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Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics, both because of the insight it gives into conservation laws, and also, as a practical calculation tool. Her theorem allows researchers to determine the conserved quantities from the observed symmetries of a physical system. Conversely, it fa... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
Noether's paper, Idealtheorie in Ringbereichen (Theory of Ideals in Ring Domains, 1921), is the foundation of general commutative ring theory, and gives one of the first general definitions of a commutative ring. Before her paper, most results in commutative algebra were restricted to special examples of commutative ri... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
In 1943, French mathematician Claude Chevalley coined the term, Noetherian ring, to describe this property. A major result in Noether's 1921 paper is the Lasker–Noether theorem, which extends Lasker's theorem on the primary decomposition of ideals of polynomial rings to all Noetherian rings. The Lasker–Noether theorem ... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
Noether's work in abstract algebra and topology was influential in mathematics, while in physics, Noether's theorem has consequences for theoretical physics and dynamical systems. She showed an acute propensity for abstract thought, which allowed her to approach problems of mathematics in fresh and original ways. Her f... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
After moving to Göttingen in 1915, she produced her work for physics, the two Noether's theorems. In the second epoch (1920–1926), Noether devoted herself to developing the theory of mathematical rings.In the third epoch (1927–1935), Noether focused on noncommutative algebra, linear transformations, and commutative num... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
In these epochs, she was not merely applying ideas and methods of earlier mathematicians; rather, she was crafting new systems of mathematical definitions that would be used by future mathematicians. In particular, she developed a completely new theory of ideals in rings, generalizing earlier work of Richard Dedekind. ... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
Noetherian ring Hilbert's basis theorem Artinian ring Ascending chain condition (ACC) and descending chain condition (DCC) | Wikipedia - List of commutative algebra topics | null | null | null |
Noffkarkys is a problematic fossil like many Ediacaran genera. Affinities may be with sea pens or lichens. == References == | Wikipedia - Noffkarkys | null | null | null |
Noise is of practical concern for precision engineering and engineered systems approaching the standard quantum limit. Typical engineered consideration of quantum noise is for quantum nondemolition measurement and quantum point contact. So quantifying noise is useful. A signal's noise is quantified as the Fourier trans... | Wikipedia - Quantum noise | null | null | null |
The autocorrelation of a signal is given as which measures when our signal is positively, negatively or not correlated at different times t {\displaystyle t} and t ′ {\displaystyle t'} . The time average, ⟨ V ( t ) ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle V(t)\rangle } , is zero and our V ( t ) {\displaystyle V(t)} is a voltage signal... | Wikipedia - Quantum noise | null | null | null |
The Wiener–Khinchin theorem generally states that a noise's power spectrum is given as the autocorrelation of a signal, i.e., The above relation is sometimes called the power spectrum or spectral density. In the above outline, we assumed that Our noise is stationary or the probability does not change over time. | Wikipedia - Quantum noise | null | null | null |
Only the time difference matters. Noise is due to a very large number of fluctuating charge so that the central limit theorem applie, i.e., the noise is Gaussian or normally distributed. G v v {\displaystyle G_{vv}} decays to zero rapidly over some time τ c {\displaystyle \tau _{c}} . | Wikipedia - Quantum noise | null | null | null |
We sample over a sufficiently large time, T {\displaystyle T} , that our integral scales as a random walk T {\displaystyle {\sqrt {T}}} . So our V ( ω ) {\displaystyle V(\omega )} is independent of measured time for T ≫ τ c {\displaystyle T\gg \tau _{c}} . Said in another way, G v v ( t − t ′ ) → 0 {\displaystyle G_{vv... | Wikipedia - Quantum noise | null | null | null |
Noise is unwanted changes to the MR signal from elements not of interest to the study. The five main sources of noise in fMRI are thermal noise, system noise, physiological noise, random neural activity and differences in both mental strategies and behavior across people and across tasks within a person. Thermal noise ... | Wikipedia - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | null | null | null |
Heat causes electrons to move around and distort the current in the fMRI detector, producing thermal noise. Thermal noise rises with the temperature. | Wikipedia - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | null | null | null |
It also depends on the range of frequencies detected by the receiver coil and its electrical resistance. It affects all voxels similarly, independent of anatomy.System noise is from the imaging hardware. One form is scanner drift, caused by the superconducting magnet's field drifting over time. | Wikipedia - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | null | null | null |
Another form is changes in the current or voltage distribution of the brain itself inducing changes in the receiver coil and reducing its sensitivity. A procedure called impedance matching is used to bypass this inductance effect. There could also be noise from the magnetic field not being uniform. | Wikipedia - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | null | null | null |
This is often adjusted for by using shimming coils, small magnets physically inserted, say into the subject's mouth, to patch the magnetic field. The nonuniformities are often near brain sinuses such as the ear and plugging the cavity for long periods can be discomfiting. The scanning process acquires the MR signal in ... | Wikipedia - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | null | null | null |
Transforming this into voxels introduces some loss and distortions.Physiological noise is from head and brain movement in the scanner from breathing, heart beats, or the subject fidgeting, tensing, or making physical responses such as button presses. Head movements cause the voxel-to-neurons mapping to change while sca... | Wikipedia - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | null | null | null |
Since fMRI is acquired in slices, after movement, a voxel continues to refer to the same absolute location in space while the neurons underneath it would have changed. Another source of physiological noise is the change in the rate of blood flow, blood volume, and use of oxygen over time. This last component contribute... | Wikipedia - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | null | null | null |
These produce neural activity independent of the experimental manipulation. These are not amenable to mathematical modeling and have to be controlled by the study design. A person's strategies to respond or react to a stimulus, and to solve problems, often change over time and over tasks. | Wikipedia - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | null | null | null |
This generates variations in neural activity from trial to trial within a subject. Across people too neural activity differs for similar reasons. Researchers often conduct pilot studies to see how participants typically perform for the task under consideration. They also often train subjects how to respond or react in ... | Wikipedia - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | null | null | null |
Noise-based logic gates can be classified according to the method the input identifies the logic value at the input. The first gates analyzed the statistical correlations between the input signal and the reference noises. The advantage of these is the robustness against background noise. The disadvantage is the slow sp... | Wikipedia - Noise-based logic | null | null | null |
The instantaneous logic gates are fast, they have low complexity but they are not robust against background noises. With either neural spike type signals or with bipolar random-telegraph waves of unity absolute amplitude, and randomness only in the sign of the amplitude offer very simple instantaneous logic gates. Then... | Wikipedia - Noise-based logic | null | null | null |
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) typically occurs when the auditory system experiences an elevation of hearing thresholds due to exposure to high-level noise, a phenomenon known as a temporary threshold shift (TTS), and does not return to normal threshold levels. The damage to the auditory system can vary depending on... | Wikipedia - Auditory Hazard Assessment Algorithm for Humans | null | null | null |
By comparison, noises from industrial settings were measured to have peak levels of 113 to 120 dB.In order to protect soldiers from hearing loss, the U.S. Army adhered to the Military Standard (MIL-STD) 1474, which defined the maximum noise levels permitted to be produced by military systems. However, human volunteer s... | Wikipedia - Auditory Hazard Assessment Algorithm for Humans | null | null | null |
The subsequent overprotection of the ears based on inaccurate evaluations of hearing loss risk was believed to potentially hamper verbal communication between military personnel on the battlefield and reduce situational awareness. The AHAAH was developed to more accurately assess the hazard to the human ear from impuls... | Wikipedia - Auditory Hazard Assessment Algorithm for Humans | null | null | null |
NoiseScore is a mobile app for crowdsourcing community noise. | Wikipedia - Noise calculation | null | null | null |
Noisy binary search algorithms solve the case where the algorithm cannot reliably compare elements of the array. For each pair of elements, there is a certain probability that the algorithm makes the wrong comparison. Noisy binary search can find the correct position of the target with a given probability that controls... | Wikipedia - Binary search algorithm | null | null | null |
Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, commonly referred to by chemists as the Red Book, is a collection of recommendations on IUPAC nomenclature, published at irregular intervals by the IUPAC. The last full edition was published in 2005, in both paper and electronic versions. | Wikipedia - Inorganic nomenclature | null | null | null |
Nominalists hold that universals are not real mind-independent entities but either merely concepts (sometimes called "conceptualism") or merely names. Nominalists typically argue that properties are abstract particulars (like tropes) rather than universals. JP Moreland distinguishes between "extreme" and "moderate" nom... | Wikipedia - Universal (metaphysics) | null | null | null |
Nominations for the prize are submitted to its website together with letters of recommendation. The organizers of the prize and its ceremony are Mia Hubert and Stefan Van Aelst. | Wikipedia - Rousseeuw Prize for Statistics | null | null | null |
Nominee for the 2011 Locus Award for Best First Novel. Third place for the 2011 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel | Wikipedia - The Quantum Thief | null | null | null |
Nomological determinism is the most common form of causal determinism and is generally synonymous with physical determinism. This is the notion that the past and the present dictate the future entirely and necessarily by rigid natural laws and that every occurrence inevitably results from prior events. Nomological dete... | Wikipedia - Scientific determinism | null | null | null |
This was the first interpretation and prediction of a particle and corresponding antiparticle. See Dirac spinor and bispinor for further description of these spinors. In the non-relativistic limit the Dirac equation reduces to the Pauli equation (see Dirac equation for how). | Wikipedia - Relativistic quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
When applied a one-electron atom or ion, setting A = 0 and ϕ to the appropriate electrostatic potential, additional relativistic terms include the spin–orbit interaction, electron gyromagnetic ratio, and Darwin term. In ordinary QM these terms have to be put in by hand and treated using perturbation theory. | Wikipedia - Relativistic quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
In RQM it is useful to take this as the zeroth Pauli matrix σ0 which couples to the energy operator (time derivative), just as the other three matrices couple to the momentum operator (spatial derivatives). The Pauli and gamma matrices were introduced here, in theoretical physics, rather than pure mathematics itself. T... | Wikipedia - Relativistic quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
The gamma matrices form bases in Clifford algebra, and have a connection to the components of the flat spacetime Minkowski metric ηαβ in the anticommutation relation: + = γ α γ β + γ β γ α = 2 η α β , {\displaystyle \left_{+}=\gamma ^{\alpha }\gamma ^{\beta }+\gamma ^{\beta }\gamma ^{\alpha }=2\eta ^{\alpha \beta }\,,... | Wikipedia - Relativistic quantum mechanics | null | null | null |
Non-Euclidean geometry Elliptic geometry Spherical geometry Sphere-world Angle excess hyperbolic geometry hyperbolic space hyperboloid model Poincaré disc model Poincaré half-plane model Poincaré metric Angle of parallelism | Wikipedia - List of differential geometry topics | null | null | null |
Non-Euclidean geometry often makes appearances in works of science fiction and fantasy. In 1895, H. G. Wells published the short story "The Remarkable Case of Davidson's Eyes". To appreciate this story one should know how antipodal points on a sphere are identified in a model of the elliptic plane. In the story, in the... | Wikipedia - Non-Euclidean space | null | null | null |
At the story's close, Davidson proves to have witnessed H.M.S. Fulmar off Antipodes Island. | Wikipedia - Non-Euclidean space | null | null | null |
Non-Euclidean geometry is sometimes connected with the influence of the 20th-century horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft. In his works, many unnatural things follow their own unique laws of geometry: in Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos, the sunken city of R'lyeh is characterized by its non-Euclidean geometry. It is heavily... | Wikipedia - Non-Euclidean space | null | null | null |
The main character in Robert Pirsig's Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance mentioned Riemannian geometry on multiple occasions. In The Brothers Karamazov, Dostoevsky discusses non-Euclidean geometry through his character Ivan. Christopher Priest's novel Inverted World describes the struggle of living on a planet w... | Wikipedia - Non-Euclidean space | null | null | null |
Robert Heinlein's The Number of the Beast utilizes non-Euclidean geometry to explain instantaneous transport through space and time and between parallel and fictional universes. Zeno Rogue's HyperRogue is a roguelike game set on the hyperbolic plane, allowing the player to experience many properties of this geometry. M... | Wikipedia - Non-Euclidean space | null | null | null |
Non-Euclidean geometry was first discussed in letters of Gauss, who made extensive computations at the turn of the nineteenth century which, although privately circulated, he decided not to put into print. In 1830 Lobachevsky and independently in 1832 Bolyai, the son of one Gauss' correspondents, published synthetic ve... | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
The last model has the advantage that it gives a construction which is completely parallel to that of the unit sphere in 3-dimensional Euclidean space. Because of their application in complex analysis and geometry, however, the models of Poincaré are the most widely used: they are interchangeable thanks to the Möbius t... | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle ds^{2}={4(dx^{2}+dy^{2}) \over (1-x^{2}-y^{2})^{2}}.} In polar coordinates (r, θ) the metric is given by d s 2 = 4 ( d r 2 + r 2 d θ 2 ) ( 1 − r 2 ) 2 . {\displaystyle ds^{2}={4(dr^{2}+r^{2}\,d\theta ^{2}) \over (1-r^{2})^{2}}.} | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
The length of a curve γ: → D is given by the formula ℓ ( γ ) = ∫ a b 2 | γ ′ ( t ) | d t 1 − | γ ( t ) | 2 . {\displaystyle \ell (\gamma )=\int _{a}^{b}{2|\gamma ^{\prime }(t)|\,dt \over 1-|\gamma (t)|^{2}}.} The group G = SU(1,1) given by G = { ( α β β ¯ α ¯ ): α , β ∈ C , | α | 2 − | β | 2 = 1 } {\displaystyle G=\lef... | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle K=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}\zeta &0\\0&{\overline {\zeta }}\end{pmatrix}}:\zeta \in \mathbf {C} ,\,|\zeta |=1\right\}.} The quotient group SU(1,1)/±I is the group of orientation-preserving isometries of D. Any two points z, w in D are joined by a unique geodesic, given by the portion of the circle or strai... | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle d(z,w)=2\tanh ^{-1}{\frac {|z-w|}{|1-{\overline {w}}z|}}.} In particular d(0,r) = 2 tanh−1 r and c(t) = 1/2tanh t is the geodesic through 0 along the real axis, parametrized by arclength. The topology defined by this metric is equivalent to the usual Euclidean topology, although as a metric space (D,d) i... | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
A hyperbolic triangle is a geodesic triangle for this metric: any three points in D are vertices of a hyperbolic triangle. If the sides have length a, b, c with corresponding angles α, β, γ, then the hyperbolic cosine rule states that cosh c = cosh a cosh b − sinh a sinh b cos γ . {\displaystyle \cosh c=\co... | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
The area of the hyperbolic triangle is given by Area = π – α – β – γ.The unit disk and the upper half-plane H = { w = x + i y: y > 0 } {\displaystyle H=\{w=x+iy\,\colon \,y>0\}} are conformally equivalent by the Möbius transformations w = i 1 + z 1 − z , z = w − i w + i . {\displaystyle w=i{1+z \over 1-z},\,\,z={w-i \o... | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle ds^{2}={dx^{2}+dy^{2} \over y^{2}}.} Since lines or circles are preserved under Möbius transformations, geodesics are again described by lines or circles orthogonal to the real axis. | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
The unit disk with the Poincaré metric is the unique simply connected oriented 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold with constant curvature −1. Any oriented closed surface M with this property has D as its universal covering space. Its fundamental group can be identified with a torsion-free concompact subgroup Γ of SU(1,1... | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle M=\Gamma \backslash G/K.} In this case Γ is a finitely presented group. The generators and relations are encoded in a geodesically convex fundamental geodesic polygon in D (or H) corresponding geometrically to closed geodesics on M. Examples. the Bolza surface of genus 2; the Klein quartic of genus 3; th... | Wikipedia - Monge patch | null | null | null |
Non-Gaussian statistics arise due to the nonlinear mapping of random initial conditions into output states. For example, modulation instability amplifies input noise, which ultimately leads to soliton formation. Also, in systems displaying heavy-tailed statistical properties, random input conditions often enter through... | Wikipedia - Optical rogue waves | null | null | null |
Yet, in the output states, these minor input variations can be magnified into large potential swings in key observables. The latter may, therefore, exhibit substantial fluctuations for no readily apparent reason. | Wikipedia - Optical rogue waves | null | null | null |
Thus, the appearance of extreme statistics is often striking not only because of their counterintuitive probability assignments, but also because they frequently signify a nontrivial or unexpected sensitivity to initial conditions. It is important to recognize that rogue waves in both optics and hydrodynamics are class... | Wikipedia - Optical rogue waves | null | null | null |
Optical rogue waves and their statistical properties can be investigated in numerical simulations with the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation, a classical propagation equation that is also used to model supercontinuum generation and, more generally, pulse propagation in optical fiber. In such simulations, a sou... | Wikipedia - Optical rogue waves | null | null | null |
Yet, noise levels beyond the one-photon-per-mode level are generally more experimentally realistic and often needed.Measurements of redshifted energy serve as a means of detecting the presence of rare solitons. Additionally, peak intensity and redshifted energy are well correlated variables in supercontinuum generation... | Wikipedia - Optical rogue waves | null | null | null |
Such a soliton has short duration and high peak intensity, and Raman scattering ensures that it is also redshifted relative to the majority of the input radiation. Even if more than one soliton occurs in a single event, the most intense one generally has the most redshifted energy in this scenario. The solitons general... | Wikipedia - Optical rogue waves | null | null | null |
As previously noted, the situation at higher pump power is different in that soliton fission occurs explosively; soliton structures appear in number at essentially the same point of the fiber and relatively early in the propagation, allowing collisions to occur. Such collisions are accompanied by an energy exchange fac... | Wikipedia - Optical rogue waves | null | null | null |
In summary, rare solitons may be generated at low pump power or input noise levels, and these events can be identified by their redshifted energy. At higher power, many solitons are generated and simulations suggest that their collisions can also yield extremes in redshifted energy, although in this case, the redshifte... | Wikipedia - Optical rogue waves | null | null | null |
In this regime of operation, the pulse-resolved redshifted energy follows left-skewed heavy-tailed statistics. These rare narrowband events are not generally correlated with reductions in components of the input noise. Instead, a rare frustration of spectral broadening occurs because noise components can seed multiple ... | Wikipedia - Optical rogue waves | null | null | null |
Non-Personal Data has significant uses that may be economic, social, political or security-related. Several countries and regions are in the process of regulating the use of NPD. In May 2019, the European Union operationalized its Regulation of the Free Flow of NPD. India announced a nine-member expert committee to mak... | Wikipedia - Non-personal data | null | null | null |
Non-adaptive group-testing algorithms tend to assume that the number of defectives, or at least a good upper bound on them, is known. This quantity is denoted d {\displaystyle d} in this section. If no bounds are known, there are non-adaptive algorithms with low query complexity that can help estimate d {\displaystyle ... | Wikipedia - Group testing | null | null | null |
Non-adiabatic dynamics consists of taking the interaction between several coupled potential energy surface (corresponding to different electronic quantum states of the molecule). The coupling terms are called vibronic couplings. The pioneering work in this field was done by Stueckelberg, Landau, and Zener in the 1930s,... | Wikipedia - Quantum chemist | null | null | null |
Non-avoidant coping has three predominant forms: active coping, which is direct action taken to deal with a stressful situation; acceptance, which is a cognitive and emotional acknowledgment of stressful realities; and cognitive reinterpretation, which involves learning or positive reframing. A distinction can also be ... | Wikipedia - Climate psychology | null | null | null |
Non-biologic surface coatings will occur via two mechanisms, the first being direct hydrophobic interaction of the lipid tail with a hydrophobic surface resulting in a monolayer of FSL at the surface. The second surface coating will be through the formation of bilayers, which probably either encapsulate fibres or being... | Wikipedia - Function-Spacer-Lipid construct | null | null | null |
Non-classical logic Affine logic Bunched logic Computability logic Decision theory Description logic Deviant logic Free logic Fuzzy logic Game theory Intensional logic Intuitionistic logic Linear logic Many-valued logic Minimal logic Non-monotonic logic Noncommutative logic Paraconsistent logic Probability theory Quant... | Wikipedia - Outline of logic | null | null | null |
Non-classical logic is the name given to formal systems which differ in a significant way from standard logical systems such as propositional and predicate logic. There are several ways in which this is done, including by way of extensions, deviations, and variations. The aim of these departures is to make it possible ... | Wikipedia - Analytic truth | null | null | null |
Non-clinical physicists may or may not focus on the above areas from an academic and research point of view, but their scope of specialization may also encompass lasers and ultraviolet systems (such as photodynamic therapy), fMRI and other methods for functional imaging as well as molecular imaging, electrical impedanc... | Wikipedia - Medical physics | null | null | null |
Non-cognitive outcomes include affective constructs such as attitudes, beliefs, emotions, dispositions, and motivation. According to prominent researchers Gal & Ginsburg, statistics educators should make it a priority to be aware of students' ideas, reactions, and feelings towards statistics and how these affect their ... | Wikipedia - Statistics education | null | null | null |
Non-commutative dynamics (called also quantum dynamics) is formulated in terms of Von Neumann algebras and continuous tensor products of Hilbert spaces. Several results (for example, a continuum of mutually non-isomorphic models) are obtained by probabilistic means (random compact sets and Brownian motion). One part of... | Wikipedia - List of probabilistic proofs of non-probabilistic theorems | null | null | null |
Tripartite quantum states can lead to arbitrary large violations of Bell inequalities (in sharp contrast to the bipartite case). The proof uses random unitary matrices. No other proof is available. | Wikipedia - List of probabilistic proofs of non-probabilistic theorems | null | null | null |
Non-commutative local rings arise naturally as endomorphism rings in the study of direct sum decompositions of modules over some other rings. Specifically, if the endomorphism ring of the module M is local, then M is indecomposable; conversely, if the module M has finite length and is indecomposable, then its endomorph... | Wikipedia - Local algebra | null | null | null |
Non-compositional morphological phrasemes, also known as morphological idioms, are actually familiar to most linguists, although the term “idiom” is rarely applied to them—instead, they are usually referred to as “lexicalized” or “conventionalized” forms. Good examples are English compounds such as harvestman ‘arachnid... | Wikipedia - Fixed expression | null | null | null |
Non-conjoined monozygotic twins form up to day 14 of embryonic development, but when twinning occurs after 14 days, the twins will likely be conjoined. Some argue that an early embryo cannot be a person because "If every person is an individual, one cannot be divided from oneself. "However, Fr. Norman Ford stated that ... | Wikipedia - Beginning of human personhood | null | null | null |
Non-constructive algorithm proofs for problems in graph theory were studied beginning in 1988 by Michael Fellows and Michael Langston.A common question in graph theory is whether a certain input graph has a certain property. For example: Input: a graph G. Question: Can G be embedded in a 3-dimensional space, such that ... | Wikipedia - Non-constructive algorithm existence proofs | null | null | null |
The proof relies on the following facts: The set of graphs for which the answer is "yes" is closed under taking minors. I. e., if a graph G can be embedded linklessly in 3-d space, then every minor of G can also be embedded linklessly. For every two graphs G and H, it is possible to find in polynomial time whether H is... | Wikipedia - Non-constructive algorithm existence proofs | null | null | null |
In particular, the set of "yes" instances has a finite number of minor-minimal elements.Given an input graph G, the following "algorithm" solves the above problem: For every minor-minimal element H: If H is a minor of G then return "yes". return "no".The non-constructive part here is the Robertson–Seymour theorem. Alth... | Wikipedia - Non-constructive algorithm existence proofs | null | null | null |
Therefore, we cannot really execute the "algorithm" mentioned above. But, we do know that an algorithm exists and that its runtime is polynomial. There are many more similar problems whose decidability can be proved in a similar way. | Wikipedia - Non-constructive algorithm existence proofs | null | null | null |
In some cases, the knowledge that a problem can be proved in a polynomial time has led researchers to search and find an actual polynomial-time algorithm that solves the problem in an entirely different way. This shows that non-constructive proofs can have constructive outcomes.The main idea is that a problem can be so... | Wikipedia - Non-constructive algorithm existence proofs | null | null | null |
Non-convex penalties - Penalties can be constructed such that A is constrained to be a graph Laplacian, or that A has low rank factorization. However these penalties are not convex, and the analysis of the barrier method proposed by Ciliberto et al. does not go through in these cases. Non-separable kernels - Separable ... | Wikipedia - Multi-task learning | null | null | null |
Non-covalent modifications utilize van der Waals forces and π-π interactions by adsorption of polynuclear aromatic compounds, surfactants, polymers or biomolecules. Non-covalent modifications do not disrupt the natural configuration of carbon nanotubes with the cost of chemical stability, and is prone to phase separati... | Wikipedia - Carbon nanotube chemistry | null | null | null |
Non-data-aided/“blind” carrier recovery methods do not rely on knowledge of the modulation symbols. They are typically used for simple carrier recovery schemes or as the initial coarse carrier frequency recovery method. Closed-loop non-data-aided systems are frequently maximum likelihood frequency error detectors. | Wikipedia - Carrier recovery | null | null | null |
Non-deterministic music (Biles 2002), or music that cannot be repeated, for example, ordinary wind chimes (Dorin 2001). This perspective comes from the broader generative art movement. This revolves around the idea that music, or sounds may be "generated" by a musician "farming" parameters within an ecology, such that ... | Wikipedia - Generative music | null | null | null |
Non-electronic implementations are varied, though few of them are used in practical applications. Many early electromechanical digital computers, such as the Harvard Mark I, were built from relay logic gates, using electro-mechanical relays. Logic gates can be made using pneumatic devices, such as the Sorteberg relay o... | Wikipedia - Universal logic gate | null | null | null |
Logic gates have been made out of DNA (see DNA nanotechnology) and used to create a computer called MAYA (see MAYA-II). Logic gates can be made from quantum mechanical effects, see quantum logic gate. Photonic logic gates use nonlinear optical effects. In principle any method that leads to a gate that is functionally c... | Wikipedia - Universal logic gate | null | null | null |
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been successfully applied to describe biological processes such as protein folding/unfolding and transport through membranes. It is also used to give a description of the dynamics of nanoparticles, which can be out of equilibrium in systems where catalysis and electrochemical conversi... | Wikipedia - Non-equilibrium thermodynamics | null | null | null |
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the dynamics of statistical ensembles of molecules via unstable states. Being "stuck" in a thermodynamic trough without being at the lowest energy state is known as having kinetic stability or being kinetically persistent. The particular motion or kinet... | Wikipedia - Metastability | null | null | null |
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Most systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium because they are not in stationary states, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to an... | Wikipedia - Classical thermodynamics | null | null | null |
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a work in progress, not an established edifice. This article is an attempt to sketch some approaches to it and some concepts important for it. Some concepts of particular importance for non-equilibrium thermodynamics include time rate of dissipation of energy (Rayleigh 1873, Onsager 19... | Wikipedia - Non-equilibrium thermodynamics | null | null | null |
Non-human models can also be used in neuroscience for neuroanatomical studies investigating intelligence and the influence of g on the neurological level. Rats have been used in experimental manipulations of intelligence using chemicals administered prenatally. These effects are partially reversed by stimulation of neu... | Wikipedia - G factor in non-humans | null | null | null |
Non-imaging modalities vary, and are often undertaken in addition to imaging modalities. They commonly include: Academia – Education role. Clinical Management – Clinical managerial role which can be varied; may include managing audits, rotas, department budgets, etc. Clinical Research – Research role. Medical Physics –... | Wikipedia - Radiographer | null | null | null |
PACS Management – Managerial role concerned with maintaining and supervising appropriate and correct use of the RIS and PACS systems. Radiation Protection – A managerial role concerned with monitoring the level of ionising radiation absorbed by anyone who comes into contact with ionising radiation at their site. Report... | Wikipedia - Radiographer | null | null | null |
Non-immunologic mechanisms involve substances that directly cause the degranulation of mast cells and basophils. These include agents such as contrast medium, opioids, temperature (hot or cold), and vibration. Sulfites may cause reactions by both immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms. | Wikipedia - Anaphylactic reactions | null | null | null |
Non-inhibitory extracellular serpins also perform a wide array of important roles. Thyroxine-binding globulin and transcortin transport the hormones thyroxine and cortisol, respectively. The non-inhibitory serpin ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in egg white. Its exact function is unknown, but it is thought to be... | Wikipedia - Serine protease inhibitors | null | null | null |
Heat shock serpin 47 is a chaperone, essential for proper folding of collagen. It acts by stabilising collagen's triple helix whilst it is being processed in the endoplasmic reticulum.Some serpins are both protease inhibitors and perform additional roles. For example, the nuclear cysteine protease inhibitor MENT, in bi... | Wikipedia - Serine protease inhibitors | null | null | null |
Non-intersecting lines in hyperbolic geometry also have properties that differ from non-intersecting lines in Euclidean geometry: For any line R and any point P which does not lie on R, in the plane containing line R and point P there are at least two distinct lines through P that do not intersect R.This implies that t... | Wikipedia - Gauss–Bolyai–Lobachevsky space | null | null | null |
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