questions stringlengths 37 1.22k | reasoning stringlengths 0 3.56k ⌀ | answers stringlengths 4 138 |
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Chordates include vertebrates and invertebrates that have what?
Here are the choices:
A. a notochord
B. a phloem
C. chordate
D. a endoderm | Chordates include vertebrates and invertebrates that have a notochord. | A: a notochord. |
Nearly how many millions of people die yearly due to air pollution?
Here are the choices:
A. fifty million
B. eight million
C. five million
D. two million | Almost 5 million people die each year because of air pollution. In fact, polluted air causes more deaths than traffic accidents. Air pollution harms the respiratory and circulatory systems. Both outdoor and indoor air can be polluted. | C: five million. |
What instrument is used to record the length and strength of an earthquake?
Here are the choices:
A. transmitter
B. microscope
C. epicenter
D. seismograph | Earthquakes may take place every day near a volcano. But before an eruption the number and size of earthquakes increases. This is the result of magma pushing upward into the magma chamber. This motion causes stresses on neighboring rock to build up. Eventually the ground shakes. A continuous string of earthquakes may indicate that a volcano is about to erupt. Scientists use seismographs to record the length and strength of each earthquake. | D: seismograph. |
Skeletal muscles must work in pairs to move bones back and forth at a joint because they can only do what?
Here are the choices:
A. pull
B. contract
C. expand
D. vibrate | Muscles can only contract. They can’t actively lengthen. Therefore, to move bones back and forth at a joint, skeletal muscles must work in pairs. For example, the bicep and triceps muscles of the upper arm work as a pair. You can see how this pair of muscles works in Figure below . When the bicep muscle contracts, it bends the arm at the elbow. When the triceps muscle contracts, it straightens the arm. | B: contract. |
What type of molecules are secreted by the cell in local signaling?
Here are the choices:
A. sleeping molecules
B. word molecules
C. messenger molecules
D. negaitive molecules | C: messenger molecules. | |
Pulmonary ventilation in mammals occurs via what?
Here are the choices:
A. ingestion
B. osmosis
C. inhalation
D. inflammation | Mammalian Systems In mammals, pulmonary ventilation occurs via inhalation (breathing). During inhalation, air enters the body through the nasal cavity located just inside the nose (Figure 39.7). As air passes through the nasal cavity, the air is warmed to body temperature and humidified. The respiratory tract is coated with mucus to seal the tissues from direct contact with air. Mucus is high in water. As air crosses these surfaces of the mucous membranes, it picks up water. These processes help equilibrate the air to the body conditions, reducing any damage that cold, dry air can cause. Particulate matter that is floating in the air is removed in the nasal passages via mucus and cilia. The processes of warming, humidifying, and removing particles are important protective mechanisms that prevent damage to the trachea and lungs. Thus, inhalation serves several purposes in addition to bringing oxygen into the respiratory system. | C: inhalation. |
Chemical signals are received by the target cell on what?
Here are the choices:
A. inceptor proteins
B. acidic proteins
C. parent proteins
D. receptor proteins | The target cell then needs to be able to recognize the signal. Chemical signals are received by the target cell on receptor proteins. Most receptor proteins are found associated with the plasma membrane, but some are also found inside the cell. Receptor proteins are very specific for only one particular signal molecule, much like a lock that recognizes only one key. Therefore, a cell has lots of receptor proteins to recognize the large number of cell signal molecules. There are three stages to sending and receiving a cell "message:" reception, transduction, and response. | D: receptor proteins. |
What kind of organisms are prokaryotes?
Here are the choices:
A. viral
B. single - flagellated
C. multicellular organisms
D. single-celled | All prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. | D: single-celled. |
What act like filters and remove pathogens from lymph?
Here are the choices:
A. tissue nodes
B. lymph nodes
C. spine nodes
D. electric nodes | Before lymph reaches the bloodstream, it passes through small oval structures called lymph nodes, which are located along the lymph vessels. Figure below shows where some of the body’s many lymph nodes are concentrated. Lymph nodes act like filters and remove pathogens from lymph. | B: lymph nodes. |
What are the primary cells of adaptive immune response?
Here are the choices:
A. white blood cells
B. red blood cells
C. erythrocytes
D. lymphocytes | Lymphocytes: B Cells, T Cells, Plasma Cells, and Natural Killer Cells As stated above, lymphocytes are the primary cells of adaptive immune responses (Table 21.1). The two basic types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells, are identical morphologically with a large central nucleus surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm. They are distinguished from each other by their surface protein markers as well as by the molecules they secrete. While B cells mature in red bone marrow and T cells mature in the thymus, they both initially develop from bone marrow. T cells migrate from bone marrow to the thymus gland where they further mature. B cells and T cells are found in many parts of the body, circulating in the bloodstream and lymph, and residing in secondary lymphoid organs, including the spleen and lymph nodes, which will be described later in this section. The human body contains approximately 10 12 lymphocytes. | D: lymphocytes. |
What term refers to the friction of fluid, within itself and its surroundings?
Here are the choices:
A. elasticity
B. volume
C. salinity
D. viscosity | 12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law Laminar Flow and Viscosity When you pour yourself a glass of juice, the liquid flows freely and quickly. But when you pour syrup on your pancakes, that liquid flows slowly and sticks to the pitcher. The difference is fluid friction, both within the fluid itself and between the fluid and its surroundings. We call this property of fluids viscosity. Juice has low viscosity, whereas syrup has high viscosity. In the previous sections we have considered ideal fluids with little or no viscosity. In this section, we will investigate what factors, including viscosity, affect the rate of fluid flow. The precise definition of viscosity is based on laminar, or nonturbulent, flow. Before we can define viscosity, then, we need to define laminar flow and turbulent flow. Figure 12.10 shows both types of flow. Laminar flow is characterized by the smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix. Turbulent flow, or turbulence, is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together. | D: viscosity. |
What do you call a unique substance formed when two or more elements combine chemically?
Here are the choices:
A. compound
B. solution
C. component
D. mixture | Compounds are unique substances that form when two or more elements combine chemically. The smallest particles of compounds are molecules. Some compounds form crystals instead. | A: compound. |
Caves form over time when what causes rocks like limestone to dissolve?
Here are the choices:
A. weather
B. water
C. acid
D. air | It can be really exciting to explore a big underground cave like the one in this picture. Do you know how caves form? Believe it or not, water is the answer. Water slowly dissolves rocks, especially certain types of rocks such as limestone. How does something as mild and harmless as water cause hard rocks to dissolve? In this chapter, you’ll find out. | B: water. |
Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons whose molecules are closed rings rather than straight or branched chains. a cyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with a ring of these?
Here are the choices:
A. oxygen atoms
B. barium atoms
C. carbon atoms
D. hydrogen atoms | Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons whose molecules are closed rings rather than straight or branched chains. A cyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with a ring of carbon atoms. | C: carbon atoms. |
Speciation, convergent evolution, and coevolution are types of what process?
Here are the choices:
A. microevolution
B. macroevolution
C. devolution
D. systemic evolution | Macroevolution occurs when microevolution takes place over a long period of time. Types of macroevolution include speciation, convergent evolution, and coevolution. | B: macroevolution. |
In what state do ionic compounds best conduct electricity?
Here are the choices:
A. liquid
B. gas
C. plasma
D. solid | Solid ionic compounds are poor conductors of electricity. The strong bonds between ions lock them into place in the crystal. However, in the liquid state, ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity. Most ionic compounds dissolve easily in water. When they dissolve, they separate into individual ions. The ions can move freely, so they are good conductors of electricity. Dissolved ionic compounds are called electrolytes. | A: liquid. |
What type of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton are the narrowest?
Here are the choices:
A. macrophages
B. capillaries
C. mitosis
D. microfilaments | Microfilaments Of the three types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton, microfilaments are the narrowest. They function in cellular movement, have a diameter of about 7 nm, and are made of two intertwined strands of a globular protein called actin (Figure 4.23). For this reason, microfilaments are also known as actin filaments. | D: microfilaments. |
Which layer of the earth is molten?
Here are the choices:
A. the outer core
B. the inner core
C. the metallic core
D. the mantle | The dense, iron core forms the center of the Earth. Scientists know that the core is metal. The inner core is solid, and the outer core is molten. Here are some of the reasons they know this:. | A: the outer core. |
What is the general name for a solid material that is formed via a natural process?
Here are the choices:
A. mineral
B. gas
C. chemical
D. plasma | A mineral is a solid material that forms by a natural process. A mineral can be made of an element or a compound. It has a specific chemical composition. Its chemical composition is different from other minerals. Each type of mineral has physical properties that differ from others. These properties include crystal structure, hardness, density, and color. For example, silver is a soft, shiny metal. Salt is a white, cube-shaped crystal. Diamond is an extremely hard, translucent crystal. | A: mineral. |
In a photosystem, pigments in the light-harvesting complex pass light energy to two special molecules of what in the reaction center?
Here are the choices:
A. calcium
B. chlorophyll
C. nutrient
D. carbonate | Figure 8.15 A photosystem consists of a light-harvesting complex and a reaction center. Pigments in the lightharvesting complex pass light energy to two special chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center. The light excites an electron from the chlorophyll a pair, which passes to the primary electron acceptor. The excited electron must then be replaced. In (a) photosystem II, the electron comes from the splitting of water, which releases oxygen as a waste product. In (b) photosystem I, the electron comes from the chloroplast electron transport chain discussed below. | B: chlorophyll. |
What branch of science is the study of matter and energy?
Here are the choices:
A. natural science
B. unnatural science
C. negative science
D. physical science | Physical science is the study of matter and energy. That covers a lot of territory because matter refers to all the “stuff” that exists in the universe. It includes everything you can see and many things that you cannot see, including the air around you. Energy is also universal. It’s what gives matter the ability to move and change. Electricity, heat, and light are some of the forms that energy can take. | D: physical science. |
What make us sick when they become human parasites?
Here are the choices:
A. protozoa
B. viruses
C. detritus
D. larvae | Most protist diseases in humans are caused by animal-like protists, or protozoa. Protozoa make us sick when they become human parasites. Three examples of parasitic protozoa are described below. | A: protozoa. |
The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion is called?
Here are the choices:
A. magnetism
B. gravitation
C. friction
D. inertia | Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion. The inertia of an object depends on its mass. Objects with greater mass have greater inertia. To overcome inertia, an unbalanced force must be applied to an object. | D: inertia. |
Contributing to the blood-brain barrier is one of the jobs of glial cells, which support neurons in what system?
Here are the choices:
A. peripheral nervous system
B. digestive system
C. circulatory system
D. central nervous system | Glial Cells of the CNS One cell providing support to neurons of the CNS is the astrocyte, so named because it appears to be star-shaped under the microscope (astro- = “star”). Astrocytes have many processes extending from their main cell body (not axons or dendrites like neurons, just cell extensions). Those processes extend to interact with neurons, blood vessels, or the connective tissue covering the CNS that is called the pia mater (Figure 12.11). Generally, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system. Some ways in which they support neurons in the central nervous system are by maintaining the concentration of chemicals in the extracellular space, removing excess signaling molecules, reacting to tissue damage, and contributing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The blood-brain barrier is a physiological barrier that keeps many. | D: central nervous system. |
During the condensation reaction of sugars what is removed, linking the two sugars?
Here are the choices:
A. water
B. chlorophyll
C. air
D. hormones | The simple sugars form the foundation of more complex carbohydrates. The cyclic forms of two sugars can be linked together by means of a condensation reaction. The figure below shows how a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule combine to form a sucrose molecule. A hydrogen atom from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from the other molecule are eliminated as water, with a resulting covalent bond linking the two sugars together at that point. | A: water. |
What develops into embryos inside seeds, from which the next sporophyte generation grows?
Here are the choices:
A. secretions
B. zygotes
C. pupa
D. buds | In seed plants, the gametophyte generation takes place in a cone or flower, which forms on the mature sporophyte plant. Each male gametophyte is just a few cells inside a grain of pollen. Each female gametophyte produces an egg inside an ovule. Pollination must occur for fertilization to take place. Zygotes develop into embryos inside seeds, from which the next sporophyte generation grows. | B: zygotes. |
A change in temperature with distance is called a what?
Here are the choices:
A. speed gradient
B. solution gradient
C. temperature gradient
D. oxygen gradient | Air temperature changes with altitude. This does not occur in the same way as pressure and density, which decrease with altitude. Changes in air temperature are not regular. A change in temperature with distance is called a temperature gradient . | C: temperature gradient. |
What sac, which was sitting on top of the flat embryo, envelops the embryo as it folds?
Here are the choices:
A. epithelial sac
B. umbilical sac
C. amniotic sac
D. uterus | The embryo, which begins as a flat sheet of cells, begins to acquire a cylindrical shape through the process of embryonic folding (Figure 28.14). The embryo folds laterally and again at either end, forming a C-shape with distinct head and tail ends. The embryo envelops a portion of the yolk sac, which protrudes with the umbilical cord from what will become the abdomen. The folding essentially creates a tube, called the primitive gut, that is lined by the endoderm. The amniotic sac, which was sitting on top of the flat embryo, envelops the embryo as it folds. | C: amniotic sac. |
Catecholamines are a class of amine hormones synthesised form which amino acid?
Here are the choices:
A. dopamine
B. epinephrine
C. tyrosine
D. phenylalanine | C: tyrosine. | |
Regulation of hormone production hormone levels are primarily controlled through negative feedback, in which rising levels of a hormone inhibit its?
Here are the choices:
A. recent release
B. further release
C. Limited release
D. particular release | 37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production Hormone levels are primarily controlled through negative feedback, in which rising levels of a hormone inhibit its further release. The three mechanisms of hormonal release are humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli. Humoral stimuli refers to the control of hormonal release in response to changes in extracellular fluid levels or ion levels. Hormonal stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands. Neural stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to neural stimulation. | B: further release. |
Androgen secretion and sperm production are both controlled by hypothalamic and which other hormones?
Here are the choices:
A. Testes
B. adrenal
C. salivary
D. pituitary | D: pituitary. | |
The sum of the superscripts in an electron configuration is equal to the number of electrons in that atom, which is in turn equal to what number?
Here are the choices:
A. atomic number
B. metallic number
C. orbital number
D. shell number | Electron configuration notation eliminates the boxes and arrows of orbital filling diagrams. Each occupied sublevel designation is written followed by a superscript that is the number of electrons in that sublevel. For example, the hydrogen configuration is 1 s 1 , while the helium configuration is 1 s 2 . Multiple occupied sublevels are written one after another. The electron configuration of lithium is 1 s 2 2 s 1 . The sum of the superscripts in an electron configuration is equal to the number of electrons in that atom, which is in turn equal to its atomic number. | A: atomic number. |
What part of the brain controls body position, coordination, and balance?
Here are the choices:
A. right brain
B. cerebellum
C. brain stem
D. cerebrum | The cerebellum is the next largest part of the brain. It controls body position, coordination, and balance. Hakeem’s cerebellum kicked in when he started to lose his balance on the railing in the opening photo. It allowed him to regain his balance. | B: cerebellum. |
When light transfers its energy to objects, this is known as what?
Here are the choices:
A. absorption
B. accumulation
C. condensation
D. evaporation | Light may transfer its energy to matter rather than being reflected or transmitted by matter. This is called absorption . When light is absorbed, the added energy increases the temperature of matter. If you get into a car that has been sitting in the sun all day, the seats and other parts of the car’s interior may be almost too hot to touch, especially if they are black or very dark in color. That’s because dark colors absorb most of the sunlight that strikes them. | A: absorption. |
What do most amphibians breathe with as larvae?
Here are the choices:
A. gills
B. nasal passages
C. lungs
D. pores | Most amphibians breathe with gills as larvae and with lungs as adults. Additional oxygen is absorbed through the skin in most species. The skin is kept moist by mucus, which is secreted by mucous glands. In some species, mucous glands also produce toxins, which help protect the amphibians from predators. The golden frog shown in Figure below is an example of a toxic amphibian. | A: gills. |
The chemical used by the ants to weed their garden turns out to be what kind?
Here are the choices:
A. nitric acid
B. sulfide acid
C. formic acid
D. sealant acid | C: formic acid. | |
A common age-related bone disease in which bone density and strength is decreased is know as what?
Here are the choices:
A. osteoporosis
B. allergies
C. Stomach
D. fibrosis | Osteoporosis is a common age-related bone disease in which bone density and strength is decreased. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/osteoporosis) to get a better understanding of how thoracic vertebrae may become weakened and may fracture due to this disease. How may vertebral osteoporosis contribute to kyphosis?. | A: osteoporosis. |
Some fruit, like peaches, only have one big seed. what is this seed called?
Here are the choices:
A. the seed
B. the middle
C. the pit
D. the core | C: the pit. | |
Dragonflies were one of the first insects to do what?
Here are the choices:
A. sexually reproduce
B. fly
C. fight
D. swim | B: fly. | |
Intestinal cells combine with proteins to create what?
Here are the choices:
A. chondrocytes
B. lipoproteins
C. amino acids
D. chylomicrons | Diffusion into intestinal cells, where they are combined with proteins to create chylomicrons. | D: chylomicrons. |
Dutch elm trees used to be common, beautiful trees in the united states. now most of them have been killed by what?
Here are the choices:
A. carbon dioxide
B. dutch elm disease
C. cancer
D. beetles | Dutch elm trees used to be common, beautiful trees in the United States. Now most of them, like this tree, have been killed by Dutch elm disease. Dutch elm disease is caused by a fungus. This is just one example of how fungi can interact with other species. | B: dutch elm disease. |
Two major types of fungus-like protists are slime molds and which other?
Here are the choices:
A. black molds
B. water molds
C. green molds
D. foul molds | Fungus-like protists share many features with fungi. Like fungi, they are heterotrophs, meaning they must obtain food outside themselves. They also have cell walls and reproduce by forming spores, just like fungi. Fungus-like protists usually do not move, but a few develop movement at some point in their lives. Two major types of fungus-like protists are slime molds and water molds . | B: water molds. |
What are broken down during digestion to provide the amino acids needed for protein synthesis?
Here are the choices:
A. carbohydrates
B. dietary proteins
C. metabolytes
D. sugars | Dietary proteins are broken down during digestion to provide the amino acids needed for protein synthesis. Any extra proteins in the diet not needed for this purpose are used for energy or stored as fat. One gram of proteins provides 4 Calories of energy. Eating protein provides the amino acids for your cells to produce your own antibodies, muscle fibers and enzymes (as well as many other types of proteins). | B: dietary proteins. |
A group of atoms that results when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane is referred to as what?
Here are the choices:
A. alkyl group
B. nitrate group
C. hyrdrogen group
D. chloride group | An alkyl group is a group of atoms that results when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane. The group is named by replacing the -ane suffix of the parent hydrocarbon with -yl. For example, the CH3 group derived from methane (CH4) results from subtracting one hydrogen atom and is called a methyl group. The alkyl groups we will use most frequently are listed in Table 12.4 "Common Alkyl Groups". Alkyl groups are not independent molecules; they are parts of molecules that we consider as a unit to name compounds systematically. Table 12.4 Common Alkyl Groups. | A: alkyl group. |
What is the term for stored energy that an object has due to its position or shape?
Here are the choices:
A. kinetic energy
B. mechanical energy
C. potential energy
D. vertical energy | A: Electric charges flow when they have electric potential energy. Potential energy is stored energy that an object has due to its position or shape. | C: potential energy. |
What force is greater on rougher surfaces than smooth surfaces?
Here are the choices:
A. gravity
B. acceleration
C. friction
D. tension | Rougher surfaces have more friction between them than smoother surfaces. That’s why we put sand on icy sidewalks and roads. The blades of skates are much smoother than the soles of shoes. That’s why you can’t slide as far across ice with shoes as you can with skates (see Figure below ). The rougher surface of shoes causes more friction and slows you down. Heavier objects also have more friction because they press together with greater force. Did you ever try to push boxes or furniture across the floor? It’s harder to overcome friction between heavier objects and the floor than it is between lighter objects and the floor. | C: friction. |
Nitrogen is a very important element to living things, because it is part of nucleotides and amino acids that are the building blocks of nucleic acids and these?
Here are the choices:
A. follicles
B. cells
C. proteins
D. lipids | Cooperation between Bacteria and Eukaryotes: Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen is a very important element to living things, because it is part of nucleotides and amino acids that are the building blocks of nucleic acids and proteins, respectively. Nitrogen is usually the most limiting element in terrestrial ecosystems, with atmospheric nitrogen, N2, providing the largest pool of available nitrogen. However, eukaryotes cannot use atmospheric, gaseous nitrogen to synthesize macromolecules. Fortunately, nitrogen can be “fixed,” meaning it is converted into ammonia (NH3) either biologically or abiotically. Abiotic nitrogen fixation occurs as a result of lightning or by industrial processes. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is exclusively carried out by prokaryotes: soil bacteria, cyanobacteria, and Frankia spp. (filamentous bacteria interacting with actinorhizal plants such as alder, bayberry, and sweet fern). After photosynthesis, BNF is the second most important biological process on Earth. The equation representing the process is as follows. | C: proteins. |
In the mouth, enzymes present in what begin to chemically break down food?
Here are the choices:
A. saliva
B. blood
C. acid
D. lymph | The Human Digestive System The process of digestion begins in the mouth with the intake of food (Figure 16.4). The teeth play an important role in masticating (chewing) or physically breaking food into smaller particles. The enzymes present in saliva also begin to chemically break down food. The food is then swallowed and enters the esophagus—a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Using peristalsis, or wave-like smooth-muscle contractions, the muscles of the esophagus push the food toward the stomach. The stomach contents are extremely acidic, with a pH between 1.5 and 2.5. This acidity kills microorganisms, breaks down food tissues, and activates digestive enzymes. Further breakdown of food takes place in the small intestine where bile produced by the liver, and enzymes produced by the small intestine and the pancreas, continue the process of digestion. The smaller molecules are absorbed into the blood stream through the epithelial cells lining the walls of the small intestine. The waste material travels on to the large intestine where water is absorbed and the drier waste material is compacted into feces; it is stored until it is excreted through the anus. | A: saliva. |
Unlike the cells of plants and fungi, animal cells lack what?
Here are the choices:
A. flagella
B. nuclei
C. mitochondria
D. cell wall | Like the cells of all eukaryotes, animal cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (see Figure below ). Unlike the cells of plants and fungi, animal cells lack a cell wall. This gives animal cells flexibility. It lets them take on different shapes so they can become specialized to do particular jobs. The human nerve cell shown in Figure below is a good example. Its shape suits its function of transmitting nerve impulses over long distances. A nerve cell would be unable to take this shape if it were surrounded by a rigid cell wall. | D: cell wall. |
Because alkali metals are so reactive, they are found in nature only in ________ with other elements?
Here are the choices:
A. competition
B. combination
C. cooperation
D. isolation | Hydrogen is a very reactive gas, and the alkali metals are even more reactive. In fact, they are the most reactive metals and, along with the elements in group 17, are the most reactive of all elements. The reactivity of alkali metals increases from the top to the bottom of the group, so lithium (Li) is the least reactive alkali metal and francium (Fr) is the most reactive. Because alkali metals are so reactive, they are found in nature only in combination with other elements. They often combine with group 17 elements, which are very “eager” to gain an electron. At the URL below, you can watch a video that shows just how reactive the alkali metals are. | B: combination. |
What is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides?
Here are the choices:
A. median plane
B. anatomical plane
C. sagittal plane
D. parasagittal plane | • The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal section. • The frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. (“Corona” is Latin for “crown. ”) • The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections. | C: sagittal plane. |
What are the organs work together to allow us to see?
Here are the choices:
A. brain and eyes
B. lungs
C. heart
D. nose | The ability to see is called vision. The brain and eyes work together to allow us to see. The eyes collect and focus visible light and change it to electrical signals that travel to the brain. The brain interprets the signals and “tells” us what we are seeing. | A: brain and eyes. |
The brain develops from this early tube structure and gives rise to specific regions of the adult brain. as the neural tube grows and differentiates, it enlarges into three vesicles that correspond to the forebrain, midbrain, and this?
Here are the choices:
A. hindbrain
B. astrobrain
C. rearbrain
D. anteriorbrain | into the brain, and the posterior region becomes the spinal cord. Tissues at the edges of the neural groove, when it closes off, are called the neural crest and migrate through the embryo to give rise to PNS structures as well as some non-nervous tissues. The brain develops from this early tube structure and gives rise to specific regions of the adult brain. As the neural tube grows and differentiates, it enlarges into three vesicles that correspond to the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain regions of the adult brain. Later in development, two of these three vesicles differentiate further, resulting in five vesicles. Those five vesicles can be aligned with the four major regions of the adult brain. The cerebrum is formed directly from the telencephalon. The diencephalon is the only region that keeps its embryonic name. The mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon become the brain stem. The cerebellum also develops from the metencephalon and is a separate region of the adult brain. The spinal cord develops out of the rest of the neural tube and retains the tube structure, with the nervous tissue thickening and the hollow center becoming a very small central canal through the cord. The rest of the hollow center of the neural tube corresponds to open spaces within the brain called the ventricles, where cerebrospinal fluid is found. | A: hindbrain. |
Biotechnology uses what to solve problems?
Here are the choices:
A. geology
B. ecology
C. biology
D. psycology | Biotechnology is technology based on biological applications. These applications are increasingly used in medicine, agriculture and food science. Biotechnology combines many features of biology, including genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, and cell biology. Many aspects of biotechnology center around DNA and its applications, otherwise known as DNA technology. We could devote a whole textbook to current applications of biotechnology, however, we will focus on the applications towards medicine and agriculture, and the extension into the forensic sciences. First, though, we need to understand DNA technology. | C: biology. |
What are hurricanes called in the pacific?
Here are the choices:
A. twisters
B. rainstorms
C. typhoons
D. tornados | Tornadoes may also come from hurricanes. A hurricane ( Figure below ) is an enormous storm with high winds and heavy rains. Hurricanes may be hundreds of kilometers wide. They may travel for thousands of kilometers. The storm's wind speeds may be greater than 251 kilometers (156 miles) per hour. Hurricanes develop from tropical cyclones. Hurricanes are called typhoons in the Pacific. | C: typhoons. |
What is the organ in which gas exchanges take place between blood and air?
Here are the choices:
A. skin
B. lungs
C. kidney
D. heart | Respiration begins with ventilation. This is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. The lungs are the organs in which gas exchange takes place between blood and air. | B: lungs. |
What branch of science deals with the effects people have on the environment?
Here are the choices:
A. physical science
B. ecological science
C. cultural science
D. environmental science | Environmental science deals with the effects people have on the environment. | D: environmental science. |
Sickle cell anemia is what type of disorder?
Here are the choices:
A. spontaneous mutation
B. autosomal dominant disorder
C. nongenetic disorder
D. autosomal recessive disorder | Sickle-Shaped and Normal Red Blood Cells. Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder. The mutation that causes the disorder affects just one amino acid in a single protein, but it has serious consequences for the affected person. This photo shows the sickle shape of red blood cells in people with sickle cell anemia. | D: autosomal recessive disorder. |
Which region is just posterior to the mouth?
Here are the choices:
A. the diaphragm
B. the esophagus
C. the pharynx
D. the duodenum | C: the pharynx. | |
What is the collective travel of sheep known as?
Here are the choices:
A. load
B. den
C. gaggle
D. herd | Like many other animals, sheep travel in herds. The tendency is for each individual sheep to stay with the herd. However, a sheep may sometimes wander off, depending on how strong the attraction is for a particular food or water supply. At other times, a sheep may become frightened and run off. Whether a sheep chooses to stay with the herd or go its own way depends on the balance between attraction to the herd and attraction to the outside influence. | D: herd. |
What are these examples of: a person riding a carousel and a skydiver in free fall?
Here are the choices:
A. centripetal force
B. vibration
C. acceleration
D. centrifugal force | Examples of acceleration include a person riding a carousel and a skydiver in free fall. | C: acceleration. |
Elements below the second period, such as silicon, do not form what as readily as second-period elements, and when they do form, they are weaker than those formed by second-period elements?
Here are the choices:
A. covalent bonds
B. magnetic bonds
C. k. bonds
D. n bonds | Silicon dioxide, silica, occurs in both crystalline and amorphous forms. The usual crystalline form of silicon dioxide is quartz, a hard, brittle, clear, colorless solid. It is useful in many ways—for architectural decorations, semiprecious jewels, and frequency control in radio transmitters. Silica takes many crystalline forms, or polymorphs, in nature. Trace amounts of Fe3+ in quartz give amethyst its characteristic purple color. The term quartz is also used for articles such as tubing and lenses that are manufactured from amorphous silica. Opal is a naturally occurring form of amorphous silica. The contrast in structure and physical properties between silicon dioxide and carbon dioxide is interesting, as illustrated in Figure 18.18. Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) contains single CO2 molecules with each of the two oxygen atoms attached to the carbon atom by double bonds. Very weak intermolecular forces hold the molecules together in the crystal. The volatility of dry ice reflect these weak forces between molecules. In contrast, silicon dioxide is a covalent network solid. In silicon dioxide, each silicon atom links to four oxygen atoms by single bonds directed toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron, and SiO4 tetrahedra share oxygen atoms. This arrangement gives a three dimensional, continuous, silicon-oxygen network. A quartz crystal is a macromolecule of silicon dioxide. The difference between these two compounds is the ability of the group 14 elements to form strong π bonds. Secondperiod elements, such as carbon, form very strong π bonds, which is why carbon dioxide forms small molecules with strong double bonds. Elements below the second period, such as silicon, do not form π bonds as readily as secondperiod elements, and when they do form, the π bonds are weaker than those formed by second-period elements. For this reason, silicon dioxide does not contain π bonds but only σ bonds. | D: n bonds. |
Through what method or methods of fertilization do amphibians sexually reproduce?
Here are the choices:
A. external or internal
B. mitosis and meiosis
C. spawning or budding
D. asexual or sexual | Amphibians reproduce sexually with either external or internal fertilization. They may attract mates with calls or scents. They do not produce amniotic eggs, so they must reproduce in water. Their larvae go through metamorphosis to change into the adult form. | A: external or internal. |
The distance between corresponding points of adjacent waves is known as the __________
Here are the choices:
A. wavelength
B. absorption
C. amplitude
D. bandwidth | Wavelength is the distance between corresponding points of adjacent waves. Wavelengths of electromagnetic waves range from many kilometers to a tiny fraction of a millimeter. | A: wavelength. |
Which system consists of all the nervous tissue that lies outside the central nervous system?
Here are the choices:
A. peripheral nervous system
B. cerebral cortex
C. auxiliary nervous system
D. spinal cord | The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nervous tissue that lies outside the central nervous system. It is connected to the central nervous system by nerves. It has several divisions and subdivisions that transmit nerve impulses between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. | A: peripheral nervous system. |
What mechanism is used by living organisms to pass along genes?
Here are the choices:
A. digestion
B. protein
C. chlorophyll
D. dna | 16 Gregor Mendel and biological inheritance Charles Darwin1 , for all he contributed to the science of biology, never knew about the mechanism by which living things inherit traits from previous generations, or how new traits arise. As any schoolchild can tell you, this mechanism of interitance has since been found to be DNA2 , or deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA allows for stable inheritance of traits: the code in each strand of DNA is replicated precisely through the pairing of basic units along each strand. The error rate in this replication is amazingly low; not even one base pair in a million matches out of sequence. However, when even one base pair is added to a new strain of DNA in an order differently than in the parent chain, it can be the basis of a mutation. These changes in DNA sequences are the microscopic origin of changes in traits of all studied living things. Even the smallest difference in a strand of DNA can result in a change in traits that can cost the life of the organism. Mutations can produce proteins with a new or altered function. In humans, the example of Sickle cell anemia3 is commonly given as its origin is a difference of only one base pair in a section of DNA that encodes red blood cells. Individual sequences of DNA that encode for specific proteins are called genes and are the units of heredity. Each one has a set nucleotide4 , and together all of the genes (and some sequence of DNA that apparently do not code for any biologically important functions) together make up the entire chromosome5. | D: dna. |
The third line of defense of the immune system is called?
Here are the choices:
A. the sudden response
B. the asymptomatic response
C. the immune response
D. the malignant response | Like the immune systems of other vertebrates, the human immune system is adaptive. If pathogens manage to get through the body’s first two lines of defense, the third line of defense takes over. The third line of defense is referred to as the immune response . This defense is specific to a particular pathogen, and it allows the immune system to “remember” the pathogen after the infection is over. If the pathogen tries to invade the body again, the immune response against that pathogen will be much faster and stronger. | C: the immune response. |
What's it called when gases turn back into liquids?
Here are the choices:
A. evaporation
B. dehydration
C. condensation
D. diffusion | As water cools in the clouds, condensation occurs. Condensation is when gases turn back into liquids. | C: condensation. |
What is a molecule made up of two subunits?
Here are the choices:
A. acid
B. chloride
C. enzyme
D. dimer | D: dimer. | |
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs from this?
Here are the choices:
A. legs
B. heart
C. brain
D. bladder | External Respiration The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs from the heart, where it branches and eventually becomes the capillary network composed of pulmonary capillaries. These pulmonary capillaries create the respiratory membrane with the alveoli (Figure 22.22). As the blood is pumped through this capillary network, gas exchange occurs. Although a small amount of the oxygen is able to dissolve directly into plasma from the alveoli, most of the oxygen is picked up by erythrocytes (red blood cells) and binds to a protein called hemoglobin, a process described later in this chapter. Oxygenated hemoglobin is red, causing the overall appearance of bright red oxygenated blood, which returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins. Carbon dioxide is released in the opposite direction of oxygen, from the blood to the alveoli. Some of the carbon dioxide is returned on hemoglobin, but can also be dissolved in plasma or is present as a converted form, also explained in greater detail later in this chapter. External respiration occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. | B: heart. |
All of the living things in an area and the nonliving environment together make up what?
Here are the choices:
A. biosphere
B. biome
C. taiga
D. ecosystem | An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a given area, together with the nonliving environment. The nonliving environment includes water, sunlight, and other physical factors. | D: ecosystem. |
What areas of the planet are most birds native to?
Here are the choices:
A. tundra
B. desert
C. mountainous
D. tropical | Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats on Earth. They can be found on all seven continents, from the Arctic to Antarctica. However, the majority of bird species are native to tropical areas of the planet. | D: tropical. |
What is the basis of enzyme classification?
Here are the choices:
A. their color
B. reactions they catalyze
C. their shape
D. their mass | Enzymes are classified by the types of reactions that they catalyze. | B: reactions they catalyze. |
Scientists use the principles of what to make predictions, which they then test?
Here are the choices:
A. their teachers
B. their guesses
C. their faith
D. their hypothesis | The experiment is a cornerstone in the scientific approach to gaining deeper knowledge about the natural world. Scientists use the principles of their hypothesis to make predictions, and then test them to see if their predictions are to be confirmed or rejected. | D: their hypothesis. |
How many membranes form the mitochondrion structure of a cell?
Here are the choices:
A. three
B. two
C. five
D. one | Two separate membranes form the mitochondrion. The inner membrane folds into cristae which divide the organelle into three compartments: the intermembrane space (between outer and inner membranes), cristae space (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane), and the matrix (within the inner membrane). The Krebs Cycle takes place within the matrix. The compartments are critical for the electron transport chain structure and function. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, with the products of glycolysis entering the mitochondria to continue cellular respiration. | B: two. |
Lava that enters the water is called what?
Here are the choices:
A. saltwater lava
B. magma runoff
C. lava flow
D. pillow lava | Pillow lava is created from lava that enters the water. The volcanic vent may be underwater. The lava may flow over land and enter the water ( Figure below ). Once in the water, the lava cools very quickly. The lava forms round rocks that resemble pillows. Pillow lava is particularly common along mid-ocean ridges. | D: pillow lava. |
What do we call plants that shed their leaves seasonally each year?
Here are the choices:
A. perennials
B. deciduous plants
C. annuals
D. lush plants | After leaves turn color in the fall, they may all fall off the plant for the winter. Plants that shed their leaves seasonally each year are called deciduous plants . Shedding leaves is a strategy for reducing water loss during seasons of extreme dryness. On the downside, the plant must grow new leaves in the spring, and that takes a lot of energy and matter. Some plants may “bank” energy over the winter by storing food. That way, they are ready to grow new leaves as soon as spring arrives. | B: deciduous plants. |
What do some animals use to get a feel for their environment?
Here are the choices:
A. mechanoreceptors
B. fibroblasts
C. neuroreceptors
D. nociceptors | A: mechanoreceptors. | |
Gas particles are constantly colliding with each other and the walls of a container, and these collisions are elastic, so there is no net loss of what?
Here are the choices:
A. velocity
B. energy
C. temperature
D. heat | A N SW E R S 1. Gases consist of tiny particles of matter that are in constant motion. Gas particles are constantly colliding with each other and the walls of a container. These collisions are elastic; that is, there is no net loss of energy from the collisions. Gas particles are separated by large distances, with the size of a gas particle tiny compared to the distances that separate them. There are no interactive forces (i. , attraction or repulsion) between the particles of a gas. The average speed of gas particles is dependent on the temperature of the gas. | B: energy. |
How do birds learn to avoid eating monarch butterflies?
Here are the choices:
A. digestion
B. conditioning
C. temperature
D. instinct | Birds learn through conditioning to avoid eating monarch butterflies. | B: conditioning. |
What part of the sperm contains the genetic material?
Here are the choices:
A. the "head"
B. the " tail "
C. the " body "
D. the " brain " | A human sperm is a tiny cell with a tail. A human egg is much larger. Both cells are mature haploid gametes that are capable of fertilization. What process is shown in this photograph? Notice the sperm with the head piece containing the genetic material, a flagella tail that propels the sperm, and a midpiece of mostly mitochondria, supplying ATP. | A: the "head". |
Multiple sclerosis, huntington’s disease, and parkinson’s disease all affect what body system?
Here are the choices:
A. circulatory system
B. reproductive system
C. lymph system
D. nervous system | In addition to ALS and Alzheimer's disease, other serious nervous system diseases include multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. T hese diseases rarely, if ever, occur in young people. Their causes and symptoms are listed below ( Table below ). The diseases have no known cure, but medicines may help control their symptoms. | D: nervous system. |
The force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or upon the chambers of the heart is known as blood what?
Here are the choices:
A. pressure
B. vaccuum
C. squeeze
D. push | 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Blood flow is the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ. The slowing or blocking of blood flow is called resistance. Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart. The components of blood pressure include systolic pressure, which results from ventricular contraction, and diastolic pressure, which results from ventricular relaxation. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic measures, and mean arterial pressure is the “average” pressure of blood in the arterial system, driving blood into the tissues. Pulse, the expansion and recoiling of an artery, reflects the heartbeat. The variables affecting blood flow and blood pressure in the systemic circulation are cardiac output, compliance, blood volume, blood viscosity, and the length and diameter of the blood vessels. In the arterial system, vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles is a significant factor in systemic blood pressure: Slight vasodilation greatly decreases resistance and increases flow, whereas slight vasoconstriction greatly increases resistance and decreases flow. In the arterial system, as resistance increases, blood pressure increases and flow decreases. In the venous system, constriction increases blood pressure as it does in arteries; the increasing pressure helps to return blood to the heart. In addition, constriction causes the vessel lumen to become more rounded, decreasing resistance and increasing blood flow. Venoconstriction, while less important than arterial vasoconstriction, works with the skeletal muscle pump, the respiratory pump, and their valves to promote venous return to the heart. | A: pressure. |
What is the term for the amount of internal energy that the substance can store?
Here are the choices:
A. humidity capacity
B. heat capacity
C. temperature capacity
D. mass capacity | Heat capacity is the amount of internal energy that the substance can store. A large heat capacitance means the substance can store a lot of internal energy and thus the temperature changes slowly. Aluminum foil has a small heat capacitance and water has a large one. | B: heat capacity. |
An aquifer is an underground layer of rock that is saturated with what?
Here are the choices:
A. oil
B. ocean water
C. wastewater
D. groundwater | An aquifer is an underground layer of rock that is saturated with groundwater. One of the biggest aquifers in the world is the Ogallala aquifer in the American Midwest. | D: groundwater. |
Oysters require a certain minimum population density because they must be in close proximity to do this?
Here are the choices:
A. replicate
B. reproduce
C. multiply
D. feed | The Chesapeake Bay (Figure 20.15a) is one of the most scenic areas on Earth; it is now in distress and is recognized as a case study of a declining ecosystem. In the 1970s, the Chesapeake Bay was one of the first aquatic ecosystems to have identified dead zones, which continue to kill many fish and bottomdwelling species such as clams, oysters, and worms. Several species have declined in the Chesapeake Bay because surface water runoff contains excess nutrients from artificial fertilizer use on land. The source of the fertilizers (with high nitrogen and phosphate content) is not limited to agricultural practices. There are many nearby urban areas and more than 150 rivers and streams empty into the bay that are carrying fertilizer runoff from lawns and gardens. Thus, the decline of the Chesapeake Bay is a complex issue and requires the cooperation of industry, agriculture, and individual homeowners. Of particular interest to conservationists is the oyster population (Figure 20.15b); it is estimated that more than 200,000 acres of oyster reefs existed in the bay in the 1700s, but that number has now declined to only 36,000 acres. Oyster harvesting was once a major industry for Chesapeake Bay, but it declined 88 percent between 1982 and 2007. This decline was caused not only by fertilizer runoff and dead zones, but also because of overharvesting. Oysters require a certain minimum population density because they must be in close proximity to reproduce. Human activity has altered the oyster population and locations, thus greatly disrupting the ecosystem. The restoration of the oyster population in the Chesapeake Bay has been ongoing for several years with mixed success. Not only do many people find oysters good to eat, but the oysters also clean up the bay. They are filter feeders, and as they eat, they clean the water around them. Filter feeders eat by pumping a continuous stream of water over finely divided appendages (gills in the case of oysters) and capturing prokaryotes, plankton, and fine organic particles in their mucus. In the 1700s, it was estimated that it took only a few days for the oyster population to filter the entire volume of the bay. Today, with the changed water conditions, it is estimated that the present population would take nearly a year to do the same job. Restoration efforts have been ongoing for several years by non-profit organizations such as the Chesapeake Bay Foundation. The restoration goal is to find a way to increase population density so the. | B: reproduce. |
Rubber is an example of what type of substances that do not allow electrons to move through them?
Here are the choices:
A. semi-conductor
B. solids
C. insulators
D. conductor | A common method of producing charge in the lab is to rub cat or rabbit fur against stiff rubber, producing a negative charge on the rubber rod. If you hold a rubber rod on one end and rub only the tip of the other end with a fur, you will find that only the tip becomes charged. The electrons you add to the tip of the rod remain where you put them instead of moving around on the rod. Rubber is an insulator. Insulators are substances that do not allow electrons to move through them. Glass, dry wood, most plastics, cloth, and dry air are common insulators. Materials that allow electrons to flow freely are called conductors. Metals have at least one electron that can move around freely, and all metals are conductors. | C: insulators. |
What gland is located in the neck, where it wraps around the trachea?
Here are the choices:
A. thyroid gland
B. adrenal gland
C. salivary gland
D. pituitary gland | Figure 17.12 Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is located in the neck where it wraps around the trachea. (a) Anterior view of the thyroid gland. (b) Posterior view of the thyroid gland. (c) The glandular tissue is composed primarily of thyroid follicles. The larger parafollicular cells often appear within the matrix of follicle cells. LM × 1332. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012). | A: thyroid gland. |
What is influences the inhibition of axillary buds by an apical bud?
Here are the choices:
A. apical dominance
B. eliptical dominance
C. anterior dominance
D. cortical dominance | A: apical dominance. | |
The colorless, odorless gas released when we breath is carbon dioxide. the harmful colorless, odorless gas released when matter is burned is what?
Here are the choices:
A. carbon trioxide
B. acid monoxide
C. carbon monoxide
D. methane | Carbon Dioxide: Every time you exhale, you release carbon dioxide into the air. It's an odorless, colorless gas. Carbon dioxide contributes to global climate change, but it isn't directly harmful to human health. Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide is produced when matter burns. It's a colorless, odorless gas that is very harmful to human health. In fact, it can kill people in minutes. Because you can't see or smell carbon monoxide, it must be detected with an alarm. | C: carbon monoxide. |
How are bacteria cells similar to our cells?
Here are the choices:
A. plasma and number of protons
B. dna and number of protons
C. shape and size
D. dna & plasma membrane | Yes and no. Bacteria cells are similar to our cells in some ways. Like our cells, bacteria cells have DNA and a plasma membrane. But bacteria are unique in other ways. They are called prokaryotic cells because of these differences. | D: dna & plasma membrane. |
What kind of health problem can occur in the kidney and potentially cause problems with urination?
Here are the choices:
A. kidney stones
B. gallstones
C. diabetes
D. infection | Kidney stones are mineral crystals that form in urine inside the kidney. They may be extremely painful. If they block a ureter, they must be removed so urine can leave the kidney and be excreted. | A: kidney stones. |
What can alkenes and alkynes be reduced with to form alkanes?
Here are the choices:
A. enzymes
B. hydrogen gas
C. oxygen
D. acids | Alkenes and alkynes can be reduced with hydrogen gas to form alkanes. | B: hydrogen gas. |
The vapor pressures of various liquids depends primarily on the strength of what kind of attractions between individual particles?
Here are the choices:
A. diffusion
B. outer molecular
C. gravitational
D. intermolecular | As we saw when we studied States of Matter , the driving force for particles in the liquid phase to escape into the gas phase depends on both the temperature and identity of the substance. The vapor pressure of a liquid is a measure of this ability. Specifically, vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor that is in equilibrium with its solid or liquid phase. For substances with a stronger drive to enter the gas phase, more vapor particles will be present in the same amount of space, resulting in a higher pressure. At a given temperature, the vapor pressures of various liquids depends primarily on the strength of intermolecular attractions between individual particles. Figure below shows the relative vapor pressures of several different substances. | D: intermolecular. |
What is the term for a structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific job in the cell?
Here are the choices:
A. nucleus
B. mitochondria
C. ribosome
D. organelle | Eukaryotic cells also contain other organelles besides the nucleus. An organelle is a structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific job in the cell. Organelles called mitochondria, for example, provide energy to the cell, and organelles called vacuoles store substances in the cell. Organelles allow eukaryotic cells to carry out more functions than prokaryotic cells can. | D: organelle. |
The two members of a given pair of chromosomes are called what?
Here are the choices:
A. homologous chromosomes
B. divergant chromosomes
C. tissue chromosomes
D. isolated chromosomes | The two members of a given pair of chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes . We get one of each homologous pair, or 23 chromosomes, from our father. We get the other one of each pair, or 23 chromosomes, from our mother. A gamete must have the haploid number of chromosomes. That way, when two gametes unite, the zygote will have the diploid number. How are haploid cells produced? The answer is meiosis. | A: homologous chromosomes. |
What type of organism is used to produce alcoholic beverages and bread?
Here are the choices:
A. bacteria
B. yeast
C. larvae
D. insects | B: yeast. | |
On top of the otolithic membrane is a layer of calcium carbonate crystals, called what?
Here are the choices:
A. calcites
B. gonads
C. cones
D. otoliths | Equilibrium (Balance) Along with audition, the inner ear is responsible for encoding information about equilibrium, the sense of balance. A similar mechanoreceptor—a hair cell with stereocilia—senses head position, head movement, and whether our bodies are in motion. These cells are located within the vestibule of the inner ear. Head position is sensed by the utricle and saccule, whereas head movement is sensed by the semicircular canals. The neural signals generated in the vestibular ganglion are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem and cerebellum. The utricle and saccule are both largely composed of macula tissue (plural = maculae). The macula is composed of hair cells surrounded by support cells. The stereocilia of the hair cells extend into a viscous gel called the otolithic membrane (Figure 14.11). On top of the otolithic membrane is a layer of calcium carbonate crystals, called otoliths. The otoliths essentially make the otolithic membrane top-heavy. The otolithic membrane moves separately from the macula in response to head movements. Tilting the head causes the otolithic membrane to slide over the macula in the direction of gravity. The moving otolithic membrane, in turn, bends the sterocilia, causing some hair cells to depolarize as others hyperpolarize. The exact position of the head is interpreted by the brain based on the pattern of hair-cell depolarization. | D: otoliths. |
What do we call the locations where electrons are likely to be located around the nucleus?
Here are the choices:
A. isotopes
B. orbitals
C. cores
D. radials | The locations where electrons are likely to be located around the nucleus are known as orbitals. Each orbital represents a three-dimensional region in which a given electron is most likely to be found. | B: orbitals. |
What makes up the central nervous system?
Here are the choices:
A. brain and heart
B. spine and lungs
C. heart and lungs
D. brain and spinal cord | The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. | D: brain and spinal cord. |
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