ZFC tells us that there is a set A which contains ∅ {\disp... | Wikipedia - Mathematical formalization | null | null | null |
This set A is not uniquely determined (it can be made larger while preserving this closure property): the set N of natural numbers is { x ∈ A ∣ ∀ B ( ∅ ∈ B ∧ ∀ y ( y ∈ B → y ∪ { y } ∈ B ) → x ∈ B ) } {\displaystyle \{x\in A\mid \forall B\,(\emptyset \in B\wedge \forall y\,(y\in B\rightarrow y\cup \{y\}\in B)\rightarrow... | Wikipedia - Mathematical formalization | null | null | null |
The usual operations of arithmetic can be defined recursively and in a style very similar to that in which the set of natural numbers itself is defined. For example, + (the addition operation on natural numbers) can be defined as the smallest set which contains ( ( x , ∅ ) , x ) {\displaystyle ((x,\emptyset ),x)} for e... | Wikipedia - Mathematical formalization | null | null | null |
The standard definition of the natural numbers, which is actually the oldest set-theoretic definition of natural numbers, is as equivalence classes of finite sets under equinumerousness. Essentially the same definition is appropriate to NFU (this is not the usual definition, but the results are the same): define Fin, t... | Wikipedia - Mathematical formalization | null | null | null |
The Axiom of Infinity of NFU can be expressed as V ∉ F i n {\displaystyle V\not \in Fin}: this is enough to establish that each natural number has a nonempty successor (the successor of | A | {\displaystyle |A|} being | A ∪ { x } | {\displaystyle |A\cup \{x\}|} for any x ∉ A {\displaystyle x\not \in A} ) which is the h... | Wikipedia - Mathematical formalization | null | null | null |
More formally, define m+n for m and n in N as { A ∣ ∃ B , C ( B ∈ m ∧ C ∈ n ∧ B ∩ C = ∅ ∧ A = B ∪ C ) } {\displaystyle \{A\mid \exists B,C\,(B\in m\wedge C\in n\wedge B\cap C=\emptyset \wedge A=B\cup C)\}} (But note that this style of definition is feasible for the ZFC numerals as well, but more circuitous: the form of... | Wikipedia - Mathematical formalization | null | null | null |
Natural or engineered microorganisms must be created or discovered that can withstand the harsh environments of Mars. The first organisms used must be able to survive exposure to ionizing radiation and the high concentration of CO2 present in the Martian atmosphere. Later organisms such as multicellular plants must be ... | Wikipedia - Planetary Engineering | null | null | null |
They are self-replicating, negating the needs to either transport or manufacture large machinery to the surface of Mars. They can also perform complicated chemical reactions with little maintenance to realize planet-scale terraforming.Mars is the primary subject of discussion for seeding. Locations for seeding are chos... | Wikipedia - Planetary Engineering | null | null | null |
Natural parametrization is the parametrization by length. Net. A subset S of a metric space X is called ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } -net if for any point in X there is a point in S on the distance ≤ ϵ {\displaystyle \leq \epsilon } . This is distinct from topological nets which generalize limits. | Wikipedia - Injectivity radius | null | null | null |
Nilmanifold: An element of the minimal set of manifolds which includes a point, and has the following property: any oriented S 1 {\displaystyle S^{1}} -bundle over a nilmanifold is a nilmanifold. It also can be defined as a factor of a connected nilpotent Lie group by a lattice. Normal bundle: associated to an imbeddin... | Wikipedia - Injectivity radius | null | null | null |
Natural processes result in broad variations in the D/H ratio found in different pools of hydrogen. Kinetic isotope effects and physical changes such as precipitation and evaporation lead to these observed variations. Ocean water varies slightly, between 0 and −10 per mil, while atmospheric water can be found to vary b... | Wikipedia - Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
Natural processes that generate nitrous oxide may be classified as nitrification and denitrification. Specifically, they include: aerobic autotrophic nitrification, the stepwise oxidation of ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO−2) and to nitrate (NO−3) anaerobic heterotrophic denitrification, the stepwise reduction of NO−3 to ... | Wikipedia - Nitrous Oxide | null | null | null |
Natural products chemistry is a distinct area of chemical research which was important in the development and history of chemistry. Isolating and identifying natural products has been important to source substances for early preclinical drug discovery research, to understand traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology, ... | Wikipedia - Natural product | null | null | null |
In addition, natural products are prepared by organic synthesis, to provide confirmation of their structure, or to give access to larger quantities of natural products of interest. In this process, the structure of some natural products have been revised, and the challenge of synthesising natural products has led to th... | Wikipedia - Natural product | null | null | null |
Natural products containing acid anhydrides have been isolated from animals, bacteria and fungi. Examples include cantharidin from species of blister beetle, including the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria, and tautomycin, from the bacterium Streptomyces spiroverticillatus. The maleidride family of fungal secondary metabo... | Wikipedia - Carboxylic anhydride | null | null | null |
Natural proteins can be engineered, for example, by directed evolution, novel protein structures that match or improve on the functionality of existing proteins can be produced. One group generated a helix bundle that was capable of binding oxygen with similar properties as hemoglobin, yet did not bind carbon monoxide.... | Wikipedia - Artificial lifeform | null | null | null |
Novel functionalities or protein specificity can also be engineered using computational approaches. One study was able to use two different computational methods: a bioinformatics and molecular modeling method to mine sequence databases, and a computational enzyme design method to reprogram enzyme specificity. Both met... | Wikipedia - Artificial lifeform | null | null | null |
Excluding stop codons, 61 codons have been identified, but only 20 amino acids are coded generally in all organisms. Certain codons are engineered to code for alternative amino acids including: nonstandard amino acids such as O-methyl tyrosine; or exogenous amino acids such as 4-fluorophenylalanine. Typically, these pr... | Wikipedia - Artificial lifeform | null | null | null |
Limited protein sequence libraries are made by generating proteins where groups of amino acids may be replaced by a single amino acid. For instance, several non-polar amino acids within a protein can all be replaced with a single non-polar amino acid. One project demonstrated that an engineered version of Chorismate mu... | Wikipedia - Artificial lifeform | null | null | null |
These synthesized enzymes aim to improve products such as detergents and lactose-free dairy products, as well as make them more cost effective. The improvements of metabolic engineering by synthetic biology is an example of a biotechnological technique utilized in industry to discover pharmaceuticals and fermentive che... | Wikipedia - Artificial lifeform | null | null | null |
Natural radioactivity is the spontaneous decay of the atoms of certain isotopes into other isotopes. If the resultant isotope is not stable, it undergoes further decay until a stable isotope forms. The decay process is usually accompanied by emissions of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. | Wikipedia - Formation evaluation gamma ray | null | null | null |
Natural gamma ray radiation is one form of spontaneous radiation emitted by unstable nuclei. Gamma (γ) radiation may be considered either as an electromagnetic wave similar to visible light or X-rays, or as a particle of photon. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiations emitted from an atomic nucleus during radioactive... | Wikipedia - Formation evaluation gamma ray | null | null | null |
Natural resin is a complex composition of components such as resin acids, lignans and coumaric acid. The levels of these components are dependent on what type of coniferous tree resin it is and when it is collected i.e. fresh physiological resin or matured resin collected from trunk of the treeIn vitro studies have sho... | Wikipedia - Coniferous resin salve | null | null | null |
Spruce resin affects both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Reducing the bacterial and fungal contamination of the wound is generally known to improve the wound healing. In clinical tests, (Abilar 10%®) Resin salve has shown to improve wound healing and reduce pain on various wounds including pressure ulcers, c... | Wikipedia - Coniferous resin salve | null | null | null |
Natural selection is the variation in successful survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularized the term "natural selection", contrasting it with ... | Wikipedia - Success | null | null | null |
The concept was simple but powerful: individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce. As long as there is some variation between them and that variation is heritable, there will be an inevitable selection of individuals with the most advantageous variations. If the variations are... | Wikipedia - Success | null | null | null |
Natural selection, introduced in 1859 as the central mechanism of evolution by Charles Darwin, is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. The mechanism directly implies evolution, a change in heritable traits of a population over time. | Wikipedia - Teleology in biology | null | null | null |
Natural signals lie in a high-dimensional space. For example, the dimension of a 1024-by-1024 image is about 106, which is far too high for most signal processing algorithms. One way to get rid of the high dimensionality is to find a set of basis functions, such that the high-dimensional signal can be represented by on... | Wikipedia - K q-flats | null | null | null |
In the literature, wavelet transform is usually used in image processing, and fourier transform is usually used in audio processing. The set of basis functions is usually called a dictionary. However, it is not clear what is the best dictionary to use once given a signal data set. | Wikipedia - K q-flats | null | null | null |
One popular approach is to find a dictionary when given a data set using the idea of Sparse Dictionary Learning. It aims to find a dictionary, such that the signal can be sparsely represented by the dictionary. | Wikipedia - K q-flats | null | null | null |
The optimization problem can be written as follows. where X is a d-by-N matrix. Each columns of X represent a signal, and there are total N signals. | Wikipedia - K q-flats | null | null | null |
B is a d-by-l matrix. Each columns of B represent a basis function, and there are total l basis functions in the dictionary. R is a l-by-N matrix. | Wikipedia - K q-flats | null | null | null |
R i {\displaystyle R_{i}} (i-th columns of R) represent the coefficients when we use the dictionary B to represent the i-th columns of X. ‖ v ‖ 0 {\displaystyle \|v\|_{0}} denotes the zero-norm of the vector v. ‖ V ‖ F {\displaystyle \|V\|_{F}} denotes the Frobenius norm of matrix V.The idea of k q-flats algorithm is s... | Wikipedia - K q-flats | null | null | null |
If we restrict the q-flat to q-dimensional subspace, then the k q-flats algorithm is simply finding the closed q-dimensional subspace to a given signal. Sparse dictionary learning is also doing the same thing, except for an additional constraints on the sparsity of the representation. Mathematically, it is possible to ... | Wikipedia - K q-flats | null | null | null |
Then the projection of the signal x to the k-th flat is B k r k {\displaystyle B_{k}r_{k}} , where r k {\displaystyle r_{k}} is a q-dimensional coefficient. Let B = {\displaystyle B=} denote concatenation of basis of K flats, it is easy to show that the k q-flat algorithm is the same as the following. The block struct... | Wikipedia - K q-flats | null | null | null |
Natural sources of iodine include many marine organisms, such as kelp and certain seafood products, as well as plants grown on iodine-rich soil. Iodized salt is fortified with iodine. According to a Food Fortification Initiative 2016 report, 130 countries have mandatory iodine fortification of salt and an additional 10... | Wikipedia - Iodine in biology | null | null | null |
Natural thorium decays very slowly compared to many other radioactive materials, and the emitted alpha radiation cannot penetrate human skin. As a result, handling small amounts of thorium, such as those in gas mantles, is considered safe, although the use of such items may pose some risks. Exposure to an aerosol of th... | Wikipedia - Thorium | null | null | null |
Although relatively little of those products are created as the result of the slow decay of thorium, a proper assessment of the radiological toxicity of 232Th must include the contribution of its daughters, some of which are dangerous gamma emitters, and which are built up quickly following the initial decay of 232Th d... | Wikipedia - Thorium | null | null | null |
Natural uranium ore deposits serve as proof of concept for stability of radioactive elements in geological formations — Cigar Lake Mine for example is a natural deposit of highly concentrated uranium ore located under sandstone and quartz layer at depth of 450 m that is 1 billion years old with no radioactive leaks to ... | Wikipedia - Geologic repository | null | null | null |
Natural vanillin is extracted from the seed pods of Vanilla planifolia, a vining orchid native to Mexico, but now grown in tropical areas around the globe. Madagascar is presently the largest producer of natural vanillin. As harvested, the green seed pods contain vanillin in the form of its β-D-glucoside; the green pod... | Wikipedia - Vanillin | null | null | null |
Then, for 1–2 weeks, the pods are alternately sunned and sweated: during the day they are laid out in the sun, and each night wrapped in cloth and packed in airtight boxes to sweat. During this process, the pods become dark brown, and enzymes in the pod release vanillin as the free molecule. Finally, the pods are dried... | Wikipedia - Vanillin | null | null | null |
Naturalisation is sometimes done with human help in order to replace another species having suffered directly or indirectly from anthropogenic activities, or deemed less profitable for human use.Some naturalised species eventually become invasive. For example, the European rabbit, native to Europe and which abounds in ... | Wikipedia - Naturalized species | null | null | null |
Naturally occurring Ostracods in freshwater bodies are impacted by changes in salinity and pH due to human activities. Analysis of Ostracod shells in sediment columns show the changes brought about by farming and habitation activities. This record can be correlated with age dating techniques to help identify changes in... | Wikipedia - Archaeological geology | null | null | null |
Naturally occurring form of the acid is dextro tartaric acid or L-(+)-tartaric acid (obsolete name d-tartaric acid). Because it is available naturally, it is cheaper than its enantiomer and the meso isomer. The dextro and levo prefixes are archaic terms. | Wikipedia - Wine Diamonds | null | null | null |
Modern textbooks refer to the natural form as (2R,3R)-tartaric acid (L-(+)-tartaric acid), and its enantiomer as (2S,3S)-tartaric acid (D-(-)-tartaric acid). The meso diastereomer is referred to as (2R,3S)-tartaric acid or (2S,3R)-tartaric acid. Dextro and levo form monoclinic sphenoidal crystals and orthorhombic cryst... | Wikipedia - Wine Diamonds | null | null | null |
Racemic tartaric acid forms monoclinic and triclinic crystals (space group P1). Anhydrous meso tartaric acid form two anhydrous polymorphs: triclinic and orthorhombic. Monohydrated meso tartaric acid crystallizes as monoclinic and triclinic polymorphys depending on the temperature at which crystallization from aqueous ... | Wikipedia - Wine Diamonds | null | null | null |
Naturally occurring iron has four stable isotopes, 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe. Stable iron isotopes are described as the relative abundance of each of the stable isotopes with respect to 54Fe. The standard for iron is elemental iron, IRMM-014, and it is distributed by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measureme... | Wikipedia - Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
Naturally occurring perylene quinones have been identified in lichens Laurera sanguinaria Malme and Graphis haematites Fée. == References == | Wikipedia - Perylene | null | null | null |
Naturally regenerating forest Planted forest Plantation forest and other planted forest Plantations of introduced species Primary forest Mangroves Bamboo Rubber plantations | Wikipedia - Global Forest Resources Assessment | null | null | null |
Naturally, data clumps can exist in any object-oriented programming language. The example below was chosen simply because of its simplicity in scope and syntax. | Wikipedia - Data Clump (Code Smell) | null | null | null |
Naturally, the patterns can not be enumerated finitely in this case. They are represented usually by a regular grammar or regular expression. | Wikipedia - String searching | null | null | null |
Nature of Science education refers to the study of how science is a human initiative, how it interacts with society, what scientists do, how scientific knowledge is built up and exchanged, how it evolves, how it is used. It stresses the empirical nature and the different methods used in science. The goals of Nature of ... | Wikipedia - Scientific education | null | null | null |
Nature-inspired metaheuristics in general have attracted criticism in the research community for hiding their lack of novelty behind metaphors. The firefly algorithm has been criticized as differing from the well-established particle swarm optimization only in a negligible way. | Wikipedia - Firefly algorithm | null | null | null |
Nau et al. present a generalization of branch and bound that also subsumes the A*, B* and alpha-beta search algorithms. | Wikipedia - Branch-and-bound algorithm | null | null | null |
Nautical charts are based on hydrographic surveys and bathymetric surveys. As surveying is laborious and time-consuming, hydrographic data for many areas of sea may be dated and are sometimes unreliable. Depths are measured in a variety of ways. Historically the sounding line was used. | Wikipedia - Nautical chart | null | null | null |
In modern times, echo sounding is used for measuring the seabed in the open sea. When measuring the safe depth of water over an entire obstruction, such as a shipwreck, the minimum depth is checked by sweeping the area with a length of horizontal wire. This ensures that difficult to find projections, such as masts, do ... | Wikipedia - Nautical chart | null | null | null |
Navicache.com started as a regional listing service in 2001. While many of the website's listings have been posted to other sites, it also offers unique listings. The website lists nearly any type of geocache and does not charge to access any of the caches listed in its database. All submissions are reviewed and approv... | Wikipedia - Geocaching | null | null | null |
In 2012 it was announced that Navicache was under transition to new owners, who said they "plan to develop a site that geocachers want, with rules that geocachers think are suitable. Geocaching.com and OX are both backed by large enterprises, and while that means they have more funding and people, we're a much smaller ... | Wikipedia - Geocaching | null | null | null |
Navigational access is traditionally associated with the network model and hierarchical model of database, and conventionally describes data manipulation APIs in which records (or objects) are processed one at a time, iteratively. The essential characteristic as described by Bachman, however, is finding records by virt... | Wikipedia - Navigational database | null | null | null |
Most criticisms of navigational APIs fall into one of two categories: Usability: application code quickly becomes unreadable and difficult to debug Data independence: application code needs to change whenever the data structure changesFor many years the primary defence of navigational APIs was performance. Database sys... | Wikipedia - Navigational database | null | null | null |
It is quite possible to implement navigational APIs without low-level pointer chasing (Bachman's paper envisaged logical relationships being implemented just as in relational systems, using primary keys and foreign keys), so the two ideas should not be conflated. But without the performance benefits of low-level pointe... | Wikipedia - Navigational database | null | null | null |
Such composite identifiers are found in computer file names (/usr/david/docs/index.txt), in URIs, in the Dewey decimal system, and for that matter in postal addresses. Such a composite key can be considered as representing a navigational path to a record; but equally, it can be considered as a simple primary key allowi... | Wikipedia - Navigational database | null | null | null |
As relational systems came to prominence in the 1980s, navigational APIs (and in particular, procedural APIs) were criticized and fell out of favour. The 1990s, however, brought a new wave of object-oriented databases that often provided both declarative and procedural interfaces. One explanation for this is that they ... | Wikipedia - Navigational database | null | null | null |
A current example of a popular navigational API can be found in the Document Object Model (DOM) often used in web browsers and closely associated with JavaScript. The DOM is essentially an in-memory hierarchical database with an API that is both procedural and navigational. By contrast, the same data (XML or HTML) can ... | Wikipedia - Navigational database | null | null | null |
Nawr ḥadīqat al-abṣar wa-nūr ḥaqīqat al-Anẓar was a work of Taqī al-Dīn that discussed physics and optics. This book discussed the structure of light, the relationship between light and color, as well as diffusion and global refraction. | Wikipedia - Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf | null | null | null |
Naïve application of dimension counting and Bézout's theorem yields incorrect results, as the following example shows. In response to these problems, algebraic geometers introduced vague "fudge factors", which were only rigorously justified decades later. As an example, count the conic sections tangent to five given li... | Wikipedia - Clemens conjecture | null | null | null |
The conics constitute a projective space of dimension 5, taking their six coefficients as homogeneous coordinates, and five points determine a conic, if the points are in general linear position, as passing through a given point imposes a linear condition. Similarly, tangency to a given line L (tangency is intersection... | Wikipedia - Clemens conjecture | null | null | null |
In fact each such quadric contains the Veronese surface, which parametrizes the conics (aX + bY + cZ)2 = 0called 'double lines'. This is because a double line intersects every line in the plane, since lines in the projective plane intersect, with multiplicity two because it is doubled, and thus satisfies the same inter... | Wikipedia - Clemens conjecture | null | null | null |
But the relevant quadrics here are not in general position. From 32, 31 must be subtracted and attributed to the Veronese, to leave the correct answer (from the point of view of geometry), namely 1. This process of attributing intersections to 'degenerate' cases is a typical geometric introduction of a 'fudge factor'. ... | Wikipedia - Clemens conjecture | null | null | null |
Nd:YAG lasers are frequently used to build optical tweezers for biological applications. This is because Nd:YAG lasers mostly emit at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Biological samples have a low absorption coefficient at this wavelength, as biological samples are usually mostly made up of water. As such, using an Nd:YAG lase... | Wikipedia - Nd:YAG laser | null | null | null |
NdeI is a specific Type II restriction enzyme that cuts open specific target sequences, unlike exonucleases. This enzyme is used in gene cloning to cut open reading frames in the plasmid of certain bacteria such as E. coli and insert a foreign gene, such as the gfpuv gene that codes for bio fluorescence of the jelly fi... | Wikipedia - NdeI | null | null | null |
Note however that NdeI generates only a two-base overhang and therefore has a lower melting temperature than other restriction enzymes that generate a four-base overhang. It has a lower ligation efficiency, since ligation is affected by the ability of the ends to anneal and a two-base overhang has a significantly lower... | Wikipedia - NdeI | null | null | null |
Neal's vision was to combine modern advances in science together with elegant yet practical mathematical methods. In his first two decades as department head of chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota, Amundson hired several chemists, mathematicians, and chemical engineers. He encouraged young faculty to ex... | Wikipedia - Neal Amundson | null | null | null |
In two decades, he hired several faculty that would become leaders of chemical engineering and materials science; these diverse individuals were then combined into a coherent program bound by his philosophy for team teaching and collaborative research. Neal was famous for stating, "I never hired anybody if I thought I ... | Wikipedia - Neal Amundson | null | null | null |
Neal Amundson has been called the "father of modern chemical engineering" to recognize his invigoration of chemical engineering with mathematics and emerging research fields. His work has impacted multiple generations of students, including his mentoring of 52 PhD students throughout his career. As of 2006, Neal Amunds... | Wikipedia - Neal Amundson | null | null | null |
Near the end of a rigid pavement's service life, a decision must be made to either fully reconstruct the worn pavement, or construct an overlay layer. Considering an overlay can be constructed on a rigid pavement that has not reached the end of its service life, it is often more economically attractive to apply overlay... | Wikipedia - Flexible pavement | null | null | null |
Near the end of his life, Richard Feynman gave a series of lectures on QED intended for the lay public. These lectures were transcribed and published as Feynman (1985), QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, a classic non-mathematical exposition of QED from the point of view articulated below. The key components ... | Wikipedia - Quantum electrodynamic | null | null | null |
An electron goes from one place and time to another place and time. An electron emits or absorbs a photon at a certain place and time.These actions are represented in the form of visual shorthand by the three basic elements of Feynman diagrams: a wavy line for the photon, a straight line for the electron and a junction... | Wikipedia - Quantum electrodynamic | null | null | null |
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