questions stringlengths 37 1.22k | reasoning stringlengths 0 3.56k ⌀ | answers stringlengths 4 138 |
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What type of maps detail detail the types and locations of rocks found in an area?
Here are the choices:
A. contour maps
B. gnomic maps
C. geologic maps
D. polar maps | Geologic maps detail the types and locations of rocks found in an area. | C: geologic maps. |
What is another term for the voice box?
Here are the choices:
A. pharynx
B. optical nerve
C. pancreas
D. larynx | The larynx , also called the "voice box," is found just below the pharynx. Your voice comes from your larynx. Air from the lungs passes across thin tissues in the larynx and produces sound. | D: larynx. |
The proximity of the axillary buds to the apical bud is partly responsible for their what?
Here are the choices:
A. dormancy
B. development
C. germination
D. growth | A: dormancy. | |
How do the vast majority of fish reproduce?
Here are the choices:
A. by budding
B. asexually
C. sexually
D. cloning | Nearly all fish reproduce sexually, and most species have separate sexes. Those without separate sexes avoid self-fertilization by producing sperm and eggs at different times. Each fish typically produces a large number of gametes. In most fish species, fertilization takes place externally. These fish are oviparous . Eggs are laid and embryos develop outside the mother’s body. In a minority of fish, including sharks, eggs develop inside the mother’s body but without nourishment from the mother. These fish are ovoviviparous . | C: sexually. |
What is the quantity of force multiplied by the time it is applied called?
Here are the choices:
A. velocity
B. gravity
C. impulse
D. density | The quantity of force multiplied by the time it is applied is called impulse. | C: impulse. |
Diphenylamine acts as a stabilizer for certain types of what?
Here are the choices:
A. proteins
B. enzymes
C. explosives
D. toxins | Amines serve a wide variety of uses. Diphenylamine acts as a stabilizer for certain types of explosives. Amines are found as components in some lubricating materials, in developers, and are a part of waterproofing textiles. Some amines, such as novocaine, are used as anesthetics. Many pharmaceutical compounds contain amines, including 8 of the 10 most prescribed medications in 2012. | C: explosives. |
Behind the pupil, a single lens focuses light on a layer of what?
Here are the choices:
A. chloroplasts
B. photoreceptors
C. photons
D. electrons | B: photoreceptors. | |
Why is the root cap continuously replaced in plants?
Here are the choices:
A. due to pressure
B. due to growth
C. due to rubbing
D. damage through pushing | Root Growth and Anatomy Root growth begins with seed germination. When the plant embryo emerges from the seed, the radicle of the embryo forms the root system. The tip of the root is protected by the root cap, a structure exclusive to roots and unlike any other plant structure. The root cap is continuously replaced because it gets damaged easily as the root pushes through soil. The root tip can be divided into three zones: a zone of cell division, a zone of elongation, and a zone of maturation and differentiation (Figure 30.16). The zone of cell division is closest to the root tip; it is made up of the actively dividing cells of the root meristem. The zone of elongation is where the newly formed cells increase in length, thereby lengthening the root. Beginning at the first root hair is the zone of cell maturation where the root cells begin to differentiate into special cell types. All three zones are in the first centimeter or so of the root tip. | D: damage through pushing. |
Aquatic biomes are determined mainly by distance from shore and what other factor?
Here are the choices:
A. species populations
B. salinity
C. water temperature
D. depth of water | Aquatic biomes are determined mainly by depth of water and distance from shore. They include freshwater and marine biomes. | D: depth of water. |
Who is said to have dropped two objects of different masses from the tower of pisa?
Here are the choices:
A. darwin
B. newton
C. galileo
D. copernicus | Galileo’s Experiment Galileo is said to have dropped two objects of different masses from the Tower of Pisa. He measured how long it took each to reach the ground. Since stopwatches weren’t readily available, how do you think he measured their fall time? If the objects were the same size, but with different masses, what do you think he should have observed? Would this result be different if done on the Moon? PhET Explorations: Masses & Springs A realistic mass and spring laboratory. Hang masses from springs and adjust the spring stiffness and damping. You can even slow time. Transport the lab to different planets. A chart shows the kinetic, potential, and thermal energy for each spring. | C: galileo. |
What determines the length and thickness of dna chromosomes?
Here are the choices:
A. number of chromosomes
B. degree of rna coiling
C. degree of dna coiling
D. type of dna | The degree of DNA coiling determines whether the chromosome strands are short and thick or long and thin. Between cell divisions, the DNA in chromosomes is more loosely coiled and forms long thin strands called chromatin . DNA is in this uncoiled form during the majority of the cell cycle, making the DNA available to the proteins involved in DNA replication and transcription. Before the cell divides, the chromatin coils up more tightly and form chromosomes. Only chromosomes stain clearly enough to be seen under a microscope. The word chromosome comes from the Greek word chroma (color), and soma (body) due to its ability to be stained strongly by dyes. | C: degree of dna coiling. |
What type of gas is used to fill glass tubes of lighted signs?
Here are the choices:
A. noble
B. natural
C. synthetic
D. inert | Noble gases are also used to fill the glass tubes of lighted signs like the one in the Figure below . Although noble gases are chemically nonreactive, their electrons can be energized by sending an electric current through them. When this happens, the electrons jump to a higher energy level. When the electrons return to their original energy level, they give off energy as light. Different noble gases give off light of different colors. Neon gives off reddish-orange light, like the word “Open” in the sign below. Krypton gives off violet light and xenon gives off blue light. | A: noble. |
What does fog consist of?
Here are the choices:
A. helium
B. carbon monoxide
C. steam
D. droplets of water | Both of these photos show the famous Golden Gate Bridge near San Francisco, California. The pictures were taken from about the same point of view, but they look very different. In the picture on the left, the deck of the bridge is almost completely hidden by a thick layer of fog. In the picture on the right the fog has disappeared, and the deck of the bridge—as well as the water below it—is clearly visible. Fog consists of tiny droplets of liquid water. The fog in the picture is like a cloud at ground level. Where did the fog come from, and where did it go?. | D: droplets of water. |
Spiders use the hydrostatic pressure generated by an open type of what anatomical system to extend their legs?
Here are the choices:
A. vascular
B. circulatory
C. respiratory
D. pulmonary | B: circulatory. | |
The normal respiratory rate per minute in adult humans is?
Here are the choices:
A. 0-6 breaths
B. 12-18 breaths
C. 18-24 breaths
D. 6-12 breaths | Respiratory Rate and Control of Ventilation Breathing usually occurs without thought, although at times you can consciously control it, such as when you swim under water, sing a song, or blow bubbles. The respiratory rate is the total number of breaths, or respiratory cycles, that occur each minute. Respiratory rate can be an important indicator of disease, as the rate may increase or decrease during an illness or in a disease condition. The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory center located within the medulla oblongata in the brain, which responds primarily to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH levels in the blood. The normal respiratory rate of a child decreases from birth to adolescence. A child under 1 year of age has a normal respiratory rate between 30 and 60 breaths per minute, but by the time a child is about 10 years old, the normal rate is closer to 18 to 30. By adolescence, the normal respiratory rate is similar to that of adults, 12 to 18 breaths per minute. | B: 12-18 breaths. |
Where is glycogen created and stored in the body?
Here are the choices:
A. Sore muscle
B. extracts and muscles
C. Healing Muscles
D. liver and muscles | Connections of Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism Glycogen, a polymer of glucose, is an energy storage molecule in animals. When there is adequate ATP present, excess glucose is shunted into glycogen for storage. Glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle. The glycogen will be hydrolyzed into glucose monomers (G-1-P) if blood sugar levels drop. The presence of glycogen as a source of glucose allows ATP to be produced for a longer period of time during exercise. Glycogen is broken down into G-1-P and converted into G-6-P in both muscle and liver cells, and this product enters the glycolytic pathway. | D: liver and muscles. |
When we neutralize a weak base with a strong acid, the product is ________ containing the conjugate acid of the weak base.
Here are the choices:
A. water
B. an ion
C. salt
D. an electron | Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids When we neutralize a weak base with a strong acid, the product is a salt containing the conjugate acid of the weak base. This conjugate acid is a weak acid. For example, ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is a salt formed by the reaction of the weak base ammonia with the strong acid HCl: NH 3(aq) + HCl(aq) ⟶ NH 4 Cl(aq) A solution of this salt contains ammonium ions and chloride ions. The chloride ion has no effect on the acidity of the solution since HCl is a strong acid. Chloride is a very weak base and will not accept a proton to a measurable extent. However, the ammonium ion, the conjugate acid of ammonia, reacts with water and increases the hydronium ion concentration: NH 4 +(aq) + H 2 O(l) ⇌ H 3 O +(aq) + NH 3(aq) The equilibrium equation for this reaction is simply the ionization constant. Ka, for the acid NH 4 + :. | C: salt. |
What is the main component of milk?
Here are the choices:
A. proteins
B. lactose
C. water
D. fat | A: Homogenized milk is a colloid. The particles in the milk are large enough to see—that’s why milk is white instead of clear like water, which is the main component of milk. However, the particles are not large enough to settle out of the mixture. | C: water. |
Stomata are the main avenues of transpiration, the evaporative loss of water from what?
Here are the choices:
A. leaves
B. fruits
C. roots
D. stalks | A: leaves. | |
What is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume?
Here are the choices:
A. solid
B. liquid
C. plasma
D. gas | A solid is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume. The shape of a solid does not change if it is transferred from one container to another. The particles of a solid are packed tightly together in fixed positions, usually in an orderly arrangement. Solids are almost completely incompressible, meaning that solids cannot be squeezed into a smaller volume. When a solid is heated or cooled, it expands or contracts only slightly. | A: solid. |
What type of energy is stored in the nuclei of atoms?
Here are the choices:
A. radioactive energy
B. heat energy
C. nuclear energy
D. light energy | 7. Nuclear energy is energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms because of the strong forces that hold the nucleus together. The energy can be released in nuclear power plants by splitting nuclei apart. It is also released when unstable (radioactive) nuclei break down, or decay. | C: nuclear energy. |
Providing evidence of their ancestry, some species of what legless animals retain vestigial pelvic and limb bones?
Here are the choices:
A. dolphins
B. whales
C. snakes
D. sharks | C: snakes. | |
What happens when more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, in the body?
Here are the choices:
A. cultured as urine
B. excreted as urine
C. metamorphosed as urine
D. forms urine | An example of this process occurs in the kidney. Glucose, water, salts, ions, and amino acids needed by the body are filtered in one part of the kidney. This filtrate, which includes glucose, is then reabsorbed in another part of the kidney. Because there are only a finite number of carrier proteins for glucose, if more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, the excess is not transported and it is excreted from the body in the urine. In a diabetic individual, this is described as “spilling glucose into the urine. ” A different group of carrier proteins called glucose transport proteins, or GLUTs, are involved in transporting glucose and other hexose sugars through plasma membranes within the body. Channel and carrier proteins transport material at different rates. Channel proteins transport much more quickly than do carrier proteins. Channel proteins facilitate diffusion at a rate of tens of millions of molecules per second, whereas carrier proteins work at a rate of a thousand to a million molecules per second. | B: excreted as urine. |
What are most protist diseases in humans caused by?
Here are the choices:
A. ticks
B. lice
C. eukaryots
D. protozoa | Most protist diseases in humans are caused by protozoa. Protozoa make humans sick when they become human parasites. | D: protozoa. |
Transporting blood is the main job of the heart and what?
Here are the choices:
A. lymphatic system
B. areolas
C. blood vessels
D. bones | Transporting blood is the main job of the heart and blood vessels. | C: blood vessels. |
What occurs when the amount of solute dissolved exceeds the solubility of the solute?
Here are the choices:
A. stimulation
B. salination
C. absorption
D. saturation | When the amount of solute dissolved exceeds the solubility of the solute. Occurs when a solution is saturated and the temperature slowly drops. | D: saturation. |
What are cyclins made up of?
Here are the choices:
A. steroids
B. group of proteins
C. group of sugars
D. enzymes | The cell cycle is controlled by a number of protein-controlled feedback processes. Two types of proteins involved in the control of the cell cycle are kinases and cyclins . Cyclins activate kinases by binding to them, specifically they activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) . Cyclins comprise a group of proteins that are rapidly produced at key stages in the cell cycle. Once activated by a cyclin, CDK are enzymes that activate or inactivate other target molecules through phosphorylation. It is this precise regulation of proteins that triggers advancement through the cell cycle. Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these critical proteins. | B: group of proteins. |
What do ferns use in place of seeds to reproduce?
Here are the choices:
A. glands
B. atoms
C. toxins
D. spores | Seedless vascular plants include plants such as ferns. You can see a fern in Figure below . Ferns reproduce with spores instead of seeds. The black dots on the back of the fern leaf in Figure below are spores. | D: spores. |
Water affects the availability of what important element in aquatic environments and in flooded soils?
Here are the choices:
A. oxygen
B. carbon dioxide
C. nitrogen
D. carbon | A: oxygen. | |
Fuels according to the law of what, can never actually be “consumed”; it can only be changed from one form to another?
Here are the choices:
A. expansion of energy
B. use of energy
C. difference of energy
D. conservation of energy | Fuels According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can never actually be “consumed”; it can only be changed from one form to another. What is consumed on a huge scale, however, are resources that can be readily converted to a form of energy that is useful for doing work. As you will see in Chapter 18 "Chemical Thermodynamics", energy that is not used to perform work is either stored as potential energy for future use or transferred to the surroundings as heat. A major reason for the huge consumption of energy by our society is the low efficiencyof most machines in transforming stored energy into work. Efficiency can be defined as the ratio of useful work accomplished to energy expended. Automobiles, for example, are only about 20% efficient in converting the energy stored in gasoline to mechanical work; the rest of the energy is released as heat, either emitted in the exhaust or produced by friction in bearings and tires. The production of electricity by coal- or oilpowered steam turbines is significantly more efficient (Figure 5.17 "Electricity from Coal"): about 38% of the energy released from combustion is converted to electricity. In comparison, modern nuclear power plants can be more than 50% efficient. Figure 5.17 Electricity from Coal. | D: conservation of energy. |
The ability of matter to burn is called?
Here are the choices:
A. solubility
B. flammability
C. eccentricity
D. unpredictability | Flammability is the ability of matter to burn. Wood is flammable; iron is not. When wood burns, it changes to ashes, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. After burning, it is no longer wood. | B: flammability. |
Uncontrolled cell growth can lead to tumors and what disease?
Here are the choices:
A. kidney failure
B. cirrhosis
C. cancer
D. vascular disease | 10.4 | Cancer and the Cell Cycle By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth • Understand how proto-oncogenes are normal cell genes that, when mutated, become oncogenes • Describe how tumor suppressors function • Explain how mutant tumor suppressors cause cancer Cancer comprises many different diseases caused by a common mechanism: uncontrolled cell growth. Despite the redundancy and overlapping levels of cell cycle control, errors do occur. One of the critical processes monitored by the cell cycle checkpoint surveillance mechanism is the proper replication of DNA during the S phase. Even when all of the cell cycle controls are fully functional, a small percentage of replication errors (mutations) will be passed on to the daughter cells. If changes to the DNA nucleotide sequence occur within a coding portion of a gene and are not corrected, a gene mutation results. All cancers start when a gene mutation gives rise to a faulty protein that plays a key role in cell reproduction. The change in the cell that results from the malformed protein may be minor: perhaps a slight delay in the binding of Cdk to cyclin or an Rb protein that detaches from its target DNA while still phosphorylated. Even minor mistakes, however, may allow subsequent mistakes to occur more readily. Over and over, small uncorrected errors are passed from the parent cell to the daughter cells and amplified as each generation produces more non-functional proteins from uncorrected DNA damage. Eventually, the pace of the cell cycle speeds up as the effectiveness of the control and repair mechanisms decreases. Uncontrolled growth of the mutated cells outpaces the growth of normal cells in the area, and a tumor (“-oma”) can result. | C: cancer. |
Video and audio signals are broadcast on these?
Here are the choices:
A. mechanical waves
B. electromagnetic waves
C. thermal waves
D. radiation waves | video and audio signals broadcast on electromagnetic waves. | B: electromagnetic waves. |
In a tropical rainforest, where are ferns common?
Here are the choices:
A. canopy
B. understory
C. emergent
D. forrest floor | Photography by Kat. Ferns are common in the understory of the tropical rainforest . CC BY 2.0. | B: understory. |
Which metalloids are found in the nitrogen group?
Here are the choices:
A. sulfur and polonium
B. selenium and antimony
C. polonium and antimony
D. arsenic and antimony | Group 15 is called the nitrogen group. The metalloids in this group are arsenic and antimony. Group 15 also contains two nonmetals and one metal. | D: arsenic and antimony. |
What kind of family is haumea part of?
Here are the choices:
A. a moclobemide family
B. orbital family
C. eoan family
D. a collisional family | Haumea is part of a collisional family. This is a group of astronomical objects that formed from an impact. This family has Haumea, its two moons, and five more objects. All of these objects are thought to have formed from a collision very early in the formation of the solar system. | D: a collisional family. |
The db gene encodes the which receptor?
Here are the choices:
A. opioid
B. glucose
C. leptin
D. estrogen | C: leptin. | |
How many main types of diabetes are there?
Here are the choices:
A. six
B. two
C. one
D. three | There are two main types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes makes up about 5-10% of all cases of diabetes in the United States. Type 2 diabetes accounts for most of the other cases. Both types of diabetes are more likely in people that have certain genes. Having a family member with diabetes increases the risk of developing the disease. | B: two. |
What organ is similar to a lymph node but is much larger and filters blood instead of lymph?
Here are the choices:
A. kidney
B. liver
C. spleen
D. bone | Figure 42.21 The spleen is similar to a lymph node but is much larger and filters blood instead of lymph. Blood enters the spleen through arteries and exits through veins. The spleen contains two types of tissue: red pulp and white pulp. Red pulp consists of cavities that store blood. Within the red pulp, damaged red blood cells are removed and replaced by new ones. White pulp is rich in lymphocytes that remove antigen-coated bacteria from the blood. (credit: modification of work by NCI). | C: spleen. |
What is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia called?
Here are the choices:
A. atmospheric fixation
B. ammonia fixation
C. oral fixation
D. nitrogen fixation | D: nitrogen fixation. | |
Phospholipids and some proteins move laterally within what?
Here are the choices:
A. liquids
B. nuclei
C. membrane
D. particles | C: membrane. | |
What changes encoded waves which are being broadcast into sounds?
Here are the choices:
A. band receivers
B. transmitters
C. radio receivers
D. amplifiers | In radio broadcasts, sounds are encoded in radio waves by changing either the amplitude (AM) or frequency (FM) of the waves. The encoded waves are broadcast from a tower and changed back to sounds by radio receivers. | C: radio receivers. |
When the oval window vibrates, it causes what else to vibrate as well?
Here are the choices:
A. timpani
B. the cochlea
C. hammer and anvil
D. cilia | The stirrup in the middle ear passes the amplified sound waves to the inner ear through the oval window. When the oval window vibrates, it causes the cochlea to vibrate as well. The cochlea is a shell-like structure that is full of fluid and lined with nerve cells called hair cells. Each hair cell has many tiny “hairs,” as you can see in the magnified image below . When the cochlea vibrates, it causes waves in the fluid inside. The waves bend the “hairs” on the hair cells, and this triggers electrical impulses. The electrical impulses travel to the brain through nerves. Only after the nerve impulses reach the brain do we hear the sound. | B: the cochlea. |
When changes in the genes of a species result in a new species, the process is called what?
Here are the choices:
A. similar evolution
B. Classic Evolution
C. biological evolution
D. simple evolution | Changes in the genes of a species may result in a new species. This is biological evolution. | C: biological evolution. |
What happens if a person doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat?
Here are the choices:
A. fatigue
B. dehydration
C. diarrhea
D. relaxation | The boy in Figure below is taking a water break while playing outside on a hot day. If he doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat, he may become dehydrated. Symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, headache, and dizziness. Dehydration can be very serious. It can even cause death. | B: dehydration. |
How does the atomic number change during beta emission?
Here are the choices:
A. increases by two
B. decreases by one
C. increases by one
D. stays the same | Beta (β) decay is a more complicated process. Unlike the α-emission, which simply expels a particle, the β-emission involves the transformation of a neutron in the nucleus to a proton and an electron. The electron is then ejected from the nucleus. In the process, the atomic number increases by one while the atomic weight stays the same. As is the case with α-emissions, β-emissions are often accompanied by γ-radiation. | C: increases by one. |
What is the most widely distributed organism around?
Here are the choices:
A. microbes
B. cockroaches
C. phages
D. viruses | Viruses can be found almost anywhere there is life, including living within prokaryotes. A phage is a virus that infects prokaryotes. Phages are estimated to be the most widely distributed and diverse entities in the biosphere, even more numerous than prokaryotic organisms. Phages can be found everywhere their hosts are found, such as in soil, in the intestine of animals, or seawater. Up to 10 9 virions have been found in a milliliter of seawater, and up to 70 percent of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They are also found in drinking water and in some foods, including fermented vegetables and meats, where they control the growth of bacteria. | C: phages. |
On a topographic map, what is the term for a line of equal elevation?
Here are the choices:
A. aurora line
B. crater line
C. latitude line
D. contour line | The topography of a region can be shown on a map. Topographic maps represent geographical features, such as hills and valleys. Topographic maps use contour lines to show geographical features. A contour line is a line of equal elevation. If you walk along a contour line, you will not go uphill or downhill. Topographic maps are also called contour maps. The rules of topographic maps are:. | D: contour line. |
Where does the stratosphere get most of its heat?
Here are the choices:
A. sun
B. volcanoes
C. time
D. earth | Air temperature in the stratosphere layer increases with altitude. Why? The stratosphere gets most of its heat from the Sun. Therefore, it’s warmer closer to the Sun. The air at the bottom of the stratosphere is cold. The cold air is dense, so it doesn’t rise. As a result, there is little mixing of air in this layer. | A: sun. |
What source of ocean pollution kills animals by coating them?
Here are the choices:
A. chemical spill
B. plants spill
C. grain spill
D. oil spill | Oil spills are another source of ocean pollution. To get at oil buried beneath the seafloor, oil rigs are built in the oceans. These rigs pump oil from beneath the ocean floor. Huge ocean tankers carry oil around the world. If something goes wrong with a rig on a tanker, millions of barrels of oil may end up in the water. The oil may coat and kill ocean animals. Some of the oil will wash ashore. This oil may destroy coastal wetlands and ruin beaches. | D: oil spill. |
What is the name of pluto's moon?
Here are the choices:
A. Europa
B. Phobos
C. charon
D. Titania | Pluto and its moon, Charon, are actually two objects. | C: charon. |
What type of bond generally forms between a metal and non-metal?
Here are the choices:
A. ionic
B. soluble
C. unbreakable
D. horizontal | Ionic bonds form only between metals and nonmetals. That’s because metals “want” to give up electrons, and nonmetals “want” to gain electrons. Find sodium (Na) in the Figure below . Sodium is an alkali metal in group 1. Like all group 1 elements, it has just one valence electron. If sodium loses that one electron, it will have a full outer energy level, which is the most stable arrangement of electrons. Now find fluorine (F) in the periodic table Figure below . Fluorine is a halogen in group 17. Like all group 17 elements, fluorine has seven valence electrons. If fluorine gains one electron, it will also have a full outer energy level and the most stable arrangement of electrons. | A: ionic. |
What's the name for an atom that has gained or lost an electron?
Here are the choices:
A. neutrino
B. isotope
C. an ion
D. an photon | Atoms cannot only gain extra electrons. They can also lose electrons. In either case, they become ions . Ions are atoms that have a positive or negative charge because they have unequal numbers of protons and electrons. If atoms lose electrons, they become positive ions, or cations. If atoms gain electrons, they become negative ions, or anions. Consider the example of fluorine (see Figure below ). A fluorine atom has nine protons and nine electrons, so it is electrically neutral. If a fluorine atom gains an electron, it becomes a fluoride ion with an electric charge of -1. | C: an ion. |
Light is scattered from what in our atmosphere?
Here are the choices:
A. particles
B. molecules
C. matter
D. ions | Light is scattered from the molecules in our atmosphere. | B: molecules. |
What refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction?
Here are the choices:
A. behavior
B. mating
C. asexual reproduction
D. dating | Mating refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction. The relationship between mates varies by species. Adults may have many mates, or they may mate with just one individual. Mates may stay together only while mating. Or they may stay together for an entire breeding season or even for life. | B: mating. |
Tree sap enclosing an organism in amber or an organism preserved in tar or ice are actually examples of what?
Here are the choices:
A. corals
B. fuels
C. fossils
D. bones | Fossils may form in other ways. With complete preservation, the organism doesn't change much. As pictured below ( Figure below ), tree sap may cover an organism and then turn into amber . The original organism is preserved so that scientists might be able to study its DNA. Organisms can also be completely preserved in tar or ice. | C: fossils. |
Which theory states that the characteristics of living things are controlled by genes?
Here are the choices:
A. creationism
B. order theory
C. gene theory
D. string theory | The gene theory states that the characteristics of living things are controlled by genes. | C: gene theory. |
What does the secondary oocyte have the most of from the original cell?
Here are the choices:
A. electron
B. cytoplasm
C. bacteria
D. rna | Beginning in puberty, each month one of the follicles and its primary oocyte starts to mature (also see Figure below ). The primary oocyte resumes meiosis and divides to form a secondary oocyte and a smaller cell, called a polar body. Both the secondary oocyte and polar body are haploid cells. The secondary oocyte has most of the cytoplasm from the original cell and is much larger than the polar body. | B: cytoplasm. |
Kangaroos, koala and opossums are part of what group?
Here are the choices:
A. primates
B. cephalopods
C. marsupials
D. monotremes | Marsupials. Marsupials include the kangaroo, koala, and opossum. | C: marsupials. |
What term refers to a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and is the unit of natural selection, adaptation, and microevolution?
Here are the choices:
A. population
B. taxonomy
C. ecosystem
D. community | A population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. The population is the unit of natural selection, adaptation, and microevolution. In ecology, how large a population is and how quickly it is growing are often used as measures of a species’ health. | A: population. |
What larger theory is einstein's equation part of?
Here are the choices:
A. excess of relativity
B. law of relativity
C. cycle of relativity
D. theory of relativity | Einstein’s equation is part of a larger theory called the theory of relativity. It is concerned with concepts such as motion and forces as well as mass and energy. Motion and forces are the focus of succeeding chapters. | D: theory of relativity. |
Low yields of nitric oxide, no, form when heating nitrogen and oxygen together. no also forms when lightning passes through air during this?
Here are the choices:
A. thunderstorms
B. tidal waves
C. snowstorms
D. tornadoes | Low yields of nitric oxide, NO, form when heating nitrogen and oxygen together. NO also forms when lightning passes through air during thunderstorms. Burning ammonia is the commercial method of preparing nitric oxide. In the laboratory, the reduction of nitric acid is the best method for preparing nitric oxide. When copper reacts with dilute nitric acid, nitric oxide is the principal reduction product: 3Cu(s) + 8HNO 3(aq) ⟶ 2NO(g) + 3Cu(NO 3) 2(aq) + 4H 2 O(l) Gaseous nitric oxide is the most thermally stable of the nitrogen oxides and is the simplest known thermally stable molecule with an unpaired electron. It is one of the air pollutants generated by internal combustion engines, resulting from the reaction of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen during the combustion process. At room temperature, nitric oxide is a colorless gas consisting of diatomic molecules. As is often the case with molecules that contain an unpaired electron, two molecules combine to form a dimer by pairing their unpaired electrons to form a bond. Liquid and solid NO both contain N2O2 dimers, like that shown in Figure 18.34. Most substances with unpaired electrons exhibit color by absorbing visible light; however, NO is colorless because the absorption of light is not in the visible region of the spectrum. | A: thunderstorms. |
Scientists that study dolphins and other life in the ocean are called what?
Here are the choices:
A. sea biologists
B. marine biologists
C. marine geneticists
D. ocean biologists | Dolphins are living organisms, so studying them is part of the life sciences. The life sciences, however, are broken down into many fields. Scientists that study dolphins and other life in the ocean are called marine biologists. | B: marine biologists. |
What is the scientific term for the act of eating or feeding?
Here are the choices:
A. ingestion
B. excretion
C. swallowing
D. secretion | A: ingestion. | |
The collision of what is responsible for massive earthquakes?
Here are the choices:
A. two continents
B. fault lines
C. tidal currents
D. weather fronts | The collision of two continents also creates massive earthquakes. Many earthquakes happen in the region in and around the Himalayan Mountains. The 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake is responsible for about 20,000 deaths, with many more people injured or made homeless ( Figure below ). | A: two continents. |
Proteins are one of four classes of what type of compounds?
Here are the choices:
A. hormonal
B. biochemical
C. synthesized
D. genetic | Proteins are one of four classes of biochemical compounds. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. | B: biochemical. |
What is the term for a fold that arches upward?
Here are the choices:
A. tailslide
B. tailplane
C. anticline
D. underlain | An anticline is a fold that arches upward. The rocks dip away from the center of the fold ( Figure below ). The oldest rocks are found at the center of an anticline. The youngest rocks are draped over them at the top of the structure. When upward folding rocks form a circular structure, that structure is called a dome . If the top of the dome is eroded off, the oldest rocks are exposed at the center. | C: anticline. |
Under certain conditions, electric current causes what type of field?
Here are the choices:
A. light
B. seismic
C. magnetic
D. kinetic | Electricity and magnetism are inextricably linked. Under certain conditions, electric current causes a magnetic field. Under other conditions, a magnetic field can cause an electric current. A moving charged particle creates a magnetic field around it. Additionally, when a moving charged particle moves through a different magnetic field, the two magnetic fields will interact. The result is a force exerted on the moving charged particle. | C: magnetic. |
What is the most complex organ in the human body?
Here are the choices:
A. liver
B. brain
C. muscular
D. heart | The human brain is an amazing organ. It is the most complex organ in the human body. By adulthood, the brain weighs about 3 pounds and consists of billions of neurons. All those cells need a lot of energy. In fact, the adult brain uses almost a quarter of the total energy used by the body!. | B: brain. |
What is a soft connective tissue inside pores and cavities in spongy bone?
Here are the choices:
A. synovial tissue
B. collagen
C. bone marrow
D. cartilage | Bone marrow is a soft connective tissue inside pores and cavities in spongy bone. Bone marrow makes blood cells. | C: bone marrow. |
What is another term for chemical messenger molecules?
Here are the choices:
A. pheromones
B. enzymes
C. acids
D. hormones | an endocrine system with glands that secrete chemical messenger molecules called hormones. | D: hormones. |
The alimentary canal is associated with what organ system?
Here are the choices:
A. respiratory
B. digestive
C. nervous
D. cardiovascular | Neural Controls The walls of the alimentary canal contain a variety of sensors that help regulate digestive functions. These include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors, which are capable of detecting mechanical, chemical, and osmotic stimuli, respectively. For example, these receptors can sense when the presence of food has caused the stomach to expand, whether food particles have been sufficiently broken down, how much liquid is present, and the type of nutrients in the food (lipids, carbohydrates, and/or proteins). Stimulation of these receptors provokes an appropriate reflex that furthers the process of digestion. This may entail sending a message that activates the glands that secrete digestive juices into the lumen, or it may mean the stimulation of muscles within the alimentary canal, thereby activating peristalsis and segmentation that move food along the intestinal tract. The walls of the entire alimentary canal are embedded with nerve plexuses that interact with the central nervous system and other nerve plexuses—either within the same digestive organ or in different ones. These interactions prompt several types of reflexes. Extrinsic nerve plexuses orchestrate long reflexes, which involve the central and autonomic nervous systems and work in response to stimuli from outside the digestive system. Short reflexes, on the other hand, are orchestrated by intrinsic nerve plexuses within the alimentary canal wall. These two plexuses and their connections were introduced earlier as the enteric nervous system. Short reflexes regulate activities in one area of the digestive tract and may coordinate local peristaltic movements and stimulate digestive secretions. For example, the sight, smell, and taste of food initiate long reflexes that begin with a sensory neuron delivering a signal to the medulla oblongata. The response to the signal is to. | B: digestive. |
Which organisms capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy inside their cell?
Here are the choices:
A. chloroplasts
B. phototrophs
C. sporozoans
D. pores | Phototrophs are organisms that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy inside their cell. Most phototrophs are the autotrophs that perform photosynthesis, which are also known as photoautotrophs. These organisms have the ability to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds, such as glucose. Chemotrophs , on the other hand, do not get their energy from carbon. These are organisms that break down either organic or inorganic molecules to supply energy for the cell through chemosynthesis. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic (chemoautotrophs) or heterotrophic (chemoheterotrophs). Chemoautotrophs derive their energy from chemical reactions, and synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Chemoheterotrophs are unable to fix carbon to form their own organic compounds. The various types of metabolisms are discussed in the Prokaryotes: Nutrition and Metabolism (Advanced) concept. | B: phototrophs. |
Specific scents are often associated with what?
Here are the choices:
A. instincts
B. memories
C. pheromones
D. behaviors | Specific scents are often associated with our memories of places and events. That's because scents are more novel or specific than shapes or other things you might see. So an odor similar to that of your grandmother's kitchen or pantry might be more quickly associated with your memories of that place than a similar sight, which might be more generalized. | B: memories. |
Microwave ovens use radiation to provide food with what kind of energy?
Here are the choices:
A. vibrational
B. magnetic
C. heat
D. mechanical | Microwave ovens operate by emitting microwave radiation, which is primarily absorbed by water molecules in food. The absorbed radiation is converted to heat through rapid oscillations of polar water molecules, 28. | C: heat. |
What are usually planted in rows with bare soil in between the rows?
Here are the choices:
A. beans
B. corn
C. crops
D. trees | The problem doesn’t stop with plowing. Crops are usually planted in rows with bare soil in between the rows. In places where crops grow only during part of the year, the land may be bare for a few months. | C: crops. |
Name the type of system that a jellyfish does not have?
Here are the choices:
A. reproductive
B. nervous
C. hereditary
D. circulatory | The half-life of titanium-44 is 60.0 y. A sample of titanium contains 0.600 g of titanium-44. How much remains after 100.0 y?. | D: circulatory. |
Because plants are relatively immobile, they can function with bulky energy storage in the form of what?
Here are the choices:
A. fat
B. dioxide
C. protein
D. starch | D: starch. | |
How do invertebrates reproduce?
Here are the choices:
A. sexually
B. randomly
C. asexually
D. constantly | Most invertebrates reproduce sexually. Diploid adults produce haploid gametes (sperm and eggs). In some species, the same individuals produce both sperm and eggs. In other species, sperm and eggs are produced by separate male and female individuals. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into an embryo and eventually into a new adult organism. On the way, it may pass through one or more larval stages. A larva (plural, larvae) is a juvenile, or immature, stage of an animal. It is generally quite different in form and function from the adult form of the species. For example, the larva may be able to swim freely, whereas the adult must remain permanently attached to a solid surface. | A: sexually. |
The process of transferring pollen from the male reproductive part of a flower known as the anthers to the female reproductive part of the flower known as the stigma is referred to as what?
Here are the choices:
A. fertilization
B. pollination
C. reproduction
D. inoculation | In order to study these characteristics, Mendel needed to control the pollination of the pea plants through artificial fertilization . Pollination occurs when the pollen from the male reproductive part of a flower, called the anthers , is transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma . Pea plants are self-pollinating , which means the pollen from a flower on a single plant transfers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. In order to avoid self-pollination, Mendel removed the anthers from the flowers on a plant. He then carefully transferred pollen from the anthers of another plant and using a small paintbrush, dusted the pollen onto the stigma of the flowers that lacked anthers. This process caused cross-pollination. The Figure below shows the location of the male and female parts of a flower. Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from one flower pollinates a flower on a different plant. In this way, Mendel controlled the characteristics that were passed onto the offspring. The product of cross-pollination is known as a hybrid. The ability to cross-pollinate pea plants allowed Mendel to study the offspring of two parents with different traits, such as a tall stem or a short stem. | B: pollination. |
What do you call catalysts that are found inside of living things?
Here are the choices:
A. hormones
B. fibres
C. proteins
D. enzymes | Chemical reactions constantly occur inside living things, and many of them require catalysts to occur quickly enough to support life. Catalysts in living things are called enzymes. | D: enzymes. |
Energy from sunlight is absorbed by what pigment in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts?
Here are the choices:
A. keratin
B. melatonin
C. tannin
D. chlorophyll | Chloroplasts contain stacks of thylakoids , which are flattened sacs of membrane. Energy from sunlight is absorbed by the pigment chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane. There are two separate parts of a chloroplast: the space inside the chloroplast itself, and the space inside the thylakoids ( Figure below ). | D: chlorophyll. |
Surface tension forces between moleculse cause the surface of liquid to contract to what?
Here are the choices:
A. strongest surface area
B. Weak Surface area
C. smallest surface area
D. typically surface area | Surface Tension Cohesive forces between molecules cause the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible surface area. This general effect is called surface tension. Molecules on the surface are pulled inward by cohesive forces, reducing the surface area. Molecules inside the liquid experience zero net force, since they have neighbors on all sides. Surface Tension Cohesive forces between molecules cause the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible surface area. This general effect is called surface tension. Making Connections: Surface Tension Forces between atoms and molecules underlie the macroscopic effect called surface tension. These attractive forces pull the molecules closer together and tend to minimize the surface area. This is another example of a submicroscopic explanation for a macroscopic phenomenon. The model of a liquid surface acting like a stretched elastic sheet can effectively explain surface tension effects. For example, some insects can walk on water (as opposed to floating in it) as we would walk on a trampoline—they dent the surface as shown in Figure 11.28(a). Figure 11.28(b) shows another example, where a needle rests on a water surface. The iron needle cannot, and does not, float, because its density is greater than that of water. Rather, its weight is supported by forces in the stretched surface that try to make the surface smaller or flatter. If the needle were placed point down on the surface, its weight acting on a smaller area would break the surface, and it would sink. | C: smallest surface area. |
What term refers to the breaking stress that will cause permanent deformation or fracture of a material?
Here are the choices:
A. malleability
B. viscosity
C. tensile strength
D. elasticity | makes it clear that the deformation is proportional to the applied force. Figure 5.13 shows the Hooke’s law relationship between the extension ΔL of a spring or of a human bone. For metals or springs, the straight line region in which Hooke’s law pertains is much larger. Bones are brittle and the elastic region is small and the fracture abrupt. Eventually a large enough stress to the material will cause it to break or fracture. Tensile strength is the breaking stress that will cause permanent deformation or fracture of a material. Hooke’s Law. | C: tensile strength. |
In great apes, what process lasts 8-9 months and usually results in the birth of a single offspring?
Here are the choices:
A. mating
B. hibernation
C. reproduction
D. gestation | Gestation (pregnancy) lasts 8-9 months and usually results in the birth of a single offspring. The young are born helpless, and thus, they need parental care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a long adolescence and are not fully mature until 8-13 years of age (longer in humans). Females usually give birth only once every few years. | D: gestation. |
Plants can reproduce sexually and in which other way?
Here are the choices:
A. spontaneously
B. genetically
C. asexually
D. horizontally | The life cycle of all plants is complex because it is characterized by alternation of generations. Plants alternate between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations, and between sexual and asexual reproduction. The ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually gives plants the flexibility to adapt to changing environments. Their complex life cycle allows for great variation. A general plant life cycle is represented by the diagram in Figure below . From the figure, you can see that the diploid sporophyte has a structure called a sporangium (plural, sporangia) that undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores . A spore develops into a haploid gametophyte . The gametophyte has male or female reproductive organs that undergo mitosis to form haploid gametes (sperm or eggs). Fertilization of gametes produces a diploid zygote . The zygote grows and develops into a mature sporophyte, and the cycle repeats. | C: asexually. |
Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has what element, which is essential for human life, present in all three of its states?
Here are the choices:
A. water
B. carbon
C. helium
D. oxygen | Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has water in all three states. | A: water. |
Although individuals of a given species are genetically similar, they are not identical; every individual has a unique set of these?
Here are the choices:
A. chromosomes
B. traits
C. habits
D. mutations | The generation of genetic maps requires markers, just as a road map requires landmarks (such as rivers and mountains). Early genetic maps were based on the use of known genes as markers. More sophisticated markers, including those based on non-coding DNA, are now used to compare the genomes of individuals in a population. Although individuals of a given species are genetically similar, they are not identical; every individual has a unique set of traits. These minor differences in the genome between individuals in a population are useful for the purposes of genetic mapping. In general, a good genetic marker is a region on the chromosome that shows variability or polymorphism (multiple forms) in the population. Some genetic markers used in generating genetic maps are restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), microsatellite polymorphisms, and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RFLPs (sometimes pronounced “rif-lips”) are detected when the DNA of an individual is cut with a restriction endonuclease that recognizes specific sequences in the DNA to generate a series of DNA fragments, which are then analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The DNA of every individual will give rise to a unique pattern of bands when cut with a particular set of restriction endonucleases; this is sometimes referred to as an individual’s DNA “fingerprint. ” Certain regions of the chromosome that are subject to polymorphism will lead to the generation of the unique banding pattern. VNTRs are repeated sets of nucleotides present in the non-coding regions of DNA. Non-coding, or “junk,” DNA has no known biological function; however, research shows that much of this DNA is actually transcribed. While its function is uncertain, it is certainly active, and it may be involved in the regulation of coding genes. The number of repeats may vary in individual organisms of a population. Microsatellite polymorphisms are similar to VNTRs, but the repeat unit is very small. SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide. Because genetic maps rely completely on the natural process of recombination, mapping is affected by natural increases or decreases in the level of recombination in any given area of the genome. Some parts of the genome are recombination hotspots, whereas others do not show a propensity for recombination. For this reason, it is important to look at mapping information developed by multiple methods. | B: traits. |
The following definition relates to which term: the application of knowledge to real-world problems?
Here are the choices:
A. capitalism
B. industry
C. invention
D. technology | Technology is the application of knowledge to real-world problems. It includes methods and processes as well as devices like computers and cars. An example is the Bessemer process. It is a cheap method of making steel that was invented in the 1850s. It is just one of many technological advances that have occurred in manufacturing. Technology is also responsible for most of the major advances in agriculture, transportation, communications, and medicine. Clearly, technology has had a huge impact on people and society. It is hard to imagine what life would be like without it. | D: technology. |
Pauropods, presumed relatives of millipedes usually found in soil, leaf litter and other moist places, live on all continents except what?
Here are the choices:
A. Europe
B. antarctica
C. inland
D. Ocean | The pauropods are typically 0.5-2.0 mm long and live on all continents except Antarctica. They are usually found in soil, leaf litter, or other moist places. They feed on fungi and decaying organic matter, and are essentially harmless. Adult pauropods have 11 or 12 body segments and 9-11 pairs of legs. They also possess unique forked antennae and a distinctive pattern of movement characterized by rapid burst of movement and frequent abrupt changes in direction. Over 700 species have been described, and they are believed to be closely related to millipedes. | B: antarctica. |
The frequency of a wave is the reciprocal of what other attribute of the wave?
Here are the choices:
A. length
B. amplitude
C. period
D. term | The period of a wave and its frequency are reciprocals of each other. | C: period. |
People with type o blood are often called what?
Here are the choices:
A. flexible donors
B. likely donors
C. complete donors
D. universal donors | Recall that people with type O blood do not have any antigens on their RBCs. As a result, type O blood can be given to people with blood types A, B, or AB. If there are no antigens on the RBCs, there cannot be an antibody reaction in the blood. People with type O blood are often called universal donors . | D: universal donors. |
Chemical changes occur because of what?
Here are the choices:
A. chemical reactions
B. evaporation
C. liquid reactions
D. toxic reactions | Did you ever wonder what happens to a candle when it burns? A candle burning is a chemical change in matter. In a chemical change, one type of matter changes into a different type of matter, with different chemical properties. Chemical changes occur because of chemical reactions. You can see more examples of chemical changes at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=66kuhJkQCVM . | A: chemical reactions. |
Low-level exposure of humans to radiation can cause what?
Here are the choices:
A. coughing
B. cancer
C. bleeding
D. illness | We can see two general types of effects when humans are exposed to radiation. Low-level exposure can lead to development of cancer. The regulatory processes regulating cell growth are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Acute exposure can produce nausea, weakness, skin burns, and internal tissue damage. Cancer patients receiving radiation therapy experience these symptoms, but the radiation is targeted to a specific site in the body so that the damage is primarily to the cancer cells and the patient is able to recover from the exposure. | B: cancer. |
What are the nonliving parts of ecosystems like soil and air called?
Here are the choices:
A. abiotic factors
B. exemplified factors
C. inorganic factors
D. irrelevant factors | Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of ecosystems. They include air, soil, and other things organisms need. They determine which organisms — and how many of them — can live in an ecosystem. | A: abiotic factors. |
A mixture of a metal with one or more other elements is called?
Here are the choices:
A. a carbon
B. an alloy
C. a cobalt
D. a hydrogen | Steel is an example of an alloy. An alloy is a mixture of a metal with one or more other elements. The other elements may be metals, nonmetals, or both. An alloy is a solid solution. It is formed by melting a metal and dissolving the other elements in it. The molten solution is then allowed to cool and harden. Several other examples of alloys and their uses are shown in Figure below . You can learn about an amazing alloy called memory wire at the URL below. If you have braces on your teeth, you may even have this alloy in your mouth!. | B: an alloy. |
What is a small protein that helps fight infections?
Here are the choices:
A. phenotype
B. zygote
C. cytokine
D. glutamate | Genetically Engineering Bacteria to Produce a Human Protein. Bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce a human protein, such as a cytokine. A cytokine is a small protein that helps fight infections. | C: cytokine. |
What type of scientists study the effects people have on their environment?
Here are the choices:
A. biological scientists
B. ecological scientists
C. environmental scientists
D. integrated scientists | Environmental scientists study the effects people have on their environment. This includes the landscape, atmosphere, water, and living things. These scientists ask all sorts of questions about how Earth systems are changing as a result of human actions. They try to predict what changes will come in the future. | C: environmental scientists. |
What do you call the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane?
Here are the choices:
A. facilitated diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. necessitated diffusion
D. exposed diffusion | What happens if a substance needs assistance to move across or through the plasma membrane? Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane. Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport. Even though facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins, it is still passive transport because the solute is moving down the concentration gradient. | A: facilitated diffusion. |
Like bacteria, archaea can have what to assist with movement?
Here are the choices:
A. sporangia
B. antennae
C. flagella
D. cilia | Like bacteria, archaea can have flagella to assist with movement. | C: flagella. |
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