text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Article: Altered level of consciousness. An altered level of consciousness is any measure of arousal other than normal. Level of consciousness (LOC) is a measurement of a person's arousability and responsiveness to stimuli from the environment. A mildly depressed level of consciousness or alertness may be classed as le... | Wikipedia - Altered level of consciousness - Summary | 295 | 1,474 | null |
Section: Definition > Others. The AVPU scale is another means of measuring LOC: people are assessed to determine whether they are alert, responsive to verbal stimuli, responsive to painful stimuli, or unresponsive. To determine responsiveness to voice, a caregiver speaks to, or, failing that, yells at the person. Respo... | Wikipedia - Altered level of consciousness - Definition > Others | 178 | 799 | null |
Section: Pathophysiology. Although the neural science behind alertness, wakefulness, and arousal are not fully known, the reticular formation is known to play a role in these. The ascending reticular activating system is a postulated group of neural connections that receives sensory input and projects to the cerebral c... | Wikipedia - Altered level of consciousness - Pathophysiology | 205 | 1,005 | null |
Section: Diagnosis. Assessing LOC involves determining an individual's response to external stimuli. Speed and accuracy of responses to questions and reactions to stimuli such as touch and pain are noted. Reflexes, such as the cough and gag reflexes, are also means of judging LOC. Once the level of consciousness is det... | Wikipedia - Altered level of consciousness - Diagnosis | 190 | 877 | null |
Section: Diagnosis > Differential diagnosis. A lowered level of consciousness indicate a deficit in brain function. Level of consciousness can be lowered when the brain receives insufficient oxygen (as occurs in hypoxia); insufficient blood (as occurs in shock, in children for example due to intussusception); or has an... | Wikipedia - Altered level of consciousness - Diagnosis > Differential diagnosis | 334 | 1,525 | null |
Section: Definitions. There is no general definition of an altered state of consciousness, as any definitional attempt would first have to rely on a definition of a normal state of consciousness. Attempts to define the term can however be found in philosophy, psychology and neuroscience. There is no final consensus on ... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Definitions | 327 | 1,773 | null |
His definition relies only on subjective experience, leaving aside behavioral changes and physiological response. An altered state of consciousness (ASC) may be defined as a temporary change in the overall pattern of subjective experience, such that the individual believes that his or her mental functioning is distinct... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Definitions | 328 | 1,734 | null |
Section: History > History of utilization of ASCs. Altered states of consciousness might have been employed by humans as early as 30,000 years ago. Mind-altering plants and/or excessive dancing were used to attain an ecstatic or mystic state. Examples of early religious use of altered states of consciousness are the ri... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - History > History of utilization of ASCs | 204 | 1,074 | null |
Section: History > History of scientific study. Due to the behaviourist paradigm in psychology altered states of consciousness were dismissed as a field of scientific inquiry during the early 20th century. They were pathologized and merely seen as symptoms of intoxication or demonic possession. Their return into psycho... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - History > History of scientific study | 336 | 1,765 | null |
In the midst of the rise of new-age subculture Stanislav Grof and others formed the new field of transpersonal psychology, which emphasized "the importance of individual human experience, validity of mystical and spiritual experience, interconnectedness of self with others and the world and potential of self-transforma... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - History > History of scientific study | 177 | 905 | null |
Section: Classification. A classification of Altered States of Consciousness is helpful for comparing or differentiating induced ASCs and other variations of consciousness. Various researchers have attempted the classification into a broader framework. The attempts of classification discussed in the following focus on ... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Classification | 318 | 1,610 | null |
Section: Induction methods > Pharmacological. An altered state of consciousness may be defined as a short-term change in the general configuration of one's individual experience, such that the rational functioning is clearly altered from one's usual state of consciousness. There are many ways that one's consciousness c... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Induction methods > Pharmacological | 338 | 1,743 | null |
Opioids are a class of drugs that alter consciousness. Examples of opioids include heroin, morphine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone. Opioids produce analgesia and often feelings of euphoria in users. Opioid abuse may result in decreased production of endorphins in the brain, natural pain relievers whose effects may be heig... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Induction methods > Pharmacological | 330 | 1,367 | null |
Alcohol alters consciousness by shifting levels of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" cell (often another neuron). Neurotransmitters can cause inhibitory or excitatory effects on the "target" cell they are... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Induction methods > Pharmacological | 203 | 865 | null |
Section: Induction methods > Pathologies/other. Pathological or accidental induction may refer to unforeseen events or illnesses. According to Jeffrey R. Avner, professor of clinical pediatrics, a crucial element to understanding accidental and pathological causes of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) is that it be... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Induction methods > Pathologies/other | 153 | 864 | null |
Section: Induction methods > Pathologies/other > Traumatic experience. The first condition, traumatic experience, is defined as a lesion caused by an external force (Trauma. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online, 2013). Examples include impact to the brain caused by blunt force (i.e., a car accident). The reason ... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Induction methods > Pathologies/other > Traumatic experience | 167 | 801 | null |
Section: Induction methods > Pathologies/other > Psychosis. Another pathological cause is psychosis, otherwise known as a psychotic episode. Psychotic episodes often include delusions, paranoia, derealization, depersonalization, and hallucinations (Revonsuo et al., 2008). Studies have not been able to clearly identify ... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Induction methods > Pathologies/other > Psychosis | 331 | 1,478 | null |
Section: Neurobiological models of altered state experiences > Entropic brain hypothesis. The entropic brain hypothesis by Robin Carhart-Harris in 2014 is a theory informed by neuroimaging research that uses the hallucinogen-induced neurological state to make inferences about other states of consciousness. The expressi... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Neurobiological models of altered state experiences > Entropic brain hypothesis | 325 | 1,711 | null |
This "phase transition" between these two fundamentally different poles of consciousness is facilitated by a collapse of the normally highly organized activity within the default mode network (DMN) and a decoupling between the DMN and the medial temporal lobes (MTLs), which are normally significantly coupled. The DMN i... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Neurobiological models of altered state experiences > Entropic brain hypothesis | 183 | 890 | null |
Section: Neurobiological models of altered state experiences > CSTC-loop. Extensive scientific investigation on altered states of consciousness and their relationship to drug interactions with receptors in the brain have been performed. Particularly the study of the neurotransmitter serotonin and the effects of psyched... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Neurobiological models of altered state experiences > CSTC-loop | 345 | 1,641 | null |
Thereby it influences the regulation of the level of awareness and attention. Disruption of the CSTC loop system is proposed to significantly influence information processing, for instance the ability to screen out, inhibit, filter, or gate extraneous stimuli and to direct selective attention to salient features of the... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Neurobiological models of altered state experiences > CSTC-loop | 249 | 1,335 | null |
Section: Neurobiological models of altered state experiences > Synthetic surprise. Synthetic surprise is a theoretical concept explaining the altered states of consciousness induced by psychedelic substances like LSD and psilocybin. Central to this concept is the activation of the 5-HT2A receptor by psychedelics. The h... | Wikipedia - Altered state of consciousness - Neurobiological models of altered state experiences > Synthetic surprise | 267 | 1,407 | null |
Section: Evidence from neuroethology. Neuroethological study has provided strong evidence for the existence of a system which adheres to an anti-Hebbian learning rule. Research on the mormyrid electric fish has demonstrated that the electrosensory lateral-line lobe (ELL) receives sensory input from knollenorgans (elect... | Wikipedia - Anti-Hebbian learning - Evidence from neuroethology | 323 | 1,610 | null |
Section: Significance. Since the neurons of the ELL receive both a corollary discharge (another term for an efference copy) of the motor output commands sent to the EOD, and afferent input from the electrosensory receptors, the animal is able to eliminate predictable inputs produced by its own motor output. The system ... | Wikipedia - Anti-Hebbian learning - Significance | 337 | 1,763 | null |
Section: Example. The following algorithm was proposed by (Péter Földiák, 1990). In this algorithm, there are input neurons ( x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})} and output neurons ( y 1 , … , y m ) {\displaystyle (y_{1},\dots ,y_{m})} . Each input neuron is connected to an output neuron by a weight Q ... | Wikipedia - Anti-Hebbian learning - Example | 330 | 929 | null |
The neural activation of the output neurons is defined as a fixed point of the following stable state equation: y j = f ( ∑ i x i Q i j + ∑ i y i W i j − t j ) {\displaystyle y_{j}=f\left(\sum _{i}x_{i}Q_{ij}+\sum _{i}y_{i}W_{ij}-t_{j}\right)} where f ( t ) = 1 1 + e − λ t {\displaystyle f(t)={\frac {1}{1+e^{-\lambda t... | Wikipedia - Anti-Hebbian learning - Example | 317 | 837 | null |
For each input vector x {\displaystyle x} , Solve for the output vector y {\displaystyle y} that satisfies y = f ( x Q + y W − t ) {\textstyle y=f(xQ+yW-t)} . This can be done by integrating along the vector field y ˙ = y − f ( x Q + y W − t ) {\textstyle {\dot {y}}=y-f(xQ+yW-t)} . Anti-Hebbian update Δ W i j = − α ( y... | Wikipedia - Anti-Hebbian learning - Example | 326 | 725 | null |
Hebbian update: Δ Q i j = β y i ( x j − q i j ) {\textstyle \Delta Q_{ij}=\beta y_{i}\left(x_{j}-q_{ij}\right)} Threshold update: Δ t i = γ ( y i − p ) {\textstyle \Delta t_{i}=\gamma \left(y_{i}-p\right)} . Here, p {\displaystyle p} , α {\displaystyle \alpha } , β {\displaystyle \beta } , and γ {\displaystyle \gamma }... | Wikipedia - Anti-Hebbian learning - Example | 226 | 690 | null |
Article: Associative interference. Associative interference is a cognitive theory established on the concept of associative learning, which suggests that the brain links related elements. When one element is stimulated, its associates can also be activated. The most known study demonstrating the credibility of this con... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - Summary | 346 | 1,867 | null |
Section: History. Interference in experimental literature has been a topic of interest for psychologists for over 100 years, with early studies dating back to the 1890s. Hugo Münsterberg was among the first to study this concept by recording the effects of altering some of his daily routines, such as dipping his pen in... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - History | 333 | 1,769 | null |
Section: Impact on memory > Effect on recall. Many studies have concluded that associative interference reduces a subject's ability to recall. In 1925, Erwin A. Esper presented subjects with a series of random shapes with different colours. In total there were 4 different shapes and colours, creating 16 possible shape-... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - Impact on memory > Effect on recall | 322 | 1,649 | null |
Similar trends can be seen in other studies. Alison M. Dyne and her peers designed a similar experiment, however instead of colours and shapes, word pairs were used to investigate whether overlapping words from different pairs would result in associative interference during recall. Participants were introduced to a stu... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - Impact on memory > Effect on recall | 188 | 966 | null |
Section: Impact on memory > Effect on recognition. Whilst associative interference has shown to reduce recall performance, its effects on recognition remain inconsistent. In the previous study, participants were also tested for recognition, by providing a similar test list with interference inducing word pairs and non-... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - Impact on memory > Effect on recognition | 341 | 1,904 | null |
Section: Impact on learning. Kevin Darby and Vladimir Sloutsky's study of interference effects on memory development has shown that associative interference can have significant implications on learning as a result of its effects on memory (ref). In their study, 2 experimental studies were outlined to test the ways in ... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - Impact on learning | 343 | 1,824 | null |
Although both younger and older participants have displayed signs of interference, by directly comparing the two age groups it becomes possible to analyse the level of impact interference has with regards to age. These subsequent experiments with adult participants concluded that certain types of interference affected ... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - Impact on learning | 185 | 1,057 | null |
Section: Proactive Interference and Retroactive interference Summary > Context. The concepts of proactive interference and retroactive interference were first introduced by the studies of verbal behavior, focusing on the use of paired-associate learning, in which a stimulus is paired with an idea or object that elicits... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - Proactive Interference and Retroactive interference Summary > Context | 333 | 1,770 | null |
If the items or pairs to be learned are conceptually related to one another, then proactive interference has a greater effect. Delos Wickens discovered that proactive interference build-up is released when there is a change to the category of items being learned, leading to increased processing in working memory. Prese... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - Proactive Interference and Retroactive interference Summary > Context | 249 | 1,439 | null |
Section: Proactive Interference and Retroactive interference Summary > Paired-associate learning. One strategy used to understand how people encode and retrieve memory associations is called paired-associate learning. In a typical study using paired-associate learning, subjects would be presented with pairs of unrelate... | Wikipedia - Associative interference - Proactive Interference and Retroactive interference Summary > Paired-associate learning | 253 | 1,319 | null |
Article: Augmented cognition. Augmented cognition is an interdisciplinary area of psychology and engineering, attracting researchers from the more traditional fields of human-computer interaction, psychology, ergonomics and neuroscience. Augmented cognition research generally focuses on tasks and environments where hum... | Wikipedia - Augmented cognition - Summary | 176 | 959 | null |
Section: History. In 1962 Douglas C. Engelbart released the report "Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework" which introduced, and laid the groundwork for, augmented cognition. In this paper, Engelbart defines "augmenting human intellect" as "increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem s... | Wikipedia - Augmented cognition - History | 201 | 1,052 | null |
Section: Research > DARPA's Augmented Cognition Program. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been one of the primary funding agencies for augmented cognition investigators. A major focus of DARPA's augmented cognition program (AugCog) has been developing more robust tools for monitoring cognitive ... | Wikipedia - Augmented cognition - Research > DARPA's Augmented Cognition Program | 245 | 1,344 | null |
Section: Research > Augmentation Factor. Ron Fulbright proposed the augmentation factor (A+), as a measure of the degree a human is cognitively enhanced by working in collaborative partnership with an artificial cognitive system (cog). If WH is the cognitive work performed by the human in a human-machine dyad, and WC i... | Wikipedia - Augmented cognition - Research > Augmentation Factor | 225 | 991 | null |
Section: Research > Human/Cog Ensembles. Whereas DARPA's AugCog program focuses on human/machine dyads, it is possible for there to be more than one human and more than one artificial element involved. Human/Cog Ensembles involve one or more humans working with one or more cognitive systems (cogs). In a human/cog ensem... | Wikipedia - Augmented cognition - Research > Human/Cog Ensembles | 180 | 669 | null |
Article: Axo-axonic synapse. An axo-axonic synapse is a type of synapse, formed by one neuron projecting its axon terminals onto another neuron's axon. Axo-axonic synapses have been found and described more recently than the other more familiar types of synapses, such as axo-dendritic synapses and axo-somatic synapses.... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Summary | 332 | 1,340 | null |
Section: Background. Complex interconnections of neurons form neural networks, which are responsible for various types of computation in the brain. Neurons receive inputs mainly through dendrites, which play a role in spatio-temporal computation, leading to the firing of an action potential which subsequently travels t... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Background | 342 | 1,405 | null |
Whereas the other types of synapses modulate postsynaptic neural activity, the axo-axonic synapses show subtle effects on the network-level neural information transfer. In such synapses, the activity in presynaptic neurons will not change the membrane potential (i.e., depolarize or hyperpolarize) of the cell body of po... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Background | 224 | 914 | null |
Section: History. The first direct evidence of the existence of axo-axonic synapses was provided by E. G. Gray in 1962. Gray produced electron microscopy photographs of axo-axonic synapses formed on the terminals of muscle afferents involved in the spinal somatic reflex arc in a cat's spinal cord slices. Later, Gray co... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - History | 319 | 1,420 | null |
During simultaneous recordings from presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, the physiologists could not make sense of the infrequent inhibition observed in the postsynaptic neuron, with no membrane potential changes in the presynaptic neuron. At that time, this phenomenon was known as “presynaptic inhibitory action”, the... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - History | 211 | 880 | null |
Section: Function > Cerebellar cortex. The axo-axonic synapse in the cerebellar cortex originally appeared in one of the drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal in his book published in 1909. Later using electron microscopy, it was confirmed that the basket cell axon projects on the axon hillock of Purkinje cells in the cer... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Function > Cerebellar cortex | 208 | 881 | null |
Section: Function > Cerebral cortex. Axo-axonic synapses are found In the visual cortex (in V1 and V2) in mammals, and have been well studied in cats, rats and primates such as monkeys. The synapse is formed on the initial segments of the axons of pyramidal cells in several layers in the visual cortex. The projecting n... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Function > Cerebral cortex | 341 | 1,411 | null |
Section: Function > Basal ganglia. Microscopy studies in the striatum previously suggested rare occurrence of axo-axonic synapses in individual sections. Extrapolations from the topological data suggest much higher counts of such synapses in the striatum where the therapeutic role of the axo-axonic synapses in treating... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Function > Basal ganglia | 171 | 687 | null |
Section: Function > Brainstem. Axo-axonic synapses are found in the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem. Electron microscopy studies on the kitten brainstem quantified synaptogenesis of axo-axonic synapses in the spinal trigeminal nucleus at different development ages of the brain. Authors identified the synapse... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Function > Brainstem | 313 | 1,241 | null |
Section: Function > Spinal Cord. Axo-axonic synapses are found in the mammalian spinal reflex arc and in Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando (SGR). In the spinal cord, axo-axonic synapses are formed on the terminals of sensory neurons with presynaptic inhibitory interneurons. These synapses are first studied using intrace... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Function > Spinal Cord | 218 | 907 | null |
Section: Function > Vestibular system. Axo-axonic synapses are found in the lateral vestibular nucleus in rats. Axo-axonic synapses are formed from the small axons of interneurons onto the axon terminals of large axons, which are upstream to the main dendritic stem. Interestingly, the authors claimed that axo-axonic sy... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Function > Vestibular system | 168 | 707 | null |
Section: Function > Hindbrain. Axo-axonic synapses are found in the mauthner cells in goldfish. The axon hillock and initial axon segments of mauthner cells receive terminals from extremely fine unmyelinated fibers, which cover the axon hillock with helical projections. These helical projections around mauthner cells a... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Function > Hindbrain | 292 | 1,200 | null |
Section: Function > Neuromuscular junction. Inhibitory axo-axonic synapses are found in the crustacean neuromuscular junctions and have been widely studied in Crayfish. Axo-axonic synapses are formed on the excitatory axons as a postsynaptic neuron by the motor neurons from the presynaptic side. Motor neurons, which is... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Function > Neuromuscular junction | 231 | 979 | null |
Section: Clinical Significance. An example of the physiological role of axo-axonic synapses, which are formed by GABAergic inhibitory interneurons to the axons of granule cells, is in eliciting spontaneous seizures, which is a key symptom of Intractable Epilepsy. The presynaptic inhibitory interneurons, which can be la... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Clinical Significance | 315 | 1,273 | null |
Section: Development. A study on the spinal cord in mice suggests that the sensory Ig/Caspr4 complex is involved in the formation of axo-axonic synapses on proprioceptive afferents. These synapses are formed through projection of GABAergic interneurons on sensory neurons, which is upstream to the motor neurons. In the ... | Wikipedia - Axo-axonic synapse - Development | 200 | 774 | null |
Article: Behavioral epigenetics. Behavioral epigenetics is the field of study examining the role of epigenetics in shaping animal and human behavior. It seeks to explain how nurture shapes nature, where nature refers to biological heredity and nurture refers to virtually everything that occurs during the life-span (e.g... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Summary | 207 | 1,059 | null |
Section: Background. In biology, and specifically genetics, epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence; the term can also be used to describe the study of stable, long-term alterations in the transcriptional potential of a cell that are not necessa... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Background | 236 | 1,208 | null |
Section: Discovery. The first documented example of epigenetics affecting behavior was provided by Michael Meaney and Moshe Szyf. While working at McGill University in Montréal in 2004, they discovered that the type and amount of nurturing a mother rat provides in the early weeks of the rat's infancy determines how tha... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Discovery | 291 | 1,437 | null |
Section: Cognition > Learning and memory. A 2010 review discussed the role of DNA methylation in memory formation and storage, but the precise mechanisms involving neuronal function, memory, and methylation reversal remained unclear at the time. Further research investigated the molecular basis for long-term memory. By... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Cognition > Learning and memory | 322 | 1,615 | null |
More than 100 DNA double-strand breaks occur, both in the hippocampus and in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), in two peaks, at 10 minutes and at 30 minutes after contextual fear conditioning. This appears to be earlier than the DNA methylations and demethylations of neuron DNA in the hippocampus that were measured ... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Cognition > Learning and memory | 338 | 1,559 | null |
DNMTs bind to DNA and methylate cytosines at particular locations in the genome. If this methylation is prevented by DNMT inhibitors, then memories do not form. If DNMT3A2 is over-expressed in the hippocampus of young adult mice it converts a weak learning experience into long-term memory and also enhances fear memory ... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Cognition > Learning and memory | 294 | 1,392 | null |
Section: Psychopathology and mental health > Anxiety and risk-taking. Due to the stress that can be placed on individuals can increase levels of anxiety and the way the epigenetics are responding in relation to the individual. Epigenetics investigate how alterations upon environment and behavior can affect the way in w... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Psychopathology and mental health > Anxiety and risk-taking | 344 | 1,675 | null |
Section: Psychopathology and mental health > Stress. Animal and human studies have found correlations between poor care during infancy and epigenetic changes that correlate with long-term impairments that result from neglect. Studies in rats have shown correlations between maternal care in terms of the parental licking... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Psychopathology and mental health > Stress | 314 | 1,594 | null |
Section: Psychopathology and mental health > Drug addiction. Environmental and epigenetic influences seem to work together to increase the risk of addiction. For example, environmental stress has been shown to increase the risk of substance abuse. In an attempt to cope with stress, alcohol and drugs can be used as an e... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Psychopathology and mental health > Drug addiction | 346 | 1,756 | null |
These alterations may be long-term, as is evidenced in smokers who still possess nicotine-related epigenetic changes ten years after cessation. Therefore, epigenetic modifications may account for some of the behavioural changes generally associated with addiction. These include: repetitive habits that increase the risk... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Psychopathology and mental health > Drug addiction | 171 | 898 | null |
Section: Psychopathology and mental health > Eating disorders and obesity. Epigenetic changes may help to facilitate the development and maintenance of eating disorders via influences in the early environment and throughout the life-span. Pre-natal epigenetic changes due to maternal stress, behaviour and diet may later... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Psychopathology and mental health > Eating disorders and obesity | 195 | 978 | null |
Section: Psychopathology and mental health > Schizophrenia. Epigenetic changes including hypomethylation of glutamatergic genes (i.e., NMDA-receptor-subunit gene NR3B and the promoter of the AMPA-receptor-subunit gene GRIA2) in the post-mortem brains of people with schizophrenia are associated with increased levels of ... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Psychopathology and mental health > Schizophrenia | 324 | 1,593 | null |
Section: Psychopathology and mental health > Bipolar disorder. Evidence for epigenetic modifications for bipolar disorder is unclear. One study found hypomethylation of a gene promoter of a prefrontal lobe enzyme (i.e., membrane-bound catechol-O-methyl transferase, or COMT) in post-mortem brain samples from individuals... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Psychopathology and mental health > Bipolar disorder | 180 | 816 | null |
Section: Limitations and future direction. Many researchers contribute information to the Human Epigenome Consortium. The aim of future research is to reprogram epigenetic changes to help with addiction, mental illness, age related changes, memory decline, and other issues. However, the sheer volume of consortium-based... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Limitations and future direction | 337 | 1,883 | null |
However, the ultimate goal is to find patterns of epigenetic changes that can be targeted to treat mental illness, and reverse the effects of childhood stressors, for example. If such treatable patterns eventually become well-established, the inability to access brains in living humans to identify them poses an obstacl... | Wikipedia - Behavioral epigenetics - Limitations and future direction | 161 | 866 | null |
Article: Bell's mania. Bell's mania, also known as delirious mania, refers to an acute neurobehavioral syndrome. This is usually characterized by an expeditious onset of delirium, mania, psychosis, followed by grandiosity, emotional lability, altered consciousness, hyperthermia, and in extreme cases, death. It is somet... | Wikipedia - Bell's mania - Summary | 205 | 959 | null |
Section: Clinical features. The majority of Bell's mania cases studied are triggered by psychostimulant drug usage or preexisting medical or neurological conditions, which impedes the apprehension of this syndrome. Hence at present, there is still no scientific consensus on the clinical features of Bell's mania. Resear... | Wikipedia - Bell's mania - Clinical features | 254 | 1,255 | null |
Section: Diagnosis > Differential diagnosis > Distinguishing between Bell's mania and catatonia. Bell's mania and catatonia are regarded as "overlapping syndromes", making differential diagnosis essential when catatonic signs are observed. Thus, researchers must distinguish between excited catatonia and Bell's mania, a... | Wikipedia - Bell's mania - Diagnosis > Differential diagnosis > Distinguishing between Bell's mania and catatonia | 212 | 981 | null |
Section: Pathophysiology > Role of genetics and signaling pathways. Mania is a prominent symptom of both bipolar disorder and Bell's mania. Hence, studying bipolar patients can provide insight into the pathophysiology of this Bell's mania. PET scans of manic patients illustrate anomalous activation of the dorsal anteri... | Wikipedia - Bell's mania - Pathophysiology > Role of genetics and signaling pathways | 199 | 909 | null |
Section: Pathophysiology > Stimulant elicited responses > Dopaminergic transporters dysfunction. Dopaminergic transporters dysfunction is caused by acute mania of bipolar disorder, psychostimulant use, and environmental stress. It is suggested to be common mechanism in excited delirium (EXD). EXD is commonly observed i... | Wikipedia - Bell's mania - Pathophysiology > Stimulant elicited responses > Dopaminergic transporters dysfunction | 201 | 900 | null |
Section: Treatment and Management > Recognition. Over the course of time the significance of this syndrome has been increasingly recognized in correspondence to the manner of death, specifically because the anatomic cause of death is hard to define during autopsy. Recent studies have elicited neurochemical imbalances r... | Wikipedia - Bell's mania - Treatment and Management > Recognition | 150 | 813 | null |
Section: Treatment and Management > Other Preventative Measures. Along with sedation techniques, a few other prevention and protection measures can decrease fatal outcomes, some of which are: management of catecholamine cascade, basic medical monitoring of bodily functions, blood tests, physical examination and rapid c... | Wikipedia - Bell's mania - Treatment and Management > Other Preventative Measures | 185 | 991 | null |
Section: History > First Appearance of Related Symptoms. The suggestive symptoms of this disorder were first observed in the 19th century, out of which some of the most significant ones are the onset of aggression, bizarre behavior, violence, excessive shouting, panic, paranoia and increase in body temperature. In 1934... | Wikipedia - Bell's mania - History > First Appearance of Related Symptoms | 324 | 1,680 | null |
Section: Overview. The BIA+ is one of many models that was defined based on data from psycholinguistic or behavioral studies which investigate how the languages of bilinguals are manipulated during listening, reading and speaking each of them; however, BIA+ is now being supported by neuroimaging data linking this model... | Wikipedia - Bilingual interactive activation plus - Overview | 210 | 1,104 | null |
Section: Model assumptions > Distinction of 2 subsystems: word identification vs. task/decision > Word identification subsystem > Integrated lexicon. The integrated lexicon assumption describes the interactivity of the visual representation of word or word parts and orthography, the phonologic or auditory component of ... | Wikipedia - Bilingual interactive activation plus - Model assumptions > Distinction of 2 subsystems: word identification vs. task/decision > Word identification subsystem > Integrated lexicon | 241 | 1,182 | null |
Section: Model assumptions > Distinction of 2 subsystems: word identification vs. task/decision > Word identification subsystem > Nonselective/Parallel access. Parallel access assumes that language is nonselective and that both potential word choices are activated in the bilingual brain when exposed to the same stimulu... | Wikipedia - Bilingual interactive activation plus - Model assumptions > Distinction of 2 subsystems: word identification vs. task/decision > Word identification subsystem > Nonselective/Parallel access | 154 | 836 | null |
Section: Model assumptions > Distinction of 2 subsystems: word identification vs. task/decision > Word identification subsystem > Temporal delay of L2. The temporal delay assumption is based on the principle of resting potential activation which reflects the frequency of word use by the bilingual such that high frequen... | Wikipedia - Bilingual interactive activation plus - Model assumptions > Distinction of 2 subsystems: word identification vs. task/decision > Word identification subsystem > Temporal delay of L2 | 256 | 1,356 | null |
Section: Model assumptions > Distinction of 2 subsystems: word identification vs. task/decision > Task/decision subsystem > Task/decision localization in the brain. The neural correlates of the task/ decision subsystem consist of multiple components that map onto different areas of prefrontal cortex responsible for exe... | Wikipedia - Bilingual interactive activation plus - Model assumptions > Distinction of 2 subsystems: word identification vs. task/decision > Task/decision subsystem > Task/decision localization in the brain | 166 | 866 | null |
Section: Example. According to the BIA+ model, when a bilingual with English as their primary language and Spanish as their secondary language translates the word advertencia from Spanish to English, several steps occur. The bilingual would use the orthographic and phonological cues to differentiate this word from the ... | Wikipedia - Bilingual interactive activation plus - Example | 175 | 951 | null |
Section: Differences between BIA+ and BIA precursor. While the BIA+ models shares several similarities with its predecessor, the BIA model, there are a few distinct differences that exist between the two. First and most notable is the purely bottom-up nature of the BIA+ model which assumes that information from the tas... | Wikipedia - Bilingual interactive activation plus - Differences between BIA+ and BIA precursor | 173 | 864 | null |
Section: Future. The BIA+ model has been supported by many of the quantitative neuroimaging studies but more research needs to be completed in order to strengthen the model as a frontrunner in the accepted models for bilingual language processing. In the task/decision system, the task components are well-defined (e.g. ... | Wikipedia - Bilingual interactive activation plus - Future | 306 | 1,652 | null |
Article: Biological motion. Biological motion is motion that comes from actions of a biological organism. Humans and animals are able to understand those actions through experience, identification, and higher level neural processing. Humans use biological motion to identify and understand familiar actions, which is inv... | Wikipedia - Biological motion - Summary | 250 | 1,451 | null |
Section: History. The phenomenon of human sensitivity to biological motion was first documented by Swedish perceptual psychologist, Gunnar Johansson, in 1973. He is best known for his experiments that used point light displays (PLDs). Johansson attached light bulbs to body parts and joints of actors performing various ... | Wikipedia - Biological motion - History | 307 | 1,647 | null |
Section: Research on Biological Motion > General Observations on Biological Motion. In a PLD experiment, participants are presented with a static, dynamic, or randomized dynamic white dots that consists of light sources or motion capture markers that were placed on the joints that are involved in actions for biological... | Wikipedia - Biological motion - Research on Biological Motion > General Observations on Biological Motion | 168 | 863 | null |
Section: Research on Biological Motion > Neuroimaging. Recent cognitive neuroscience research has begun to focus on the brain structures and neural networks that are involved in biological motion processing. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation methods provided with evidence that suggests that biological motion... | Wikipedia - Biological motion - Research on Biological Motion > Neuroimaging | 182 | 1,074 | null |
Section: Research on Biological Motion > Development in Children. The human perception and understanding of biological motion in animal actions develops with age, usually capping at approximately five years of age. In an experiment, with three-year-old, four-year-old, and five-year-old children and adults, participants... | Wikipedia - Biological motion - Research on Biological Motion > Development in Children | 327 | 1,737 | null |
Section: Research on Biological Motion > Language. Humans seem to use similar cognitive functions in identifying real verbs and biologically possible motions. In another experiment, researchers gave participants a lexical and action decision tasks to measure how long it took them to identify whether the words were real... | Wikipedia - Biological motion - Research on Biological Motion > Language | 181 | 994 | null |
Section: Research on Biological Motion > Psychophysics. Some research looks into the differences between global and local processing of biological motion; how the whole PLD figure is processed compared to how individual dots in the PLD are processed. One study investigated both types of processing in a PLD of human wal... | Wikipedia - Biological motion - Research on Biological Motion > Psychophysics | 271 | 1,503 | null |
Article: Biological neuron model. Biological neuron models, also known as spiking neuron models, are mathematical descriptions of the conduction of electrical signals in neurons. Neurons (or nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells within the nervous system, able to fire electric signals, called action potentials,... | Wikipedia - Biological neuron model - Summary | 327 | 1,650 | null |
Section: Biological background, classification, and aims of neuron models. Non-spiking cells, spiking cells, and their measurement Not all the cells of the nervous system produce the type of spike that defines the scope of the spiking neuron models. For example, cochlear hair cells, retinal receptor cells, and retinal ... | Wikipedia - Biological neuron model - Biological background, classification, and aims of neuron models | 336 | 1,764 | null |
The various models in this category differ in the exact functional relationship between the input current and the output voltage and in the level of detail. Some models in this category predict only the moment of occurrence of the output spike (also known as "action potential"); other models are more detailed and accou... | Wikipedia - Biological neuron model - Biological background, classification, and aims of neuron models | 340 | 1,789 | null |
Section: Electrical input–output membrane voltage models > Hodgkin–Huxley. The Hodgkin–Huxley model (H&H model) is a model of the relationship between the flow of ionic currents across the neuronal cell membrane and the membrane voltage of the cell. It consists of a set of nonlinear differential equations describing th... | Wikipedia - Biological neuron model - Electrical input–output membrane voltage models > Hodgkin–Huxley | 240 | 915 | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.