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test · 389k rows

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What kind of mutations are produced by nucleotide-pair insertions or deletions? Here are the choices: A. shifty B. framing C. frameshift D. cloned		C: frameshift.
A form of carbon in which carbon atoms are arranged in a hollow sphere is known as? Here are the choices: A. amines B. analyte C. fullerene D. chondrite	A fullerene (also called a Bucky ball) is a form of carbon in which carbon atoms are arranged in a hollow sphere resembling a soccer ball (see Figure below ). Each sphere contains 60 carbon atoms, and each carbon atom is bonded to three others by single covalent bonds. The bonds are relatively weak, so fullerenes can dissolve and form solutions. Fullerenes were first discovered in 1985 and have been found in soot and meteorites. Possible commercial uses of fullerenes are under investigation.	C: fullerene.
The two complementary strands of what are separated, much like unzipping a zipper, in the initiation phase? Here are the choices: A. dna B. mRNA C. RNA D. Chromosomes	Stage 1: Initiation. The two complementary strands are separated, much like unzipping a zipper. Special enzymes, including helicase, untwist and separate the two strands of DNA. Stage 2: Elongation. Each strand becomes a template along which a new complementary strand is built. DNA polymerase brings in the correct bases to complement the template strand, synthesizing a new strand base by base. A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds free nucleotides to the end of a chain of DNA, making a new double strand. This growing strand continues to be built until it has fully complemented the template strand. Stage 3: Termination. Once the two original strands are bound to their own, finished, complementary strands, DNA replication is stopped and the two new identical DNA molecules are complete. Each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the original molecule and one newly synthesized strand. The term for this mode of replication is “semiconservative,” because half of the original DNA molecule is conserved in each new DNA molecule. This process continues until the cell’s entire genome, the entire complement of an organism’s DNA, is replicated. As you might imagine, it is very important that DNA replication take place precisely so that new cells in the body contain the exact same genetic material as their parent cells. Mistakes made during DNA replication, such as the accidental addition of an inappropriate nucleotide, have the potential to render a gene dysfunctional or useless. Fortunately, there are mechanisms in place to minimize such mistakes. A DNA proofreading process enlists the help of special enzymes that scan the newly synthesized molecule for mistakes and corrects them. Once the process of DNA replication is complete, the cell is ready to divide. You will explore the process of cell division later in the chapter.	A: dna.
Things that are hydrophobic repel or otherwise don't really mix with what? Here are the choices: A. magnets B. air C. heat D. water	Lignin is a tough carbohydrate molecule that is hydrophobic (“water fearing”). It adds support to vascular tissues in stems. It also waterproofs the tissues so they don’t leak, which makes them more efficient at transporting fluids. Because most other organisms cannot break down lignin, it helps protect plants from herbivores and parasites.	D: water.
Arteries and veins are two of the three types of blood vessels, what is the third? Here are the choices: A. capillaries B. muscles C. neurons D. fibroids	Blood vessels are long, tube-like organs that form a complex network throughout the body. They transport blood to all the body’s cells. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Transfer of substances between the blood and cells takes place across the thin walls of capillaries.	A: capillaries.
What basic structure holds plants upright, bears leaves and other structures, and transports fluids between roots and leaves? Here are the choices: A. stem B. flowers C. branches D. leaves	Stems hold plants upright, bear leaves and other structures, and transport fluids between roots and leaves.	A: stem.
What kind of parasites are nearly all ticks that live on the body surfaces of reptiles or mammals? Here are the choices: A. ectoparasites B. helminths C. bloodsucking D. protozoa		C: bloodsucking.
What results when birth rates fall even lower than death rates? Here are the choices: A. negative growth rate B. disease C. increased growth rate D. mutation	In some countries, birth rates have fallen even lower than death rates. As result, their population growth rates are negative. In other words, the populations are shrinking in size. These populations have top-heavy population pyramids, like the one for Italy shown in Figure below . This is a new stage of the demographic transition, referred to as Stage 5. You might think that a negative growth rate would be a good thing. In fact, it may cause problems. For example, growth-dependent industries decline. Supporting the large aging population is also a burden for the shrinking younger population of workers.	A: negative growth rate.
How do hydrogen bonds help ions and other polar molecules? Here are the choices: A. solidify in water B. activate in water C. dissolve in water D. change in water	2.2 Water Water has many properties that are critical to maintaining life. It is a polar molecule, allowing for the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds allow ions and other polar molecules to dissolve in water. Therefore, water is an.	C: dissolve in water.
What two things determine how much kinetic energy an object has? Here are the choices: A. its weight and volume B. its mass and velocity C. its height and speed D. its mass and direction	The amount of kinetic energy in a moving object depends on its mass and velocity. An object with greater mass or greater velocity has more kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of a moving object can be calculated with the equation:.	B: its mass and velocity.
What are the pores in plants that keep certain gases and liquids in and out called? Here are the choices: A. chloroplasts B. stigmata C. stomata D. lesions	Additional Land Plant Adaptations As plants adapted to dry land and became independent of the constant presence of water in damp habitats, new organs and structures made their appearance. Early land plants did not grow above a few inches off the ground, and on these low mats, they competed for light. By evolving a shoot and growing taller, individual plants captured more light. Because air offers substantially less support than water, land plants incorporated more rigid molecules in their stems (and later, tree trunks). The evolution of vascular tissue for the distribution of water and solutes was a necessary prerequisite for plants to evolve larger bodies. The vascular system contains xylem and phloem tissues. Xylem conducts water and minerals taken from the soil up to the shoot; phloem transports food derived from photosynthesis throughout the entire plant. The root system that evolved to take up water and minerals also anchored the increasingly taller shoot in the soil. In land plants, a waxy, waterproof cover called a cuticle coats the aerial parts of the plant: leaves and stems. The cuticle also prevents intake of carbon dioxide needed for the synthesis of carbohydrates through photosynthesis. Stomata, or pores, that open and close to regulate traffic of gases and water vapor therefore appeared in plants as they moved into drier habitats. Plants cannot avoid predatory animals. Instead, they synthesize a large range of poisonous secondary metabolites: complex organic molecules such as alkaloids, whose noxious smells and unpleasant taste deter animals. These toxic compounds can cause severe diseases and even death. Additionally, as plants coevolved with animals, sweet and nutritious metabolites were developed to lure animals into providing valuable assistance in dispersing pollen grains, fruit, or seeds. Plants have been coevolving with animal associates for hundreds of millions of years (Figure 14.6).	C: stomata.
What is the disease in which bronchioles in the lungs periodically swell and fill with mucus? Here are the choices: A. asthma B. nausea C. allergy D. leukemia	Asthma is a disease in which bronchioles in the lungs periodically swell and fill with mucus. Symptoms of asthma may include difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. An asthma attack may be triggered by allergies, strenuous exercise, stress, or another respiratory illness such as a cold.	A: asthma.
E. histolytica causes what kind of dysentery? Here are the choices: A. cocklebur B. Spastic C. amebic D. spicule		C: amebic.
What is a copy of an image formed by reflection or refraction? Here are the choices: A. a mirror image B. an example C. an image D. a photographic image	A mirror is typically made of glass with a shiny metal backing that reflects all the light that strikes it. When a mirror reflects light, it forms an image. An image is a copy of an object that is formed by reflection or refraction. Mirrors may have flat or curved surfaces. The shape of a mirror’s surface determines the type of image it forms. For example, some mirrors form real images, and other mirrors form virtual images. What’s the difference between real and virtual images?.	C: an image.
What term refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction? Here are the choices: A. evolution B. behavior C. mating D. life cycle	Mating refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction. The relationship between mates varies by species. Adults may have many mates, or they may mate with just one individual. Mates may stay together only while mating, for an entire breeding season, or even for life.	C: mating.
What bodily function do the triceps help perform? Here are the choices: A. extend the arm B. lift the leg C. make a fist D. perform crunches	Pearson Scott Foresman. The biceps help contract the arm, while the triceps help extend the arm . Public Domain.	A: extend the arm.
What properties describe the existence of matter, as opposed to chemical properties that describe how substances change into other substances? Here are the choices: A. biological B. astronomical C. gravitational D. physical	Physical properties describe the existence of matter, and chemical properties describe how substances change into other substances.	D: physical.
Which phylum are all vertebrate organisms a member of? Here are the choices: A. phylum chordata B. phylum arthropod C. phylum hominid D. pylum protozoa	All vertebrate organisms are in the phylum Chordata. Invertebrates, which make up about 95% (or more) of the animal kingdom, are divided into over 30 different phyla, some of which are listed below ( Table below ). Numerous invertebrate phyla have just a few species; some have only one described species, yet these are classified into separate phyla because of their unique characteristics. For example, sponges, with pores throughout their body, are from the phylum Porifera. Crabs and lobsters, with jointed appendages, are from the phylum Arthropoda.	A: phylum chordata.
What property of matter is defined as the ability to do work and is required by all living organisms in order to grow and reproduce? Here are the choices: A. growth B. heating C. energy D. food	Energy is a property of matter that is defined as the ability to do work. The concept of energy is useful for explaining and predicting most natural phenomena, and it is the foundation for an understanding of biology. All living organisms need energy to grow and reproduce. However, energy can never be created nor destroyed. Energy can only be transformed. That is, energy is always conserved. This is called the law of conservation of energy . Therefore, organisms cannot create the energy they need. Instead, they must obtain energy from the environment. Organisms also cannot destroy or use up the energy they obtain. They can only change it from one form to another. Organisms will either use their energy (for metabolism) or release it to the environment as heat.	C: energy.
What do nearly all nonsense mutations lead to ? Here are the choices: A. nonfunctional proteins B. hormone release C. dehydration D. downs syndrome		A: nonfunctional proteins.
What cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction? Here are the choices: A. matter B. heat C. mass D. energy	Law stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.	A: matter.
When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called? Here are the choices: A. a tsunami B. a tidal wave C. a typhoon D. a surge	When an earthquake occurs under the ocean, it sends waves through the water as well as the ground. When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called a tsunami.	A: a tsunami.
Which muscle is broad, triangular and located on the inferior part of the back where it inserts into the aponeurosis? Here are the choices: A. Synergistic dorsi B. bronchus dorsi C. dorsolateral dorsi D. latissimus dorsi	Muscles That Move the Humerus Similar to the muscles that position the pectoral girdle, muscles that cross the shoulder joint and move the humerus bone of the arm include both axial and scapular muscles (Figure 11.23 and Figure 11.24). The two axial muscles are the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi. The pectoralis major is thick and fan-shaped, covering much of the superior portion of the anterior thorax. The broad, triangular latissimus dorsi is located on the inferior part of the back, where it inserts into a thick connective tissue shealth called an aponeurosis.	D: latissimus dorsi.
What do organisms need to speed up biochemical reactions? Here are the choices: A. carbohydrates B. genes C. hormones D. enzymes	Enzymes are needed to speed up biochemical reactions in organisms. They work by lowering activation energy.	D: enzymes.
The properties of cyclic hydrocarbons are generally quite similar to those of the corresponding open-chain compounds. so cycloalkanes (with the exception of cyclopropane, which has a highly strained ring) act very much like noncyclic alkanes. cyclic structures containing five or six carbon atoms, such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane, are particularly what? Here are the choices: A. reactive B. large C. small D. stable	The properties of cyclic hydrocarbons are generally quite similar to those of the corresponding open-chain compounds. So cycloalkanes (with the exception of cyclopropane, which has a highly strained ring) act very much like noncyclic alkanes. Cyclic structures containing five or six carbon atoms, such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane, are particularly stable. We will see in Chapter 16 "Carbohydrates" that some carbohydrates (sugars) form five- or six-membered rings in solution.	D: stable.
What collect data on the land and sea in regards to the weather? Here are the choices: A. weather stations B. wind stations C. thermal stations D. turbine stations	Weather stations collect data on land and sea. Weather balloons, satellites, and radar collect data in the atmosphere.	A: weather stations.
What is a form of matter that has a definite volume, but an indefinite shape? Here are the choices: A. a plasma B. a gas C. a liquid D. a solid	A liquid is a form of matter that has a definite volume, but an indefinite shape. As water is poured from one container into another, it adopts the shape of its new container. However, the volume of the water does not change, because the water molecules are still relatively close to one another in the liquid state. Unlike a solid, the arrangement of particles in a liquid is not rigid and orderly. Liquids are also incompressible.	C: a liquid.
What is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder? Here are the choices: A. oxygen B. bile C. calcium D. insulin		B: bile.
What is the first step towards wound repair? Here are the choices: A. blotting factors B. electrolysis factors C. hormone factors D. clotting factors	attracted to the sites of infections in large numbers, and as they phagocytose the pathogens and subsequently die, their accumulated cellular remains are visible as pus at the infection site. Overall, inflammation is valuable for many reasons. Not only are the pathogens killed and debris removed, but the increase in vascular permeability encourages the entry of clotting factors, the first step towards wound repair. Inflammation also facilitates the transport of antigen to lymph nodes by dendritic cells for the development of the adaptive immune response.	D: clotting factors.
Noble gases are monatomic because they only contain one of what? Here are the choices: A. charges B. ions C. atoms D. molecules	The Noble Gases The noble gases are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Because the noble gases are composed of only single atoms, they are monatomic. At room temperature and pressure, they are unreactive gases. Because of their lack of reactivity, for many years they were called inert gases or rare gases. However, the first chemical compounds containing the noble gases were prepared in 1962. Although the noble gases are relatively minor constituents of the atmosphere, natural gas contains substantial amounts of helium. Because of its low reactivity, argon is often used as an unreactive (inert) atmosphere for welding and in light bulbs. The red light emitted by neon in a gas discharge tube is used in neon lights.	C: atoms.
Genetic variation helps ensure that some organisms will survive if what happens? Here are the choices: A. they get eaten B. there's an earthquake C. their environment changes D. they die	No physical object can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. (Maximum speed is finite).	C: their environment changes.
Earth’s magnetic north and south poles are not the same as what? Here are the choices: A. geographic currents B. geographic hemispheres C. geographic poles D. equatorial planes	Earth has north and south magnetic poles like a bar magnet. Earth’s magnetic poles are not the same as the geographic poles.	C: geographic poles.
Push or pull acting on an object is also called? Here are the choices: A. Gravity. B. force C. space D. effort	Force is defined as a push or pull acting on an object. There are several fundamental forces in the universe, including the force of gravity, electromagnetic force, and weak and strong nuclear forces. When it comes to the motion of everyday objects, however, the forces of interest include mainly gravity, friction, and applied force. Applied force is force that a person or thing applies to an object.	B: force.
What colors in a neon sign represent real neon? Here are the choices: A. yellow, white B. red, orange C. purple, blue D. blue, green	“Neon” signs are familiar examples of gas discharge tubes. However, only signs that glow with the red-orange color seen in the figure are actually filled with neon. Signs of other colors contain different gases or mixtures of gases.	B: red, orange.
What kind of waves consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields? Here are the choices: A. gaseous waves B. hydraulic waves C. sound waves D. electromagnetic waves	Electromagnetic waves consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. They transfer energy across space as well as through matter. Electromagnetic waves vary in their wavelengths and frequencies, and higher-frequency waves have more energy. The full range of wavelengths of electromagnetic waves is called the electromagnetic spectrum. It is outlined in the following Figure below .	D: electromagnetic waves.
When do weather balloons return to earth? Here are the choices: A. when the air cools B. when the air heats up C. when the timer runs out D. when it bursts	Weather stations contain many instruments for measuring weather conditions. The weather balloon ( Figure above ) will rise into the atmosphere until it bursts. As it rises, it will gather weather data and send it to the surface. Many weather satellites orbit Earth. They constantly collect and transmit weather data from high above the surface. A radar device sends out radio waves in all directions. The waves bounce off water in the atmosphere and then return to the sender. The radar data shows where precipitation is falling. It’s raining in the orange-shaded area shown above.	D: when it bursts.
What is the addition of oxygen to a molecule or the removal of hydrogen from a molecule called? Here are the choices: A. evaporation B. ionization C. precipitation D. oxidation	Oxidation can be defined as the addition of oxygen to a molecule or the removal of hydrogen from a molecule. When an alkane is heated in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, it can be oxidized to the corresponding alkene in a reaction called a dehydrogenation reaction. Two hydrogen atoms are removed in the process. The alkene can be further oxidized to an alkyne by the removal of two more hydrogen atoms.	D: oxidation.
Hair and nails are made of what? Here are the choices: A. cellulose B. chromatin C. proteins D. keratin	Hair and nails are made of keratin, a tough protein.	D: keratin.
What radiation, generally produced by thermal motion and the vibration and rotation of atoms and molecules, literally means "below red"? Here are the choices: A. gamma radiation B. microscopic C. ultraviolet D. infrared	where k is a constant equal to Electric Potential.	D: infrared.
Lactose intolerance is a condition characterized by indigestion caused by this? Here are the choices: A. fried products B. pasteurized products C. raw products D. dairy products	Small Intestine: Lactose Intolerance Lactose intolerance is a condition characterized by indigestion caused by dairy products. It occurs when the absorptive cells of the small intestine do not produce enough lactase, the enzyme that digests the milk sugar lactose. In most mammals, lactose intolerance increases with age. In contrast, some human populations, most notably Caucasians, are able to maintain the ability to produce lactase as adults. In people with lactose intolerance, the lactose in chyme is not digested. Bacteria in the large intestine ferment the undigested lactose, a process that produces gas. In addition to gas, symptoms include abdominal cramps, bloating, and diarrhea. Symptom severity ranges from mild discomfort to severe pain; however, symptoms resolve once the lactose is eliminated in feces. The hydrogen breath test is used to help diagnose lactose intolerance. Lactose-tolerant people have very little hydrogen in their breath. Those with lactose intolerance exhale hydrogen, which is one of the gases produced by the bacterial fermentation of lactose in the colon. After the hydrogen is absorbed from the intestine, it is transported through blood vessels into the lungs. There are a number of lactose-free dairy products available in grocery stores. In addition, dietary supplements are available. Taken with food, they provide lactase to help digest lactose.	D: dairy products.
What is the name of the liquid component of a solution? Here are the choices: A. reactant B. solvent C. ionic D. solute	Solutions can also be comprised of a solid solute and a liquid solvent. These interactions are governed by the same three interactions we discussed earlier: polar-polar, nonpolar-polar, and nonpolar-nonpolar. The Table below describes these interactions.	B: solvent.
What type of tissue consists of cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces? Here are the choices: A. aberrant ? B. Soft Tissue C. mitochondrial ? D. epithelial?	Epithelial tissue consists of cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces. Examples include skin and the linings of internal organs. Epithelial tissue protects the body and its internal organs. It also secretes substances such as hormones and absorbs substances such as nutrients.	D: epithelial?.
Where is the site of photosynthesis? Here are the choices: A. the organism B. another chloroplast C. the chloroplast D. the chloroburst	The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. Part of the photosynthesis reactions occur in an internal membrane within the organelle. Many of the pigments and other molecules necessary for photosynthesis are embedded within these internal membranes, The chloroplast contains many of these internal membranes, allowing numerous photosynthetic reactions to occur simultaneously, and making photosynthesis very efficient. These internal membranes stack on top of each other, just like a stack of pancakes.	C: the chloroplast.
What can be identified as an element, a compound, or a mixture? Here are the choices: A. waves B. light C. energy D. matter	Matter can be identified as an element, a compound, or a mixture.	D: matter.
Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop what? Here are the choices: A. immunity B. sensitivity C. allergy D. autonomy	You don’t have to suffer through an infection to gain immunity to some diseases. Immunity can also come about by vaccination. Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop immunity to them. In vaccination, the pathogens are usually injected under the skin. Only part of the pathogens are injected, or else weakened or dead pathogens are used. This causes an immune response without causing the disease. Diseases you are likely to have been vaccinated against include measles, mumps, and chicken pox.	A: immunity.
What is the layer above the troposphere? Here are the choices: A. earth B. sediment C. stratosphere D. condensation	The stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere. The layer rises to about 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the surface.	C: stratosphere.
The calvin cycle and light reactions are the two stages of what process? Here are the choices: A. photosynthesis B. cell growth C. condensation D. evaporation	Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, called the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Figure below sums up what happens in these two stages. Both stages are described below.	A: photosynthesis.
Untreated chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which affects what organ system? Here are the choices: A. circulatory system B. female reproductive system C. nervous system D. endocrine system	Symptoms of chlamydia may include a burning sensation during urination and a discharge from the vagina or penis. Chlamydia can be cured with antibiotics , but often there are no symptoms, so people do not seek treatment. Untreated chlamydia can lead to more serious problems, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) . This is an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It can scar a woman’s reproductive organs and make it difficult for her to become pregnant.	B: female reproductive system.
What feature of the land do contour lines show? Here are the choices: A. trails B. flat surfaces C. three-dimensional shape D. bodies of water	Indeed, scientists discovered something astonishing. Many times in Earth’s history, the magnetic poles have switched positions. North becomes south and south becomes north! When the north and south poles are aligned as they are now, geologists say it is normal polarity. When they are in the opposite position, they say that it is reversed polarity.	C: three-dimensional shape.
By what process does the haploid gametophyte produce the gametes? Here are the choices: A. mitosis B. meiosis C. Spermatogenesis D. angiogenesis	The haploid gametophyte produces the gametes, or sperm and egg, by mitosis. Remember, gametes are haploid, having one set of chromosomes.	A: mitosis.
Where do carrier proteins carry ions or molecules? Here are the choices: A. between nuclei B. across the membrane C. back to nucleus D. across isotopes	A carrier protein is a transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances. Carrier proteins "carry" the ion or molecule across the membrane by changing shape after the binding of the ion or molecule. Carrier proteins are involved in passive and active transport. A model of a channel protein and carrier proteins is shown in Figure below .	B: across the membrane.
Among vertebrates, what broad category of animals is most capable of learning? Here are the choices: A. birds B. reptiles C. mammals D. fish	Mammals are very intelligent. Of all vertebrates, they are the animals that are most capable of learning. Mammalian offspring are fed and taken care of by their parents for a relatively long time. This gives them plenty of time to learn from their parents. By learning, they can benefit from the experiences of their elders. The ability to learn is the main reason that the large mammalian brain evolved. It’s also the primary reason for the success of mammals.	C: mammals.
What is the first step of the calvin cycle called? Here are the choices: A. dioxide fixation B. breath fixation C. carbon maturation D. carbon fixation	The Calvin cycle has three major steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. All three steps take place in the stroma of a chloroplast.	D: carbon fixation.
What harmful substance must not be drained into s storm sewer? Here are the choices: A. motor oil B. water runoff C. alcohol D. debris	People may dispose of harmful substances incorrectly. For example, motor oil must not be drained into a storm sewer.	A: motor oil.
What is the special name given to the diffusion of water through the cell membrane? Here are the choices: A. passive transport B. electrolysis C. hemostasis D. osmosis	If a molecule can pass freely through a cell membrane, it will cross the membrane by diffusion ( Figure below ). The inside of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic, so certain molecules cannot easily pass through the membrane. Recall the semipermeable nature of the lipid bilayer. Molecules that cannot easily pass through the bilayer include ions and small hydrophilic molecules, such as glucose, and macromolecules, including proteins and RNA. Examples of molecules that can easily diffuse across the plasma membrane include carbon dioxide and oxygen gas. These molecules diffuse freely in and out of the cell, along their concentration gradient. Though water is a polar molecule, it can also diffuse through the plasma membrane. The diffusion of water through the cell membrane is of such importance to the cell that it is given a special name, osmosis .	D: osmosis.
What happens to the electrical conductivity of metals when placed in a pot of boiling water? Here are the choices: A. increases slowly B. stays the same C. decreases slowly D. increases quickly	levels. If a solid has a filled valence band with a relatively low-lying empty band above it (a conduction band), then electrons can be excited by thermal energy from the filled band into the vacant band where they can then migrate through the crystal, resulting in electrical conductivity. Electrical insulators are poor conductors because their valence bands are full. Semiconductors have electrical conductivities intermediate between those of insulators and metals. The electrical conductivity of semiconductors increases rapidly with increasing temperature, whereas the electrical conductivity of metals decreases slowly with increasing temperature. The properties of semiconductors can be modified by doping, or introducing impurities. Adding an element with more valence electrons than the atoms of the host populates the conduction band, resulting in an n-type semiconductor with increased electrical conductivity. Adding an element with fewer valence electrons than the atoms of the host generates holes in the valence band, resulting in a p-type semiconductor that also exhibits increased electrical conductivity.	C: decreases slowly.
Most bird species display this behavior, meaning the male and female remain together for breeding for a few years or until one mate dies? Here are the choices: A. dichotomy B. isolation C. polygamy D. monogamy	In birds, 90% to 95% of species are monogamous , meaning the male and female remain together for breeding for a few years or until one mate dies. Birds of all types, from parrots to eagles and falcons, are monogamous. Usually, the parents take turns incubating the eggs. Birds usually incubate their eggs after the last one has been laid. In polygamous species, where there is more than one mate, one parent does all of the incubating. The wild turkey is an example of a polygamous bird.	D: monogamy.
Many pathogens spread by droplets in the air. droplets are released when a person does what? Here are the choices: A. cries or laughs B. coughs or sneezes C. itches or scratches D. vomits or cries	Many pathogens spread by droplets in the air. Droplets are released when a person coughs or sneezes, as you can see in Figure below . The droplets may be loaded with pathogens. Other people may get sick if they breathe in the pathogens on the droplets. Viruses that cause colds and flu can spread this way.	B: coughs or sneezes.
Chemical reactions that consume energy are called what? Here are the choices: A. inefficient reactions B. endothermic reactions C. greedy reactions D. exothermic reactions	Chemical reactions that consume energy are called endothermic reactions . Energy is usually absorbed from the surroundings as heat. An example is the synthesis of ammonia, described above. In organisms, endothermic reactions are called anabolic reactions . Anabolic reactions construct molecules from smaller units. An example is the synthesis of proteins from amino acids. Endothermic reactions can be represented by the general chemical equation:.	B: endothermic reactions.
What do most organisms eat in the profundal zone of a lake? Here are the choices: A. fresh organisms B. fish waste C. algae organism D. dead organisms	The deeper water of a lake makes up the profundal zone. There isn’t enough light for photosynthesis in this zone, so most organisms here eat dead organisms that drift down from the water above. Organisms in the profundal zone may include clams, snails, and some species of fish.	D: dead organisms.
The variation in a sample can be represented by what quantity, which means the total spread of values? Here are the choices: A. variety B. median C. mode D. range	The variation in a sample can be represented by the range, or the total spread of values.	D: range.
A protein’s shape is determined, most fundamentally, by the sequence of what type of acids? Here are the choices: A. amino B. lactic C. acetic D. lipids	Shape of Proteins Just as a fork cannot be used to eat soup and a spoon cannot be used to spear meat, a protein’s shape is essential to its function. A protein’s shape is determined, most fundamentally, by the sequence of amino acids of which it is made (Figure 2.26a). The sequence is called the primary structure of the protein.	A: amino.
What are the 3 types of tissues that modern plants have? Here are the choices: A. cambrium, epidermis, and ground B. sinuous , ground , and vascular C. dermal, ground, and vascular D. sturdy , ground , and vascular	Modern plants have three different types of tissues. They are called dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Each type of tissue has a different function.	C: dermal, ground, and vascular.
Tropomyosin is a type of what, that winds around the chains of the actin filament and covers the myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin? Here are the choices: A. protein B. enzyme C. amine D. bacteria	Tropomyosin is a protein that winds around the chains of the actin filament and covers the myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin. Tropomyosin binds to troponin to form a troponin-tropomyosin complex. The troponintropomyosin complex prevents the myosin “heads” from binding to the active sites on the actin microfilaments. Troponin also has a binding site for Ca++ ions. To initiate muscle contraction, tropomyosin has to expose the myosin-binding site on an actin filament to allow cross-bridge formation between the actin and myosin microfilaments. The first step in the process of contraction is for Ca++ to bind to troponin so that tropomyosin can slide away from the binding sites on the actin strands. This allows the myosin heads to bind to these exposed binding sites and form cross-bridges. The thin filaments are then pulled by the myosin heads to slide past the thick filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. But each head can only pull a very short distance before it has reached its limit and must be “re-cocked” before it can pull again, a step that requires ATP.	A: protein.
Which group of the periodic table consists of hydrogen and the alkali metals? Here are the choices: A. group 3 B. group 2 C. group 1 D. group 4	Group 1 of the periodic table consists of hydrogen and the alkali metals. Hydrogen is a very reactive nonmetal. The alkali metals are the most reactive metals.	C: group 1.
What helps frogs swim during the tadpole phase? Here are the choices: A. cilia B. a tail C. flagella D. fins		B: a tail.
What kind of radiation can be used to disrupt the dna-rna protein synthesis cycle that allows bacteria to reproduce? Here are the choices: A. ionizing B. non-ionizing C. infrared D. microwave	Bacterial contamination in our food often makes the news. There are many bacteria present on raw food, especially raw meat. Campylobacter (pictured above), salmonella, and other microorganisms can be found, even after cooking if the meat has not been sufficiently exposed to the heat. Ionizing radiation can be used to disrupt the DNA-RNA-protein synthesis cycle that allows the bacteria to reproduce. Cobalt-60 is a common radiation source, as is cesium-137. But, just to be safe, order that burger well-done.	A: ionizing.
The adult cells that form the butterfly begin growing in what developmental stage? Here are the choices: A. mitochondria B. embryo C. pupa D. caterpillar		B: embryo.
What is the simplest type of carbon-based compounds? Here are the choices: A. Buckminsterfullerine B. particles C. hydrocarbons D. graphite	Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of carbon-based compounds. Nonetheless, they can vary greatly in size. The smallest hydrocarbons have just one or two carbon atoms, but large hydrocarbons may have hundreds. The size of hydrocarbon molecules influences their properties. For example, it influences their boiling and melting points. As a result, some hydrocarbons are gases at room temperature, while others are liquids or solids. Hydrocarbons are generally nonpolar and do not dissolve in water. In fact, they tend to repel water. That’s why they are used in floor wax and similar products.	C: hydrocarbons.
What kinds of cells that are important to our physical functioning can atrophy when they are not used? Here are the choices: A. digestive B. brain C. reproductive D. muscles	Physical Therapist As muscle cells die, they are not regenerated but instead are replaced by connective tissue and adipose tissue, which do not possess the contractile abilities of muscle tissue. Muscles atrophy when they are not used, and over time if atrophy is prolonged, muscle cells die. It is therefore important that those who are susceptible to muscle atrophy exercise to maintain muscle function and prevent the complete loss of muscle tissue. In extreme cases, when movement is not possible, electrical stimulation can be introduced to a muscle from an external source. This acts as a substitute for endogenous neural stimulation, stimulating the muscle to contract and preventing the loss of proteins that occurs with a lack of use. Physiotherapists work with patients to maintain muscles. They are trained to target muscles susceptible to atrophy, and to prescribe and monitor exercises designed to stimulate those muscles. There are various causes of atrophy, including mechanical injury, disease, and age. After breaking a limb or undergoing surgery, muscle use is impaired and can lead to disuse atrophy. If the muscles are not exercised, this atrophy can lead to long-term muscle weakness. A stroke can also cause muscle impairment by interrupting neural stimulation to certain muscles. Without neural inputs, these muscles do not contract and thus begin to lose structural proteins. Exercising these muscles can help to restore muscle function and minimize functional impairments. Age-related muscle loss is also a target of physical therapy, as exercise can reduce the effects of age-related atrophy and improve muscle function. The goal of a physiotherapist is to improve physical functioning and reduce functional impairments; this is achieved by understanding the cause of muscle impairment and assessing the capabilities of a patient, after which a program to enhance these capabilities is designed. Some factors that are assessed include strength, balance, and endurance, which are continually monitored as exercises are introduced to track improvements in muscle function. Physiotherapists can also instruct patients on the proper use of equipment, such as crutches, and assess whether someone has sufficient strength to use the equipment and when they can function without it.	D: muscles.
Dengue fever and yellow fever are examples of diseases caused by what type of pathogen? Here are the choices: A. fungi B. worms C. bacteria D. virus	Some of the present emerging diseases are not actually new, but are diseases that were catastrophic in the past (Figure 22.23). They devastated populations and became dormant for a while, just to come back, sometimes more virulent than before, as was the case with bubonic plague. Other diseases, like tuberculosis, were never eradicated but were under control in some regions of the world until coming back, mostly in urban centers with high concentrations of immunocompromised people. The WHO has identified certain diseases whose worldwide re-emergence should be monitored. Among these are two viral diseases (dengue fever and yellow fever), and three bacterial diseases (diphtheria, cholera, and bubonic plague). The war against infectious diseases has no foreseeable end.	D: virus.
The geologic time scale is divided into eons, eras, periods, and? Here are the choices: A. cultures B. tropics C. epochs D. zones	The geologic time scale is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.	C: epochs.
What molecule is used for most energy functions in organisms? Here are the choices: A. ADP or Adenosine Diphosphate B. atp or adenozine triphosphate C. RNA or ribonucleic acid D. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid	All chemical reactions involve energy. Energy is used to break bonds in reactants, and energy is released when new bonds form in products. Endothermic reactions absorb energy, and exothermic reactions release energy.	B: atp or adenozine triphosphate.
Which part of the nephron collects wastes in the blood? Here are the choices: A. tubule B. waste sac C. vesicle D. filter	The part of each nephron called the glomerulus is where blood in the capillaries is filtered. Excess water and wastes are filtered out of the blood. The tubule of the nephron collects these substances. Some of the water is reabsorbed. The remaining fluid is urine.	A: tubule.
What kind of behavior occurs only after experience or practice? Here are the choices: A. instinctive behavior B. memory C. juvenile behavior D. learned behavior	Learned behavior is behavior that occurs only after experience or practice.	D: learned behavior.
The right side of the heart collects what type of blood from the body? Here are the choices: A. dioxide-poor B. oxygen-poor C. potassium-rich D. oxygen-rich	Blood flows through the heart in two separate loops. You can think of them as a “left side loop” and a “right side loop. ” The right side of the heart collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. The left side carries the oxygen-rich blood back from the lungs into the left side of the heart, which then pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The blood delivers oxygen to the cells of the body and returns to the heart oxygen-poor.	B: oxygen-poor.
Hot material from near the sun’s center rises in which zone? Here are the choices: A. radiative zone B. convection zone C. thermosphere D. drifting zone	The convection zone surrounds the radiative zone. In the convection zone, hot material from near the Sun’s center rises. This material cools at the surface, and then plunges back downward. The material then receives more heat from the radiative zone.	B: convection zone.
The presence of what in leaf cells makes most leaves appear green? Here are the choices: A. sodium B. carbonate C. hydrogen D. chlorophyll	30.4 \| Leaves By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Identify the parts of a typical leaf • Describe the internal structure and function of a leaf • Compare and contrast simple leaves and compound leaves • List and describe examples of modified leaves Leaves are the main sites for photosynthesis: the process by which plants synthesize food. Most leaves are usually green, due to the presence of chlorophyll in the leaf cells. However, some leaves may have different colors, caused by other plant pigments that mask the green chlorophyll. The thickness, shape, and size of leaves are adapted to the environment. Each variation helps a plant species maximize its chances of survival in a particular habitat. Usually, the leaves of plants growing in tropical rainforests have larger surface areas than those of plants growing in deserts or very cold conditions, which are likely to have a smaller surface area to minimize water loss.	D: chlorophyll.
What is the name of the project concerning genetics that is one of the landmark scientific events of the last 50 years? Here are the choices: A. manhattan project B. human organism project C. human genome project D. blue beam project	Beginning with Mendel's pea plants, genetics has become one of the most important fields of biology. Genetics discusses genetics, from Mendel's pea plants to current ethical issues associated with this field. The completion of The Human Genome Project is one of the landmark scientific events of the last 50 years. Human genetics affects many, if not every, field of medicine. Technologies associated with genetics are involved in developing products to make our lives better, but have raised a number of ethical, legal and social issues.	C: human genome project.
Wind is one method for dispersal of what, ensuring a new generation? Here are the choices: A. seeds B. clouds C. eggs D. dust		A: seeds.
Most ecosystems are disturbed too often to attain what final, stable status? Here are the choices: A. calm community B. climax community C. even community D. undisrupted community	Most ecosystems are disturbed too often to attain a final, stable climax community.	B: climax community.
What kind of diet is typical for raptors, such as hawks and owls? Here are the choices: A. herbivorous B. carnivorous or herbivorous C. carnivorous D. fishes	Raptors such as hawks and owls are carnivores. They hunt and eat mammals and other birds. Vultures are scavengers . They eat the remains of dead animals, such as roadkill. Aquatic birds generally eat fish or water plants. Perching birds may eat insects, fruit, honey, or nectar. Many fruit-eating birds play a key role in seed dispersal, and some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators .	C: carnivorous.
The most basic division of land plants is between what type of plants? Here are the choices: A. succulents and conifers B. perennial and annual C. nonvascular and vascular D. deciduous and evergreen	The scientific classification of modern land plants is under constant revision. Informally, land plants can be classified into the groups listed in Table below . The most basic division is between nonvascular and vascular plants. Vascular plants are further divided into those that reproduce without seeds and those that reproduce with seeds. Seed plants, in turn, are divided into those that produce seeds in cones and those that produce seeds in the ovaries of flowers. You can read more about each of these groups of plants in the next lesson.	C: nonvascular and vascular.
What do vaccines produce to combat viral diseases? Here are the choices: A. sensitivity B. immunity C. hyperthyroidism D. sterility	The study of viruses is known as virology and people who study viruses are known as virologists . Viruses infect and live inside the cells of living organisms. When viruses infect the cells of their host, they may cause disease. For example, viruses cause AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome), influenza (flu), chicken pox, and the common cold. Therapy is sometimes difficult for viral diseases. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses and only a few antiviral drugs are available for some diseases. One of the best ways to prevent viral diseases is with a vaccine , which produces immunity . But vaccines are available for only a few diseases.	B: immunity.
Internal functions are coordinated and regulated so that the internal environment of a living thing is relatively constant, referred to as what? Here are the choices: A. hypothesis B. homeostasis C. homogenesis D. stabilizer	Biology - The Life Science • Internal functions are coordinated and regulated so that the internal environment of a living thing is relatively constant, referred to as homeostasis10 . Living things are organized in the microscopic level from atoms up to cells11 . Atoms are arranged into molecules, then into macromolecules12 , which make up organelles13 , which work together to form cells. Beyond this, cells are organized in higher levels to form entire multicellular organisms. Cells together form tissues14 , which make up organs, which are part of organ systems, which work together to form an entire organism. Of course, beyond this, organisms form populations which make up parts of an ecosystem. All of the Earth's ecosystems together form the diverse environment that is the earth. Example:sub atoms, atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, eco systems.	B: homeostasis.
What is a long, tube-shaped bundle of neurons, protected by the vertebrae? Here are the choices: A. the spinal cord B. a ganglion C. an axon D. a dendrite	The spinal cord is a long, tube-shaped bundle of neurons, protected by the vertebrae. It runs from the brain stem to the lower back. The main job of the spinal cord is to carry nerve impulses back and forth between the body and brain. The spinal cord is like a two-way highway. Messages about the body, both inside and out, pass through the spinal cord to the brain. Messages from the brain pass in the other direction through the spinal cord to tell the body what to do.	A: the spinal cord.
What does the kelvin scale measure? Here are the choices: A. precipitation B. height C. temperature D. oxygen	The SI scale for measuring temperature is the Kelvin scale . However, some scientists use the Celsius scale instead. If you live in the U. S. , you are probably more familiar with the Fahrenheit scale. Table below compares all three temperature scales. What is the difference between the boiling and freezing points of water on each of these scales?.	C: temperature.
Ash that enters the air naturally as a result of a volcano eruption is classified as what kind of pollutant? Here are the choices: A. natural pollutant B. primary pollutant C. secondary pollutant D. thick pollutant	Primary pollutants enter the air directly. Some are released by natural processes, like ash from volcanoes. Most are released by human activities. They pour into the air from vehicles and smokestacks. Several of these pollutants are described below.	B: primary pollutant.
What happens when an increase in temperature of a gas in a rigid container happens? Here are the choices: A. gas explodes B. pressure increases C. container shrinks D. pressure decreases	An increase in temperature of a gas in a rigid container increases the pressure.	B: pressure increases.
Which reaction between alkyl halides and ammonia makes alkylamines? Here are the choices: A. conductive substitution reactions B. nucleophobic reactions C. nucleophilic substitution reactions D. nitrogen catabolism	molecular masses. Primary amines tend to have boiling points intermediate between those of the corresponding alcohol and alkane. Moreover, secondary and tertiary amines have lower boiling points than primary amines of comparable molecular mass. Tertiary amines form cations analogous to the ammonium ion (NH 4+), in which all four H atoms are replaced by alkyl groups. Such substances, calledquaternary ammonium salts, can be chiral if all four substituents are different. (Amines with three different substituents are also chiral because the lone pair of electrons represents a fourth substituent. ) Alkylamines can be prepared by nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides with ammonia or other amines: Equation 24.12.	C: nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Genes are organized to make the control of gene expression easier. the promoter region is immediately upstream of this? Here are the choices: A. propagate sequence B. signalling sequence C. coding sequence D. organic sequence	The Promoter and the Transcription Machinery Genes are organized to make the control of gene expression easier. The promoter region is immediately upstream of the coding sequence. This region can be short (only a few nucleotides in length) or quite long (hundreds of nucleotides long). The longer the promoter, the more available space for proteins to bind. This also adds more control to the transcription process. The length of the promoter is gene-specific and can differ dramatically between genes. Consequently, the level of control of gene expression can also differ quite dramatically between genes. The purpose of the promoter is to bind transcription factors that control the initiation of transcription. Within the promoter region, just upstream of the transcriptional start site, resides the TATA box. This box is simply a repeat of thymine and adenine dinucleotides (literally, TATA repeats). RNA polymerase binds to the transcription initiation complex, allowing transcription to occur. To initiate transcription, a transcription factor (TFIID) is the first to bind to the TATA box. Binding of TFIID recruits other transcription factors, including TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH to the TATA box. Once this complex is assembled, RNA polymerase can bind to its upstream sequence. When bound along with the transcription factors, RNA polymerase is phosphorylated. This releases part of the protein from the DNA to activate the transcription initiation complex and places RNA polymerase in the correct orientation to begin transcription; DNA-bending protein brings the enhancer, which can be quite a distance from the gene, in contact with transcription factors and mediator proteins (Figure 16.9).	C: coding sequence.
Which phylum is made up of segmented worms such as earthworms? Here are the choices: A. annelida B. chordata C. nematoda D. arthropod	The phylum Annelida is made up of segmented worms such as earthworms. Segmented worms are divided into many repeating segments. There are roughly 15,000 species of annelids. Most belong to one of three classes. A species in each class is pictured in Figure below .	A: annelida.
What is the transfer of thermal energy between substances called? Here are the choices: A. Permeation B. Diffusion C. Radiation D. heat	Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, measured by their temperature.	D: heat.
What functional units of chromosomes determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins? Here are the choices: A. chromosomes B. cells C. DNA D. genes	Matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism are called homologous (“same knowledge”) chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are the same length and have specific nucleotide segments called genes in exactly the same location, or locus. Genes, the functional units of chromosomes, determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins. Traits are the variations of those characteristics. For example, hair color is a characteristic with traits that are blonde, brown, or black. Each copy of a homologous pair of chromosomes originates from a different parent; therefore, the genes themselves are not identical. The variation of individuals within a species is due to the specific combination of the genes inherited from both parents. Even a slightly altered sequence of nucleotides within a gene can result in an alternative trait. For example, there are three possible gene sequences on the human chromosome that code for blood type: sequence A, sequence B, and sequence O. Because all diploid human cells have two copies of the chromosome that determines blood type, the blood type (the trait) is determined by which two versions of the marker gene are inherited. It is possible to have two copies of the same gene sequence on both homologous chromosomes, with one on each (for example, AA, BB, or OO), or two different sequences, such as AB. Minor variations of traits, such as blood type, eye color, and handedness, contribute to the natural variation found within a species. However, if the entire DNA sequence from any pair of human homologous chromosomes is compared, the difference is less than one percent. The sex chromosomes, X and Y, are the single exception to the rule of homologous chromosome uniformity: Other than a small amount of homology that is necessary to accurately produce gametes, the genes found on the X and Y chromosomes are different.	D: genes.
Aside from light, incandescent light bulbs also give off what that wastes energy? Here are the choices: A. electricity B. humidity C. heat D. temperature	The classroom in Figure above has artificial light sources in addition to natural sunlight. There are fluorescent lights on the ceiling of the room. There are also projectors on the ceiling that are shining light on screens. In these and most other artificial light sources, electricity provides the energy and some type of light bulb converts the electrical energy to visible light. How a light bulb produces visible light varies by type of bulb, as you can see in Table below . Incandescent light bulbs, which produce light by incandescence, give off a lot of heat as well as light, so they waste energy. Other light bulbs produce light by luminescence, so they produce little if any heat. These light bulbs use energy more efficiently. Which types of light bulbs do you use?.	C: heat.
What is an alpha particle with two protons and two neutrons called? Here are the choices: A. chloride nucleus B. hydrogen nucleus C. helium nucleus D. hydrogen nucleus	In alpha decay, energy and an alpha particle are emitted by a nucleus that is unstable because it has too many protons. An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, so it is actually a helium nucleus.	C: helium nucleus.
Just as the reaction of a diol and a diacid forms a polyester, the reaction of a diacid and a diamine yields this? Here are the choices: A. polyamide B. phenol C. polyethylene D. acetone	Polyamides Just as the reaction of a diol and a diacid forms a polyester (Section 15.8 "Preparation of Esters"), the reaction of a diacid and a diamine yields a polyamide. The two difunctional monomers often employed are adipic acid and 1,6-hexanediamine. The monomers condense by splitting out water to form a new product, which is still difunctional and thus can react further to yield a polyamide polymer.	A: polyamide.
Structural rearrangements of what include partial duplications, deletions, inversions, and translocations; duplications and deletions often produce offspring that survive but exhibit physical and mental abnormalities? Here are the choices: A. cells B. neutrons C. phenotypes D. chromosomes	Chromosome Structural Rearrangements Cytologists have characterized numerous structural rearrangements in chromosomes, including partial duplications, deletions, inversions, and translocations. Duplications and deletions often produce offspring that survive but exhibit physical and mental abnormalities. Cri-du-chat (from the French for “cry of the cat”) is a syndrome associated with nervous system abnormalities and identifiable physical features that results from a deletion of most of the small arm of chromosome 5 (Figure 7.11). Infants with this genotype emit a characteristic high-pitched cry upon which the disorder’s name is based.	D: chromosomes.
The e. coli chromosome, like many other bacterial chromosomes, is what shape? Here are the choices: A. oval B. triangular C. circular D. square		C: circular.
What is the force of attraction between two masses? Here are the choices: A. gravity B. momentum C. inertia D. electricity	Gravity is traditionally defined as a force of attraction between two masses. Weight measures the force of gravity and is expressed in newtons (N).	A: gravity.

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