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The activated sludge process, sand filters, waste stabilization ponds, constructed wetlands and other processes can all be used to reduce nitrogen. : 17–18 Since denitrification is the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen (molecular nitrogen) gas, an electron donor is needed. This can be, depending on the wastewater, org... | Wikipedia - Sewage treatment works | null | null | null |
The sludge in the anoxic tanks (denitrification tanks) must be mixed well (mixture of recirculated mixed liquor, return activated sludge, and raw influent) e.g. by using submersible mixers in order to achieve the desired denitrification. Over time, different treatment configurations for activated sludge processes have ... | Wikipedia - Sewage treatment works | null | null | null |
It could not achieve a high level of denitrification. : 616 The Modified Ludzak–Ettinger Process (MLE) came later and was an improvement on the original concept. | Wikipedia - Sewage treatment works | null | null | null |
It recycles mixed liquor from the discharge end of the aeration tank to the head of the anoxic tank. This provides nitrate for the facultative bacteria. : 616 There are other process configurations, such as variations of the Bardenpho process. : 160 They might differ in the placement of anoxic tanks, e.g. before and af... | Wikipedia - Sewage treatment works | null | null | null |
Nitrosyls are non-organic compounds containing the NO group, for example directly bound to the metal via the N atom, giving a metal–NO moiety. Alternatively, a nonmetal example is the common reagent nitrosyl chloride (Cl−N=O). Nitric oxide is a stable radical, having an unpaired electron. Reduction of nitric oxide give... | Wikipedia - Nitroso | null | null | null |
Nitrous acid can be used to chemically depolymerize heparin/HS. Nitrous acid can be used at pH 1.5 or at a higher pH of 4. Under both conditions, nitrous acid effects deaminative cleavage of the chain. At both 'high' (4) and 'low' (1.5) pH, deaminative cleavage occurs between GlcNS-GlcA and GlcNS-IdoA, albeit at a slow... | Wikipedia - Heparin sodium | null | null | null |
The deamination reaction, and therefore chain cleavage, is regardless of O-sulfation carried by either monosaccharide unit. At low pH, deaminative cleavage results in the release of inorganic SO4, and the conversion of GlcNS into anhydromannose (aMan). Low-pH nitrous acid treatment is an excellent method to distinguish... | Wikipedia - Heparin sodium | null | null | null |
Nitrous acid is used to prepare diazonium salts: HNO2 + ArNH2 + H+ → ArN+2 + 2 H2Owhere Ar is an aryl group. Such salts are widely used in organic synthesis, e.g., for the Sandmeyer reaction and in the preparation azo dyes, brightly colored compounds that are the basis of a qualitative test for anilines. Nitrous acid i... | Wikipedia - Nitrous acid | null | null | null |
For most purposes, nitrous acid is usually formed in situ by the action of mineral acid on sodium nitrite: It is mainly blue in colour NaNO2 + HCl → HNO2 + NaCl 2 NaN3 + 2 HNO2 → 3 N2 + 2 NO + 2 NaOHReaction with two α-hydrogen atoms in ketones creates oximes, which may be further oxidized to a carboxylic acid, or redu... | Wikipedia - Nitrous acid | null | null | null |
Nitrous oxide is one of the most prominent anthropogenic ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere. It is released into the atmosphere primarily through natural sources such as soil and rock, as well as anthropogenic process like farming. Atmospheric nitrous oxide is also created in the atmosphere as a product of a react... | Wikipedia - Greenhouse gas monitoring | null | null | null |
This instrument, which is attached to the Canadian satellite SCISAT, has shown that nitrous oxide is present throughout the entire atmosphere during all seasons, primarily due to energetic particle precipitation. Measurements taken by the instrument show that different reactions create nitrous oxide in the lower thermo... | Wikipedia - Greenhouse gas monitoring | null | null | null |
Nitroxyl donors, known as nitroso compounds, show potential in the treatment of heart failure and ongoing research is focused on finding new molecules for this task. | Wikipedia - Nitroxyl anion | null | null | null |
Nixon issued his "Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs" on November 25, 1969, in a speech from Fort Detrick. The same day he gave a speech from the Roosevelt Room at the White House further outlining his earlier statement. The statement ended, unconditionally, all U.S. offensive biological... | Wikipedia - Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs | null | null | null |
Nixon noted that biological weapons were unreliable and stated: The United States shall renounce the use of lethal biological agents and weapons, and all other methods of biological warfare. The United States will confine its biological research to defensive measures such as immunization and safety measures. In his spe... | Wikipedia - Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs | null | null | null |
BW program since 1954. Despite the lack of review, the BW program had increased in cost and size since 1961; when Nixon ended the program the budget was $300 million annually. Nixon's statement confined all biological weapons research to defensive-only and ordered the destruction of the existing U.S. | Wikipedia - Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs | null | null | null |
biological arsenal.The Nixon statement also addressed the topics of chemical warfare and U.S. ratification of the Geneva Protocol, which, at the time, the nation had yet to ratify. On chemical warfare Nixon reaffirmed no-first-use of chemical weapons by the United States. He also announced that the United States would ... | Wikipedia - Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs | null | null | null |
No DTP dam has ever been built, although all of the technologies required to build a DTP dam are available. Various mathematical and physical models have been conducted to model and predict the 'head' or water level differential over a dynamic tidal power dam. The interaction between tides and long dams has been observ... | Wikipedia - Dynamic tidal power | null | null | null |
Formulas for the calculation of added mass were applied to develop an analytical model of DTP. Observed water level differentials closely match current analytical and numerical models. Water level differential generated over a DTP dam can now be predicted with a useful degree of accuracy. | Wikipedia - Dynamic tidal power | null | null | null |
Some of the key elements required include: Bi-directional turbines (capable of generating power in both directions) for low head, high-volume environments. Operational units exist for seawater applications, reaching an efficiency of over 75%. Dam construction methods. | Wikipedia - Dynamic tidal power | null | null | null |
This could be achieved by modular floating caissons (concrete building blocks). These caissons would be manufactured on shore and subsequently floated to the dam location. Suitable sites to demonstrate DTP. A pilot project of DTP could be integrated with a planned coastal development project, such as a sea bridge, isla... | Wikipedia - Dynamic tidal power | null | null | null |
No algorithm for any NP-complete problem is known to run in polynomial time. However, there are algorithms known for NP-complete problems with the property that if P = NP, then the algorithm runs in polynomial time on accepting instances (although with enormous constants, making the algorithm impractical). However, the... | Wikipedia - P versus NP problem | null | null | null |
It correctly accepts the NP-complete language SUBSET-SUM. It runs in polynomial time on inputs that are in SUBSET-SUM if and only if P = NP: // Algorithm that accepts the NP-complete language SUBSET-SUM. // // this is a polynomial-time algorithm if and only if P = NP. | Wikipedia - P versus NP problem | null | null | null |
// // "Polynomial-time" means it returns "yes" in polynomial time when // the answer should be "yes", and runs forever when it is "no". // // Input: S = a finite set of integers // Output: "yes" if any subset of S adds up to 0. | Wikipedia - P versus NP problem | null | null | null |
// Runs forever with no output otherwise. // Note: "Program number M" is the program obtained by // writing the integer M in binary, then // considering that string of bits to be a // program. Every possible program can be // generated this way, though most do nothing // because of syntax errors. | Wikipedia - P versus NP problem | null | null | null |
FOR K = 1...∞ FOR M = 1...K Run program number M for K steps with input S IF the program outputs a list of distinct integers AND the integers are all in S AND the integers sum to 0 THEN OUTPUT "yes" and HALT If, and only if, P = NP, then this is a polynomial-time algorithm accepting an NP-complete language. "Accepting"... | Wikipedia - P versus NP problem | null | null | null |
No classification of linear maps could be exhaustive. The following incomplete list enumerates some important classifications that do not require any additional structure on the vector space. Let V and W denote vector spaces over a field F and let T: V → W be a linear map. | Wikipedia - Linear transformations | null | null | null |
No commercial applications of organoniobium compounds have been reported. They have found limited use in organic synthesis. | Wikipedia - Organoniobium chemistry | null | null | null |
No complete natural language specification of the compressed format seems to exist, other than the one attempted in the following text. The description below is based on the compact XZ Embedded decoder by Lasse Collin included in the Linux kernel source from which the LZMA and LZMA2 algorithm details can be relatively ... | Wikipedia - Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain algorithm | null | null | null |
No direct catabolic pathways exist for galactose metabolism. Galactose is therefore preferentially converted into glucose-1-phosphate, which may be shunted into glycolysis or the inositol synthesis pathway.GALE functions as one of four enzymes in the Leloir pathway of galactose conversion of glucose-1-phosphate. First,... | Wikipedia - UDP-glucose 4-epimerase | null | null | null |
In the third step, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase catalyzes the reversible transfer of a UMP moiety from UDP-glucose to galactose-1-phosphate, generating UDP-galactose and glucose-1-phosphate. In the final Leloir step, UDP-glucose is regenerated from UDP-galactose by GALE; UDP-glucose cycles back to the third ... | Wikipedia - UDP-glucose 4-epimerase | null | null | null |
The glucose-1-phosphate generated in step 3 of the Leloir pathway may be isomerized to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. Glucose-6-phosphate readily enters glycolysis, leading to the production of ATP and pyruvate. Furthermore, glucose-6-phosphate may be converted to inositol-1-phosphate by inositol-3-phosphat... | Wikipedia - UDP-glucose 4-epimerase | null | null | null |
No direct sampling of subglacial lakes has been attempted on the Greenland Ice Sheet. However, subglacial outflow waters have been sampled and found to contain methanogenic and methanotrophic microbes. Bacteria have also been discovered within the ice sheet itself, but they are unlikely to be active within the ice. | Wikipedia - Subglacial lake | null | null | null |
No evidence of short-day diapause. : 241 Up to 10 generations per year. : 241 Sex pheromone variation was shown by Dominguez et al 2019 to be influenced by the aging process and by plant volatiles. | Wikipedia - Tomato leaf miner | null | null | null |
No experimental or observational evidence of extra dimensions has been officially reported. Analyses of results from the Large Hadron Collider severely constrain theories with large extra dimensions. However, extra dimensions could explain why the gravity force is so weak, and why the expansion of the universe is faste... | Wikipedia - Gauge hierarchy problem | null | null | null |
Note that Newton's constant G can be rewritten in terms of the Planck mass. G = ℏ c M P l 2 {\displaystyle G={\frac {\hbar c}{M_{\mathrm {Pl} }^{2}}}} If we extend this idea to δ {\displaystyle \delta } extra dimensions, then we get: g ( r ) = − m e r M P l 3 + 1 + δ 2 + δ r 2 + δ {\displaystyle \mathbf {g} (\mathbf {r... | Wikipedia - Gauge hierarchy problem | null | null | null |
Let us say that the extra dimensions are of size n ≪ than normal dimensions. If we let r'≪n, then we get (2). However, if we let r≫n, then we get our usual Newton's law. | Wikipedia - Gauge hierarchy problem | null | null | null |
However, when r ≫ n, the flux in the extra dimensions becomes a constant, because there is no extra room for gravitational flux to flow through. Thus the flux will be proportional to n δ {\displaystyle n^{\delta }} because this is the flux in the extra dimensions. The formula is: g ( r ) = − m e r M P l 3 + 1 + δ 2 + δ... | Wikipedia - Gauge hierarchy problem | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {Pl} }^{2}=M_{\mathrm {Pl} _{3+1+\delta }}^{2+\delta }n^{\delta }.} Thus the fundamental Planck mass (the extra-dimensional one) could actually be small, meaning that gravity is actually strong, but this must be compensated by the number of the extra dimensions and their size. Physically, this... | Wikipedia - Gauge hierarchy problem | null | null | null |
No experimental result is accepted as definitively contradicting the Standard Model at the 5 σ level, widely considered to be the threshold of a discovery in particle physics. Because every experiment contains some degree of statistical and systemic uncertainty, and the theoretical predictions themselves are also almos... | Wikipedia - New Physics | null | null | null |
On the other hand, any physics beyond the Standard Model would necessarily first appear in experiments as a statistically significant difference between an experiment and the theoretical prediction. The task is to determine which is the case. In each case, physicists seek to determine if a result is merely a statistica... | Wikipedia - New Physics | null | null | null |
More statistically significant results cannot be mere statistical flukes but can still result from experimental error or inaccurate estimates of experimental precision. Frequently, experiments are tailored to be more sensitive to experimental results that would distinguish the Standard Model from theoretical alternativ... | Wikipedia - New Physics | null | null | null |
Initial results from Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment with a standard deviation σ of 4.2 "strengthen evidence of new physics". B meson decay etc. – results from a BaBar experiment may suggest a surplus over Standard Model predictions of a type of particle decay ( B → D(*) τ− ντ ). | Wikipedia - New Physics | null | null | null |
In this, an electron and positron collide, resulting in a B meson and an antimatter B meson, which then decays into a D meson and a tau lepton as well as a tau antineutrino. While the level of certainty of the excess (3.4 σ in statistical jargon) is not enough to declare a break from the Standard Model, the results are... | Wikipedia - New Physics | null | null | null |
The Belle experiment also reported an excess. In 2017 a meta analysis of all available data reported a 5 σ deviation from SM. Anomalous mass of the W boson - results from the CDF Collaboration, reported in April 2022, indicate that the mass of a W boson exceeds the mass predicted by the Standard Model with a significan... | Wikipedia - New Physics | null | null | null |
No federally recognized tribe enrolls members solely based on DNA testing, as it generally cannot distinguish among tribes. Some tribes may require DNA testing only to document that a child is related to particular parents. Many researchers have published articles that caution that genetic ancestry DNA testing has limi... | Wikipedia - Blood quantum laws | null | null | null |
Gates summarized the data: Only 5 percent of African Americans have at least one-eighth Native American ancestry (equivalent to one great-grandparent). On the other hand, nearly 78 percent of African Americans have at least one-eighth European ancestry (the equivalent to one great-grandparent), and nearly 20 percent ha... | Wikipedia - Blood quantum laws | null | null | null |
In terms of persons searching for ethnic ancestry, they need to understand that Y-chromosome and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) testing looks only at "direct" line male and female ancestors, and thus can fail to pick up many other ancestors' heritage. Newer DNA tests can survey all the DNA that can be inherited from either ... | Wikipedia - Blood quantum laws | null | null | null |
Full survey DNA testing cannot accurately determine an individual's full ancestry. Though DNA testing for ancestry is limited more recent genetic testing research of 2015, have found that varied ancestries show different tendencies by region and sex of ancestors. These studies found that on average, African Americans h... | Wikipedia - Blood quantum laws | null | null | null |
No firm rules can be suggested on this issue for the simple reason that the available statistical sources differ between countries. However, all countries conduct periodical household-expenditure surveys and all produce breakdowns of consumption expenditure in their national accounts. The expenditure classifications us... | Wikipedia - Consumer Price Index | null | null | null |
National accounts include imputed rents for owner-occupied dwellings which may not be within the scope of a consumer price index.Even with the necessary adjustments, the national-account estimates and household-expenditure surveys usually diverge. The statistical sources required for regional and outlet-type breakdowns... | Wikipedia - Consumer Price Index | null | null | null |
Regional population data are sometimes used for this purpose, but need adjustment to allow for regional differences in living standards and consumption patterns. Statistics of retail sales and market research reports can provide information for estimating outlet-type breakdowns, but the classifications they use rarely ... | Wikipedia - Consumer Price Index | null | null | null |
This development makes possible improved Household Expenditure surveys, as Statistics Iceland has demonstrated. Survey respondents keeping a diary of their purchases need to record only the total of purchases when itemized receipts were given to them and keep these receipts in a special pocket in the diary. These recei... | Wikipedia - Consumer Price Index | null | null | null |
No infill describes a discontinuity that may have coated walls but no other infill. | Wikipedia - Sliding criterion (Geotechnical engineering) | null | null | null |
No machine yet exists that can maneuver in the "scansorial" regime – that is, perform nimbly in general vertical terrain environments without loss of competence in level ground operation. Two major research challenges face the development scansorial robotics: First, they seek to understand, characterize and implement t... | Wikipedia - Synthetic setae | null | null | null |
No model can manage the desaturation of two inert gases. Some approaches only take into account the main inert gas (and ignore the other inert gas). With Bühlmann, a weighted average of the half-times and coefficients a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} is calculated as a function of the percentage of each iner... | Wikipedia - Bühlmann decompression algorithm | null | null | null |
No pharmaceuticals have definitively proven effective for altering the disease course. Although a few pharmaceuticals have shown improved muscle mass in limited respects, they did not improve quality of life, and the AAN recommends against their use for FSHD. | Wikipedia - Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy | null | null | null |
No possible observational evidence bears on Carter's WAP, as it is merely advice to the scientist and asserts nothing debatable. The obvious test of Barrow's SAP, which says that the universe is "required" to support life, is to find evidence of life in universes other than ours. Any other universe is, by most definiti... | Wikipedia - Weak anthropic principle | null | null | null |
Philosopher John Leslie states that the Carter SAP (with multiverse) predicts the following: Physical theory will evolve so as to strengthen the hypothesis that early phase transitions occur probabilistically rather than deterministically, in which case there will be no deep physical reason for the values of fundamenta... | Wikipedia - Weak anthropic principle | null | null | null |
A generic feature of an analysis of this nature is that the expected values of the fundamental physical constants should not be "over-tuned", i.e. if there is some perfectly tuned predicted value (e.g. zero), the observed value need be no closer to that predicted value than what is required to make life possible. The s... | Wikipedia - Weak anthropic principle | null | null | null |
No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a body of lower temperature to a body of higher temperature. This statement for N-coupled heat baths in steady state becomes ∑ n J n T n ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \sum _{n}{\frac {J_{n}}{T_{n}}}\geq 0} A dynamical version of the II-law can be proven, based ... | Wikipedia - Quantum thermodynamics | null | null | null |
No proof mechanism is standardized but the data model is flexible enough to support various existing cryptographic mechanisms, such as digital signatures. Proof mechanisms that are in use include: JSON Web Tokens with JSON Web Signatures, JSON-LD proofs, and zero-knowledge proofs using schemes such as IBM's anonymous c... | Wikipedia - Verifiable credentials | null | null | null |
No reference has been found on the status of the aspirate in Boeotian at this period. | Wikipedia - Koine Greek phonology | null | null | null |
No single source of influence has central control over an organism's development. Whilst the genetic influence on development is fundamental, causation does not only occur from the bottom up, but also flows ‘downwards’ from more complex levels of organismal organization (e.g., tissue-specific regulation of gene express... | Wikipedia - Constructive development (biology) | null | null | null |
No structural differences have been found in the brains of accomplished mnemonists, who have achieved superior memory with the practiced use of mnemonic devices. One study that sought to locate the neural differences between these and people with typical memory abilities using fMRI, was unable to find any differences. ... | Wikipedia - Exceptional memory | null | null | null |
No urinary bladder cancer was found in two of the earlier epidemiological reports of workers exposed to 4-COT in Switzerland and in the USA.Stasik et al. obtained similar results in their previous mortality study carried out on a cohort of 335 male employees exposed to 4-COT at plants in Frankfurt.A subcohort of 116 su... | Wikipedia - 4-Chloro-o-toluidine | null | null | null |
Two of them had already died. The standardized incidence rate for bladder carcinomas in the 4-COT subcohort was 73 times higher than expected. Histologically, all tumor cases were urothelial carcinomas. | Wikipedia - 4-Chloro-o-toluidine | null | null | null |
No widely accepted cognitive theory explains savants' combination of talent and deficit. It has been suggested that individuals with autism are biased towards detail-focused processing and that this cognitive style predisposes individuals either with or without autism to savant talents. Another hypothesis is that savan... | Wikipedia - Autistic savant | null | null | null |
No-ghost theorem: The planar algebra T L ( δ ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {TL}}(\delta )} has no ghost (i.e. element a {\displaystyle a} with ⟨ a | a ⟩ < 0 {\displaystyle \langle a\vert a\rangle <0} ) if and only if δ ∈ { 2 cos ( π / n ) | n = 3 , 4 , 5 , . . . } | Wikipedia - Planar algebra | null | null | null |
∪ {\displaystyle \delta \in \{2\cos(\pi /n)|n=3,4,5,...\}\cup } For δ {\displaystyle \delta } as above, let I {\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}} be the null ideal (generated by elements a {\displaystyle a} with ⟨ a | a ⟩ = 0 {\displaystyle \langle a\vert a\rangle =0} ). Then the quotient T L ( δ ) / I {\displaystyle {\mat... | Wikipedia - Planar algebra | null | null | null |
A planar algebra ( P n , ± ) {\displaystyle ({\mathcal {P}}_{n,\pm })} is a subfactor planar algebra if and only if it is the standard invariant of an extremal subfactor N ⊆ M {\displaystyle N\subseteq M} of index = δ 2 {\displaystyle =\delta ^{2}} , with P n , + = N ′ ∩ M n − 1 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{n,+}=N'\... | Wikipedia - Planar algebra | null | null | null |
A (finite dimensional) Kac algebra "corresponds" (up to isomorphism) to an irreducible subfactor planar algebra of depth two.The subfactor planar algebra associated to an inclusion of finite groups, does not always remember the (core-free) inclusion.A Bisch-Jones subfactor planar algebra B J ( δ 1 , δ 2 ) {\displaystyl... | Wikipedia - Planar algebra | null | null | null |
The subfactor planar algebras are completely classified for index at most 5 {\displaystyle 5} and a bit beyond. This classification was initiated by Uffe Haagerup. It uses (among other things) a listing of possible principal graphs, together with the embedding theorem and the jellyfish algorithm.A subfactor planar alge... | Wikipedia - Planar algebra | null | null | null |
No. 1 – aircraft No. 2 – aircraft armament No. 3 – aircraft equipment No. 4 – aviation electronic equipment No. 5 – training of foreign specialists No. 6 – basic training | Wikipedia - Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy | null | null | null |
Nobel Laureates The following Nobel Prize winners could reasonably be considered behavioral neuroscientists or neurobiologists. (This list omits winners who were almost exclusively neuroanatomists or neurophysiologists; i.e., those that did not measure behavioral or neurobiological variables.) Kavli Prize in Neuroscien... | Wikipedia - Behavioral neuroscience | null | null | null |
Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen proposed a method of geoengineering in which emitting sulfates into the lower atmosphere would lead to global cooling and theoretically help tackle climate change. The possible downside of this is that injecting sulfates into the stratosphere has the potential to lead to ozone depletion. The... | Wikipedia - Arctic geoengineering | null | null | null |
Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it. The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. | Wikipedia - Nobel Prize in Chemistry | null | null | null |
Noble earned an undergraduate degree in sociology from California State University, Fresno in the 1990s, then worked in advertising and marketing for fifteen years before going to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign for a Master of Library and Information Science degree in the early 2000s. The book's first insp... | Wikipedia - Algorithms of Oppression | null | null | null |
By this time, changes to Google's algorithm had changed the most common results for a search of "black girls," though the underlying biases remain influential. Noble became an assistant professor at University of California, Los Angeles in 2014. In 2017, she published an article on racist and sexist bias in search engi... | Wikipedia - Algorithms of Oppression | null | null | null |
Noble gases are elements which have filled valence electron shells in their neutral state, and are thus stable as lone atoms. Historically known as being inert, methods were discovered to react with them. The trend within the group is for the larger elements to be more reactive. | Wikipedia - Inorganic chemical reaction | null | null | null |
Xenon and krypton are more easily ionized, and can combine with extremely electronegative elements to make fluorides and oxides and form solid ionic compounds. Argon, neon, and helium are much less reactive, though in cosmochemistry ArH+ has been observed spectroscopically in interstellar gas. Noble gases can also be t... | Wikipedia - Inorganic chemical reaction | null | null | null |
Nociception is the form of somatic sensation that detects potentially tissue-damaging noxious stimuli. Peripheral nociceptors uniquely express transient receptor potentials which are sensitive to potentially-damaging mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli. Nociceptors also contain receptors for pain and inflammatory-... | Wikipedia - Clinical neurochemistry | null | null | null |
Pain has both a localizing somatic sensory component and an aversive emotional and motivational component. Pain travels through a variety of pathways via first pain on Alpha Delta fibers and second pain on slowly conducting C-fibers.The dorsal horn of the spinal cord serves as a major integration center for both ascend... | Wikipedia - Clinical neurochemistry | null | null | null |
Additionally, damage to neurons in nociceptive pathways leads to neuropathic pain. Three families in northern Pakistan were congenitally unable to perceive pain due to their homozygous loss of function mutation in the SCN9A gene which codes for the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 . This key finding allowed pharmaco... | Wikipedia - Clinical neurochemistry | null | null | null |
Node-level systems: FogROS FogROS is proposed by UCB. FogROS is a framework that allows existing ROS automation applications to gain access to additional computing resources from commercial cloud-based services. This framework is built on the Robot Operating System (ROS), the de facto standard for creating robot automa... | Wikipedia - Fog robotics | null | null | null |
With minimal porting effort, FogROS allows researchers to deploy components of their software to the cloud with high transparency. Algorithm-level system: ElasticROSElasticROS is proposed by HKUST. | Wikipedia - Fog robotics | null | null | null |
The present node-level systems are not flexible enough to dynamically adapt to changing conditions. To address this, the authors present ElasticROS, which evolves the present node-level systems into an algorithm-level one. ElasticROS is based on ROS and ROS2. | Wikipedia - Fog robotics | null | null | null |
For fog and cloud robotics, it is the first robot operating system with algorithm-level collaborative computing. ElasticROS develops elastic collaborative computing to achieve adaptability to dynamic conditions. The collaborative computing algorithm is the core and challenge of ElasticROS. | Wikipedia - Fog robotics | null | null | null |
The authors abstract the problem and then propose an algorithm named ElasAction to address. It is a dynamic action decision algorithm based on online learning, which determines how robots and servers cooperate. The algorithm dynamically updates parameters to adapt to changes of conditions where the robot is currently i... | Wikipedia - Fog robotics | null | null | null |
NodeXL Pro imports UCINet and GraphML files, as well as Excel spreadsheets containing edge lists or adjacency matrices, into NodeXL workbooks. NodeXL Pro also allows for the quick collection of social media data via a set of import tools which can collect network data from e-mail, Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr. NodeXL a... | Wikipedia - NodeXL | null | null | null |
NodeXL workbooks contain four worksheets: Edges, Vertices, Groups, and Overall Metrics. The relevant data about entities in the graph and relationships between them are located in the appropriate worksheet in row format. For example, the edges worksheet contains a minimum of two columns, and each row has a minimum of t... | Wikipedia - NodeXL | null | null | null |
Nodes are placed on a stack in the order in which they are visited. When the depth-first search recursively visits a node v and its descendants, those nodes are not all necessarily popped from the stack when this recursive call returns. The crucial invariant property is that a node remains on the stack after it has bee... | Wikipedia - Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm | null | null | null |
When the DFS will backtrack it would remove the nodes on a single path and return to the root in order to start a new path. At the end of the call that visits v and its descendants, we know whether v itself has a path to any node earlier on the stack. If so, the call returns, leaving v on the stack to preserve the inva... | Wikipedia - Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm | null | null | null |
Nodes can be inserted into binary trees in between two other nodes or added after a leaf node. In binary trees, a node that is inserted is specified as to whose child it will be. | Wikipedia - Binary tree (data structure) | null | null | null |
Noether Emmy Noether's theorem | Wikipedia - Glossary of symplectic geometry | null | null | null |
Noether also was responsible for a number of other advances in the field of algebra. With Emil Artin, Richard Brauer, and Helmut Hasse, she founded the theory of central simple algebras. A paper by Noether, Helmut Hasse, and Richard Brauer pertains to division algebras, which are algebraic systems in which division is ... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
A subsequent paper by Noether showed, as a special case of a more general theorem, that all maximal subfields of a division algebra D are splitting fields. This paper also contains the Skolem–Noether theorem which states that any two embeddings of an extension of a field k into a finite-dimensional central simple algeb... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
Noether was brought to Göttingen in 1915 by David Hilbert and Felix Klein, who wanted her expertise in invariant theory to help them in understanding general relativity, a geometrical theory of gravitation developed mainly by Albert Einstein. Hilbert had observed that the conservation of energy seemed to be violated in... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
Upon receiving her work, Einstein wrote to Hilbert:Yesterday I received from Miss Noether a very interesting paper on invariants. I'm impressed that such things can be understood in such a general way. | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
The old guard at Göttingen should take some lessons from Miss Noether! She seems to know her stuff. For illustration, if a physical system behaves the same, regardless of how it is oriented in space, the physical laws that govern it are rotationally symmetric; from this symmetry, Noether's theorem shows the angular mom... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
The physical system itself need not be symmetric; a jagged asteroid tumbling in space conserves angular momentum despite its asymmetry. Rather, the symmetry of the physical laws governing the system is responsible for the conservation law. As another example, if a physical experiment has the same outcome at any place a... | Wikipedia - Emmy Noether | null | null | null |
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