text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
The Quran was revealed during the Night of Power, the most significant night according to Islam. Muhammad made his famous journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and then to heaven in the night. Another prophet, Abraham, came to realize the supreme being in charge of the universe at night. People who prefer nocturnal activity ... | Wikipedia - Night | null | null | null |
Nikander et al. insist that some data sets are anti-rivalrous. This claim rests on three observations: It's cheaper to share than exchange data, because exchange requires erasing in addition to transferring data. If the cost of copying is negligible, then the Pareto optimal allocation of any such data set is (near) uni... | Wikipedia - Anti-rival good | null | null | null |
Niko Tinbergen argued that ethology always needed to include four kinds of explanation in any instance of behaviour: Function – How does the behaviour affect the animal's chances of survival and reproduction? Why does the animal respond that way instead of some other way? Causation – What are the stimuli that elicit th... | Wikipedia - Animal behavior | null | null | null |
Development – How does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the animal to display the behaviour? Evolutionary history – How does the behaviour compare with similar behaviour in related species, and how might it have begun through the process of phylogeny?These explanations are com... | Wikipedia - Animal behavior | null | null | null |
Nile blue (or Nile blue A) stains nuclei blue. It may be used with living cells. | Wikipedia - Cell staining | null | null | null |
Nile red (also known as Nile blue oxazone) is formed by boiling Nile blue with sulfuric acid. This produces a mix of Nile red and Nile blue. Nile red is a lipophilic stain; it will accumulate in lipid globules inside cells, staining them red. Nile red can be used with living cells. It fluoresces strongly when partition... | Wikipedia - Vital dye | null | null | null |
Nim has support for product types via the object type, and for sum types via object variants: raw representations of tagged unions, with an enumerated type tag that must be safely matched upon before fields of variants can be accessed. These types can be composed algebraically. Structural pattern matching is available,... | Wikipedia - Nim (programming language) | null | null | null |
Nimble-footed mice are herbivorous and are commonly found in areas dominated by trees, with a typical population density of 16 to 41/ha (6.5 to 16.6/acre). Known predators include barn owls and mottled owls. They breed two or three times a year, probably without any distinct breeding season. == References == | Wikipedia - Nimble-footed mouse | null | null | null |
Nimbus Data develops flash memory solutions. Customers include eBay, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Digital River, Raytheon, Citrix Systems, Lockheed Martin, WWE, and DreamWorks. The company was rumored to have deals with Apple Inc. and Thomson Reuters. The privately held company is led by CEO and founder Thomas Isakov... | Wikipedia - Nimbus Data | null | null | null |
Nimodipine contains a stereocenter and can exist as either of two enantiomers. The pharmaceutical drug is a racemate, an equal mixture of the (R)- and (S)- forms. | Wikipedia - Nimodipine | null | null | null |
Nimrod Megiddo studied the 1-center problem extensively and published on it at least five times in the 1980s. In 1983, he proposed a "prune and search" algorithm which finds the optimum bounding sphere and runs in linear time if the dimension is fixed as a constant. When the dimension d {\displaystyle d} is taken into ... | Wikipedia - Bounding sphere | null | null | null |
The expected running time of Welzl’s algorithm is O ( ( d + 1 ) ( d + 1 ) ! n ) {\displaystyle O((d+1)(d+1)!n)} , which again reduces to O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} for any fixed dimension d {\displaystyle d} . The paper provides experimental results demonstrating its practicality in higher dimensions. A more recent d... | Wikipedia - Bounding sphere | null | null | null |
Nine different categories of features, or layers, are available in DLGs: Public Land Survey System (PLSS), Boundaries (BD), Transportation (TR), Hydrography (HY), Hypsography (HP), Non-vegetative features (NV), Survey control and markers (SM), Man-made features (MS) and Vegetative surface cover (SC). Large-scale DLGs o... | Wikipedia - Digital line graph | null | null | null |
Nine is the fourth composite number, and the first composite number that is odd. Nine is the third square number (32), and the second non-unitary square prime of the form p2, and, the first that is odd, with all subsequent squares of this form odd as well. Nine has the even aliquot sum of 4, and with a composite number... | Wikipedia - 9 | null | null | null |
By Mihăilescu's theorem, 9 is the only positive perfect power that is one more than another positive perfect power, since the square of 3 is one more than the cube of 2.9 is the sum of the cubes of the first two non-zero positive integers 1 3 + 2 3 {\displaystyle 1^{3}+2^{3}} which makes it the first cube-sum number gr... | Wikipedia - 9 | null | null | null |
+ 2 ! + 3 ! {\displaystyle 1!+2!+3!} | Wikipedia - 9 | null | null | null |
and equal to the third exponential factorial, since 9 = 3 2 1 . {\displaystyle 9=3^{2^{1}}.} Nine is the number of derangements of 4, or the number of permutations of four elements with no fixed points.9 is the fourth refactorable number, as it has exactly three positive divisors, and 3 is one of them.A number that is ... | Wikipedia - 9 | null | null | null |
The first non-trivial magic square is a 3 {\displaystyle 3} x 3 {\displaystyle 3} magic square made of nine cells, with a magic constant of 15. Meanwhile, a 9 {\displaystyle 9} x 9 {\displaystyle 9} magic square has a magic constant of 369.A polygon with nine sides is called a nonagon. Since 9 can be written in the for... | Wikipedia - 9 | null | null | null |
There are a maximum of nine semiregular Archimedean tilings by convex regular polygons, when including chiral forms of the snub hexagonal tiling. There are nine uniform edge-transitive convex polyhedra in three dimensions: the five regular Platonic solids: the tetrahedron, octahedron, cube, dodecahedron and icosahedron... | Wikipedia - 9 | null | null | null |
In four-dimensional space, there are nine paracompact hyperbolic honeycomb Coxeter groups, as well as nine regular compact hyperbolic honeycombs from regular convex and star polychora. There are also nine uniform demitesseractic ( D 4 {\displaystyle \mathrm {D} _{4}} ) Euclidean honeycombs in the fourth dimension. Ther... | Wikipedia - 9 | null | null | null |
The ninth dimension is also the final dimension that contains Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams as uniform solutions in hyperbolic space. Inclusive of compact hyperbolic solutions, there are a total of 238 compact and paracompact Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams between dimensions two and nine, or equivalently between ranks three and ten... | Wikipedia - 9 | null | null | null |
Nineteenth century "armchair anthropologists" were concerned with the basic question of how religion originated in human history. In the twentieth century their conjectural histories were replaced with new concerns around the question of what these beliefs and practices did for societies, regardless of their origin. In... | Wikipedia - Ritual action | null | null | null |
Radcliffe-Brown, in contrast, looked for the function (purpose) of the institution or custom in preserving or maintaining society as a whole. They thus disagreed about the relationship of anxiety to ritual. Malinowski argued that ritual was a non-technical means of addressing anxiety about activities where dangerous el... | Wikipedia - Ritual action | null | null | null |
Radcliffe-Brown in contrast, saw ritual as an expression of common interest symbolically representing a community, and that anxiety was felt only if the ritual was not performed. George C. Homans sought to resolve these opposing theories by differentiating between "primary anxieties" felt by people who lack the techniq... | Wikipedia - Ritual action | null | null | null |
Radcliffe-Brown argued that ritual should be distinguished from technical action, viewing it as a structured event: "ritual acts differ from technical acts in having in all instances some expressive or symbolic element in them." Edmund Leach, in contrast, saw ritual and technical action less as separate structural type... | Wikipedia - Ritual action | null | null | null |
Nineteenth-century philosophy was overwhelmingly influenced by Kant and his successors. Schopenhauer, Schelling, Fichte and Hegel all purveyed their own panoramic versions of German Idealism, Kant's own caution about metaphysical speculation, and refutation of idealism, having fallen by the wayside. The idealistic impu... | Wikipedia - Metaphysical philosophy | null | null | null |
Ninety is a pronic number as it is the product of 9 and 10, and along with 12 and 56, one of only a few pronic numbers whose digits in decimal are also successive. In normal space, the interior angles of a rectangle measure 90 degrees each. In a right triangle, the angle opposing the hypotenuse measures 90 degrees, wit... | Wikipedia - 90 (number) | null | null | null |
90 is also and divisible by the sum of its base-ten digits, which makes it a Harshad number.The twelfth triangular number, 78, is the only number to have an aliquot sum equal to 90, aside from 892 (which is centered octagonal). Only three numbers have a set of divisors that generate a sum equal to 90 (they are 40, 58 a... | Wikipedia - 90 (number) | null | null | null |
The last member of the second prime sextuplet, 113, is the 30th prime number. Since prime sextuplets are formed from prime members of lower order prime k-tuples, 90 is also a record maximal gap between various smaller pairs of prime k-tuples (which include quintuplets, quadruplets, and triplets).90 is equal to the fift... | Wikipedia - 90 (number) | null | null | null |
90 is a Stirling number of the second kind S ( n , k ) {\displaystyle S(n,k)} from a n {\displaystyle n} of 6 {\displaystyle 6} and a k {\displaystyle k} of 3 {\displaystyle 3} , as it is the number of ways of dividing a set of six objects into three non empty subsets. It is also a Perrin number from a sum of 39 and 51... | Wikipedia - 90 (number) | null | null | null |
The obtuse angle of the broad rhombic faces is also the dihedral angle of a regular icosahedron, with the obtuse angle in the faces of golden rhombi equal to the dihedral angle of a regular octahedron and the tetrahedral vertex-center-vertex angle, which is also the angle between Plateau borders: 109.471 {\displaystyle... | Wikipedia - 90 (number) | null | null | null |
It also has 92 vertices like the rhombic enneacontahedron, when interpreted as a simple polyhedron. The truncated dodecahedron and truncated icosahedron both have 90 edges. | Wikipedia - 90 (number) | null | null | null |
A further four uniform star polyhedra (U37, U55, U58, U66) and four uniform compound polyhedra (UC32, UC34, UC36, UC55) contain 90 edges or vertices. The self-dual Witting polytope contains ninety van Oss polytopes such that sections by the common plane of two non-orthogonal hyperplanes of symmetry passing through the ... | Wikipedia - 90 (number) | null | null | null |
By Coxeter, the incidence matrix configuration of the Witting polytope can be represented as: {\displaystyle \left} or . {\displaystyle \left.} This Witting configuration when reflected under the finite space PG ( 3 , 2 2 ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {PG} {(3,2^{2})}} splits into 85 = 45 + 40 {\displaystyle 85=45... | Wikipedia - 90 (number) | null | null | null |
Nino Cocchiarella put forward the idea that realism is the best response to certain logical paradoxes to which nominalism leads ("Nominalism and Conceptualism as Predicative Second Order Theories of Predication", Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, vol. 21 (1980)). It is noted that in a sense Cocchiarella has adopted P... | Wikipedia - Problem of Universals | null | null | null |
Nintendo filed a Joint Research Agreement with InPhase for holographic storage in 2008.Nintendo is also mentioned in the patent as a joint applicant: "... disclosure is herein made that the claimed invention was made pursuant to a Joint Research Agreement as defined in 35 U.S.C. 103 (c)(3), that was in effect on or bef... | Wikipedia - Holographic data storage | null | null | null |
Nisenblat et al. proposes the idea of power quality compression algorithm (similar to lossy compression methods) that enables meters to continuously store the waveform of one or more power signals, regardless whether or not an event of interest was identified. This algorithm referred to as PQZip empowers a processor wi... | Wikipedia - Electric power quality | null | null | null |
For instance should one parameter remain constant, and various others fluctuate, the compression decision retains only what is relevant from the constant data, and retains all the fluctuation data. It then decomposes the waveform of the power signal of numerous components, over various periods of the waveform. It concl... | Wikipedia - Electric power quality | null | null | null |
Nisoxetine is a potent and selective inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake, where it is about 1000-fold more potent in blocking norepinephrine uptake than that of serotonin. It is 400-fold more potent in blocking the uptake of norepinephrine than that of dopamine. The R-isomer of nisoxetine has 20 times greater affinity t... | Wikipedia - Nisoxetine | null | null | null |
Nisoxetine has little or no affinity for neurotransmitter receptors. The NET Ki for nisoxetine is generally agreed to be 0.8 nM.In a preclinical study where nisoxetine was administered to volunteers, the average plasma concentration after a single dose was found to be 0.028 microgram/ml, and after the fifteenth dose wa... | Wikipedia - Nisoxetine | null | null | null |
Bmax is not affected.Activity of 3H-NIS on cerebral cortical homogenates in mice show a Kd of 0.80 + 0.11 nM and a Bmax of + 12 fmol/mg protein. Density of binding is generally associated with brain regions that exhibit norepinephrine levels, where the highest specific 3H-NIS binding is in the brainstem (LC) and the th... | Wikipedia - Nisoxetine | null | null | null |
Nitazoxanide is the prototype member of the thiazolides, which is a drug class of structurally-related broad-spectrum antiparasitic compounds. Nitazoxanide is a light yellow crystalline powder. It is poorly soluble in ethanol and practically insoluble in water. | Wikipedia - Nitazoxanide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide dilates blood vessels, raising blood supply and lowering blood pressure. Conversely, it helps protect tissues from damage due to low blood supply. Also a neurotransmitter, nitric oxide acts in the nitrergic neurons active on smooth muscle, abundant in the gastrointestinal tract and erectile tissue. | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Sildenafil (Viagra) works to inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase PDE5, which increases the cGMP concentration by inhibiting the conversion to GMP. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothe... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
It is induced by several factors, and once synthesized by eNOS it results in phosphorylation of several proteins that cause smooth muscle relaxation. The vasodilatory actions of nitric oxide play a key role in renal control of extracellular fluid homeostasis and is essential for the regulation of blood flow and blood p... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide is a cell signaling molecule produced by many cells of the body, and growing evidence suggests that the biological actions of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may, in part, be mediated through its ability to regulate the production and/or release of nitric oxide. It relaxes vascular smooth muscle by bindin... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide is a potential therapeutic intervention in acute and chronic lung infections. | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide is absorbed systemically after inhalation. Most of it moves across the pulmonary capillary bed where it combines with hemoglobin that is 60% to 100% oxygen-saturated. Nitrate has been identified as the predominant nitric oxide metabolite excreted in the urine, accounting for >70% of the nitric oxide dose i... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide is also administered as salvage therapy in patients with acute right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary embolism. | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide is considered an antianginal drug: It causes vasodilation, which can help with ischemic pain, known as angina, by decreasing the cardiac workload. By dilating (expanding) the arteries, nitric oxide drugs lower arterial pressure and left ventricular filling pressure. Nitric oxide can contribute to reperfusi... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
In contrast, inhaled nitric oxide has been shown to help survival and recovery from paraquat poisoning, which produces lung tissue-damaging superoxide and hinders NOS metabolism. This vasodilation does not decrease the volume of blood the heart pumps, but rather it decreases the force the heart muscle must exert to pum... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide is generated by phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils) as part of the human immune response. Phagocytes are armed with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is activated by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) as a single signal or by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) along with a second signal. On the... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
In this way, the immune system may regulate the armamentarium of phagocytes that play a role in inflammation and immune responses. Nitric oxide is secreted as free radicals in an immune response and is toxic to bacteria and intracellular parasites, including Leishmania and malaria; the mechanism for this includes DNA d... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
However, the role of ·NO in inflammation is complex with model studies involving viral infection suggesting that this gaseous mediator can also promote inflammation.In response, many bacterial pathogens have evolved mechanisms for nitric oxide resistance. Because nitric oxide might serve as an inflammometer (meter of i... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide production is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is essential for hepatic lipid metabolism under starvation. | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide to a transition metal ion like iron or copper, forming metal nitrosyl complexes. Typical cases involve the nitrosylation of heme proteins like cytochromes, thereby disabling the normal enzymatic activity of the enzyme. Nitrosylated ferrous iron is particularly stable. Hemoglobin is a prominent example of a... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide/oxygen blends are used in critical care to promote capillary and pulmonary dilation to treat primary pulmonary hypertension in neonatal patients and post-meconium aspiration related to birth defects. These are often a last-resort gas mixture before the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Nit... | Wikipedia - Biological functions of nitric oxide | null | null | null |
Nitrification is a process of nitrogen compound oxidation (effectively, loss of electrons from the nitrogen atom to the oxygen atoms), and is catalyzed step-wise by a series of enzymes. 2 NH 4 + + 3 O 2 ⟶ 2 NO 2 − + 4 H + + 2 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {2NH4+ + 3O2 -> 2NO2- + 4H+ + 2H2O}}} (Nitrosomonas, Comammox) 2 NO ... | Wikipedia - Nitrification | null | null | null |
NH 2 OH ⟶ NO + 3 H + + 3 e − {\displaystyle {\ce {NH2OH -> NO + 3H+ + 3e-}}} Another as-of-yet unknown enzyme that converts nitric oxide to nitrite. The third step (nitrite to nitrate) is completed in a different organism. nitrite + acceptor ↽ − − ⇀ nitrate + reduced acceptor {\displaystyle {\ce {{nitrite}+acceptor<=>{... | Wikipedia - Nitrification | null | null | null |
Nitriles (RCN) are named by adding the suffix -nitrile to the longest hydrocarbon chain (including the carbon of the cyano group). It can also be named by replacing the -oic acid of their corresponding carboxylic acids with -onitrile. Functional class IUPAC nomenclature may also be used in the form of alkyl cyanides. F... | Wikipedia - Organic nomenclature | null | null | null |
Nitriles are often prepared by dehydration of primary amides. RC(O)NH2 → RCN + H2O | Wikipedia - Dienol benzene rearrangement | null | null | null |
Nitro compounds may be reduced to either the hydroxylamine or amine oxidation level with samarium(II) iodide, depending on the conditions employed. Electron transfer, followed by proton transfer and elimination generates an intermediate nitroso compound, which undergoes two more rounds of electron transfer and protonat... | Wikipedia - Reductions with samarium(II) iodide | null | null | null |
Nitrogen bonds to almost all the elements in the periodic table except the first two noble gases, helium and neon, and some of the very short-lived elements after bismuth, creating an immense variety of binary compounds with varying properties and applications. Many binary compounds are known: with the exception of the... | Wikipedia - Nitrogenous compound | null | null | null |
They are normally prepared by directly reacting a metal with nitrogen or ammonia (sometimes after heating), or by thermal decomposition of metal amides: 3 Ca + N2 → Ca3N2 3 Mg + 2 NH3 → Mg3N2 + 3 H2 (at 900 °C) 3 Zn(NH2)2 → Zn3N2 + 4 NH3Many variants on these processes are possible. The most ionic of these nitrides are... | Wikipedia - Nitrogenous compound | null | null | null |
However, the alkali metal azides NaN3 and KN3, featuring the linear N−3 anion, are well-known, as are Sr(N3)2 and Ba(N3)2. Azides of the B-subgroup metals (those in groups 11 through 16) are much less ionic, have more complicated structures, and detonate readily when shocked. | Wikipedia - Nitrogenous compound | null | null | null |
Many covalent binary nitrides are known. Examples include cyanogen ((CN)2), triphosphorus pentanitride (P3N5), disulfur dinitride (S2N2), and tetrasulfur tetranitride (S4N4). The essentially covalent silicon nitride (Si3N4) and germanium nitride (Ge3N4) are also known: silicon nitride, in particular, would make a promi... | Wikipedia - Nitrogenous compound | null | null | null |
In particular, the group 13 nitrides, most of which are promising semiconductors, are isoelectronic with graphite, diamond, and silicon carbide and have similar structures: their bonding changes from covalent to partially ionic to metallic as the group is descended. In particular, since the B–N unit is isoelectronic to... | Wikipedia - Nitrogenous compound | null | null | null |
They are opaque, very hard, and chemically inert, melting only at very high temperatures (generally over 2500 °C). They have a metallic lustre and conduct electricity as do metals. They hydrolyse only very slowly to give ammonia or nitrogen.The nitride anion (N3−) is the strongest π donor known among ligands (the secon... | Wikipedia - Nitrogenous compound | null | null | null |
Nitrido complexes are generally made by the thermal decomposition of azides or by deprotonating ammonia, and they usually involve a terminal {≡N}3− group. The linear azide anion (N−3), being isoelectronic with nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and cyanate, forms many coordination complexes. Further catenation is rare, alt... | Wikipedia - Nitrogenous compound | null | null | null |
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas is a rapid and effective sterilant for use against a wide range of microorganisms, including common bacteria, viruses, and spores. The unique physical properties of NO2 gas allow for sterilant dispersion in an enclosed environment at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The mechanism fo... | Wikipedia - Heat sterilization | null | null | null |
NO2 has a boiling point of 21 °C (70 °F) at sea level, which results in a relatively highly saturated vapour pressure at ambient temperature. Because of this, liquid NO2 may be used as a convenient source for the sterilant gas. Liquid NO2 is often referred to by the name of its dimer, dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). | Wikipedia - Heat sterilization | null | null | null |
Additionally, the low levels of concentration required, coupled with the high vapour pressure, assures that no condensation occurs on the devices being sterilized. This means that no aeration of the devices is required immediately following the sterilization cycle. NO2 is also less corrosive than other sterilant gases,... | Wikipedia - Heat sterilization | null | null | null |
The spore form of G. stearothermophilus has been well characterized over the years as a biological indicator in sterilization applications. Microbial inactivation of G. stearothermophilus with NO2 gas proceeds rapidly in a log-linear fashion, as is typical of other sterilization processes. Noxilizer, Inc. has commercia... | Wikipedia - Heat sterilization | null | null | null |
facility. This has been demonstrated in Noxilizer’s lab in multiple studies and is supported by published reports from other labs. | Wikipedia - Heat sterilization | null | null | null |
These same properties also allow for quicker removal of the sterilant and residual gases through aeration of the enclosed environment. The combination of rapid lethality and easy removal of the gas allows for shorter overall cycle times during the sterilization (or decontamination) process and a lower level of sterilan... | Wikipedia - Heat sterilization | null | null | null |
Nitrogen forms nine molecular oxides, some of which were the first gases to be identified: N2O (nitrous oxide), NO (nitric oxide), N2O3 (dinitrogen trioxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), N2O4 (dinitrogen tetroxide), N2O5 (dinitrogen pentoxide), N4O (nitrosylazide), and N(NO2)3 (trinitramide). All are thermally unstable tow... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen | null | null | null |
It is mostly used as a propellant and aerating agent for sprayed canned whipped cream, and was formerly commonly used as an anaesthetic. Despite appearances, it cannot be considered to be the anhydride of hyponitrous acid (H2N2O2) because that acid is not produced by the dissolution of nitrous oxide in water. It is rat... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen | null | null | null |
Nitric oxide (NO) is the simplest stable molecule with an odd number of electrons. In mammals, including humans, it is an important cellular signaling molecule involved in many physiological and pathological processes. It is formed by catalytic oxidation of ammonia. | Wikipedia - Nitrogen | null | null | null |
It is a colourless paramagnetic gas that, being thermodynamically unstable, decomposes to nitrogen and oxygen gas at 1100–1200 °C. Its bonding is similar to that in nitrogen, but one extra electron is added to a π* antibonding orbital and thus the bond order has been reduced to approximately 2.5; hence dimerisation to ... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen | null | null | null |
It reacts with oxygen to give brown nitrogen dioxide and with halogens to give nitrosyl halides. It also reacts with transition metal compounds to give nitrosyl complexes, most of which are deeply coloured.Blue dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) is only available as a solid because it rapidly dissociates above its melting poin... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen | null | null | null |
Nitrogen dioxide is an acrid, corrosive brown gas. Both compounds may be easily prepared by decomposing a dry metal nitrate. Both react with water to form nitric acid. | Wikipedia - Nitrogen | null | null | null |
Dinitrogen tetroxide is very useful for the preparation of anhydrous metal nitrates and nitrato complexes, and it became the storable oxidiser of choice for many rockets in both the United States and USSR by the late 1950s. This is because it is a hypergolic propellant in combination with a hydrazine-based rocket fuel ... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen | null | null | null |
It is a deliquescent, colourless crystalline solid that is sensitive to light. In the solid state it is ionic with structure +−; as a gas and in solution it is molecular O2N–O–NO2. | Wikipedia - Nitrogen | null | null | null |
Hydration to nitric acid comes readily, as does analogous reaction with hydrogen peroxide giving peroxonitric acid (HOONO2). It is a violent oxidising agent. Gaseous dinitrogen pentoxide decomposes as follows: N2O5 ⇌ NO2 + NO3 → NO2 + O2 + NO N2O5 + NO ⇌ 3 NO2 | Wikipedia - Nitrogen | null | null | null |
Nitrogen gas is completely non-toxic, but breathing in pure nitrogen gas is deadly, because it causes nitrogen asphyxiation. The build-up of nitrogen bubbles in the blood, such as those that may occur during scuba diving, can cause a condition known as the "bends" (decompression sickness). Many nitrogen compounds such ... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen family | null | null | null |
Breathing in phosphorus in its gaseous form can cause an industrial disease called "phossy jaw", which eats away the jawbone. White phosphorus is also highly flammable. Some organophosphorus compounds can fatally block certain enzymes in the human body.Elemental arsenic is toxic, as are many of its inorganic compounds;... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen family | null | null | null |
The lethal dose of arsenic for a typical adult is 200 mg and can cause diarrhea, vomiting, colic, dehydration, and coma. Death from arsenic poisoning typically occurs within a day.Antimony is mildly toxic. Additionally, wine steeped in antimony containers can induce vomiting. | Wikipedia - Nitrogen family | null | null | null |
When taken in large doses, antimony causes vomiting in a victim, who then appears to recover before dying several days later. Antimony attaches itself to certain enzymes and is difficult to dislodge. Stibine, or SbH3, is far more toxic than pure antimony.Bismuth itself is largely non-toxic, although consuming too much ... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen family | null | null | null |
Nitrogen has two stable isotopes, 14N and 15N. The ratio between these is measured relative to nitrogen in ambient air. Nitrogen ratios are frequently linked to agricultural activities. Nitrogen isotope data has also been used to measure the amount of exchange of air between the stratosphere and troposphere using data ... | Wikipedia - Isotope geology | null | null | null |
Nitrogen is a component of molecules critical to life on earth, such as DNA and amino acids. Nitrates occur in some plants, due to bacteria present in the nodes of the plant. This is seen in leguminous plants such as peas or spinach and lettuce. A typical 70 kg human contains 1.8 kg of nitrogen.Phosphorus in the form o... | Wikipedia - Group 15 elements | null | null | null |
Humans consume approximately 1 g of phosphorus per day. Phosphorus is found in foods such as fish, liver, turkey, chicken, and eggs. | Wikipedia - Group 15 elements | null | null | null |
Phosphate deficiency is a problem known as hypophosphatemia. A typical 70 kg human contains 480 g of phosphorus.Arsenic promotes growth in chickens and rats, and may be essential for humans in small quantities. Arsenic has been shown to be helpful in metabolizing the amino acid arginine. | Wikipedia - Group 15 elements | null | null | null |
There are 7 mg of arsenic in a typical 70 kg human.Antimony is not known to have a biological role. Plants take up only trace amounts of antimony. There are approximately 2 mg of antimony in a typical 70 kg human.Bismuth is not known to have a biological role. Humans ingest on average less than 20 μg of bismuth per day... | Wikipedia - Group 15 elements | null | null | null |
Nitrogen is an essential element needed for the creation of biomass and is usually seen as a limiting nutrient in agricultural systems. Though abundant in the atmosphere, the atmospheric form of nitrogen cannot be utilized by plants and must be transformed into a form that can be taken up directly by the plants; this p... | Wikipedia - Agricultural microbiology | null | null | null |
An important nitrogen fixing symbiosis is that between Rhizobium and leguminous plants. Rhizobium have been shown to contribute upwards of 300 kg N/ha/year in different leguminous plants, and their application to agricultural crops has been shown to increase crop height, seed germination, and nitrogen content within th... | Wikipedia - Agricultural microbiology | null | null | null |
Nitrogen is one of the most important elements in organic chemistry. Many organic functional groups involve a carbon–nitrogen bond, such as amides (RCONR2), amines (R3N), imines (RC(=NR)R), imides (RCO)2NR, azides (RN3), azo compounds (RN2R), cyanates (ROCN), isocyanates (RNCO), nitrates (RONO2), nitriles (RCN), isonit... | Wikipedia - Organic nitrogen | null | null | null |
This may be offset by other factors: for example, amides are not basic because the lone pair is delocalised into a double bond (though they may act as bases at very low pH, being protonated at the oxygen), and pyrrole is not basic because the lone pair is delocalised as part of an aromatic ring. The amount of nitrogen ... | Wikipedia - Organic nitrogen | null | null | null |
Nitrogen is removed through the biological oxidation of nitrogen from ammonia to nitrate (nitrification), followed by denitrification, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and thus removed from the water. Nitrification itself is a two-step aerobic process, each step facil... | Wikipedia - Sewage treatment works | null | null | null |
(nitroso refers to the formation of a nitroso functional group). Nitrite oxidation to nitrate (NO3−), though traditionally believed to be facilitated by Nitrobacter spp. (nitro referring the formation of a nitro functional group), is now known to be facilitated in the environment predominantly by Nitrospira spp. | Wikipedia - Sewage treatment works | null | null | null |
Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological communities to form. Anoxic conditions refers to a situation where oxygen is absent but nitrate is present. Denitrification is facilitated by a wide diversity of bacteria. | Wikipedia - Sewage treatment works | null | null | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.