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21260_Adam(BuffytheVampireSlayer) | adam vampire slayer adam fictional character fourth season fantasy television series portrayed monster created man collected parts demons vampires technology product experiment carried military scientists series main character encounters ultimately defeats fourth season adam creation head military like organization called initiative studies alter harmful behavior inherent demons adam initiative fourth season primary antagonists big bad premise series slayer endowed strength fight vampires evil creatures fictional town fourth season begins attending college discovers psychology professor scientist initiative adam horrible masterpiece allusion monster conscious act killing creator adam search understanding true nature combined penchant chaos leads massacre demons humans able use body parts melee create army monsters set loose effectiveness slayer increased close friends family called assist battles end season members group estranged come order defeat apparently invincible adam studies scholars critically examined character adam noting clear reference monster action novel monster constantly asks created like adam wanted adam introspective directing find character presence adam serves questioning tradition authority specifically institutional authority repeated theme adam design flaw adam existence technology finding unnecessary killing act questioning authority critical reception adam largely mixed critics opinions ranging negative positive commentators felt subplot confusing enjoyed concept praised special effects create character character arc television appearances adam makes appearance thirteenth episode season team episodes season establish overarching themes increasing focus mysterious activities initiative willow begin attending college experience immediately finds far outside comfort zone season premiere willow begin attending challenging psychology class taught meets teaching assistant attracted riley charge military commando organization hunts vampires demons captures research revealed audiences head research branch riley military organization called initiative seventh episode initiative goals gradually recurring character second season spike mercenary vampire fought past depending suits interests recently wanting kill spike captured initiative chip brain causes intense pain tries attack humans feed fight begins enthusiastically training initiative spending time riley trying impress different times willow caution know initiative true motives questions mission unanswered begins asking questions team sent demon arm wants know demon captured alive unharmed killing demons questions answers cement decision remove initiative attempt kill consoles going laboratory room speaking pet project adam laying table apparently unconscious adam rises arm taken demon word says falls floor dead riley learns death comrades graham suspect murderer extremely agitated showing signs drug withdrawal follows demands know truth goodbye iowa aware adam emerges underground laboratories initiative killing assistant soldier tells riley knows created gave riley chemicals strengthen makes brothers riley refuses acknowledge bond adam riley knocks room graham trying enter locked door adam leaves initiative tasked hunting killing residents casts spell making center attention superstar adam character town realizes illusion explains insight saying aware set apart adam interested illusion play watches illusion temporarily discovers adam weakness power core source effectively allow die spike simultaneously discovers adam communicating town demon underworld asking favors charisma adam promises spike drive apart riley friends remove spike plan drive willow apart works lowest refuse speak realizes manipulated spike return realize adam capture town vampires demons release initiative initiative holding cells soldiers spread thin soldiers demons proceed kill adam intends use resulting create army monsters like willow realize work unit defeat adam captured initiative adam trips power releasing demons fight breaks facility willow room adjacent willow starts cast spell join temporarily riley adam confronts adam adam arm able suddenly spell begins work function unit willow spirit mind heart hand strength ensemble work adam telling hope grasp source power adam intrigued shoots avail adam shoots missile changed gun reverted arm able punch inside adam chest remove core destroying adam significant influence following death episode restless cost defeating adam apparent fourth season series defeat big bad occur grand season finale episode season felt strongly importance core characters dedicated finale exploring development restless opens willow arriving mother house energy spell bound falls asleep quickly dreams enigmatic episodes reveal character occur seasons come dreams mirror roles spell performed kill adam magic defeat influence science creates crisis violating series set laws riley adam human form appear dream wearing business suits sitting glass conference table walks room telling naming things adam garden making plans world asks adam monster tell adam appears series faces evil seventh season lessons graphic novel appearance according comic book series haunted adam human member initiative tasked protecting professor ghost mayor took body vampire captured initiative desperate escape mayor moved body dead demon killed adam having favorite agents professor vowed bring life placed body project complex nature chain events fact canonical development creation casting series writer cited graphic novel author story combining science fiction female superhero inspiration storyline nod original title modern addition series creator long interested science fiction wrote script film alien resurrection extraterrestrial creature bred human alien laboratory went develop space western television series uses science magic narrative devices according author series employs science ways demonstrate contemporary science explains science able accomplish dominance supernatural forces science according adam redundant mechanical series deepest exploration scientific potential series writer states adam embodiment invasion science world magic powerful force series relied form magic explain supernatural occurrences fourth season adam happens people believe science use demons military gain according result science gets ass kicked magic vampire slayer successful seasons television characters left series storylines ended creating need entire shift location mission core group friends fight graduate high school school blown season finale fourth season presents viewers best friends willow mentor crossroads series creator called strange sort season weird stated episodes fourth season series best writers set explore characters trials discover following defining years high school cohesive group friends seasons situations arise fourth separate writers focused core characters individually season increase impact finally coming penultimate episode merge form super order defeat adam graduate experience commercials chosen based adam given read audition counted luck right place right time helping role recurring characters start episodes writers producers like chemistry actors regular cast understood reading adam major fourth season casting director needed physically imposing inch fitting bill stated guy going want eventually affinity evil evil core scare actions innocence like monster realize know programmed aren born creatures creations auditioned idea adam look like costume company named build materials look like immediately got sculpted adam appearance come prosthetic parts fit head face arms chest legs fitted contact lenses created separate hands chest film close shots adam disk drive mounted chest filmed entire construction adam appearance took weeks voice modified post production saw adam prosthetic costume biggest concern able nuanced facial expressions latex took hours costume fully applied set wait longer went cameras spoke need stay focused waiting underneath wore themes studies scholar states self primary theme fourth season illustrate absolute search identity series writers created adam truly creature assembled man vampires demons cutting edge technology adam animated corpse presented series assembly required second season monster like creation beauty includes references strange case touch abuse science adam clear reference monster novel tells creator adam wrote novel highlight problems progress science industry create humanity action monster constantly asks created likewise adam escapes makes way world like monster finds little boy asks boy adam murders adam curious character seeking truth learned gained knowledge violence wanted adam introspective directing find character notes flawed impressive performance includes adam interesting time speaks creating meaning words consider implications saying author connects adam need learn world monster adam understand people emotions creation encouraged question studies writer draws comparisons build monsters body parts compensate human vulnerability moral novel science accomplish necessarily questioning tradition authority specifically institutional authority repeated theme created media young girl easily falls prey male monster resisting exhibited opposing season master leader cult determined cause apocalypse season exploring issues power abuse primary theme opposes secretly evil mayor planning transform giant demon feed graduating class military industrial complex heart authority question season drawing comparisons monster parental love adam design flaw unlike monster needs creator mate adam existence technology finding unnecessary kills adam embodiment lack moral guidance pursuing scientific technological advancement represents nature relentless power power comes source novel way adam defeated monster suffer romantic era ideal solitary hero endure struggles portraying monster creator isolated miserable embodiment romantic hero source success according fights friends able defeat adam reception critical reception adam largely mixed critics opinions ranging negative positive book bite critical adam series inspired episodes close noting assembly required aired seasons prior called entire ending sequence featured corpses minor characters death adam stupid wrote scene main reason happily bidding plot involving adam initiative book complete companion called adam interesting argued story arc involving initiative somewhat putting reviews accepting character slightly positive concept adam wrote love idea adam having hard time understanding application main plot cited inconsistencies adam existence noting adam killed professor weeks ago initiative fully operational overly bothered fact leaders building monster murray conclude writers producers decent job bringing plot involving adam conclusion despite larger plot murray impressed adam costume furthermore positively surprised took minute recognize adam appearance restless makeup | Adam (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) | Media and drama | Television | Buffy the Vampire Slayer |
1660_Grey'sAnatomy(season6) | grey anatomy season sixth season american television medical drama grey anatomy commenced airing abc united_states september concluded season produced association showrunner actors reprised roles surgical residents respectively released contract middle season appear knight released contract conclusion season main cast members returned previous recurring star promoted series regular given star billing commencement season season follows story surgical residents competent experience difficulties competitive careers chosen set surgical wing fictional located seattle washington major storyline season characters adapting change beloved worker stevens departed following breakdown marriage died season premiere following dragged bus new surgeon given employment hospital storylines include shepherd promoted chief surgery merging neighboring introducing new doctors physicians lives placed danger deceased patient husband shooting hospital seeking revenge wife death series ended sixth season million viewers ranking terms ratings lowest series ranked season received mixed critical feedback season premiere finale given heavier critical acclaim contrast middle season acclaimed terms awards nominations season warrant nomination despite negative aspects ratings awards season managed receive spot list released season dvd box set available regions cast sixth season thirteen roles receiving star billing returning previous season previously recurring guest capacity regulars portray fictional new rivalries romantic relationships begin develop hospital merger surgical resident protagonist series portrayed fellow residents portrayed respectively attending general surgeon portrayed main storylines season focus divorce development new romantic relationships chief surgery general surgeon portrayed returns alcoholism sober years acted bisexual surgeon played plastic surgeon continued portrayal trauma surgeon acted chief meredith half sister second year surgical resident portrayed having previously appeared multi episode arc guest star capacity fifth season began receiving star billing season premiere episode role attending surgeon love interest ninth episode season marked introduction new chief surgery portrayed mysterious romantic past develops season main stories starting nineteenth episode season began receiving star billing sixth season introduces new recurring characters start develop progressive expansive storylines season mercy west surgical residents portrayed respectively portrayed love interest season main story arcs numerous episodic characters guest appearances betty series regular returned series special guest star portraying surgeon production season produced distributed inc executive producers creator regular directors conclusion season released contract following disagreement asked flashback appearance season knight declined appearances season sporadic seeing stevens depart return twice scheduled appear final episodes season requested released contract months early final appearance january explained wanted spend time family think respectful grey anatomy viewers return depart season hour opener showed doctors loss deceased friend special writer commented heartbreaking fell love george like season ninth episode season new history saw arrival ended forming love triangle hunt yang commented iraq owen cardiac surgeon good interesting stuff owen episode writer offered insight arrival manner complications owen immediately suspicious owen friends time iraq confesses owen apparently mutual history walks away left haunted confession forced examine history feelings like better naked saw departure stevens following breakdown marriage series writer commented getting clean scan gives alex freedom leave left sick good guy saying alex consciously thought leave sick like going better comes deserves good guy deserves loving showed good good little gift tells bitter angry writing season finale caused struggle elaborated reception grey anatomy sixth season opened million viewers nielsen rating share demographic rating decrease season opener managed rank time slot entire night terms ratings viewership served season viewed episode sympathy parents season viewed episode point series garnering million viewers season finale garnered million viewers received rating ranking time slot entire night terms ratings viewership finale success night decrease season finale served season second viewed episode overall season ranked year average million viewers decrease previous season ranking season received mixed reviews television critics speaking premiere buddytv noted special dark season adding talk george mom proved heart breaking scenes episode heartbreaking contrast blend critical premiere writing don think based episode grey headed new direction think writers making effort bring series greatness earlier seasons said anatomy comes usual drama sex love medical mysteries thrown mix things moving looking think enjoy season premiere fine performance season praised calling immensely sympathy parents viewed episode fanatic called episode touching praising chambers performance fanatic reaction season fairly mixed saying grey anatomy facing identity crisis viewing peace chance said popular lacking past magic trying decide saw hours ago week saw doctors style chaos different doctors giving different accounts case night saw equally unusual praised performance saying single case took entire hour instead doctors version events focus largely best character eye candy got substance night episode proved series best time season finale death friends highly praised gave episode stars expressed best episode series adding writing acting absolutely stellar lead emmy nominations despite killing remained distinctly grey characters truly memorable developments heartbreaking don know begin seriously season finale left laying awake afterward thinking feeling haven grey years rarely achieved program buddytv noted finale best episode adding best hours television year certainly best grey anatomy saying lot written past years big traumatic event like grey anatomy shooter gave license heightened drama major characters shot hours emotional paced tears finale entertainment_weekly wrote rate began grey damn good season acclaimed series terms awards nominations despite nominated received creative arts emmy awards outstanding prosthetic makeup series miniseries movie special single camera series suicide season received nomination outstanding drama series wilson awarded image award outstanding directing dramatic series directing peace chance season ranked list episodes number series column refers episode number overall series number season column refers episode number particular season viewers millions refers number americans millions watched episodes live sixth season episodes altogether minutes length ratings live ratings dvd release | Grey's Anatomy (season 6) | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
4767_Grey'sAnatomy(season1) | grey anatomy season season american television medical drama grey anatomy began airing united_states abc march concluded season introduces main character program faces unexpected challenges surprises season series regulars main cast season initially served mid season replacement legal drama airing sunday night time slot clip shows produced season events occur straight heart clip aired week winter holiday hiatus second season ended season officially released dvd disc region box set title grey anatomy season february series protagonist title character accepted residency program fictional joins program intern assigned work resident fellow extremely competitive insecure knight model arrogant surgical wing primarily supervised chief surgery head surgery meredith romantic relationship attending stranger night stand daughter renowned surgeon suffers season reviews critiques hugely positive series received awards nominations cast crew including nominations 57th primetime emmy awards including outstanding supporting actress drama series series received nominations golden globe award series nominated best drama series nominated drama series winning entire cast nominated outstanding cast drama series category won outstanding actress drama series 12th screen actors guild awards chambers nominated teen choice awards nominated best directing drama series night hard day night like train respectively directors guild america awards episodes second season conceived written shot air final episodes season aired season high number viewers watched season highest rated episode million viewers tuning series chosen best television lists including usa_today new_york_times production series created aired season produced currently distributed inc season executive producers staff writers directors season served season runner wrote directed episodes respectively written directed season final episodes transferred second season announced late mid season replacement originally scheduled run time slot weeks receiving high ratings remained time slot remainder season president commented scheduling decision ultimately decided having adequate lead time marketing dollars devote moving late season continue let grey build tremendous momentum prior broadcast announced title change ultimately come pass executive vice president development commented conception think need kind air specifically medical found twist perfect right medical shows hard hard trying figure different everybody speeding medical shows found way slow know characters definitely strong female appeal explained found idea smart women competing interesting cast actors star billing season series creator wanted diverse cast created characters pre specified races determined extras white lone created new_york_times called colorful backgrounds television blind casting technique resulted roles going actors different racial backgrounds envisioned eventually cast originally considered role initially played white actor dropped moment cast role imagined blonde auditioning wilson campus observed grey anatomy cast actually diverse city noting seattle actually characters appear series regulars season work fictional characters portrayed romantic relationship attending daughter renowned surgeon suffers portrayed extremely competitive intern befriends meredith begins sexual relationship stevens portrayed model struggles recognized doctor portrayed arrogant intern initially colleagues portrayed insecure intern lack confidence develops crush meredith resident portrayed disciplined woman nicknamed nazi surgical program led chief surgery portrayed employ new_york portrayed respectively guest stars include meredith mother portrayed nurse portrayed serves love interest george alex estranged wife played reception ratings season ratings consistently high ranking timeslot leading closest competition million viewers delivered abc best audience retention following highest rated year olds years produced abc strongest series performance hour years commenting season high ratings media analyst stated roughly percent households prime time set people looking shows watch household members reaches broad audience younger older male female grey anatomy season finale watched million viewers ranked ninth viewership reviews season grey received positive reviews critics regard season new_york_daily_news named grey anatomy winner newsday expressed positive opinion stating simply stop watching said impossible predicted newly role popular program land washington_post critical early series finding reminiscent commenting matter commercial calculation honest attempt try fresh different called script pilot episode equal parts corn writing overall new sense monster new man new_york_times deemed hybrid sex city writing news highest rated midseason drama years ratings grey anatomy real lessons current season men watch shows female lead goes conventional wisdom easier women watch shows aimed men gave positive reviews pilot episode hard day night chemistry series scene appearance pilot stated small woman wait speaks mixed perspectives pilot noting storylines similar fellow abc series brilliantly written extremely acted directed near perfection ign gave positive review stating isn derivative actually maintains edge predecessor characters resemble real people fragile yes added description little justice tightly wound plotting character acting speaks nature wheat speak network television won best supporting actress series miniseries television film 63rd golden globe awards outstanding performance female actor drama series 12th screen actors guild awards portrayal grey anatomy season season resulted number awards nominations directors guild america awards received nomination best directing drama series work hard day night nominated award episode 57th primetime emmy awards saw grey anatomy nominated outstanding casting drama series nominated outstanding supporting actress drama series nominated 63rd golden globe awards nominated best television series drama saw season nominated best producer drama series year saw nominated best television series drama nominated miniseries television film nominated outstanding performance male actor drama series 12th screen actors guild awards cast nominated outstanding performance ensemble drama series episodes number series column refers episode number overall series number season column refers episode number particular season viewers millions refers number americans millions watched episodes live season episodes altogether minutes length dvd release grey anatomy season released disc region dvd box set usa february distributed addition episodes aired included alternate title sequence audio commentaries extended pilot episode making set released october region featuring planned fourteen episodes discs season officially released dvd region february second season title grey anatomy season box set consists episodes surround sound format contained extras available dvd including extended episodes footage scenes audio commentaries scenes cut aired episodes set released region april months original release united_states release date region october set contained original fourteen episodes released disc season released blu ray disc region dvd box set currently movies film | Grey's Anatomy (season 1) | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
8208_Grey'sAnatomy(season4) | grey anatomy season fourth season american television medical drama grey anatomy commenced airing united_states september concluded season continues story group fictional describing professional lives way affect personal background character season series regulars returning previous season original cast season season aired thursday night timeslot est addition regular seventeen episodes clip narrated editors people previous events transition spin focusing aired september season premiere season officially released dvd disc title grey anatomy season expanded september time history cast changes occur seeing departure main cast members season received mixed response critics fans resulting awards nominations cast members production team creator heavily contributed production season writing seventeen episodes highest rated episode season premiere watched million viewers season interrupted writers guild america strike resulted production seventeen episodes instead originally planned production season produced current transition produced distributed executive producers creator runner production team series inception regular directors producer wrote seventeen episodes fellow producer unlike seasons aired mid season fourth season grey anatomy reduced number episodes writers guild america strike caused production cease february april leaving writing staff time produced episodes winter holiday hiatus aired break ended decided complete season new episodes returned april seventeen episodes produced originally conceived season transition grey anatomy spin character left year run june announced contract renewed reunion star guest starred final episodes season new intern younger half sister june announced series regular instead episode story arc previously planned character portrayed joined main cast reprising role season fifth episode replaces head return makes character work harder success initially served new love interest new male character originally thought introduced rival change didn occur creek star scheduled return television multi episode arc doctor appearance season eleventh episode jackson appearance cancelled writers guild america strike storyline character supposed play aired cast fourth season roles receiving star billing returning previous season original cast actors billed series regulars portray physicians surgical wing fictional majority episodes narrated portrayed protagonist surgical resident storylines series focal points acted meredith best friend highly competitive resident fellow resident stevens portrayed played acted insecure resident self confidence issues portrayed general surgeon mentor residents portrayed attending physician general surgeon continues position chief surgery despite wishes retirement surgeon fifth year resident portrayed face husband unexpected attending plastic surgeon portrayed constantly seeking reconciliation best friend attending physician chief lasting relationship faces difficulties reunion star promoted series regular status short appearances final episodes season portraying meredith half sister surgical mother sudden death silence star upgraded series regular status multiple guest appearances second seasons character replaces chief surgery constantly displaying previous relationship numerous supporting characters given recurring appearances progressive storyline including girls actor appeared episodes vampire slayer guest starred episodes portrayed nurse rose love interest regular appeared time departure receiving special guest star billing role main character spin reprised roles respectively continued season introduced roles respectively october news reports surfaced washington insulted star argument shortly details argument public knight publicly disclosed gay situation somewhat resolved washington issued statement unfortunate use words recent incident set controversy later resurfaced cast appeared golden january interviewed red carpet prior awards washington joked love gay wanted gay let gay won washington response press conflicts backstage said called interview ellen degeneres knight said everybody heard studio washington issued statement repeating word golden carpet january source told washington scheduled return grey anatomy set early thursday time entering executive counseling making comments golden june abc announced decided renew washington contract dropped mad hell going anymore washington said statement released publicist borrowing famous line network report washington stated planning spend summer pursuing charity work work independent film avoid worrying subsequent interview washington claimed fired wrong guy referring knight said considering filing lawsuit result accused knight controversy bolster career increase salary grey anatomy washington late june began asserting racism media factor firing series july washington appeared larry king live cnn present controversy according washington word reference knight unrelated context course argument provoked felt treating like word word word washington said conveyed somebody weak afraid fight washington said dismissal grey anatomy unfortunate misunderstanding eager past later stated asked cameo appearance yes washington image advertisements episode aired washington attorney contacted abc cited unlawful use client image publicist told hollywood reporter rights character advance story image stated expected result financial settlement uncertain ultimately happened reception expressed disappointment shows development season stating couples jumping relationships trying hot sex cramped twin sized beds room noted little screen time characters lack romantic development storylines critics negatively reviewed stevens development fourth season particularly affair george deemed relationship ratings ploy explained hurt somebody didn taking lot responsibility hard time kind thing maybe little black white don know right changed lot ign stated series little mediocre fantastic fourth season said season proved strong chemistry good acting save suffers inevitable recycled plot episode physical attraction chemical reaction received positive review stating fully encompassed things great intense emotional drama activities rose relationship received negative reviews stating emotional remarkable reviewed characters stating behaviour biggest problem self absorbed frequently selfish attitudes drive centre reward storylines stated didn ring true plot devices increasingly noting lack realism arcs george marriage affair means apart commented arc stating turned selfish self centered characters television storyline named sex obsessed borderline close zap2it said season best performances came emmy nominated guest star reviewed performance stating good things going anymore entertainment_weekly called performance sixth memorable patient performance stated developed bold overly confident surgeon actors members production team awarded work season 60th primetime emmy awards september nominated performance episode received nomination portrayal lay hands drama series portrayed declined forward consideration emmy awards claiming given insufficient material series warrant nomination nominated outstanding guest actress drama series portrayal love addiction team consisting nominated best prosthetic forever young crash portrayal positively reviewed resulting receiving nomination american latino media arts awards golden globe awards january series nominated individual performance resulted nomination television series won outstanding actress drama series awarded outstanding writing dramatic series category freedom received nomination performance outstanding supporting actor drama series category awards nominated performance drama series episode received nomination performance nominated actress season second air thursday night time slot moved beginning season following seasons sunday night timeslot lead aired entire run season aired lead ugly betty second season aired thursday nights grey anatomy averaged million viewers fourth season ranking tenth viewership highest rated episode season season premiere million viewers tuning rating ranking week episode showed decrease ratings compared previous season premiere million viewers tuning rating season premiere attracted viewers previous season finale watched million viewers received rating change gon come attracted viewers know watched million viewers received rating ranked fourth week episode csi crime scene investigation dead doll aired hour ranked week million viewers tuning rating lowest rated episode ninth watched million viewers ranked fourteenth week rating seeing sudden decrease previous episode second watched season attracted million viewers received rating crash time slot csi crime scene investigation kill thanksgiving special episode attracted million viewers received rating ranking eleventh week season finale watched million viewers season finale grey anatomy attract million viewers ranked fifth week received rating significant decrease number viewers compared previous season finale attracted million viewers received rating episodes number series column refers episode number overall series number season column refers episode number particular season viewers millions refers number americans millions watched episodes live fourth season episodes altogether minutes length dvd release fourth season officially released dvd region september weeks fifth season premiere aired september title grey anatomy season expanded box set consists episodes surround sound format contained extras available dvd including extended episodes interviews cast crew members footage scenes scenes cut aired episodes set released region november year original release united_states release date region november dvd box set currently movies television film television season released disc blu ray box set regions blu ray release proved unsuccessful currently movies television | Grey's Anatomy (season 4) | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
9739_GeorgeO'Malley | george fictional character medical drama television series grey anatomy airs abc united_states character created series producer portrayed actor introduced surgical intern fictional worked way resident level relationships colleagues stevens formed focal point series married divorced entertained romantic meredith knight auditioned expecting season run knight star insulted resulted termination washington grey anatomy contract conclusion fifth season confirmed knight returning sixth season actor stated reason departure breakdown communication character lack screen time decision come openly gay knight received generally positive reviews performance garnered nomination outstanding supporting actor drama series primetime emmy awards despite death received mixed feedback storylines introduced fellow surgical intern stevens working stevens meredith romantic feelings day selected chief surgery intern perform surgery operating room mocked peers earns nickname killing patient simple operation referring james_bond licence kill dates nurse breaking contracts turn contracted friendship strained trapped elevator patient begins bleed able save patient single goes admit feelings meredith night stand meredith tells sleeping mistake begins avoiding starts dating surgeon camping trip learns slept chief plastic surgery discovers experiencing hand father diagnosed cancer leaking valve refuses allow operate instead contacting medical school rival relationship strained confronts sleeping allows support father deteriorating health complications father surgery leave multi system organ failure life support turned attempt overcome grief las_vegas later begins feel mistaken marry sleeps stevens stevens confesses love considers transferring different hospital faithful wife ineligible transfer failing intern exams decides repeat intern year confesses slept stevens leading divorce stevens embark short lived relationship discover real chemistry moves new intern grey meredith half sister discover failed exam single point leading confront chief surgery ask chance retake exam passes second attempt begins distance fallen love supports stevens discovers walks aisle marries begins display talent trauma surgery told chief trauma surgery definitely specialty abruptly decides join united_states army friends hospital prepare intervention convince stay work severely brought horrible bus accident pushed woman way saved life meredith goes check recognize let hand attempts trying succeeds tracing meredith hand shocked realizes fact informs rush surgery ultimately declared organs donated stevens confirms wanted buried week later development casting creation signed pilot expecting role short lived liked character multi october news reports surfaced washington insulted knight argument shortly details argument public knight later disclosed come gay knight said time friends set knew talked publicly thing people magazine like hey want know let slide said important important statement situation somewhat resolved washington issued statement unfortunate use words recent incident set golden globe awards interviewed red carpet washington joked love gay wanted gay let gay later washington claimed labeling june reported abc chosen renew washington contract immediately reason subsequent interview washington claimed fired wrong guy referring knight said considering filing lawsuit result accused knight controversy bolster career increase salary july washington appeared present controversy according washington word reference knight unrelated context course argument provoked felt treating like word word word washington said conveyed somebody weak afraid fight told entertainment_weekly handled incident correctly stating wasn interested anybody thought publicly interested going right ground people work day perfectly course television learning experience knight said come said remember saying fellow executive producer day got come got wouldn affect character concerned going come george suddenly gay idea gay actor play straight man insulting december reports speculated knight requested released contract working details time june conclusion fifth season grey anatomy confirmed knight returning sixth season actor stated reason departure breakdown communication lack screen time decision openly gay prior official announcement departure speculation role recast labeled hilarious ridiculous rumor confirmation exit knight told guide leaving grey anatomy easy decision extremely grateful opportunity play character miss fellow cast crew continue wish best thank fans supported passion enthusiasm statement confirming knight departure said think speak entire grey anatomy family wish best future endeavors incredibly talented actor person strength character admired interview entertainment_weekly said tried talk explaining looked face sure felt like right thing interview knight said exit year experience proved trust answer given knight peace departure saying comes time clear moving best decision tried talk knight leaving saying didn think right decision felt like problems worked time came fruition glad ready topic losing million contract knight commented outsider perspective impression actor doesn know good lot people like position end need fulfilled work characterization characterized topic longtime crush meredith second season knight said going interesting going meredith getting close time chooses inform rest life sexual encounter occurred onscreen knight said interview chicago_tribune george wasn paying attention letting feelings respect meredith person wasn coming head caught feelings wasn listening loves kind selfish love added think george lot growing making horrible stupid mistakes pretty sheltered series writer said sexual encounter turning george meredith damage things changed important lives forever asked knight said knight commented character appreciate positive traits topic performing open heart surgery elevator knight said slow change starting realize way things working big thing open heart surgery elevator forced needs kind kicked butt things knight felt parallel george confidence isn absolute highest overall sees differences similarities actor starts think different awkward suggest walking scene finished line walked straight light stand critical affair knight star explained hurt somebody didn taking lot responsibility hard time kind thing maybe little black white speaking relationship offered insight love friends good friends friend met school gym hit right away right away airs pure honesty george good friends friendship evolving greater asked favorite george moment knight said relationships stevens bailey reception fans widely affair meredith second season certain fans supported relationship critical introduced love interest fans critics relationship stevens fourth season said george die slept virtually male cast love virtually male cast great doctor evolve die ign said stevens adding unfortunately refreshing plotline driven activity versus idea best friend characters suddenly discovering potential love quickly feels force fed emotionally incorrect similarly dvd verdict stated george strongest best friend television seasons explaining perfect friends george good couple list character couples happened entertainment_weekly said told affair stevens scene melodramatic ign said fourth season premiere introduced new george armstrong said stevens reconciliation george finally old grey anatomy road ruin admit good lesson grey viewing life sit tight hate permanent armstrong commented sparkling friendship development won following year observed lack screen time growing interest trauma surgery owen leads interesting development finale character virtually lined season los_angeles_times said character death time lapse episode interesting choice sped weeks mourning hours didn feel rushed sure held attention season sadness huffington_post commented funeral live expectations writing wasn sad thought knight cast grey anatomy nominated outstanding performance ensemble drama series 12th screen actors guild awards cast won award best cast television series cast won award outstanding performance ensemble drama series 13th screen actors guild awards nominated following year knight performance season earned nomination outstanding supporting actor drama series primetime emmy awards | George O'Malley | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
12400_IzzieStevens | stevens stevens fictional character medical drama television series grey anatomy airs abc united_states character created series producer portrayed actress introduced surgical intern fictional worked way resident level relationships colleagues knight formed focal point series critical character development fourth season particularly romance george declined forward emmy awards citing insufficient material role speculation killed fifth season character diagnosed stage married alex series episode successfully removed final appearance sixth season leaving seattle alex ended relationship requested released contract months early order spend time family january reported like return grey anatomy closure character confirmed plans character return time stated plans storyline storylines appears episode grey anatomy meeting fellow george meredith best friends boyfriend hockey player hank struggles accept new role surgeon break hurt alex past model later begin friendship romance alex experiences sexual nurse finds breaks briefly reunite following bomb incident hospital reveals treating pregnant teenager daughter age gave adoption falls love patient engaged condition deliberately health cutting wire donor register receives new heart stroke hours later dies sole million uses money open free clinic hospital george relationship marriage resident george sleep attempt liaison secret george resident people aware gave birth daughter age sixteen ultimately child given adoption supports daughter hannah diagnosed arrives need bone feelings george grow reveals fallen love discovers george separate george embark short lived relationship discover real chemistry supports alex discovers new girlfriend psychiatric problems convinces committed handed primary responsibility clinic bailey cuts responsibilities alex relationship concerned begins discovers stage spread liver skin brain causing survival chances estimated admitted patient successfully removes brain spends time hospital planning meredith wedding condition discovers second brain ceremony alex marry friends procedure remove second brain causes lose short term memory soon regains moments later fifth season ends friends ignoring order attempting images elevator encountering george accident currently george dies recovers return work makes treatment error life patient fired hospital surgical program partially blame writes dear john letter leaves later learns alex responsible lost job returns meredith informs alex moving informs alex longer cancer pleased alex officially breaks telling loves deserves better leaves seattle start fresh episodes later alex informs meredith sent divorce papers signs episode sixth season finale alex shot asks imagining meredith half sister apologizes asks leave development casting creation created grey anatomy producer actress cast role originally wanted play requested retain natural blond medical procedures terminology slight actress explained admiration doctors fascinated medicine cast members character left grey anatomy launch spin disclosed hoped spin declined forward consideration emmy awards claiming given insufficient material series warrant nomination following statement speculation arose character suffer brain killed grey anatomy announcement return series died end season abc entertainment president denied rumor stating unbelievable storyline year central going season speculation resumed returned second time fifth season cast member announced set depart later retracted comment course fifth season diagnosed stage spread liver skin brain following episode wrap party revealed know survive production team disclose character fate confirmed june return sixth season appearances season sporadic seeing depart return twice scheduled appear final episodes season requested released contract months early final appearance january explained wanted spend time family think respectful grey anatomy viewers return depart august stated feel character arc specifically relationship alex fully concluded hoped proper closure relationship seventh season later confirmed intended kill screen opted day later felt destroy alex closure instead concluded open seeing come thrilled wrap story doesn went october character returning looks bleak chapter closed sad hard felt coming feel manipulative january stated interview asked producers return closure storyline told want return said want want know happened went idea actually like figures finds success different hospital know step ball want girl power later went regrets leaving yeah yeah miss miss friends great work environment family spent years people day grow way commented possibly returning felt wanted come sort wrap storyline want know want completely understand doesn necessarily work got lot story lines going march said plans moment character return think nice hear time track planning idea changing track interested right years later said completely moved idea coming story turned idea mind thousand times thought don think characterization believes grey anatomy writers incorporate actors personalities roles super moral version episode bring pain aired fifth episode second season originally intended final episode season explained character episode came circle role pilot vulnerable meet girl removes heart sleeve bring pain discussing personality cosmopolitan interview assessed immensely kind patient died season episode losing religion discussed impact noting forced abandon turn leads letting medicine aftermath death came believe cut doctor executive producer explained death served mature affirmed beginning season trying lost lost optimism realizes life difficult tries hard best people order demonstrate dislike george love interest penned scene deemed favorite moments stunned meredith assessed love respond trauma having viewed car crash point tiny bit hand washing kind thing people discussing relationship alex cosmopolitan interview assessed alex complete gave chance guy like want damaged writer deemed moving alex patient alex previously treated badly begins realize true feelings forced watch embark romance undeniably handsome totally charming series writer commented love way lights love relationship pure honest completely game free writer noted time way sacrificing reputation feelings deliberately worsened condition list series writer questioned morality actions asking bad irresponsible cut wire love action discussed choices scene saw gather deathbed explaining meredith george alex dressed funeral dark colors dressed mourning happy pink looks like didn know coming following death approached ask character romantic liaison explained doesn sleep expressed desire reunite alex explaining believe level connection alex honorable things cutting sarcastic like ultimately season yahoo voices wrote stevens season passive aggressive critical character development fourth season particularly affair george deemed ratings ploy explained hurt somebody didn taking lot responsibility hard time kind thing maybe little black white don know right changed lot attempting actions later assessed people perfect moral tend slip fall love deals consequences interesting people decisions shake world suddenly didn know capable like reception nominated series award golden globe awards role named favorite female star 34th awarded outstanding supporting actress drama series emmy awards prior ceremony considering chances winning emmy variety assessed performance little difficulty reaching highest highs lowest lows showrunner puts lot pressure carry intense storylines challenge noted times completely crisis situations bother included list best doctors surgeon general character listed hottest female doctors hottest doctors television season new_york_post deemed heart soul grey anatomy deemed heroine wrote welcome presence despite devastation experienced failed save patient formidable bailey adult intern character achieved depth lacking fellow houston_chronicle critical ethics cutting wire writing practising medicine stating reason don watch grey anatomy anymore super hot blond chick earth shattering fatal decision doesn season romance george proved unpopular viewers resulted fan backlash alex fans return deceased fiancé resumption romance fifth season proved unpopular fans deemed world worst storyline los_angeles_times critical episode saw following opining ought die episode married long term love alex received million viewers largest television audience night cancer storyline received mixed response medical community chief medical officer commented treatment options unrealistic offered drug reality drug recommended patients spread brain cause bleeding strokes explained patients instead offered conversely executive director praised grey anatomy bringing greater public awareness stating welcome national spotlight grey anatomy created efforts encourage viewers learn importance prevention early detection research | Izzie Stevens | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
12726_MeredithGrey | fictional character hit medical drama television series grey anatomy airs abc united_states character created series producer portrayed actress meredith series protagonist introduced surgical intern fictional later seattle grace mercy west eventually obtaining position resident later position attending attaining chief general surgery position daughter world renowned surgeon meredith struggles everyday life competitive profession maintaining relationship night stand eventual husband deceased friendships colleagues meredith narrator serves focal point episodes connection acclaimed high point series characterized meredith believing good bad instead thinks right grey positively received television critics new_york_times referring heroine grey anatomy news leaving arose clear contract ended eighth season return series contract centre media speculation negotiated contract signed thirteenth season performance received character gained widespread popularity worldwide nominated multiple awards portrayal character long running abc medical drama including satellite award best actress multiple nominations best actress winning 39th received best performance actress drama series nomination golden globe awards storylines daughter world renowned surgeon suffers disease graduate night grey begins night stand stranger meets bar discovers day recently hired attending new head new workplace grey assigned work resident befriends fellow knight stevens grey initially shepherd advances eventually begin relationship surprised arrival shepherd wife having unaware married shepherd struggles choose ultimately returns montgomery grey devastated turns searching father brief reunion fails closure childhood learns father remarried daughters fought grey series night stands including love cries middle encounter friendship temporarily ends grey relationship donnell comes close reunites shepherd mother experiences completely day expresses great disappointment ordinary grey turned following accident grey knocked water rescued shepherd hospital awakens deceased acquaintances dies interim grey meets mother tells ordinary urges wake grey subsequently promoted resident half sister grey begins working intern grey initially rejects attempts form relationship slowly shepherd pushes grey greater commitment relationship feels able break begins dating nurse rose grey sees seek happiness clinical trial enlisting shepherd consulting trial fails repeatedly final patient treat survives leads reuniting moving shepherd loses confidence minor mistake initial operation started chain events ended patient death faced lawsuit leading taking pushing including grey away stevens diagnosed stage grey convinces shepherd return operate agrees perform surgery later proposes grey hospital elevator stevens begins plan perfect wedding reluctant grey wedding day shepherd discovers stevens second brain couple let marry instead grey shepherd marry writing wedding vows post note having heavy following susan death experiences liver failure sake grey agrees donate liver discovers pregnant soon hospital shooting shepherd midst crisis grey baby learns hostile leads consider possible genetic flaws shepherd worried possibility develop clinical trial hoping cure disease grey work trial shepherd chief surgery wife diagnosed receives spot shepherd trial grey drugs receive shepherd decide adopt orphaned baby marriage official truth grey comes furious shepherd tells raise child grey fired tries conceal marital separation adoption counselor steps chief surgery takes blame trial protect grey taken away shepherd reconcile fight eventually having returned meredith experiences traumatic events ambulance accident year residency coming close residents travel country searching best jobs order finish residency residents medical boards grey passes successfully decides job offer subsequently involved aviation accident killing leaving workers stranded following rescue grey attending general surgeon newly merged seattle grace mercy west newfound attitude leads dubbed hospital new batch mid season grey pregnant second time aftermath plane accident hospital sued eventually found guilty victim including shepherd yang receive million compensation leads hospital near bankruptcy insurance company refuses pay doctors buy hospital help prevent closing members new directing board asks bailey perform gene mapping finally know genes like mother tests positive genetic markers disease time meredith discovers pregnant gives birth son baby delivered section storm correct position meredith operated meredith called away patient intern completes blood begins appear meredith bailey performs removal saves meredith life return meredith son bailey surgeon mother meredith cited number times want like parents father followed mother ended leaving valued career family mother won harper awards emotionally neglected resulting dark attitude life drift apart realize different values career paths failing medical science leave meredith calls actions stating fair ignore value things realizes leave seattle things deteriorate eventually moves switzerland work attending meredith come agreement having established career reputation step care children allow shine meredith marriage strained goes promise accepts offer president participate gradually consumed time receives offer head project meaning based permanently puts foot want young family country begin series arguments cold wars careers accepts job heat moment promptly leaves washington phone meredith agree work things tells want couples ended things saying missed privately admits alex realized live independently chose meredith finds half sister called working grey memorial meredith thinks remembered mother pregnant thinks lying finds hospital document confirming revelation meredith tries piece relationship mother half sister going old videos mother eventually recovers memories pregnancy views mother diary change heart choosing accept begin building relationship meredith widowed victim car accident taken level trauma center status way airport final trip washington hand final report official resignation letter took stopped help victims multiple vehicle accident doctors fail recognize head injury time brain dead police arrive meredith residence accident meredith begins imagine arriving hospital seeing stable condition alive alert scene switches reality meredith arriving hospital grave condition spends time remove life support shortly hit waves morning sickness tells penny intern assigned doctor patient dies watch forever work harder better death meredith returns inform passing following funeral service meredith packs belongings leaves children san_diego months pass friends family unaware whereabouts eventually shown parallels meredith lives lost love life run away seattle following loss eventually birth daughter reminded stops turning meredith names newborn daughter mother meredith returns seattle children later chief general surgery sells dream house longer felt like home husband moves mother house lives meredith hosts dinner party party brings penny date later event finds penny doctor joining grey memorial development casting creation discovered grey anatomy year reading scripts looking project suited best casting actresses series creator said kept saying need girl like girl like think girl spent time got know started casting men reported grey easy role cast informed actress question deal place abc having previously tested pilot network speculated character cast asked said know asked created character said cast program titular character described los_angeles_times independent sort ambition fueled fact mother gifted surgeon suffers grey serves narrator likened early reviews narrator protagonist sex city initial contract grey anatomy expired negotiated new paid episode making highest paid cast member forbes recognized eighth highest paid actress television salary episode role grey anatomy second contract grey anatomy expired eighth season speculation arose leaving september reported open idea extending contract invited told guide turn nose grey anatomy long stories honest patrick feel material passionate beats job day hear fans want going continue owe online reported original cast members signed years huffington_post announcement season having officially renewed contract set place return contract expired end twelfth season signed new contract starring role series thirteenth season according report earning episode new deal characterization grey protagonist focal point series called intelligent hard working outspoken easily distracted grey anatomy executives says unaware character knows fun adding scenes breaking having sex personality evolved past seasons depressed happy fixed said incredibly lucky patrick chemistry amazing relationship like relationship ups downs work found way long work believe told entertainment_weekly awkward patrick like brother soon camera like hand butt millions girls waiting feel obligation fans dog meredith shared metaphor relationship second season characterizes grey thinks right character night stand second season series writer said sexual encounter turning george meredith damage things changed important lives forever grey character development known influence creation half sister particularly clear share motives offered thoughts meredith want succeed want strong want feel normal want struggle genuine struggle hardcore doesn come naturally fake grey personality compared offered insight like create moments meredith head similar people ass arrogant gave meredith lost lonely screw ups got acts lifetime good friends season watch pause time time look mirrors fights storyline character wants realistic says wrap neat little package referring grey shepherd trial said listen meredith clearly crossed line right following said believes grey shepherd meant end end grey relationship looked yang repeatedly referred grey person led dubbed twisted sisters conclusion season duo went honeymoon called favorite detail finale grey characterized offered insight felt 100th episode showed meredith evolution dark girl happy woman said thing mother wished extraordinary past past let past change extraordinary love fear extraordinary makes happy happy following departure character quoted saying meredith entire grey anatomy family enter territory head new chapter life possibilities come endless year left contract viewers sure witness difficult times meredith life reception reviews character received overwhelmingly positive reviews weary response television critics course initial response character positive series progressed immensely popular established character critic fan favorite featuring number character lists development character deemed highlight grey constantly defined heroine grey anatomy time inception newsday praised character stating like house title character star newly grey conveys substance simply stop watching receiving emmy nomination work grey los_angeles_times suggested worked hard narrative odds interesting character received nomination 61st primetime emmy awards later twelfth season western gazette gave credit carrying time finally win emmy award entertainment weekly referred grey voice master grey anatomy television columnist star-ledger alan_sepinwall expressed focus given grey relationships storylines reviewing second season finale occasions meredith involved plot love life kind like moments compared constant mention seemingly unrelated storylines turn metaphor relationship stand season development character received negative reviews ign stating storyline developed sub plot depression giving season worth season new_york_post noted decline meredith role expressing disappointment queen romantic little endless similarly found storyline fourth season need time jealous look angst tired second season frustrating total channel won plot doesn work relationship times meredith positive note relationship shepherd included list list guide sixth season development character praised buddytv commented got love addition praising performance review episode wrote felt meredith heartfelt begging pleading happy mere finally grows casts aside seasons ago meredith dreamed putting proud giving liver offer know dad bigger milestone reviewing eighth season fanatic lauded character wrote season belongs heart soul outstanding character dark grown mature woman game season praised transformation character stated course meredith decisions like took trial things love kindness heart dark considering meredith beginning think went remarkable journey growing finally healed lauded development character ahead season saying series began meredith girl sitting bar celebrating exciting phase life graduated medical school starting residency prestigious hospital simply looking strings attached night stand got instead complicated romantic relationship rivals romeo juliet key wasn searching love working learning continue priorities simply added hopefully new season grey anatomy reflect change tone meredith strong independent woman fine later series received critical acclaim numerous critics portrayal character reviewing episode called anchor grey saying episode completely anchored best work past couple weeks tonight cried fought learned carrying child added saying subtlety probably overlooked zap2it reviewing save life wrote meredith strongest performances long time save life run risk coming manipulative death episode likes times added save life ideal emmy submission episode considering meredith screen half best work usa_today lauded saying ways episode save life showcase memorable played scenes angry response doctor tries tell choices resignation realizes comfort young doctor mistakes cost life relation meredith acclaimed highlight considered friendship secret core grey slate called relation best female friendship adding characters showrunner team writers created nuanced realistic portrayals female friendship television samantha entertainment weekly called meredith best female friends don try fake rarity female friends portrayed television went dare soul mates magazine called friendship dream relationship primary focus series calling cards depiction female friendship particularly friendship enjoyed romantic relationships time exit wrote grey anatomy year history doctor duo lot weddings deaths plane crashes bomb threats shooting lived danced added words person solidified status small screen best best friends wrote critically key relationship meredith life romance passionate absolutely friendship talk relationship goals wants person real powerhouse didn shy away making audience remember love life soul mate challenged meredith honest inspired reasons constantly source meredith character development character define image strong woman 12th wrote capable grey anatomy meredith journey men romantic interests life priority doesn need grey anatomy doesn need writers decide create new love interest grey wouldn matter faith writers storyline justice needs strong single women meredith like perfect candidate site added past season trial run grey anatomy left pursue research meredith stayed focused career didn chase priority children meredith showed aside dreams aspirations man believe won change death awards won nominated multiple awards portrayal grey grey anatomy cast won best ensemble television series following year ceremony named television drama series grey anatomy cast members awarded outstanding performance ensemble drama series 13th screen actors guild awards received nominations category received best performance actress drama series nomination golden globe awards program won best drama series ceremony female cast crew grey anatomy received women film honors work television positively influenced attitudes women performance garnered multiple 37th nominated favorite doctor category following year contender favorite drama actress category received nomination year categories 40th alongside respectively won best drama actress award 39th 41st people choice awards business awards reporter commented emmy award nomination role grey anatomy readers awards website envelope included nominations best drama actress site entertainment_weekly launched awards honor actors received emmy nominations nominated best actress drama series category placed fourth percent readers votes | Meredith Grey | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
13490_Grey'sAnatomy(season2) | grey anatomy season second season american television medical drama grey anatomy commenced airing abc september concluded season produced association production company showrunner actors reprised roles surgical respectively previous main cast members returned began season recurring capacity promoted series regular status appearing seven episodes guest star season continued focus surgical residency young try balance challenges competitive careers difficulties determine personal lives set fictional located city seattle washington season emphasis mainly unexpected impact surgical field main characters second season provides detailed perspective personal background character focusing consequences decisions careers season new story lines introduced including love triangle main arc season heavily developed story line involving stevens relationship patient resulted critical acclaim positive fan response season kept original previous season taking time slot sundays airing lead successful abc series contained episodes originally produced season addition regular episodes clip shows previous events narrated recently introduced role straight heart aired week winter holiday hiatus ended memorable events season half second pressure aired episode season finale conceived story arc kind series scheduled air consecutive nights ended second season million total viewers ratings share demographic season opened critical acclaim agreed significant improvement story lines season saw numerous cast crew members receive awards nominations ceremonies like primetime emmy awards golden globe awards cast members nominations portrayals stevens respectively series chosen best television lists including usa_today guide production crew season produced currently association returned series showrunner executive producer continued position seasons prominent members writing staff returned executive producers position inception series served episodic writer left series conclusion season continued serve executive producers supervising producer promoted executive producer season returned series producer member writing staff having written episodes season returned writer episodes prominent members writing staff writing episodes producing script worked writing episodes having written episode series past season includes episode written series main writers producer executive story editor writers include executive producer returned series direct episodes season writing episodes second season directed episodes credited writing episodes ones series directors continued position main music composer series served season cinematography directors resumed positions editors joined left series episodes responsible casting beginning series returned casting team members departure production design team taken joining episodes series set decoration crew led costume design department led leave conclusion season following replaced department led head assistant artist special effects team consisted key hair stylist second season artists contributed season series production managers unit production post production supervisor depart series conclusion season replaced unit production production manager production executive second assistant directors inception series returned series second season art department consisted construction set property master labor art department coordinator construction coordinator set designer stage paint joining art department set painter assistant property masters new additions left series production season finale temporarily replaced joined team episodes sound editor additional artist production sound artist boom operator sound recording original members sound department returned second season production sound returned departed episodes season assistant sound added crew episodes season joining production team sound crew boom operator sound davies leaving episodes special effects team led coordinator consisted artists production crew beginning series special effects visual effects team computer graphic artist richard visual effects supervisor artist johnson joined crew close season finale member visual effects team crew beginning series writing filming season primarily filmed los_angeles california headquarters building media company fisher abc affiliated radio television stations seattle exterior shots seattle grace mercy west hospital air landing puts close space needle directly street fisher plaza seattle local landmarks hospital exterior interior shots seattle shot california scenes primarily taped los_angeles set occupies stages including hospital pieces outside scenes shot seattle props genuine medical supplies including machine prior cast seen abc executives broadway performance garnered attention admiration network offered role abc television series choice ultimately led choosing grey anatomy explained initial audition producers liked intentions add know cast said awe executives said pick statement deemed rare character given recurring status second season having conceived love interest initial appearance disliked fans getting way grey relationship asked said run lot people extremely invested story line obviously heard negative stuff discussing stevens relationship described character naive believe save assessing alex complete gave chance writer described moving alex patient alex previously treated badly begins realize true feelings forced watch embark romance regarded undeniably handsome totally charming series writer commented love way lights love relationship pure honest completely game free writer noted time way sacrificing reputation feelings deliberately worsened condition list series writer questioned morality actions asking bad irresponsible cut wire love action series creator discussed choices scene saw gather deathbed explaining meredith george alex dressed funeral dark colors dressed mourning happy pink looks like didn know coming expressed plan developing character focus similarities actress noting mean bone body solid steady like rock wilson noted significant evolution character personality noting transition cold attitude characteristic past maternal outlook noted number similarities character describing considers alter ego living inside wilson assessed real life human makes bailey appreciated character gets flawed gets tired showrunner explained idea having child developed pregnant months cast member deemed wilson portrayal character sweet wonderful naming professional makes better actor described performance character labor heart breaking tender powerful wonderful noting managed transform strong character weak woman struggling fight unusual situation fellow cast member described wilson portrayal breath fresh air literally noting force delivers mainly start career theater described production process story arc stated planning beginning series stated plot episodes fill demands super bowl scheduled air night wanted different came idea bomb found simply outstanding visual effects supervisor noted breaking story boards key getting departments work assessed necessity use element trying avoid explosion scene proved excessively dangerous ultimately replaced wood clothing material described filming process emphasizing transition real actor filmed moment fraction second changed body actor cast second season roles receiving star billing returning season actors appear series regulars portray physicians fictional specialized surgery acted protagonist narrator series surgical intern struggles balance difficulties competitive career chosen troubled personal background portrayed highly competitive intern suffers starts accepting upcoming played intern continuous struggle looked doctor model acted begins develop emotional personality introduced arrogant selfish played role intern lack self confidence evolve feelings portrayed surgical resident brilliant general surgeon mentor cold attitude earns nickname nazi portrayed chief surgery relationship mother occurred years ago threatens ruin marriage washington played role attending physician surgeon learns sexual relationship pregnant child portrayed attending relationship intern focal point series inception originally conceived guest star episode story arc decided extend contract following positive reviews critics fans resulting getting promoted series regular status addition original cast season began receiving star billing seventh episode season portraying world class surgeon comes seattle seeking reconciliation estranged husband numerous supporting characters given expansive recurring appearances progressive story line appeared episode arc season portraying surgical resident introduced developed love interest character introduced recurring role joe portrayed donnell portrayed physician love interest renowned surgeon meredith mother suffering disease continues recurring role season portrayed portrayed surgeon revealed rival attended medical school appears episodes season portraying patient begins relationship stevens ultimately dies following unsuccessful heart surgery acted richard wife revealed aware husband affair inception guest stars include role nurse love interest portraying fifth year resident replaces temporarily takes leave portraying father role role mother portraying meredith half sister portraying niece portraying role head bomb squad promoted series regular season appeared eighteenth episode portraying attending physician plastic surgeon lover affair presented reason husband reception critical response season opened critical acclaim critics calling best shows included numerous best television lists fame season called best shows burning plot points furious clip embracing kind deeply earnest intensely felt romance relationships great famous pick choose love speech sure got tremendous rhythm absolute conviction season expressed hope development series noting complex backgrounds character series focal point noted ensemble composed countless females strong competitive males remains outstanding prime time iconic vast interpretations main cast acknowledged gives impression women stated universal equal opportunity appeal explores medical world sense fueled intensity laced sensitivity deserved viewers merits response bomb story arc called episodes assessing followed story line explained series point featured characters provided outlook character describing grey talented insecure surgeon love attending stating yang aggressively ambitious intern lacks knowledge topic medicine comparing boyfriend described opposite response story line noted sensitive personality constantly results difficulty path proper surgeon expressed excitement doors opened previous season cliffhanger seeing arrival montgomery certainly speaking focus relationships nuts bolts surgeon praising continuing merge disparate elements way source enthusiasm men women creating atmosphere professional personal time noting realism writing series stated sublime mundane daily experiences strange sense drama emerges daily conflicts transported world legitimately life death decisions expressed disappointment end second season deemed surprisingly strong compared powerful half season describing stevens awkward self destructive relationship patient way slow episodes halt turns melodrama expressing death stated response stevens development second season descent followed season long actually want terrible happen described episodes strongest noting plot lines created connected unfamiliar way reviews stood test time season remains huge critical favorite entertainment_weekly reviewing tenth season acknowledged second season best season date site added want talk season learn believe best season date season calling signature elements best listing best moments season elevator walkway joe bar meredith pick speech memorable patients adding want people stuck pole like train best friends having goodbye want stories given ample time want affect doctors heartbreaking beautiful ways houston_chronicle critical ethics cutting wire writing practising medicine stating reason don watch grey anatomy anymore super hot blond chick earth shattering fatal decision doesn second season said sex city dash love boat blender poured grey anatomy regard second season said second season medical drama signature elements complex relationships challenging life lessons montage indie rock soundtrack awards nominations series won won golden globe award best supporting actress series miniseries film screen actors guild award outstanding performance female actor drama series portrayal second season nominated drama series best actor drama series respectively 63rd golden globe awards casting directors won primetime emmy award outstanding casting drama series grey anatomy cast won best ensemble television series cast nominated outstanding performance ensemble drama series awarded outstanding actor drama series received emmy nomination drama series sixth episode season sixteenth seventeenth episodes season secured writer primetime emmy award nomination outstanding writing drama series category ratings episodes season initially planned season episode bring pain season finale according airing ninth episode ratings great audience meant end season episode cliffhanger coming estranged wife fit perfectly season received positive critics reception season performed better previous success season grey anatomy took sunday night timeslot replacing second season averaged million viewers making highest rated season series date ranked fifth television season season includes series highest rated episode end world watched million viewers episodes dvd release second season officially released dvd region september weeks season premiere aired september title grey anatomy complete second season uncut box set consists episodes surround sound format contained extras available dvd including extended episodes interviews cast crew members footage scenes scenes cut aired episodes set released region january months original release united_states release date region available united_kingdom set contained episodes season released season dvd season released blu ray disc region dvd box set currently movies film | Grey's Anatomy (season 2) | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
16159_EricaHahn | fictional character abc medical drama television series grey anatomy portrayed actress recurring character second seasons joined main cast fourth season prior assuming role smith observed heart surgery performed admitted finding pressure continually portraying medical professional character presented highly professional point notably hard resident admitting reminds student despite intentions away relationships romantically involved surgeon storyline praised realistic portrayal developing sex relationship women expressed concerns deemed somewhat talk written grey anatomy november smith commenting decision originated abc network series creator storylines appearance series established long time rival main character fellow surgeon dating days graduated second introduced attending surgeon fight donor heart reappears season contacted knight consult father valve replacement george finds hand helping cover transfers season episode everyday performing successful heart request chief surgery takes role previously held seattle grace head surgery antagonistic relationship refusing let constantly criticizing overly enthusiastic behavior later confesses purposely hard reminds resident character romantic attention fellow attending admitting finds attractive wishes private life separate working life develops friendship temporarily strained led believe romantic designs laughs notion goes kiss prove couldn handle leaving stunned season finale second passionate kiss attempt romantic relationship comes terms sexuality quickly sure sleeps sure initially eventually decides want relationship unsure sexuality leaves post seattle grace development casting creation initially conceived minor character occasional guest star rival character appeared episodes second season followed episodes season discussing thought main character season appearance smith stated time didn think going work time hope hope kind like single following washington departure brought main character fourth season replacing head surgery smith said expecting character introduced time didn want disappointed didn happen stated deciding factor return opportunity presented explore character greater depth explaining work beginning middle end create arc need figure researching role smith watched heart surgery performed surgical nurses employed grey anatomy producers maintain realism operating room dubbed research stating got fact didn medical school actually doctor explaining idea surgeon act like good look like long time november reported entertainment_weekly depart grey anatomy november series creator issued statement online reported smith dismissal enforced abc network attempt gay grey anatomy revealed writing character grey anatomy newcomer longer playing bisexual character announced interviewed stated smith explained script final episode involve character written final scene heading car agreed assessment dismissal originated abc stating definitely like hands tied said didn controversy press created thing reality characterization describing character personality smith stated professional think feels work people things aren professional gets little upset adding little rules head supposed act work doesn mean break rules supposed follow writer season episode fighting saw establishment main character deemed hardcore kick ass female surgeon smith explained writers didn want rush likable hoped didn mind lot actors don want bad guy okay good series creator discussing rivalry resident yang saw chief surgery lack encouragement given insight brilliant surgeon great patients teaching skills let use little loving care students particularly felt sorry grew surgical world included fewer women accustomed dog eat dog kind surgical world consulted producers developing lesbian storyline said character strong good actually lot men threatened confident initially arrival seattle grace plastic surgeon seen develop feelings repeatedly rebuffed character explained kept personal professional lives separate smith explained came wrong hospital thought wasn going personal life smith admitted writers meeting attempt find store character romantically closely guarded discussed guide editor early tenure pushed lesbian relationship having previously played lovers play agreed assessment awesome lesbian certainly let producers know open like duly noted think wanted shut equally smith revealed discussed possibility gay felt obvious strong powerful woman lesbian despite assessment end fourth season saw grow closer surgeon relationship dubbed later entertainment_weekly stated chemistry watching story writers looking forward wanted relationship way relationships funny sweet honest little bit dirty explained developing relationship wanted real stunt people talking wanted happen woman suddenly feelings woman characters shared kiss end season finale ellen noted regular lesbian bisexual female characters currently network television time regular characters network begun lesbian romance opposed involved new lesbian character introduced relationship embarking storyline producers consulted ensure maintained realism star april shower invited consult workshop sessions took place wanting characters focusing woman woman relationship consulted adding didn want stereotype write place didn understand don think stunt people watching strike think wanted develop characters way decided kind think chemistry actresses tell room definitely chemistry discussing reaction storyline smith commented thought great idea revealed writers fully romantic backstory explaining lot vague mean writers think sort thought mind maybe crush high school college don think think time continuing theme smith spoke character lack definitive romantic history look script week like god lesbian years didn know discussed meetings attended impact portrayal storyline explaining actually helpful talk personal lives guess open person life change happen rock world imagine sudden thought love woman maybe weren following announcement written grey anatomy smith asked happy direction storyline taken responded know starting yeah personally little gay panic thing think sort deemed scene saw sleep mark practice sleeping little adding woman don know reception los_angeles_times praised character highly writing terrific character sassy professional appropriately view romantic carefully considered stand viewers season way writers forward hugely successful brand don nervous future highest rated drama hands discussing character terms relationship largely positive assessing story line offered drama grey known despite marginally talk network television rarely achieved comes lesbian relationships invited consult grey anatomy producers storyline praised effort researching issue writers actors involved negative scene saw kiss elevator commented felt like cared don think stunt little don know forced like conquest like agreed view criticizing way scene edited cutting mark point view male gaze smith refuted interpretation stating frankly played scene played think walked room wouldn kissed moment swear god playing thinking know bit competition guys boys club character happened sort like yeah wouldn intimidated check following announcement character written grey anatomy wrote critical editorial decision deemed smith firing grim reminder certain television writing gay characters allowed sex network television single episode story line actively sexual lesbian characters gorgeous went assess smith probably got boot character wasn interesting sympathetic especially paired didn fit visual template grey network television character actress tabloid star words words deeply regret beautiful smith beautiful gay network ground appear broken ellen similarly critical decision explaining smith dismissal means loss american broadcast lesbian bisexual couple primetime significant gay relationship portrayed hit abc series handful remaining lesbian bisexual relationships cable premium channels daytime television detailing decision change new character orientation bisexual added striking blow women visibility small screen moves signal significant setback industry acceptance mainstream gay lesbian storylines concluded moments gay panic slept friend fellow surgeon interaction women organic romantic relationship stood bright spots lesbian bisexual characters primetime left | Erica Hahn | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
17431_CristinaYang | fictional character medical drama television series grey anatomy airs abc united_states character created series producer portrayed actress introduced surgical intern fictional yang worked way resident level eventually surgical fellow relationships colleagues knight stevens formed focal point series yang earlier series got engaged past relationship renowned surgeon mentor later divorced originally auditioned role ultimately cast received generally positive reviews portrayal boston herald considering friendship meredith secret core grey garnered numerous awards nominations role yang including screen actors guild award wins additionally nominated primetime emmy award outstanding supporting actress drama series year character abc noted ambition intelligence main traits aggressive attitude highlighted main weakness online reported signed years fellow cast members left season character written main cast member storylines introduced fellow surgical intern stevens knight working competitive intern korean american ancestry desired doctor childhood car accident killed father yang suffers raised beverly_hills california mother supportive jewish stepfather smith stanford phd emotional competitive logical nature lead view robot hits meredith day pair soon best friends person sharing dark sense humor sexual encounters chief surgery intern lead pregnant yang schedules abortion telling pregnancy behavior lack relationship status yang experiences pregnancy discovers pregnancy yang collapses burst tube yang begin relationship aftermath shot arm develops hand yang helps cover developing covert partnership performs yang initially denies involvement confrontation confesses chief surgery yang actions chances chief sees huge betrayal short breakup yang breaks silence proposes marriage yang accepts days yang pressured elaborate wedding plans despite reluctance wedding day yang moment panic calls wedding leaving yang altar yang went honeymoon hawaii meredith recover returning discover disappeared life transferred different hospital replaced immediately yang affairs refusing let cardiac eventually moves yang tries earn approval reveals yang reminds early version continues cut yang teach yang begins doubt purpose remaining place program falls twelfth list best teaching hospitals wins harper award mentioning despite saving career yang tells chief current existence hospital turned ghost yang meets army trauma surgeon patches stabbed stomach falling pair immediately attracted share brief kiss discharged hired chief trauma surgery yang begin yang grows emotionally decides support meredith relationship despite logical staying power begins emotionally open hunt hunt memories time iraq post traumatic stress disorder causes hunt behave attack asleep yang ends relationship afraid sleeping unanimously chosen attending resident perform solo surgery excellent skills yang disciplined reporting irresponsible behavior new assign surgery punishment meredith major falling yang feels grey failed stand intern scandal allowing yang blame yang chooses replacement solo surgery meredith friends eventually reconcile stevens discovers life threatening cancer yang friends yang ability remain emotionally distant yang saves life coming treatment plan forcing tell friends diagnosis hunt begins seeing yang confesses love pair begin tentative relationship hampered hunt progress hot cold professional behavior frequently ignores yang avoid appearance new head teach hunt ignoring yang attempts find new specialty face hospital merger potential appeal managing anger heads departments ban yang depressed lack wonders best laid order find new program specialist teach yang eventually breaks cries meredith touched heart surgery months misses relationship learn result hunt asks colleague army chief surgery gift yang insulted considers leaving yang convinces stay telling yang willingly hunt mean teach turns request agrees teach yang yang eventually decides end relationship hunt hunt unable choose women loves meredith husband shot deceased patient angry husband mass shooting yang operates gunpoint saves life shooter believing dead relationship hunt injured shooter following attack hospital decide married yang refuses return work surgeon pressure having save best friend husband happiness threat shot yang later returns work collapses result stress disorder shepherd forces issues making perform surgery push advocates life lung patient yang blames meredith trauma job hospital stating surgeon longer wants takes temporary job city bar shock colleagues shepherd unintentionally helps work talking party taking fishing trip feels emotions fear yang decides position hopes brought halt hunt charge choosing wishes avoid appearance position eventually given later yang discovers pregnant hunt child decides abortion hunt accompanies abortion extremely angry decision yang operates husband unknown identity surgery fails dies yang guilt stricken learning patient identity hunt distance fighting abortion despite attending marriage marriage comes trouble hunt night stand patient friend leaving yang decides unsure future end fifth year residency near surgical residents including yang prepare medical boards different plan joining passes exams yang hunt tells leaving seattle minnesota afterward yang meredith shepherd involved aviation accident way idaho perform surgery twins dies leaving sign help way following rescue yang suffers brief violent makes surgical fellow goes planned difficulties adapting new colleagues way working result unable plane return seattle final goodbye dying minnesota yang develops friendship fellow surgeon mainly comments old age begins affair head surgery parker issues thomas thomas dies heart attack yang returns good initially things owen confused hired doesn want finds chance actually pushed causing things new light finally admits meredith wants owen tell owen wants owen asks divorce taken agrees later finds potential conflict interest plane crash lawsuit key motive owen request confronts owen tells feels responsible worried thought dead confrontation thinks things goes bailey wedding finally admitting wants try leads having sex sign divorce papers kiss things aftermath plane accident hospital sued eventually found guilty surviving doctors including yang receive million compensation leads hospital near bankruptcy refuse pay yang surviving doctors buy hospital help prevent closing members new directing board buying hospital yang realizes breaks owen wants kids breaking owen continues surgery tries distance owen sex shortly break decide better start seeing people supportive meredith choice mother points fact hurt meredith career clinical judgement causes wedge friendship seeing owen new girlfriend complains alex work suffers getting laid second year resident stands meredith gives shane kiss later begins sleeping informed considered harper award printing baby confident success initially working heart trial continues sleep owen eventually helps set online dating realizes wants weighs staying owen looking different outcomes married owen kids lets shane research presents owen strings attached relationship owen wants eventually ruins nominated harper award strong candidate passed relationship owns hospital goes speak hospital switzerland orchestrated built hospital following winning harper offers job head hospital spend time wife kids accepts offer interviews candidates replacement position hospital including end season says goodbye fellow workers come know love including owen meredith meredith share special moments went dancing time leaves surgical intern chooses leave order study abroad development casting creation creation yang said character contained little bit personality speaking talk host said second simply kind woman know like interesting person driven little bit emotionally disconnected caring sweet smart individual friends initially auditioned character bailey adding thank god explaining fellow cast member wilson discussing casting said brought energy felt fresh beginning shaping little bit favorite things dialogue scene possible watch manages having word character yang originally supposed asian descent said character little blonde thing woman runs black woman makes big difference asked signed grey anatomy said proud think came right time changing time television years ago wouldn major network half cast white original contract expired season online reported original cast members signed years characterization abc characterized yang competitive ambitious intelligent noting weaknesses aggressive said character tried play tremendous focus ambition reality female surgeon mean real life aren ones encounter game kind personality survive portrays said character set bar terms look women independent vulnerable seriously competitive caring referred yang relationship citing losing religion favorite episodes featuring shows evolution beginning second season end commented struggle suppress humanity pursuit perfection mind realize cold terrified scared lets emotions overtake hurt hate incredibly human yang friendship meredith looked yang repeatedly referred person led dubbed twisted sisters conclusion season duo went honeymoon called favorite detail finale new_york magazine wrote character probably woman right single dedicated career long defining characteristic occasionally makes caricature established abortion talking yang abortion eighth season explained intended yang abortion second season changed pregnancy suggestion writers interesting story wise abortion eighth season commented wanted stay true feel like character wanted mother idea woman child want resented career resented owen making abortion sense character discussing onscreen relationship yang said going easy read read season premiere people owen similar way think people people crowded room eyes meet topic yang challenges eighth season said extremely challenging year lot ups downs challenging shoot scenes day straight extremely challenging emotionally physically exhausting said yang expressions emotions season express emotions people best friend meredith husband owen pulled apart intensely honestly goes life ways lucky completely pulled apart pull hopefully exploration hopefully season characters marriage tested reported hollywood reporter think meant hold faith owen places couples going worse going better soon reception reviews character received critics time inception series went reviews increasingly positive went iconic character grey television huffington_post named yang best damn character series yang appeared list intriguing characters website commenting engaging comedic factor prime time soap grey anatomy included yang list best doctors television periodical listed annoying women considers friendship meredith secret core grey creator greatest contribution prime time huffington_post writer agreed saying relationship probably true friendship network television friendship listed best entertainment_weekly yahoo voices yang list loyal best friends time television pity writer claimed yang residents regularly acts like actual doctor yang relationship positively received considered interesting relationships similarly wrote romance touching funny attractions ign critical wedding planning season saying won fly fall like season finale personal professional problems obvious compelling ways placed break list horrible said yang relationship owen hunt interactions perfectly balanced drama apart long forth frustrating viewers clearly typically hard edged pleasant change note character entertainment_weekly praised pairing especially elevator love letter saying good romance owen brought emmy consideration tonight scene added loved seeing try stand man yang owen wedding armstrong said glad clean disposal owen love triangle heard guy said happy praised owen proposal scene giving later praised marriage saying absolutely loving stronger lady bond season married growing opposite blair status praised abortion storyline saying brave series particular totally legal medical procedure abortion plausible resolution yang pregnancy entertainment_weekly said yang actions owen affair alternately silly silly think today praised yang storylines eighth season saying stories effectively tied patient ability forward complicated complex response past hitfix writer applauded yang brief departure ninth season interesting showed new seasons welcome insight relation meredith acclaimed highlight considered friendship secret core grey slate called relation best female friendship adding characters showrunner team writers created nuanced realistic portrayals female friendship television samantha entertainment weekly called meredith best female friends don try fake rarity female friends portrayed television went dare soul mates magazine called friendship dream relationship primary focus series calling cards depiction female friendship particularly friendship enjoyed romantic relationships time exit wrote grey anatomy year history doctor duo lot weddings deaths plane crashes bomb threats shooting lived danced added words person solidified status small screen best best friends awards received numerous awards nominations portrayal yang nominated primetime emmy award outstanding supporting actress drama series nominated year nominated miniseries television film 10th satellite awards year cast won satellite award best cast television series won award best supporting actress series miniseries television film 63rd golden globe awards cast nominated ensemble drama series won nominated following year 12th screen actors guild awards won award outstanding performance female actor drama series nominated outstanding actress drama series 41st image awards nominated nominated drama series 42nd image awards nominated doctor 37th award nominated years later 40th people choice awards subsequent year 41st people choice awards nominated alongside favorite gal category | Cristina Yang | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
18717_CallieTorres | fictional character medical drama television series grey anatomy airs abc united_states character created series producer portrayed introduced season senior resident love interest intern knight eventually attending surgeon character originally contracted appear recurring basis received star billing season initially conceived love interest eventual wife created disliked colleagues storylines include relationships plastic surgeon surgeon marriage surgeon character bisexual storyline development later series garnered acclaim portrayal widely praised television critics character gained significant popularity series progressed nominated awards portrayal including image award outstanding supporting actress drama series drama television series character ranked list favorite female characters end twelfth season left having years storylines introduced surgeon crush intern knight start relationship moves meredith house meredith lived way relationship progressing confronts results moving hotel aftermath breakup meets night stand plastic surgeon friend subsequently reconcile marry las_vegas spur moment confused fellow intern stevens relationship alcohol leading drunken sexual encounter remains unaware sexual encounter increasingly suspicious announces desire conceive child shortly discovers ending marriage personal life troubled professionally appointed hospital chief resident soon begins struggling cope role demoted soon forms friendship hospital new chief surgery embark relationship jokingly kisses elevator woman struggles initially argument work seattle grace ending relationship new surgeon kisses begin dating relationship tested comes father cutting financially emotionally granted position attending publicly chief post begins working neighboring hospital hospitals merge promoted attending surgeon father returns condemn ultimately accepts sexuality explains desire bear children expresses disappointment differing matter lead break soon commits mass murder hospital relieved survived reconcile agreeing children wins prestigious grant help treat children agrees position years lack enthusiasm causes end relationship moves night stand returns hoping forgiveness initially later reveals pregnant baby agrees raise child permanent lives route weekend proposes soon engage head collision truck leaving severely injured attempt save life delivers premature baby survives agrees marry weeks recovery baby discharged allowed leave hospital recovers surgery deals backlash mother attitude wedding granddaughter marry garden minister wife falls ill general surgeon ceremony aftermath plane accident killed forced decision left leg alive puts strains relationship hospital sued eventually found guilty victim including receive million compensation leads hospital near bankruptcy refuse pay doctors buy hospital help prevent closing members new directing board arizona big storm hits hospital named episode ninth season arizona soon discovers arizona infidelity seeing wedding ring pinned aftermath discovery arizona share feelings revealed arizona forgive making leg arizona states lost crash responds apparently lost arizona takes live meredith kicking arizona apartment celebrates dancing underwear left arizona therapy telling needed hit lawsuit father visits tells cheated mother took wouldn mother didn second chance goes arizona apartment invites come home finds surgery arizona sleeping second year resident separated angry arizona agrees work things april failed wedding matthew arizona bought house fresh start away memories apartment later decided try second child trip led discovery developed years birth meaning carry babies talking arizona agreed postpone dream baby solid couple beginning eleventh series arizona therapy chance order help marriage days living separate lives house sexual activity come close breaking rule start days eventually gave connected sexually end days final therapy session arizona realizes live doesn feel stated felt eventually walked therapy ending marriage goes date penny resident charge case comes dinner party hosted meredith recognizes discovered penny going working grey memorial including finds penny actually protest try grey memorial residency line manages stay line despite pleads wishes desire new_york penny arizona daughter arizona takes court sole parental custody loses custody daughter arizona penny moves new_york arizona decides deserve happy arizona presents plane tickets offers custody agreement keeps seattle summer sharing school year christmas development casting creation seen abc executives broadway performance garnered attention admiration network offered role abc television series choice chose grey anatomy explained initial audition producers liked intentions add know cast said awe executives said pick explaining rare said looking girlfriend george infancy stages idea looking built character met character initially given recurring status second season received star billing season alongside fellow cast member portrayed discusses maintaining relationships stars characterization abc characterized driven determined outgoing noting weaknesses defensive described character appears certain way complex issues going scenes strong personality believes worked hard competitive sense self doesn need win time initial appearance disliked fans getting way relationship asked said run lot people extremely invested story line obviously heard negative stuff end fourth season saw grow closer surgeon relationship referred later entertainment weekly stated chemistry watching story writers looking forward wanted relationship way relationships funny sweet honest little bit dirty explained developing relationship wanted real stunt people talking wanted happen woman suddenly feelings woman characters shared kiss end season finale ellen noted regular lesbian bisexual female characters currently network television time regular characters network begun lesbian romance opposed involved new lesbian character introduced relationship continuing storyline producers consulted ensure maintained realism star april shower invited consult workshop sessions took place wanting characters focusing woman woman relationship consulted adding didn want stereotype write place didn understand don think stunt people watching strike think wanted develop characters way decided kind think chemistry actresses tell room definitely chemistry fifth season embarked relationship relationship referred praised chemistry arizona contrast comparing primary couple grey stating little thing makes want watch honest mistake initially rejected citing inexperience factor series writer offered insight couple ultimately decided begin relationship experience difficulties eventually reunite commented reconciliation love arizona like feel hopeful love mentioned relationship sixth season like happily long term relationship explore barely know arizona reception chicago_tribune critical character initial development reviewing season premiere wrote writers explaining far obviously weird girl underneath persona marriage received ign wrote relationship roller coaster nice turn events perfect contrast george discussing character terms relationship williams largely positive assessing story line offered drama grey known network television rarely achieved comes lesbian relationships invited consult grey anatomy producers storyline praised effort researching issue writers actors involved negative scene saw kiss elevator commented felt like cared don think stunt little don know forced like conquest like lgbt website agreed view criticizing way scene edited cutting point view male gaze included list ranking favorite female characters character listed hottest doctors commenting abrupt departure writing observed relationship help wary grey writers handle relationship proven lovely likable brief screen time far romance starts happens matters speaking musical episode fanatic called rendition chasing cars amazing referred performance kate grace beautiful new york magazine happy evolution bailey friendship half ninth season calling bright spot joke offer sage love advice second marriages nominated outstanding actress drama television series alma awards 13th screen actors guild awards cast grey anatomy recipients award outstanding performance ensemble drama series cast nominated award 42nd image awards nominated drama series ranked list favorite female characters | Callie Torres | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
18837_ArizonaRobbins | fictional character abc television series grey anatomy portrayed introduced fifth season attending surgeon new chief surgery originally contracted appear episodes contract extended remainder fifth season series regular sixth season characterized quirky known wearing roller holly pink cap designed appeal younger patients established love interest resident storyline cut short series creator called lack chemistry contrast pleased chemistry citing addition cast element season proud initial media reaction character positive guide described fan favorite ign praised addition fresh new characters course season storylines following death chief replaces head surgery graduate romantic interest resident kisses embark relationship father learns relationship threatens cut financially returns home father returns seattle continues reject daughter sexuality able convince reconsider tells father able accept sexuality promised good man storm raised person raised dismayed learn doesn want children come conclusion continue relationship want different things shooter enters seattle grace reconcile receives word given grant doctor end shown accepted decided leave fight airport results leaving ending relationship returns hoping relationship initially rejected eventually reveals pregnant baby accepts situation restart relationship gifts weekend proposes proposing car crash leaving critical condition series follows including delivery premature baby emotional awakening accepts marriage proposal married fifth year residents coming close end residency urges work end eighth season hurt badly plane crash resulting left leg aftermath plane accident killed hospital sued eventually found guilty victim including shepherd receive million compensation leads hospital near bankruptcy refuse pay doctors buy hospital help prevent closing members new directing board initially cold decided struggles body image issues slowly reconcile tries adapt new life arrives hospital reconstruct face baby stranger finds attractive despite knowing injury night stand finding arizona cheated kicks arizona apartment let true feelings accident revealed actually felt initially agrees couples therapy shows office tell arizona isn going arizona gets drunk april laugh fundraiser tells people arizona died plane crash arizona led believe slept dance cheese watching perform surgery film arizona pursues sexual relationship cuts ties asks come home revealed arizona pregnant sperm donor prior sleeping decided try second child agreeing carry went discovered developed birth meaning carry children told arizona arizona offered carry baby decided goes wrong won doesn want position agree postpone plans baby season finale season implied arizona dream having child come means beginning season arizona decide baby arizona applies surgery fellowship arizona heavy workload fellowship argument waiting room choose therapy resulting day break arizona believes break strengthened relationship realize needs hand declares break gave taste freedom missing walks away divorce later wants new_york penny arizona want separated daughter hires lawyer court custody battle long case arizona wins sole custody end ends sharing thinks deserve happy development casting creation reported december joining cast grey anatomy surgeon multi episode arc initially scheduled appear episodes fifth season series creator later extended contract appear season remaining episodes series regular sixth season speaking new addition said love love mean love couldn wonderful person feel like chemistry arizona feels like meredith chemistry find delightful watch promotion saw lesbian series regular primetime described quirky guide clear rational surgeon ruled emotions buddytv writer episode beat heart kiss time deemed genuinely positively interested people way commenting confidence commented thinks wrong don hate ego thinks right portrayed having tendencies including wearing roller shoes work characterization abc characterized confident ambitious cheerful shortly arrival love interest relationship referred fans previous girlfriend written grey anatomy lack chemistry characters praised chemistry contrast comparing primary couple shepherd stating little thing makes want watch named addition cast elements season proud commenting wished found love interest sooner pleased eventually having found turned episode inexperience women series writer offered insight totally understand arizona wouldn want date newborn like getting freshman physics lab partner senior knows laws motion mastered ways rock freshman world freshman won grow good physics won catch arizona lesbian simply arizona patience wait long characters begin relationship episode difference day makes sees experience difficulties result father rejecting sexuality commented ultimate reconciliation love arizona like feel hopeful love said relationship sixth season like happily long term relationship explore barely know arizona characterized relationship incredibly understanding sensitive described sixth season mature grounded relationship taking forward drama course conflict time enjoying relationship stable asked marry future replied probably lot stuff happen happens don think going married married arizona goes think incredible discipline said strict moral compass marriage jump giving great thought discussing relationship lover chance play intimidated chosen playful arizona style find amusing reception ranked seventh list gay characters compiled wrote mix hospital kisses tells doesn time teach gay interesting numbers left parts unknown commenting abrupt departure writing lgbt website observed relationship help wary grey writers handle relationship proven lovely likable brief screen time far romance starts happens matters included poll ranking favorite female characters placing guide noted quickly established fan favorite describing breath fresh air halls ign fifth season grey anatomy improvement previous seasons introduction fresh new characters wrote arizona ultimate contribution season introducing element seattle grace turn gave great arc online approved arizona season promotion series regular particularly meant continuation relationship los_angeles_times wrote sixth season episode invasion far best moment episode scene father incredible ability melodramatic grey speeches deliver subtlety honesty makes come sincere instead named battleship said powerful monologue followed carefully explained woman raised | Arizona Robbins | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
26019_Grey'sAnatomy(season3) | grey anatomy season season american television medical drama grey anatomy commenced airing abc september concluded season produced association showrunner actors reprised roles surgical respectively continuing expansive storylines focal points season previous main cast members returned previous guest stars promoted series regulars following extension contracts season followed continuation surgical residency young experience demands competitive field medicine defining personal evolution set fictional located seattle washington filming primarily occurred los_angeles california season mainly focused impact surgical field main characters second provided detailed perspective physicians private lives season deals tough challenges brought phase combining professional motif emphasized season complex personal background second season new storylines introduced including arrival character conceived introduced presence departure previous season season aired new competitive time slot competing heavily promoted highly rated dramatic television series csi crime scene investigation simultaneously aired season grey anatomy contained episodes addition clip shows produced previous events introduction major new arcs complications heart aired night season premiere episodes second season insights future episodes moment counts aired twentieth episode season aired episode arc primarily served pilot proposed spin focusing departure character series ended season average million viewers episode nielsen rating share demographic ranking eighth television season csi television critics expressed mainly negative outlook development series season reviews ranging mixed unfavorable lack realism highlighted main issues declining quality storylines despite negative critical response performance cast members production technique crew received outstanding recognition numerous awards nominations earning major category nominations primetime emmy awards golden globe awards season achieved series highest number recipients awarded cast member series ranked sixth usa today best television list following conclusion season cast season roles receiving star billing returning previous season original cast main characters physicians surgical wing fictional portrayed protagonist narrator series main goal achieving balance difficulties complicated relationships private life portrayed quickly develops meredith best friend despite continuous competition portrayed intern stevens mourning death fiancé unexpectedly decides quit job realization personal involvement patient case accepted medicine acted arrogant attitude develops emotional sensitive outlook career relationships played role intern gradually self confident feelings meredith diminish portrayed fifth year resident general surgery resident charge acted chief surgery deal choice career marriage played surgeon comes terms husband desire divorce dealing arrival lover washington played role attending physician surgeon long term relationship intern leads engagement portrayed attending relationship intern focal point series inception began receiving star billing season premiere numerous appearances episodes second season portrayed surgeon fifth year resident relationship intern sudden marriage unpleasant repercussions promoted series regular status guest appearance eighteenth episode previous season uncredited second episode season began receiving star billing episode season portraying attending physician plastic surgeon arc describing attempt resuming relationship heavily developed season numerous supporting characters given expansive recurring appearances progressive storyline continues role surgeon storylines include rivalry arrival perform surgery dying father decision hire hospital portrayed meredith half sister eventually program mother sudden death appeared mother renowned surgeon suffering disease ultimately dies following heart attack physician portrayed donnell appeared episodes season resume storyline romantic relationship meredith previously introduced second season deceased second season finale character appeared episodes season meredith sequence portrayed recurring character love interest pope patient suffering amnesia involved massive ferry crash acted richard wife continuous struggle normal marriage asking husband retire guest stars include role nurse love interest portraying fifth year resident enters competition position role surgeon professor lover portraying father role playing sister revealed slept role mother portraying protective mother future private practice series regulars starred second episodes season portraying respectively order transition proposed spin episodes production crew season produced title company decision change occurred conclusion season returned series showrunner executive producer continued position seasons prominent members writing staff returned executive producers position inception series joins production team beginning season executive producer promotion executive served executive producers episodes season left series conclusion season previously served writer executive producer seasons continue work season continued serve executive producers supervising producer previously served producer writer series promoted executive producer having written episodes season second returned writer episodes written returned series members writing staff writing episodes producing script episodes worked writing episode episodes written series past season includes episode written series main writers consulting supervisor producer writers include returned series direct episodes season writing episodes second season credited directing episodes season ones directed series prominent directors directing episodes season continued position main music composer series served season cinematography directors resumed positions editors seeing added team fisher left series conclusion season writing filming season primarily filmed los_angeles california headquarters building media company fisher abc affiliated radio television stations seattle exterior shots seattle grace mercy west hospital air landing puts close space needle directly street fisher plaza seattle local landmarks hospital exterior interior shots seattle shot california scenes primarily taped los_angeles set occupies stages including hospital pieces outside scenes shot seattle props genuine medical supplies including machine production season officially began producer stated planning major development character spirit interesting charming intriguing watch stated response portrayal character executive producer stated writing staff going focus balance vulnerability courage dealing changes relationship friends noted uncertainty character fate helped evolve actor disclosed episode unexpected eventual death plans beginning series described got challenge sending meredith exciting place exciting watch find way response arc discussed impact death noting forced abandon turn leads letting medicine aftermath death came believe cut doctor executive producer explained death served mature affirmed beginning season trying lost lost optimism realizes life difficult tries hard best people creator compared deemed iconic moments season describing season begins lying dress bathroom ends standing wedding dress cast member described impact scene season stating spectacular entrance brand new hard time staying time let hands like throwing caution wind cast member noted significant scene season george beautiful moment speaks rich describing interaction scene determined developed arc later noted powerful scene season saw room talking future relationship fascinating entire relationship changes exchange expressed desire introduce passion car racing series ultimately occur season patrick loved driving new trying stated series creator response storyline described difficulty faced finding appropriate love interest character kept meeting people wasn met sat seconds realized absolutely looking explained cast definite plans development character intrigue ferry accident explained deemed character frustrated scared process stated prosthetic changes outlook intense noted focus mainly inability express feelings facial expressions communicating eyes voice executive producer stated plan original arc inner life struggling situation trapped stated main characteristics looking actress strength vulnerability called performance heart wonderful supervising executive producer found marked life death matured way played major role making feel confident noted connection desire honorable things compared cutting sarcastic personality continuous efforts change alex relationship previous season announced possibility relationship contrasted female leads women film explaining characters television shaped unique ways spin launch february wall_street_journal reported abc pursuing spin medical drama television series series featuring character subsequent reports confirmed decision stating expanded hour broadcast grey anatomy serve pilot proposed spin cast reportedly unhappy decision hoped spin given commented felt star consulted disclosed hoped spin pilot aired sees leave absence visit best friend los_angeles reproductive specialist order pregnant los_angeles meets bennett colleagues clinic day hour broadcast served second episodes season directed according variety cast included abc officially picked lineup character introduced spin season premiere appear pilot addition main cast announced july prior commencement season audition role cast meeting present pilot character bennett portrayed different actress june abc announced replaced reason given change premiere episode followed second season debut dancing stars provided lead fellow freshman series dirty sexy money pushing new series evening rounded lineup lead series aired total seasons reception critical response season received mixed negative reviews seasons resulted heavy critical acclaim following positive outlook second season expressed disappointment mainly declining quality lack realism storylines noted growing number similarities season arcs ones developed soap operas stating line separates primetime television soap opera razor thin admitting despite considering series best drama freely admits requires inherent suspension disbelief found annoying absurd acknowledged fans consider problem simple case lazy writing noted writing played main role series unexpectedly unrealistic noted relationship stating season achieved high ratings functional relationship introduced season generally stall vast majority providing meredith developed sub plot depression giving season worth criticized romantic development characters season describing relationship excuse possibility wedding meredith unfair behavior thought manipulative exposing overly romantic notion ideal ceremony way doubts success relationship resolved season finale described obvious compelling critical storyline seen falling pregnant badly injured despite having self obsessed noted lack realism improvement condition gives birth baby undergoes surgery short time continuous struggle remember considered affecting honest plotline season noting nuanced emotionally scenes gave positive feel good foundation considered affair george season worst significant storyline criticizing force red emotionally incorrect beginning narrative long shot express love lust agreed essential problem season reluctance leading frustration seeing entertaining familiar characters weighed annoying traits response season premiere noted series expressed hope development stating medical chick flick damn good big attractive cast praised interaction characters noting smart dialogue helps character evolve expressed disappointment emotional scenes describing putting believable comparing real life interactions people subtle manner displayed television emotions ran high premiere crying stated noted dialogue previously worried realistic noting written described acting worthy attention new_york_post reviewed numerous characters heavy romantic development noting perpetual merry round makeup sex describing lack sentimental involvement character half season deemed stevens hear soul sex filled series season focusing events come define person named heroine wrote welcome presence despite devastation experienced failed save patient fiancé considering prominent title character storyline received negative critiques queen romantic little endless noted meredith decreasing importance ongoing arc describing character development vital success season compared exterior emotional personality season new_york_post compared described having achieved depth noting maturity fellow positively reviewed performance stating formidable prior primetime emmy awards reviewed performances cast members nominated outstanding supporting actress category ladies grey anatomy dominate category far stretch women rose high season commented praising portrayal endured tumultuous relationship seeing spending life man loved regarded appearances subdued means executed deemed rock level headed character right thing situation expressed admiration describing considers better consistently good considering chances winning emmy assessed performance remarking slight difficulty reaching emotional state stevens showrunner puts lot pressure carry intense storylines challenge noted actions crisis situations accolades season acclaimed receiving numerous awards nominations cast crew members nominated work season primetime emmy awards received nomination drama series performance guilt season fifth episode nominated category portrayal scream season ninth episode lost star portrayal stevens time time twentieth episode season resulted emmy win nominated performance season outstanding supporting actor drama series category episode arc days eleventh second episodes season nominated outstanding guest actress drama series performances favorite mistake nineteenth episode season fourteenth episode nominated outstanding casting drama series nominated production team acclaimed best drama series category received nomination nominated alma awards portrayal golden globe awards series nominated best television drama series individual performance resulted nomination best performance actress supporting role series motion picture television season recognized 38th production team nominated best drama series ceremony won outstanding actor drama series portrayal season won outstanding supporting actress drama series cast members awarded awards category portraying stevens role category performance nominated year award episodic drama production season winning award awards second season satellite awards won award best actress drama series nominated series miniseries film series miniseries film 14th screen actors guild awards series regular cast received nomination outstanding cast nominated teen choice awards female cast crew grey anatomy received women film honors work television positively influenced attitudes women ratings second season grey anatomy ended average million viewers episode rating share demographic determining series finish fifth place television shows season high ratings series received season renewal fall prime time line response numerous fan complaints scheduling previous seasons decided major changes season seasons airing lead fellow abc series network decided grey anatomy thursday night time slot dominated csi crime scene investigation series began airing lead ugly betty aired time slot season conclusion maintained position series eighth watched program season average million viewers episode highest rated episode season seventeenth highly anticipated conclusion story arc watched receiving rating ranking week ranking time slot episode csi fallen idols ranked seventh rating million viewers tuning lowest rated episode ninth watched million viewers ranking week rating csi thanksgiving special episode living legend watched million viewers rating ranking season premiere watched million viewers received rating ranked time slot week number viewers increased significantly compared previous season premiere watched million viewers received rating time come today previous season finale watched million viewers rated season finale watched million viewers received rating ranking week american idol described sunday night time slot network biggest expressed concerns tough competition series face airing csi explained reason change hits sunday night doesn help wanted aggressive dvd release season officially released dvd region september available united_states canada released weeks fourth season originally began airing title box set grey anatomy season seriously extended pun referring success series medical term extension official title world seriously frequently series box set consists episodes surround sound format enhanced television aspect ratio distributed set released region october available australia region season released romania august shortly season concluded airing national television united_kingdom season released september approximately year original release united_states season aired high definition released blu ray disc region date box set includes original episodes aired divided seven discs subtitles available french spanish english hearing impaired available languages character voices english french spanish featured audio commentaries cast members fourteenth episodes featured seventh thirteenth fourteenth episodes extended episodes longer running time bonus features available seventh disc including interviews cast members listed titles making rounds patrick success making jane star respectively region release featured footage scenes title season scenes episodes including season premiere finale grey anatomy bonus material executive producers providing outlook characters actors production process currently ranked film television box set received mixed reviews cinema blend noted seriously extended episodes significantly expanded adding minutes extra footage don influence storyline noted weakness audio commentary provided actresses deemed fantastic series describing features random praised commentary noting effort trying come interest topics amusing worth listening described bonus features mildly entertaining emphasizing interview passion racing cars regarded useless usa_today positive perspective box set calling addictive | Grey's Anatomy (season 3) | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
26841_Grey'sAnatomy | grey anatomy grey anatomy american medical drama television series premiered abc mid season replacement march series focuses fictional lives surgical residents gradually evolve seasoned doctors trying maintain personal lives relationships title play gray anatomy human anatomy textbook premise originated serves executive producer set seattle fictional seattle grace mercy west primarily filmed los_angeles california originally titled complications following complicated medical procedures personal lives cast series created racially diverse utilizing color blind casting technique revolves title character played series original cast consisted star billed cast members including cast undergone major changes run major cast members leaving replaced new characters series twelfth season large ensemble sixteen actors including original cast march abc renewed grey anatomy thirteenth season scheduled premiere september grey anatomy highest rated dramas demographic ratings fallen past seasons overall shows united_states grey anatomy received critics considered impact culture series received numerous awards included critics lists recipient golden globe award best television series drama multiple emmy nominations including outstanding drama series produced specials distributed seasons dvd released collection merchandise grey anatomy named fifth highest revenue earning terms advertising half hour longest running scripted primetime currently airing abc second longest scripted primetime abc plot series follows daughter general surgeon named following acceptance residency program fictional tenure resident grey works alongside fellow doctors stevens struggle balance personal lives work training schedules assigned overseen senior resident works beneath grey love interest head yang head lover chief surgery residents later joined mercy west residents join following administrative merger sixth season seasons stevens depart series controversial media life span series addition shepherd surgical wing primarily supervised head trauma head surgery resident later head left seattle end twelfth season head head head surgery head sister hired replace head killed series eleventh season later additions residency program include meredith half sister grey killed alongside season finale departs alongside yang tenth season finale doctor begins romantic relationship love interest meredith half sister kelly serves head currently resident balance wife new role chief surgery desire succeed season sees arrival meredith appointed head general surgery post previously held mother production development conception series creator wanted enjoy watching thought interesting create smart women competing asked decided develop medical drama responded series pitched gave green light picked mid season replacement television season executive vice president development commented abc looking medical unlike airing time pointed shows hard hard trying figure different everybody speeding medical shows found way slow know characters definitely strong female appeal initially conceived grey anatomy statement racism create featured racially diverse cast allowed viewers relate characters regardless race creating characters writing script series writers character descriptions mind hoped cast best actor available explained network allow create characters way hesitant moving forward series female roles particular developed multi characters offered insight wanted create world felt watching real women women saw didn like people actually knew felt like ideas women got nasty competitive hungry angry loving wife nice friend gets bitch gets dimensional woman series debuted march early releases close friends family producers actors scheduled run time slot weeks high ratings viewership led holding slot remainder season president commented scheduling change ultimately decided having adequate lead time marketing dollars devote moving late season continue let grey anatomy build tremendous momentum title grey anatomy devised play words reference medical textbook gray anatomy title character prior broadcast announced title change ultimately come pass production team grey anatomy produced association served executive producers course series subsequent seasons executive producers joining role season current executive producers gordon corn series prolific writer promotes answering fan questions twitter account members writing staff second seventh seasons writers maintained blog entitled grey matter writer episode discussed motives writing directors vary episode directing frequently followed directed substantial number episodes cast members directed multiple episodes grey anatomy edited inception named editor casting directors production team production design led assisted art director costume design led working alongside costumes makeup artist serves hair stylist director photography music coordinator set medical consultant alongside production staff grey anatomy team competes television shows csi crime scene investigation casting grey anatomy color blind casting technique resulting racially diverse ensemble role cast character races pre determined keeping vision diversity production staff began casting program title character stated difficult role cast kept saying need girl like girl said like think girl cast initially invited audition character bailey pressed read role instead actors read role read perfect according character developed racial description mind portrayed character written tiny blonde hair wilson began speaking reported wilson exactly selected appear series pilot season wanted portray requested retain natural blonde portrayed initially read role shepherd cast original actor play withdraw signed pilot expecting role short lived liked character multi rounding season cast second season marked introduction initially cast recurring characters given star billing opening season cast abc executives offered role network choice previously auditioned unsuccessfully role pilot episode joined season making guest appearance season october washington allegedly insulted knight set altercation abc terminated washington contract end season washington guest appearance season conclusion season departed pursue grey anatomy spin continues guest appearances joined cast main character fourth season appeared guest star final episodes season selection role said stood felt like meredith sister depth interesting appeared second season series regular fourth season shortly announcement smith regular member cast entertainment_weekly reported character depart grey anatomy november online asserted smith dismissal forced abc network attempt gay grey anatomy countered claims saying find magic chemistry character sustain long run season introduced actor signed series regular originally cast specific story arc addition originally introduced episode arc received contract extension end season series regular sixth season knight departed conclusion season citing development lack screen time character directly following knight departure reported entertainment_weekly returned set scheduled leave later confirmed return cast recurring character sixth season given star billing later season series debuts recurring characters sixth season received star billing seventh original actors contracts expired season chambers wilson renewed contracts years conclusion eighth season character departed request agreement character written season finale stated offered contract renewal declined july confirmed departing pursue projects final appearances episodes ninth season start season introduced series regulars introduced season new august announced tenth season final season march announced portrayed seasons guest appearance coincide departure series regular screen love interest march charles contracts renewed season announced addition original remaining cast members aside signed years deals extending contracts seasons despite joining series second season negotiation schedule season cast new year deal filming locations technique considered setting medical drama hometown chicago eventually decided seattle distinguish grey anatomy chicago based headquarters building fisher abc affiliated radio television stations seattle exterior shots particular air land suggests hospital close space needle directly street fisher plaza local landmarks hospital exterior interior shots seattle scenes shot california scenes taped east hollywood grey anatomy set occupies sound stages outside scenes shot seattle props working medical equipment including machine asked operating room scenes offered work organs cow organs smell makes gag use actual tool organs like burning flesh lot blood matter red mixed blood chicken fat pretty gross costumes differentiate attending wear navy blue residents wear light blue series filmed single camera setup dramas grey anatomy filmed walk talk filming technique popularized television series series synopsis overview grey anatomy follows lives surgical residents fictional season seattle grace mercy west hospital season season present gradually evolve seasoned doctors help competent installment typically voice narrative season regular theme episode season tends represent physicians academic year completed year qualifying residents level higher surgical field season end finale typically involving tragic event death character departure installments revolve doctors everyday lives puts emphasis personal professional lives series sets aside medical ethic concerns focus character development relationships physicians treat illnesses patients complex primary motivation praise competition residents initially arrive hospital morning argue care certain patient hospital superior charge assigning cases translating tense feelings residents superiors episodes migrate forth doctors interacting patients workers assigned case doctor patient help attending physician usually leads surgery tend form personal connections patients patient conveying message doctor unintentionally relates doctor private life displays growth relationships doctors friendly sexual stemming clash personal professional lives emotional scenes accompanied indie rock background song series conclusion episode characters delivers voice typically contrasting following initial cast main characters characters introduced series premiere surgical grey stevens yang initially bailey senior resident hospital chief resident later attending general surgeon season surgical program initially headed chief surgery pre existing personal relationship meredith having affair mother meredith child employ attending dubbed residents attending surgeon shepherd introduced meredith love interest begins relationship yang introduced second season surgeon plastic surgeon nicknamed new_york surgeon montgomery shepherd wife arrives seattle seeking reconciliation shepherd best friend aided breakdown marriage having affair montgomery introduced love interest eventual wife penultimate episode season introduces meredith half sister unexpectedly decides pursue mother sudden death begins relationship yang having engaged endeavor plan wedding montgomery departs conclusion season relocating california seeking new life season finale shows exit leaving yang altar wedding day grey yang stevens promoted residents season premiere forced repeat year following failing intern exam subsequently divorce having sexual affair stevens initially early fourth season surgeon love interest fifth season departs series intern exam passing joining fellow physicians resident new characters introduced united_states_army trauma surgeon surgeon hunt love interest yang love interest stevens diagnosed stage conclusion fifth season addition meredith shepherd marry vows written post note dies premiere sixth season injuries sustained hit bus stevens later departs seattle diagnosed cancer following lack communication husband following seattle grace merger new characters introduced merges residents transfer brief relationship reunites subsequently introduced new chief surgery season finale deceased patient husband shooting hospital injuring shepherd hunt killing residents shooting emotional hunt yang abruptly marry wanting risk separation eventually bailey season steps job hunt final year residency meredith yang coming close doctors planning relocate different hospitals pursue specialty careers plans hold doctors seattle grace mercy west hospital engaged plane crash kills meredith shepherd yang conclusion eighth season fired hunt struggles decide job chief season premiere dies sustained injuries plane crash following brief temporary health surge remaining characters work post traumatic stress loss limb way seattle grace mercy west hospital responsible putting plane season continues struggle lawsuit animosity creates hospital yang hunt eventually divorce order help lawsuit visiting facial reconstruction specialist doctors plane won lawsuit pay hospital club buy seattle grace mercy west help called grey changes implement renaming hospital grey anatomy concluded 10th season abc saw departure major players played end eleventh season witnesses car accident pulls help injured car hit truck inside attempts leave scene later dies hospital following doctors injuries season finale saw departure longest running characters played recurring characters drama setting hospital numerous medical personnel appear regularly recurring characters joe shown owner street hospital common area physicians introduced pilot legendary surgeon meredith stricken mother appeared death season season nurse appeared occasionally getting laid merger engages sexual activity giving serving assistant secretary chief surgery nurse rose appeared debut tyler christian hospital nurse makes occasional appearances series second season bailey pregnant husband makes frequent appearances grey anatomy divorce season bailey takes pregnancy cheerful fills position resident supervising grey yang stevens makes occasional appearances fifth season meredith estranged father step mother introduced season susan making appearances death season continuing appear series introduced richard wife eventually seventh season continued appearances death season introduced preston mother makes occasional appearances fourth season patient suffering heart failure originates patients goes propose stevens weeks bonding facing death stevens cuts left assist device elevate position organ sharing list ultimately ends death marking initial departure placing stevens disciplinary probation initially conceived hired shepherd dog donnell soon love interest meredith shepherd montgomery included multi episode story arc consisting episodes ending meredith reunites shepherd season george father diagnosed cancer dies wife george brothers jerry goes appear occasionally seen season accident brings initially introduced pregnant victim suffering amnesia pope eventually relationship diagnosed personality disorder season makes final departure amidst crisis crash meredith falls water disaster site rescued goes cardiac arrest waking appears meredith entertained deceased acquaintances killed bomb crisis second season eventually seeking cure depression meredith undergoes therapy sessions hospital psychiatrist addition serves psychiatrist hunt season premiere introduces new trained meredith yang stevens eventually continues appearances formed friendship meredith college harris fired fifth season actually having medical degree departs immediately meredith shepherd relationship reaches toll separate leading shepherd entertaining relationship nurse rose appears frequently season shepherd relationship meredith fifth season stevens experiences signaling ill departs marking final appearance following announcement relationship father initially contests daughter homosexuality eventually accepts reappears times series hospital merging introduces new residents murdered season finale introduced sixth season eventual husband estranged daughter seeks introduced seventh season serves love interest eventually relocating pursue career africa receives grant aid children leads falling replaced surgeon interest appears occasionally season following breakdown relationship unite pregnant relationship subsequently couple endeavors raise new daughter help shepherd meredith new parents adoption baby girl conceived patient condition later develops diabetes befriends eventually joins marriage treated medical insurance dies undergoing heart surgery season premiere introduced play parker respectively parker chief surgery attending surgeon worked temporarily introduced ninth season appointed cut costs hospital eventually decides best course action seek new buyer crash survivors behalf pool money bid purchase hospital starts dating named form deep relationship course ninth tenth seasons eventually agreed marry middle wedding introduced surgeon consulting case grey memorial showed romantic interested arizona eventually ended having night stand dies premier season goes search finds lying basement hospital trying save accidentally steps hitting head falls bailey moves cancer patient room force perspective treatment introduced tenth season estranged father tries form relationship son fails repeatedly ultimately dies surgery conclusion season leaving job overseas ross makes minute decision follow order study kelly drops adopted love child late grey makes half sister yang leaves seat board promises seat bailey introduced season chief surgery grey memorial surgery fellowship plays episode arc departing episode fourteen season begins new surgical residents coming hospital meredith struggling idea actually half sister mother romance arizona relationship falls realising want different things time april jackson learn heartbreaking news baby lethal birth defect april decides carry baby till term matter consequences end having boy samuel dies shortly birth reception critical response grey anatomy received critics holds average positive score rotten_tomatoes score site gave insight overwhelming success lows quality hit medical drama saying quality arc place starting steady build season phenomenon season season having seriously moments seasons interrupted writers strike climb begins season samantha entertainment weekly review wrote believe best season date season let clear saying seasons bad opinion history didn season adding enjoy honestly stop watching standards grey anatomy successful television ranking highly ratings seasons entering cultural phrases catchy periods intensely irritating periods taken leave got high batting average particularly solid season passes second act run site lauded saying average good filled interesting driven characters run hospital setting turns good soap good romantic comedy good medical drama good unexpected workplace family season received positive reviews steadily built usa today calling grey anatomy shows television new_york_daily_news named grey anatomy winner newsday expressed positive opinion stating simply stop watching washington_post critical season finding reminiscent commenting matter commercial calculation honest attempt try fresh different shortly initial airing chicago_tribune called grey anatomy new friends concluded national_broadcasting_company nbc sitcom following lives group young adults year run viewer ratings second season received critical acclaim critics like todd_vanderwerff called phenomenon adding best shows weekly later tenth season called second best season date pictures opined grey anatomy mere combination sex city love boat garnered positive reviews added second season medical drama signature elements complex relationships challenging life lessons montage indie rock soundtrack ign called season terrific adding best currently television remains seen creators outright event program season demonstrates know opportunities presented male female kind entertainment small screen folks fed television need title character grey anatomy meredith received overwhelmingly positive weary feedback critics course development character garnering praise majority critics new_york_times referring heroine grey anatomy buddytv praised distinct character calling meredith unconventional heroine adding beginning unconventional heroine black white wait shades grey lighter moments dark receive emmy nomination work meredith los_angeles_times suggested worked hard narrative odds interesting character received nomination 61st primetime emmy awards ign impressed criticized storyline developed sub plot depression giving season worth new_york_post critical meredith role writing queen romantic little endless buddytv commented got love development character received praise critics reviewing eighth season fanatic wrote season belongs heart soul outstanding character dark grown mature woman game season reviewing episode save life eleventh season zap2it wrote meredith strongest performances long time save life run risk coming manipulative death episode likes times added save life ideal emmy submission episode considering meredith screen half best work buddytv lauded meredith development series saying considers character grown seasons amazing fine work actually impossible actually care happens reviewing season premiere critics including western gazette highlighted majority supporting cast grey anatomy received new_york_post deeming stevens heart soul grey anatomy houston_chronicle critical character development stating reason don watch grey anatomy anymore huffington_post named yang best damn character deemed relationship true friendship network television television pity writer claimed yang residents regularly acts like actual doctor analyzing called pointed personal growth acknowledged alex evolved slowly genuinely good person faults don disappear better qualities today said seemingly way appeal ego friendship received said demonstrated easy chemistry makes great comic relief deemed sassy bright interesting guide said stint grey anatomy adds hot surgeon receiving mixed views earlier praised bisexual storyline critics added character anchored stellar performance initially criticized critics favorite series keen trades wrote fantastic job making progression feel seamless steals best characters series departure cast members seasons new characters added drama ensemble referred fresh additions series ign addition guide commented hunt encouraging thing happen grey anatomy guide noted quickly established fan favorite describing breath fresh air halls wrote april grown character introduced longer annoying honest girl principles girl want described couple viewers root speaking new cast members addition remaining original usa_today called best ensemble years season new_york_times called grey anatomy television hottest adding expected challenge grey anatomy prime time pre contrasting carter view ign said found annoying absurd adding season represent case writing concept run bone dry narrative fuel conclusion season entertainment_weekly said lacked defining happy warm moment adding season didn leave dying season premiere speaking fourth season ign said series little mediocre fantastic adding season proved strong chemistry good acting save suffers inevitable recycled plot contrast moderately negative feedback fourth seasons received alan_sepinwall star-ledger said fifth season overall feels like good old days grey anatomy long time chicago_sun-times said season hits things adding romance heartbreak humor moments fans tears variety impressed season displayed running storylines speaking sixth season wrote grey loved grand gestures like don real question pulls doesn year series score metacritic based reviews season seven response season commented happily landed solid ground seventh season entertainment_weekly said shooting emotional past hit miss seasons newsday commented unfortunately settled far easy answers hitfix gave positive review saying season overall strongest added time grey anatomy suffered lot stuff genius melodrama moments couple years evolved consistent tone early years rarely makes question reasons watching speaking season entertainment_weekly called season called emotional acknowledging fan base newsday wrote grey good season intensely loyal fan base prove 8th season ninth season received positive reviews called solid return form writing culture praised development season saying grey anatomy developed fine example mature initial purpose calling watch enjoy praising friendship wrote good reason watching find deep friendships female workers tenth season marked praise annie entertainment_weekly wrote true sorrow passion keeps dynamic intriguing wrote review 10th season best grey anatomy everyday bravery sacrifice courage worst melodramatic soap opera sides display heads 10th season sources including claimed performance final season grey anatomy worthy emmy nomination ranked grey 9th stating tough based casting choices revolutionary portrayals female doctors series willing argue best medical drama time obviously didn wheel series denying popularity adding understand significance pop culture sphere stated higher ranks upcoming season stating apparently grey anatomy fans passionate like years love anatomy higher ranking wait 11th season comes critics lists critics included grey anatomy lists seasons listed order rank impact grey anatomy considered impact culture entertainment_weekly executive editor writing grey anatomy isn phenomenon final shows air place new_york_city table best restaurants daily beast considered impact comparing success friends calling cultural phenomenon media analyst explained appeals broad audience writing roughly percent households prime time set people looking shows watch household members grey anatomy introduced labeling surge dubbed character canadian newspaper considers trend phenomenon analyzing impact culture yahoo voices noted labeling trend parodied shows including generation guardian credited grey anatomy musical montage segments created spoof making fun series emotional scenes including accompanied musical montage premise inspired creation adaptation turn spawned mexican version study conducted revealed polled medical students regular viewers grey anatomy additional study conducted indicated portrayal doctors smart good looking capable interesting leads viewers real world doctors way grey credited changed perception good bad television defined write burst scene classified good based closely adhered dark violent male centric template set particular time end best best shows worst fascinating watch write narrow definition good limit medium capable best emotionally connects cliff anatomy emotional connection consistently better shows woman residing wisconsin attack unable wait ambulance daughter friend performed learned grey anatomy despite deemed portrayal inaccurate adding characters bags eyes leave hospital dressed cute hair makeup far away reality dragging butt trying stay alive don time hair don time makeup surgical intern bags eyes series placed entertainment_weekly new classics list declared highest rated years television ratings grey anatomy received high viewership ratings debut seasons program ranked viewers reaching peak nielsen ratings second season attracting average million viewers episode ranking fifth place overall following time slot relocated overall rankings steadily declined dropping fifth season grey anatomy greatest fall sixth seventh season slipping seventeenth place thirty series steady decline terms overall viewership rankings grey anatomy holds value charts numbers pulled digital video recorder recorded based cumulative totals years row watched episode series end world million viewers aided lead super bowl grey anatomy named fourth highest revenue earning year million half hour half men american idol fifth highest revenue earning year million half hour glee half men factor grey anatomy longer ranked numbers overall ratings ranking key demographic remained high season series highest rated drama television target demographic table grey anatomy seasonal rankings television market based average total viewers episode network television season starts september ends late completion sweeps awards accolades grey anatomy won number awards july nominated primetime emmy awards having nominated year 57th primetime emmy awards nominated drama series went nominated year nominated outstanding directing drama series following year primetime emmy awards series received nomination outstanding drama series nominated wilson nominated drama series went nominated year nominated drama series ceremony honored nominated drama series career kicked produced abc series scandal began air continuing season beginning continually nominated numerous awards including emmy awards dramatic series separate nomination writing dramatic series followed nomination dramatic series primetime emmy awards won award outstanding supporting actress drama series knight nominated outstanding supporting actor drama series numerous guest actresses nominated outstanding guest actress drama series including burton actress won award nominated nominated thirteen creative arts emmy awards having won outstanding casting drama series single camera series series miniseries movie special received nominations premiere 63rd golden globe awards series nominated best drama series nominated drama series nominated won award series miniseries following year golden globe awards nominated drama series won award best drama series golden globe awards nominated series miniseries series nominated best drama series series won best drama nominated nominations received multiple wins winning recent years wilson guest starring drama female cast recipient women film recognition excellence innovation creative work enhanced perception women medium television series honored numerous nominations having won including awards outstanding drama series grey anatomy received nominations received wins wilson main cast outstanding performance ensemble drama series broadcast history grey anatomy season commenced airing mid season replacement march concluded episode season aired sundays est time slot following renewed abc second season aired time slot season september concluding season consisted seven episodes episodes second season originally scheduled air network decided close season grey anatomy night finale second season grey anatomy produced specials events recent episodes narrated bailey entitled straight heart pressure renewed season relocated thursday est time slot slot series held commencing september ending season consisted episodes specials produced season entitled complications heart moment counts narrated bailey morgan respectively abc renewed grey anatomy fourth season aired september ultimately consisted seventeen episodes fourth season reduced number episodes writers guild america strike caused production cease february april leaving writing staff time beginning fourth season aired final special entitled come rain shine created transition viewers narrated editors people magazine received renewal fifth season premiered september concluded consisting episodes series renewed sixth season consisting episodes commenced september ended sixth season grey anatomy aired series entitled seattle grace abc renewed seventh season premiered september concluded consisting episodes following seattle grace message hope aired beginning seventh season seventh season series produced musical episode entitled song beneath song featuring music famous use grey anatomy received episode eighth season renewal commenced september hour episode ended grey anatomy renewed ninth season premiered september ended grey anatomy renewed tenth season premiered september hour episode ended abc renewed series eleventh season aired september addition relocated thursday est time slot seasons outside rated shows grey anatomy number season tenth entered shows viewer demographic abc renewed series twelfth season premiered september concluded march abc renewed grey thirteenth season air february wall_street_journal reported abc pursuing spin medical drama television series grey anatomy featuring character montgomery subsequent reports confirmed decision stating expanded hour broadcast grey anatomy serve pilot proposed spin cast grey anatomy reportedly unhappy decision hoped spin given commented felt star consulted disclosed hoped spin stevens pilot aired sees montgomery leave absence visit best friend los_angeles later reproductive specialist los_angeles meets bennett colleagues hour broadcast entitled life served second episodes season directed according variety cast included character introduced spin season premiere appear pilot addition main cast announced july prior commencement season audition role cast meeting present pilot mcdonald character portrayed different actress june abc announced replaced reason given change drama titled premiere episode followed second season debut dancing stars provided lead fellow freshman series dirty sexy money pushing new series evening rounded lineup lead series ended run january seasons grey anatomy crossover storylines life honest mistake brother archer brought surgery asks help pregnant patient second chance helps mark perform operation pregnant daughter seen break heart sister asks perform risky surgery distribution grey anatomy episodes appear regularly abc united_states episodes approximately minutes broadcast high definition standard series episodes available download itunes store standard high definition qualities demand releases recent episodes temporary viewing recent episodes available abc official grey anatomy website abc signed deal allowing grey anatomy episodes streamed grey anatomy syndicated lifetime hour blocks est debut released seasons dvd regions season dvd released february features alternate title sequence scenes footage audio commentaries extended edition pilot episode season dvd released september includes extended episodes interview wilson deleted scenes set tour cast segment creating special effects dvd season released september bonus features including extended episodes interview star audio commentaries fourth season dvd released september features interview chambers extended episodes deleted scenes season dvd released september includes scenes extended episodes dvd season released september features deleted scenes extended finale seventh season dvd released september includes extended edition musical episode deleted scenes addition eighth season dvd released september bonus features deleted scenes ninth season dvd released august bonus features deleted scenes tenth season dvd released september new bonus features deleted scenes season officially released dvd disc title season live moments september featured extended episode know special feature titled gift eleventh released dvd disc box set august interviews new series regular special feature departure goodbye merchandise abc partnered provide branded merchandise online store products available include shirts kitchen home bags grey anatomy logo available custom lab coats variety colors sizes designed merchandise released abc available purchase grey anatomy official website purchase volumes grey anatomy original soundtrack released seasons main title theme excerpt rocket british duo featured soundtrack album released abc corporate cousin september second soundtrack featuring songs series second season released september followed soundtrack music season following seventh season musical episode song beneath song grey anatomy music event soundtrack released volume soundtrack released subsequently january announced signed licensing agreement develop video game based grey anatomy designed wii nintendo grey anatomy video game released march game allows player assume role main characters making decisions character personal professional life competing number criticized reviewers simplicity mini games voice actors play characters series ign giving overall rating abc nielsen partnered create grey anatomy application apple application designed allow viewers participate polls learn trivial facts watch live episode uses nielsen software listen episode post features episode progresses international adaptation adaptation named doctors aired december lasted seasons adaptation series network | Grey's Anatomy | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
27746_LexieGrey | grey fictional character medical drama television series grey anatomy airs abc united_states character created series producer portrayed actress eighth seasons introduced surgical intern season serving half sister transferred fictional mother sudden death eventually named surgical resident character originally contracted appear multi episode story arc received star billing fourth season character focal storyline involved romantic relationship plastic surgeon sustained life threatening injuries aviation accident eighth season finale ultimately ended death character death resulted mixed critical feedback reason given departure desire spend time family characterized having issues saying feels moderately received critics cast receive screen actors guild award nomination outstanding performance ensemble drama series storylines background daughter second wife grew younger sister childhood kept unaware older half sister born wife mentioned admitted susan informing meredith student subsequent point learns meredith existence graduates medical school accepted surgical mass general hospital following mother sudden death complications stemming instead seattle closer father taking year meredith begin residency season night begins meets joe bar initial meeting meredith pair makes leaves arrival hospital meets knight quickly realizes identity promises george secret repeating failing intern exam pair strike friendship assigned intern dubbed doesn time learn eager know half sister meredith receives hostile response introduces later frequent attempts bond meredith similarly rebuffed begins brief sexual relationship discovers descended alcoholism following susan death meredith looking finally decides stop pursuing relationship meredith bonds patient present exposed blows causing suffer massive blood loss manages stop bleeding distraught nick later dies feeling sympathy invites join meredith drinking dancing causing sisters relationship begin following morning meredith goes way breakfast eats despite eggs resulting having treated hospital george agree afford dilapidated apartment attempts improve stealing decorations hospital begins develop romantic feelings george discovers failed intern exam point encouraging try convince chief deserves second chance season continues harness romantic feelings george oblivious fact doesn way helping george study taking surgery feels betrayed george doesn request passing exam finally realizing doesn feel way gives feelings george pair friendship begins later begins mark pair begin unlikely romantic relationship forced secret meredith warn mark away discovers fellow secretly performing simple procedures begins taking joins society seeking daring procedure suggests removing appendix agrees quickly finds depth resulting meredith having intervene save life probation finds distraught day events allows attic meredith house mark comes clean relationship resulting men getting fist fight pair continue feud resulting beginning stress eat eventually reconcile delighted meredith asks wedding eventually ceremony alex cancer stricken stevens mark decides purchase house invites declines concerned fast relationship progressing season feels guilt following george death having abandoned friendship failed romantic feelings mark eventually agrees new apartment admitted hospital liver failure stemming alcoholism found suitable candidate meredith steps liver help spare grief losing father mark receive shock girl named shows claiming mark daughter soon confirmed announces pregnancy mark quickly agrees let baby consulting resulting ending relationship engages night stand alex feels guilty following day confesses mark furious officially ending relationship despite secretly suppressing feelings mark alex resume casual relationship takes surgery patient named informs husband success moments later suffers stroke falls coma deemed unlikely wake signed form forced turn machine keeping alive despite begging stop failing attempt sue hospital grief stricken clark later returns hospital gun seeking revenge witnessing clark shoot nurse dead mark shields pair attempt save critically wounded alex seeking supplies heads hospital comes face face clark attempts shoot saved team member wounds clark moment allowing escape mark proceed save alex life showdown richard eventually commits suicide having killed people wounding seven causing meredith suffer season feels responsible shooting unable cope guilt eventually suffering breakdown admitted hospital psychiatric facility hours meredith remaining alex hand sympathetic breaks realizing continued feelings mark resume relationship brief happiness ruined discovers breakup mark best friend ends relationship eager win mark recruits protégé try bring favour plan jackson develop romantic feelings resulting starting relationship mark furious tries win shortly involved car accident consoles mark episode explains mark continues pursue despite belief aren suited agrees let giving jackson blessing season initially happy relationship jackson distraught learns mark begun relationship woman named julia charity match jealousy gets better resulting throwing ball julia sensing love mark jackson calls relationship begins working service increasingly proficient helping set hopeless cases high risk patients run options surgery called away emergency leaving meredith carry procedure instructed merely reduce patient brain meredith allows remove completely sisters celebrate successful surgery patient wakes devastated discover patient suffered severe brain damage losing ability speak alex jackson meredith house inviting join meredith settling baby begins feel increasingly lonely isolated left valentine day decides try salvage relationship mark courage visit apartment finds mark studying jackson loses nerve instead claiming visiting set play date mark julia discussing having baby warns miss chance resulting love shell shocked mark merely thanks later confesses feels way unsure things days later named team sent separate twins mark meredith flying destination doctors plane crashes wilderness crushed debris plane manages alert mark help pair try vain free realises suffering unlikely survive tries find meredith mark takes hand love telling meant future mark injuries dies moments meredith arrives remaining doctors left woods waiting rescue mark refusing let hand season onwards remaining rescued woods days later body returned seattle weeks later time woods telling fought wild animals away body weeks crash meredith comes young girl presenting injuries identical works save girls life experience eventually causing come terms sister death despite making home woods mark later died injuries sustained crash survivors plane crash pool compensation money purchase hospital agree hospital grey memorial hospital tribute mark development casting creation appeared episodes season meredith half sister following washington departure portrayed reported executives planning adding new cast members officially upgraded series regular july fourth season casting grey anatomy creator said met lot young actresses stood quality felt right real felt like meredith sister depth interesting september requested extended summer hiatus order spend time family granted actress returned mid october character died eighth season finale revealed decided die love love character important member grey family easy decision decision came lot thoughtful discussion ultimately decided right time character journey end far concerned remain family wait work future following death character released statement saying characterization character called reliable grey anatomy executives early appearances learned photographic memory applied surgical career led nicknamed character described innocent young intern trades character said vulnerable person healthy background knows good relationships point season coming opposition trying adjust buddytv commented early characterization including sexual relationship similarities established meredith series writer commented struggling hardcore don know far kind struggle run family okay fine run family different meredith ways way exactly alike meredith want succeed want strong want feel normal want struggle genuine struggle hardcore doesn come naturally fake entertained relationships time grey anatomy early appearances maintained friendship developing romantic feelings offered insight love friends good friends friend met school gym hit right away right away airs pure honesty george good friends friendship evolving greater hoping kind girl girl likes guy good guy george good guy use going challenges meredith losing mother trying things afloat kind girl hope gets deserves love kisses significant relationship following death said reception received mixed feedback role grey people impressed criticized way character initially approached sister calling rude entertainment weekly critical early appearances referring awkward armstrong later noted sparkling friendship development won character transition season positively reviewed keen trades writing presence confidence increased bit season actress fantastic job making progression feel seamless series tension big grey aka meredith clear sailing season steals best current characters series strongly criticized ign called awful wrote says harm idiot shot drowned exploded character relationship received ign writing honest relationship helped characters infinitely interesting mature served primary vocalist song beneath song grey anatomy music event received praising performance character listed hottest female doctors 14th screen actors guild awards rest cast grey anatomy received nomination outstanding performance ensemble drama series | Lexie Grey | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
27756_OwenHunt | fictional character medical drama television series grey anatomy airs abc united_states character created series producer portrayed actor introduced season trauma surgeon served war torn iraq subsequently joins fictional teach medicine surgical attending head trauma surgery eventual chief surgery unorthodox methods originally contracted appear multi episode story arc upgraded series regular conclusion appearance fictional character served love interest surgical fellow unstable personality introduced suffering connection fellow actress acclaimed critics guide calling instant sparks nominated awards work winning ign praised addition fresh new characters storylines regular appearances united_states_army surgeon specializing trauma surgery character makes dramatic appearance performs man pen winning admiration resident offered job chief surgery declines explaining completed tour iraq later new head trauma surgery seattle grace mercy west hospital manages head plastic surgery respectively view treatment patients crude rebuffed resident stevens stabs set pigs orders residents save lives order teach medicine live tissue hunt eventually relationship yang comes sudden close gets best soon breakup begins therapy hospital psychiatrist time later soldier visits hospital treatment presence influences owen returning army shares decision stating doesn want die eventually relationship owen brings best friend colleague army new head surgery revealed hunt potential lovers hunt yang relationship challenged eventually concluded yang hospital shooting owen shot injured attracting sympathy subsequently relationship emotional shooting crisis owen decide shortly reconciliation wanting risk separation discovers pregnant owen displeased desire baby separate fallout resident trial owen promoted chief surgery steps substantial thought owen reluctantly decides accompany abortion uniting owen friendship ends owen lies husband sudden death owen wanting finish surgery currently performing blaming owen husband death feeling abandoned altercation owen night stand patient friend consequently finds terminates relationship marriage tested passed medical boards owen reveals leaving seattle owen eventually friends learning offered job owen fires assuring okay fires hospital afford board certified months later hunt visits realized mistake season owen marriage strained working owen seattle returns owen asks divorce later shows love asked divorce involved plane crash money owen reconcile episode bailey wedding season decides accept job run state art clinic switzerland owen supports decision realizes good come asking stay requests leave leave good following spend weeks leading permanent departure saying farewell colleagues seven years possible act terrorism seattle later turns gas main explosion quick emotional goodbye bailey leaves shares hospital alex dances meredith time old favorite song owen busy saving patient share silent goodbye gallery glass season owen develops relationship season end season married development casting creation series creator says character envisioned old fashioned tortured hero originally set appear multi episode story arc contract extended securing slot series regular grey anatomy july entertainment_weekly announced possibility series regular possibility eventually confirmed people asked got involved offered insight told buddytv great nervous started job job right day everybody new getting know nervous feel grateful grey cast crew nice accepting joining transition easier thought grateful told people thinks grey anatomy great feels lucky series creator said addition excited joining season delight collaborate brings incredible passion talent creativity work plus got built characterization abc characterized hunt confident innovative intelligent aggressive hasty said character easy character connect think darkness danger think interesting exciting play additionally describes hunt follows gut immediate immediately situation honest honest wants better wants improve person decent guy sort guy like beer unorthodox teaching methods subject controversy said know think end day owen basically good man pretty extreme teaching techniques learned army things actually way trauma taught think probably calls looks scenario trying difficult looks scenario case patient knows needed cut chase doesn want mess periphery gets trouble best interesting kind exciting goes look owen described hardcore males says look owen fact profession dealing life death everyday distinction finds character owen care people think returned appearance character appeared changed told guide yes premiere seeing happen good man good soldier good surgeon war character instant attraction appearance illustrated passionate kiss share soon meet owen story connection fellow character topic discussion said owen going complex kind tense explosive owen experienced fictional relationship continue offered insight character relationship referred character character speaking owen storyline stated exciting telling story character brave abc prime time network address tough subject people don necessarily want hear far writing room handling beautifully people head exploring sensitive interesting way owen struggled fictional relationship season leading owen having sexual affair directly episode involving affair aired said entertainment_weekly thing owen tries things perfectly obviously chief odd black white decisions wrong decision lot stress life moment trying let affect efficiency chief characters marriage tested reported hollywood reporter think meant hold faith owen places couples going worse going better soon reception character received generally positive feedback television critics weeks hunt appearance guide commented hunt encouraging thing happen grey anatomy added instant sparks hunt yang hand new_york_post states brought hunt boost fortunes ratings usa today describes hunt hardcore males ign said fifth season grey anatomy improvement previous seasons introduction fresh new characters owen referred season best effective addition adding new york magazine judged hunt sad ninth season nominated award best performance drama series multi episode storyline won award nominated award best performance drama series work grey anatomy nominated rest grey anatomy cast best drama series 21st media awards rest cast nominated nomination received image awards cast winning award 43rd image awards cast nominated outstanding drama series | Owen Hunt | Media and drama | Television | Grey's Anatomy series |
1697_Proto-Indo-Europeanroot | root roots reconstructed language pie basic parts words carry meaning called pie roots usually verbal meaning like eat run roots occur language complete words like formed adding root word formation typically root plus forms stem adding ending forms word formula example carries split root carry aspect ending present tense person singular missing interpreted zero words zero termed root root basic structure nasal present tense marker sort prefix number functions finite verbal including zero convey information tense aspect categories clearly distinguished present universally recognised aspects remain controversial moods formed results forms consecutive carry present tense marker second marker mark present perfect verbal endings convey information person number voice mood set endings usually derive roots stems means morphology examples hold roots translated example mean foot depending grade ending like lamb star derive verbal roots case meaning given stem composed root plus leaves ending conveys case number derived usually verbal roots example produced root produce endings verbal like formed clear reconstructed daughter languages actually express pie verbal formed active perfect shape root base form pie root consists single preceded followed cases root fully characterized alternate accordance word root appear long different contexts process called linguistic works stand grades appear include roots existence distinct disputed european grade flanked sides preceding onset following ones coda onset coda contain root begin end consequently simplest roots onset coda consisting simple roots common examples carry run eat sharp sit roots complex onset coda consisting cluster multiple include breathe red straight freeze flow sleep maximum number early pie scholars reconstructed number roots beginning ending type long grow restriction hold initial roots eat drive smell theory explain behaviour following resulting long preceding resulting short obey mentioned rules hierarchy onset coda root contains cluster cluster ordered according constitutes peak progressively rise onset progressively fall coda pie roots distinguish main classes arranged high low non denoted collectively denoted collectively denoted collectively include voiced denoted collectively denoted collectively following rules apply closer main higher away onset follow order reverse coda giving root shape roots different order like allowed member class appear onset coda roots like allowed strangely occur coda small clusters slot onset coda consist multiple member appear cluster cluster contain multiple rules ordering cluster somewhat different fit general hierarchy appear observe stand spread valid roots automatically preceded onset appear examples grab fly roots unusual phenomenon called mobile occurs descendants include forms lack appear particular pattern forms occur language restrictions pie general cross linguistic occurrence similar word root particular examples known roots containing plain voiced examples roots etc reconstructed rare exception voiced relatively commonly occurred fly burn particular roots voiced twice common expected occur chance additional prohibited roots containing voiced occurs word initial cluster taken abundance roots proposed distribution results limited process voice pre pie stop voiced followed preceded root exceptions roots reconstructed example grow roots seen zero grades forms like follow rules roots like duck appear follow rules incomplete understanding pie wrong example existed pie european words usually traced clusters sequences dental plus etc role pie unknown roots like apparently violate rules common meaning meaning reconstructed root conventionally terms root verbal root synonymous pie grammar apart limited number called root pie roots overwhelmingly participate verbal established morphological mechanisms meanings directly shifts led meanings attested daughter languages derived verbal roots roots exist primary verbal apart aforementioned root important called roots meaning roots generally formed thematic stems included red white deep heavy verbal roots inherently present form root aspect endings attached directly root thematic aspect needed called characterised stem detailed characterised stems different different descendants suggests exist pie proper creation new roots roots occasionally created pie early descendants variety methods observed root extensions root extensions additions sounds end root extensions change meaning root lead variant root forms different descendants source function extensions known push hit thrust reconstruct ancient greek hammer english goes pie beats root contains zero grade ambiguous placed speakers occasionally analysed roots wrong way led roots created existing ones position example pair roots meaning increase gothic gothic latin lithuanian example concerns root sky ancient greek latin sanskrit latin old prussian sanskrit | Proto-Indo-European root | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
3880_Noworries | worries worries expression seen australian british new_zealand english meaning worry right sure thing similar american english problem phrase widely australian speech represents feeling good humour optimism australian culture phrase referred national motto australia phrase influenced similar phrase language worries migrated new_zealand australia usage common british english increased usage australian soap operas aired television united_kingdom experts uncertain phrase utilized american english theories include use television program hunter usage united_states media sydney olympics gained usage canadian english definition worries australian english expression meaning worry right mean sure thing welcome australian terms mean thing include right expression compared american english equivalent problem book worries authors note worries popular australian response akin problems sure thing cultural origins early documentation dates phrase according author cultures leading cultures phrase form expression relaxed attitude australian culture comments expression illustrates important parts australian culture including expectation shared attitudes easy good humour casual optimism concludes good expressions reflect national character prevailing australia initially utilized australia phrase migrated new_zealand usage writes book cross cultural expression australian speech serves wide range forces displays casual optimism book culture phrase characteristic australian expressions good term context apology phrase widely british english late 1980s development partly attributed success australian soap operas neighbours united_kingdom phrase meaning australia fucking worries contracted phrases influence worries referred national motto australia work diving world worries mate national motto country writing calls expression ritual particular charm phrase language derived australian english term according newspaper report notes worries begun american english writing article comments americans idea etymology worries adopt worries worries catch attitude according author books slang usage united_states experts certain expression popular country usage term hunter attempts members american press imitate expression sydney olympics forth theories explaining expression united_states professor writes book garden words expressions including worries absolutely line prevalent favor newer phrase usage canadian english | No worries | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
4289_Thefinger | finger western culture finger middle finger giving middle finger bird hand gesture moderate extreme contempt roughly equivalent meaning fuck fuck ass fuck performed showing hand middle finger extended upwards thumb extended extending finger considered symbol contempt cultures especially west cultures use similar gestures display use express pointing intentional cultures gesture usually express contempt gesture dates historically represented modern cultures gained increasing recognition sign music artists notably common hardcore punk bands rappers actors celebrities athletes politicians view gesture index finger ring finger middle finger contemporary periods likened represent origin classical era middle finger gesture ancient times symbol sexual intercourse manner meant threaten individual receiving gesture represented fingers middle finger representing close association gesture assumed 1st century mediterranean world extending finger methods divert present threat evil eye greek gesture known downwards ancient greek comedy finger gesture insult person term referring male anal penetration female comedy clouds character student poetic meters declares knows gives finger gesture visual pun meanings greek word finger rhythmic measure composed long short like joints finger appears visual pun medieval latin text gesture gesture form peace alongside face usage later explained included play appears fragment similar meaning usage explained said mean touch finger records philosopher directed gesture 4th century target instead latin middle finger meaning offensive finger 1st century female relatives charm infamous finger spit old woman uses dust spit middle finger mark forehead casting spell poet martial character good health extend doctors martial wrote laugh loud calls extend middle finger middle nail threatening finger features mocking context collection poems relating god late antiquity term finger explained reference frequent use accusing action medieval era finger similar gesture knights middle ages raised upright modern era traces gesture development united_states 1890s according gesture probably came united_states italian immigrants documented appearance finger united_states baseball pitcher photographed giving member rival new_york_giants film character gives finger mirror park minutes film exact meaning film context clear cultural impact politics military incidents gesture involved notable political events uss incident american ship captured north_korea captured american gave finger staged photo efforts propaganda north ignorant gesture meant told prisoners hawaiian good luck sign similar hang loose guards finally figured things subjected severe gesture democratic national convention ronald_reagan serving governor california gave middle finger berkeley california vice president united_states directed gesture campaign stop near new_york leading called gesture prime minister canada gave finger protesters british_columbia earning incident nickname salmon arm salute gesture nicknamed salute president gave finger camera austin production facility term governor texas saying finger victory salute gave finger reporters leaving election headquarters night lost primary election mayor new_york_city world war referred gesture rigid digit salute manner suggest committed error term reference british slang terms pull finger order rigid digit continued war series awards presented veteran association marked wooden hand giving single finger gesture war iraq gained prominence published photo making gesture iraqi insurgents believed watching improvised explosive device failed kill middle finger involved judicial hearings court connecticut ruled middle finger offensive police officer charged year old making gesture student gave officer middle finger case appealed upheld decision march federal lawsuit filed free speech issue giving finger resulted negative consequences malaysian man death giving finger following car chase pakistani man deported gesture codes people given finger method political protest concert gave picture finger protest war iraq serbian protesters gave finger russian embassy support artist finger photographs sculptures political statement political message czech president czech artist floated purple statue hand prague middle finger extended prague castle presidential seat popular culture use middle finger popular culture band cobra starship released song called middle finger released music video showed people giving finger italian artist installed marble statue middle finger measuring metres located directly famous photograph shows giving middle finger photographer concert san state prison released photo remained fairly obscure producer centerpiece billboard criticizing country radio giving airplay cash grammy winning album gesture photo shoot shot finger reflection getting paint suit final silent feature athletes including suspended fined making gesture released chicago_white_sox giving middle finger umpire hasn played majors baseball executive resigned giving finger fans fan appreciation night owner national_football_league fined giving middle fingers fans game professional wrestler stone cold famous flashing middle fingers gimmick musical artists including madonna lady_gaga katy_perry publicly gesture britney_spears given gesture members apologize fans interpreted gesture directed gave gesture super bowl halftime national_football_league nbc apologized album devil cause picture raised middle finger cover album band member caught bird camera finger subsequent releases album automobile driving culture giving finger fellow displeasure person reckless driving habits disregard common courtesy finger included reversed hand middle finger extended media refers gesture mistaken indication number typically indicated raised index finger mistake actually intentional meant indirectly convey gesture medium direct description inappropriate example famously noted monday night football game describing finger fan thinks number nation law professor believes finger longer gesture psychologist founder family sees growing acceptance middle finger sign growth culture google street view picture area wisconsin governor mansion taken shows giving finger direction mansion similar gestures united_kingdom ireland australia new_zealand sign fingers given hand recipient serves similar purpose president united_states accidentally gesture diplomatic trip australia countries spanish portuguese french spoken especially spain portugal brazil france gesture involving raising fist arm fist called spanish equivalent finger italy poland countries influence russian culture russia ukraine equivalent finger majority young people countries use finger insult associated western culture iran iraq gesture involving exposing thumb vertical orientation lieu finger express roughly sentiment similarly gesture extending palm facing forward meaning fathers calling similar gesture known greece fingers spread wide palm pushed recipient commonly turkish slavic regions sign known serves equivalent finger meaning won dreams gesture typically hand fingers thumb thrust middle index fingers gesture similarly indonesia turkey china | The finger | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
5038_Boilingfrog | boiling frog boiling frog describing frog slowly boiled alive premise frog suddenly boiling water jump cold water brought slowly perceive danger cooked death story metaphor inability people react aware threats rise gradually 19th century experiments suggested underlying premise true heating sufficiently gradual according contemporary premise false submerged frog gradually heated jump science advancing science experiments observing reaction frogs slowly heated water took place 19th century experiments searching location soul german demonstrated frog brain removed remain slowly heated water intact frog attempted escape water reached experiments showed frogs attempt escape gradually heated water experiment demonstrated normal frog attempt escape water heated slowly raised temperature water minutes minute experiment prompted normal frogs attempt escape heated frogs course minutes rate minute variation frog induced changes temperature writes experiment scripture temperature raised rate second frog found dead end hours having moved explained apparent contradiction results experiments consequence different heating rates experiments truth appears heating sufficiently gradual movements produced normal frog rapid place rate fairly called gradual secure response normal frog circumstances modern sources tend dispute phenomenon real professor department said frog boiling water won jump die cold water jump gets hot don sit curator reptiles amphibians rejected suggestion saying frog means getting certainly professor emeritus research interest thermal relations amphibians said legend entirely incorrect described critical thermal maximum frog species determined contemporary research experiments water heated minute frog increasingly active tries escape eventually jumps container allows use metaphor boiling frog story generally offered metaphor people aware gradual change suffer eventual undesirable consequences invoked support slippery slope argument caution business reinforce change needs gradual accepted expression boiling frog syndrome standing pat story times illustrate widely varying viewpoints sympathy soviet_union cold war impending collapse civilization anticipated 1990s response climate change staying abusive relationships warn slow erosion civil rights novel story author spends chapter metaphor boiling frog describe human history population growth food surplus character mentioned disaster movie peak reference accumulating warning signs volcano version story new_york_times presentations movie truth describe ignorance global warming movie version frog rescued harmed use story referenced ironically writer director title comedic documentary frog boiling frog title novel gradual political corruption background thriller law professor legal commentator commented regardless behavior real frogs boiling frog story useful metaphor comparing metaphor head sand economics nobel new_york_times writer story metaphor july column pointing real frogs behave differently journalist advocating people stop retelling story describing stupid myth following column declared peace boiled frog said story fine long point literally true philosophy philosophy boiling frog story way explaining describes hypothetical sand individual grains removed time asks specific point longer defined | Boiling frog | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
5233_Vocabularydevelopment | vocabulary development vocabulary development process people acquire words shifts meaningful speech grow produce words age year early word learning build vocabulary slowly age months typically produce words begin word combinations order build learn meanings words carry mapping problem asks correctly learn attach words constraints theories domain general views social pragmatic accounts coalition model proposed account mapping problem early age use language communicate family members use language teach children act society interactions peers children opportunity learn unique roles pragmatic directions adults offer children cues understanding meaning words school years children continue build vocabulary particular children begin learn abstract words beginning age word learning takes place conversation reading word learning involves physical context builds prior knowledge takes place social context includes support loop serial order short term memory play important role vocabulary development early word learning children begin produce words approximately year old words normally reference things importance objects people relevant actions words produce single repeated single syllables months age children contain words bottle doll car eye children understanding names objects people usually understanding words describe actions relationships number words children learn ages able hear play sounds environment break units discover words related meanings development studies related vocabulary development children language depends ability hear sounds infancy perception speech distinct months age sounds languages world months longer speech sounds language exposed month old seen mouth movements observe talking actually enhance ability sounds contribute ability learn boundaries register completed ages months years children development normally proceeds follows weeks appears weeks laughter vocal play appear months canonical appears months words use limited sound repertoire months processes target sounds systematic months years inventory completion stage mentioned children play sounds learn methods help learn words relationship children skills progress age failure develop required skills period results children delay producing words environmental influences affect children development hearing loss result ear deaf children hearing problems usually delayed beginning vocal important aspect vocabulary development appears help practice producing speech sounds begins seven months age stage babies start play sounds express emotional physical states sounds babies begin real syllables ages seven months known canonical includes strings sounds type uses doesn convey meaning patterns produced begin distinctive particular languages period increased nasal sounds french japanese babies sounds similar shift use words infant grows vocabulary children older rate vocabulary growth increases children probably understand words produce age eighteen months children typically attain vocabulary words production times greater switch early stage slow vocabulary growth later stage faster growth referred vocabulary young acquire words month vocabulary occurs overtime number words learned believed children add new words week ages months children learn combine words bye bye word word combinations appear child word productions addition children able form sentences suggests vocabulary time child word appears child able form words eventually sentences arguments acquisition words children suggests children vocabulary mapping problem word learning mapping problem refers question attach forms language things experience world infinite objects concepts actions world words mapped theories proposed account way language successfully maps words correct objects concepts actions domain specific accounts word learning argue innate constraints limit word meanings domain general perspectives argue word learning accounted general processes learning memory specific language proposed social pragmatic accounts stress role guiding word learning process according research children active participants word learning play important role process recently coalition model proposed suggest word learning fully attributed single factor instead variety cues including social cues utilized different points vocabulary development theories constraints theories constraints argue default assumptions guide infant word learning process constraints outside infant control believed help infant limit meaning words encounter daily constraints considered domain specific unique language critics argue theories constraints focus children learn ignore aspects word learning constraints useful explaining children limit possible meanings learning novel words constraints eventually need utilized adult language instance adult speakers use terms term meaning slightly different referring entity family pet practice violate mutual prominent constraints literature detailed reference notion word stands object action event words consistently stand physically present context assumption object world referred single label shape considered critical properties identifying members object category assume objects shape share shape plays important role appropriate inappropriate extensions belief labels refer objects instead parts properties objects children believed hold assumption typically label objects parts properties objects later development reflects belief speakers use words refer categories internally consistent labels pick coherent categories objects objects things related example children assume word dog refers category dogs dogs bones dogs chasing cats domain general views domain general views vocabulary development argue children need principles constraints order successfully develop word world instead word learning accounted general learning mechanisms association frequency children thought notice objects actions events context associate words frequently presence additionally research word learning suggests fast mapping rapid learning children display single exposure new information specific word learning children successfully fast map exposed novel fact remembering words facts time delay domain general views criticized fully explaining children manage avoid mapping errors numerous possible objects actions events point instance present birth assume labels refer objects instead parts objects domain general perspectives dismiss notion suggest develop learning strategies instead existing built constraints instance object bias explained strategy humans use reason world prone thinking environment terms objects strategy specific language domain additionally children exposed cues associated shape early word learning process draw attention shape presented novel objects labels ordinary learning lead shape bias social pragmatic theories social pragmatic theories contrast constraints view focus social context infant embedded according approach environmental input removes ambiguity word learning situation cues gaze body language gesture smile help understand meanings words social pragmatic theories stress role talking objects actions events infant focused joint attention important mechanism children learn map words world vice versa adults commonly attempt establish joint attention child convey child joint attention accompanied physical presence children focused immediate environment presence likely occur child typically talk taking place joint attention social pragmatic perspectives present children simply associate words hear attending world time variation detection model joint attention problematic consider refer things occupy immediate focus instance group indigenous peoples living new_guinea rarely provide labels context detection model emphasizes role meaning making process argue play important role word learning actively avoiding mapping errors situations focus differs speaker seek information speaker focus use information establish correct word joint attention created infant agency attempt gather information speaker intent early children assume language designed communication treat communication cooperative process specifically observe principles contrast according believe particular meaning wish convey term community expect according contrast act according notion differences form mark differences meaning children attention contrast demonstrated language use age years direct early words adult targets repair quickly possible ask words relate world maintain contrast word use coalition model coalition model suggests children use multiple cues successfully attach novel label novel object word learning situation offer infant combinations social linguistic cues range cues available start word learning case cues utilized infant begin word learning process younger children able detect limited number cues older experienced word able use range cues instance young children focus primarily older children attend gaze use focus direct word mapping model argues principles cues present onset word learning use wide range cues develops time supporters coalition model argue hybrid model moves explanation word learning captured models singular focus instance constraints theories typically argue constraints principles available children onset word learning explain children develop expert speakers limited constraints additionally argue domain general perspectives fully address question children sort numerous potential order correctly sort meaning lastly social pragmatic theories claim social encounters guide word learning theories describe children advanced word tell little children capacities start word learning according proponents model incorporates constraints principles argues development change principles time simultaneously taking consideration social aspects word learning alongside cues pragmatic development linguistic socio cultural factors affect rate vocabulary develops children learn use words appropriately strategically social situations flexible powerful social skills allow understand intentions wide variety interactive situations children learn new words situations children rely pragmatic skills build extensive aspects pragmatic behaviour predict later literacy mathematical achievement children skilled function better school children generally better liked children use words differently objects spatial relations actions children ages rely general purpose words look accompanied gesture pointing pick specific objects children stretch known partly known words cover objects appear similar original result word words word governed similarities children notice different words indirectly provide ways finding meanings children attached particular words children come contact spatial relations talk location object respect object located use term location object located location use general purpose marker depending language linked way word location children earliest words actions usually action result children use small number general purpose large variety actions resources limited children acquiring second language use production strategies talking actions children use highly specific instead general purpose cases children stretch resources communicate want use words communicate early life communication skills develop grow older communication skills aid word learning learn turns communicating adults lack precise timing rely obvious speaker cues older children precise timing fewer long children better initiating sustaining coherent conversations age use strategies repeating partners conversation going older children add new relevant information conversations frequently children older giving responding feedback inconsistent age children mark phrases head indicate continued attention children continue age provide interpretations listeners helps prompt conversations pragmatic influences use language help children competent members society culture birth receive pragmatic information learn structure conversations early interactions actions speech organized games provide children information words phrases find ways help interact respond children advance participate actively interactions adapt interactions accordingly prompt children produce correct pragmatic provide input children expected speak speak stay topic model appropriate behaviour verbal reinforcement posing hypothetical situation addressing children comments evaluating person family members contribute pragmatic development different ways fathers act secondary know child older siblings lack capacity acknowledge child needs result fathers siblings pressure children communicate clearly challenge children improve communication skills preparing communicate strangers unfamiliar topics fathers communicating spend time focused objects actions siblings directive responsive participate conversations older siblings limitations studies focus influences fathers siblings research descriptive reality variations family configurations context influences parent behaviour parent gender majority research field conducted mother child pairs peers help expose children multi party conversations allows children hear greater variety speech observe different roles peers conversation partners pressures children communicate effectively speaking peers different speaking adults children correct peers peer interaction provides children different experience filled special humour disagreements topics culture context linguistic environment shape vocabulary development english found map novel labels objects reliably actions compared early bias english caused culturally reinforced tendency english speaking engage significant friendly activities picture book reading adult speech provides children input languages category function word called common genetically unrelated east asian languages specific situations accounts research found speaking children speaking children relation size vocabulary pragmatic directions pragmatic directions provide children additional information speaker intended meaning children learning new word meanings guided pragmatic directions adults offer explicit links word meanings adults present young children information words related connections kind belongs pragmatic directions provide children essential information language allowing possible meanings unfamiliar words called inclusion children provided words related inclusion hold information children hear adult incorrect word repair mistake stating correct word children account repair assigning meanings words vocabulary development school age children vocabulary development school years builds child knows child uses knowledge vocabulary children gained level vocabulary knowledge new words learned explanations familiar old words explicitly new word defined old words word set context old words meaning new word constrained children reach school age context implicit learning common ways continue develop time children learn new vocabulary conversation reading schooling adulthood conversation reading main methods vocabulary develops growth tends slow person finishes schooling acquired vocabulary everyday conversation reading material generally engaging activities require additional vocabulary development years life children mastering concrete words car bottle dog cat age children likely able learn concrete words need visual reference word learning tends accelerate age children reach school age learn abstract words love freedom success vocabulary available children learn helps account increase word learning evident school age age children tend expressive vocabulary words age approximately words expressive vocabulary words receptive vocabulary claim children experience sudden acceleration word learning upwards words day tends gradual age average child school learning words day age approximately words day means vocabulary development exposure conversations engaging conversation help school age children develop vocabulary fast mapping process learning new concept single exposure word learning children adults principle useful word learning settings words tend explained explicitly conversation referred frequently span conversation reading considered key element vocabulary development school age children children able read children learn reading learning vocabulary experiences includes context explicit explanations words events story illustrations book guide explanation provide visual reference comparisons usually prior knowledge past experiences interactions adult child include child repetition new word adult child begins learn read print vocabulary oral vocabulary tend children use vocabulary knowledge match verbal forms words written forms forms vocabulary usually equal grade written language diverse spoken language print vocabulary begins expand oral vocabulary age children vocabulary development reading moves away learning concrete words learning abstract words generally conversation reading involve principles context word learning vocabulary development physical context prior knowledge social context support physical context physical context involves presence object action topic conversation use physical context child exposed words visual reference word frequently beneficial school age children especially learning rare words physical context include props toy play engaging play adult child vocabulary developed discussion toys naming object dinosaur labeling use rare word sorts interactions expose child words encounter day day conversation prior knowledge past experiences general knowledge called conversation useful context children learn words recalling past experiences allows child visual tactical oral references example child went zoo saw elephant know word elephant adult later help child recall event describing size color animal big ears trunk sound word elephant refer animal calling prior knowledge conversation book reading help explain happening story relating child experiences social context social context involves pointing social norms violations norms form context commonly found conversation opposed reading word learning environments child understanding social norms help meaning words occur conversation english speaking tradition thank taught children early age familiar child school age example group people eating meal child present person says bread responds rude person responds child know meaning rude meaning social context understanding necessity saying support support obvious method vocabulary development school age children involves giving direct verbal information meaning word time children school active participants conversation capable willing ask questions understand word concept example child time ask parent respond like horse stripes wild ride pictures support pictures support involves memory techniques association image word helps user learn word effective way founder mentioned interview memory aid word help student learn words faster effectively memory vocabulary development memory plays important role vocabulary development exact role plays disputed literature specifically short term memory capacities work vocabulary development questioned researchers words proven beneficial vocabulary development children begin school children developed vocabulary utilize sounds know learn new words loop maintains speech based information person encounters information stored memory short term memory research shows children capacities area memory linked vocabulary knowledge children begin school age years old memory capabilities tend increase age age individual ability learn complex vocabulary serial order short term memory critical development vocabulary knowledge increases representations precise determine differences similar sound words calm come theory specific order sequence events learn new words | Vocabulary development | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
13352_Augmentativeandalternativecommunication | alternative communication alternative communication umbrella term encompasses communication methods supplement replace speech writing production spoken written language wide range speech language including cerebral intellectual acquired conditions lateral disease permanent addition person communication temporary aid modern use began 1950s systems lost ability speak following surgical procedures 1960s 1970s spurred increasing commitment west inclusion disabled individuals mainstream society developing skills required independence use manual sign language graphic symbol communication grew greatly 1980s began emerge field right rapid progress technology including speech synthesis paved way communication devices speech output multiple options access communication physical disabilities systems diverse communication uses equipment includes signing body language aided approaches use external tools aided communication methods range paper pencil communication books boards devices produce voice output speech generating devices written output symbols include gestures photographs pictures line drawings letters words combination body parts adapted mice eye tracking select target symbols directly switch access scanning indirect selection message generation generally slower spoken communication result rate techniques reduce number selections required techniques include prediction user offered word phrase composed longer messages retrieved code evaluation user abilities requirements include individual motor visual language communication strengths weaknesses evaluation requires input family members particularly early intervention ethnicity family beliefs key family centered competent approach studies use development speech result modest increase speech production users grown report satisfying relationships life activities poor literacy unlikely employment convention rights persons disabilities defines alternative communication communications display text large print communication plain language accessible accessible information communications technology scope alternative communication individuals compensate severe speech language expression spoken written language people making use include individuals variety conditions cerebral intellectual disability acquired conditions lateral traumatic brain injury prevalence data vary depending country age disabilities surveyed typically population considered severe speech language difficulty making understood benefit estimated children young people require high technology known users include physicist broadcaster roger_ebert poet award winning films left foot butterfly based books users respectively brought lives use wider audience field originally called communication term served indicate communication systems supplement natural speech replace addition alternative followed later clear individuals non speech systems means communication users typically utilize variety aided communication strategies depending communication partners context forms systems require external tool include facial expression gestures sign languages systems informal gestures body language facial expressions natural communication signals profound disabilities codes exist lack base naturally occurring language example code based plains indian sign language children severe profound disabilities adults variety including benefits gestures available user usually understood educated listener efficient means communicating contrast sign languages linguistic base permit expression unlimited number messages approaches signing divided major categories existing language languages right considered widely example common example signing conjunction speech support communication individuals variety disorders specific hand shapes movements sign gesture require individual adequate fine motor motor planning skills sign languages require fine motor coordination transparent meaning codes limits number people able understand person communication training aided aid device electronic non electronic transmit receive messages aids range communication books speech generating devices skills areas difficulty communication needs users vary greatly equally diverse range communication aids devices required low tech low tech communication aids defined need batteries electricity electronics simple communication boards books user letters words phrases pictures symbols communicate message depending physical abilities limitations users indicate appropriate message body light eye gaze direction head mouth stick alternatively indicate yes listener possible options high tech high tech aids permit storage electronic messages allowing user communicate speech output devices known speech generating devices voice output communication aids device speech output synthesized systems play recorded words phrases generally synthesized speech uses text speech software harder understand permits user spell words speak novel messages high tech systems dedicated devices developed solely non dedicated devices computers run additional software allow function devices static dynamic form static communication devices symbols fixed positions paper changed manually increase vocabulary available static devices multiple levels different words appearing different levels dynamic devices user change symbols available page links navigate appropriate pages vocabulary messages high tech devices vary information store size weight access methods depend abilities user include use direct selection symbols screen keyboard body adapted mice indirect selection switches scanning devices voice output offer user advantage power including ability initiate conversation communication partners distance typically require programming tend unreliable low tech systems recommended backup case device failure symbols symbols high low tech systems include graphic symbols represent objects actions concepts users literacy skills low high tech devices use alphabet based symbols including individual letters words parts thereof low tech devices communication partner interpret symbols chosen high tech device speak created message aloud large graphic symbol sets developed include possess linguistic characteristics iconic symbols objects real objects parts real objects communication symbols particularly individuals visual significant intellectual symbols choices spoken words code integrated technology visually impaired choice symbols aspects presentation size background depend individual preferences linguistic visual skills access selection methods technological advances dramatically increased types selection methods available individuals communication direct selection selection pointing desired symbol finger alternative eye gaze head stick eye controlled mouse accommodate motor control difficulties users use alternative activation strategies example timed activation user maintains selection symbol period time recognized system release activation selection item person releases contact display direct activation system generally choice access method faster easier unable use indirect selection scanning method items displayed selection scanning visual lights highlighting contrasting borders spoken prompts communication partner device desired message reached user indicates choice alternative selection technique switch gesture different patterns switch access scanning available circular scanning items displayed circle time introduced children beginning users easiest understand linear scanning items organized rows time choice demanding circular scanning easy learn finally group item scanning items grouped groups particular group selected items group common group item strategies row column scanning row forms group rows items row selected items row time message selected main selection control techniques scanning automatic scanning scan proceeds pre determined speed pattern user item scanning switch held advance scan released choose desired step scanning user switch indicator items switch select item vocabulary organization vocabulary organization refers way pictures words phrases sentences displayed communication system general goal facilitate efficient effective communication especially individual system contains large number symbols communication books devices presented grid format vocabulary items displayed organized spoken word order frequency usage category key organization symbols different classes organized groups left right facilitate sentence construction research shown children adults use small number words frequently core fringe vocabulary organization words messages communicated frequently appear main page fringe vocabulary words messages rarely specific individual appear pages symbols organized category grouping people places feelings foods drinks action words form grid organization groups vocabulary according specific activities display contains symbols people places objects feelings actions relevant vocabulary items specific activity routine visual scene displays different method organizing presenting symbols depictions events people objects related actions picture photograph virtual environment representing situation place specific experience similar activity displays contain vocabulary associated specific activities routines example photo child room included child system objects events photograph symbols communication research suggests visual scene displays easier grid displays young children learn use rate strategies alternative communication typically slower speech users generally producing words minute rate strategies increase user rate output words minute result enhance efficiency communication main options increasing rate communication prediction technique permitting user produce entire word sentence phrase system alpha letter known expansion words sentences coded sequences letters numbers example retrieve hello iconic strategies icons picture symbols combined sequence produce words phrases prediction rate strategy device attempts predict letter word phrase written user user select correct prediction needing write word word prediction software determine words predicted based frequency language association words past choices user assessment system implementation evaluation individual abilities limitations communication needs necessary select appropriate techniques purpose assessment identify potential approaches bridge potential user current communication present future communication needs conducted specialized teams include speech language rehabilitation engineer social worker physician users family members teachers key members decision making team sensitivity respect cultural diversity contributes ongoing family involvement selection appropriate system members cultural groups presence device increases visibility disability viewed user motor abilities communication skills needs vision assessed order determine appropriate match communication system depending individual physical status recommendations alternative access method change seating positioning mounting system communication aid adaptations needed example arm movements require key guard keyboard reduce selection non target items person needs abilities determine symbols chosen organization goal communication system efficiently possible different contexts different communication partners different social purposes researcher light identified social purposes interaction expression needs wants listener transfer information general conversation development social things jokes cheering finally social practices thank purposes vary terms relative importance content rate duration focus interaction important systems selected reflect priorities individual family western cultures professionals communication device helping promote individual self determination ability decisions choices cultural religious factors affect degree individual autonomy valued construct influence family attitudes training help user use system communicate effectively control environment communication choices decisions mistakes skilled users areas linguistic operational social strategic linguistic refers language skills person native language linguistic code symbol system selected operational involves skills use maintenance tool communication social strategic reflect knowledge judgment interactions including required slow speaking rate communication unfamiliar user require specific device programming training achieve areas communication partners require training notice consistently interpret communication signals severely disabled individual particularly danger learned result repeated failure communicate successfully parties need assistance avoid directive communication style lead child user develop range communication skills initiating taking lead conversation complex asking questions making commands adding new information young users benefit rich language literacy experiences foster vocabulary development discourse skills awareness supports successful literacy learning communication partners encouraged provide augmented input child signing pointing symbols codes communicate including individual communication system benefit explicit reading instruction outcomes speech reviews found use development speech individuals developmental disabilities fact result modest gains observed research review intervention studies found gains speech production cases studied remainder showing change descriptive review looking specifically intervention studies found studies reported increase speech later phases noted little effect researchers device pressure having speak allowing individual focus communication reduction psychological stress makes speech production easier speculate case speech generating devices model spoken output leads increase speech production language literacy language literacy far reaching effects facilitate self expression social interaction variety settings furthermore literacy independence providing access educational opportunities children disabilities require experience developmental delays language skills vocabulary knowledge length sentences impaired pragmatic skills delays fact expressive language limited children language knowledge unlike speaking children children use access system don select content available device external characteristics impact language learning opportunities children category achieve literacy skills typically developing year old language learning delays contribute difficulty literacy development environmental factors play role users report having access abundant reading writing material home school childhood studies shown children use literacy experiences reduced quality quantity opportunity home school compared children disabilities research suggests explicit reading instruction users develop good literacy skills employment according report severely disabled individuals employed despite barriers employment users achieve success educational employment lower paying jobs factors found related employment strong work ethic access technology support family friends education work skills individuals use continue working factors supporting continued employment include access support employers governmental programs employers users report skills time management problem solving communication technology good education important employers quality life studies young adults childhood report generally good quality life lived independently paid employment young adults multiple modes communication including aided approaches positive quality life outcomes better quality communication interaction personal characteristics family community support excellent services poorer outcomes related lack access appropriate supports resources problems technology negative attitudes specific groups users cerebral cerebral term referring non progressive developmental disorder upper motor origin depending location brain individuals cerebral wide variety gross fine motor challenges including different forms areas body affected fine motor planning control coordination affected speech disorder resulting damage motor speech system occurs estimated cerebral individuals require support communication approximately half degree intellectual visual hearing problems common gross fine motor challenges particular concern device appropriate seating positioning important facilitate stability movement extensive motor training practice required develop efficient access use intellectual individuals intellectual face challenges developing communication skills including problems transfer learned skills daily activities lack communication opportunities daily lives responsive understand communication methods intervention population emphasizes partner training opportunities integrated natural communication studies shown appropriate use techniques children adults intellectual enhance communication skills increase participation activities choice making influence perceptions stereotypes communication partners individuals intellectual disabilities issues problems area typically prevalent population approaches teaching functional communication skills non speaking individuals alternative acting purpose independence taking control informing preferences disorder development characterized impaired social interaction communication restricted repetitive behaviour typically particular difficulty acquiring expressive communication skills children found strong visual processing skills making good candidates approach intervention population directed linguistic social abilities child including providing child concrete means communication development skills systems population generally begin communication boards object picture exchanges descriptive review provided preliminary evidence easily learned individuals provides communication little functional speech limited positive impact social interaction challenging study compared use speech generating device picture exchange system found reasonable options children ease speed acquisition system similar developmental verbal developmental verbal known childhood speech developmental motor speech disorder involving motor control speech production speech child developmental verbal point daily communication needs met child developmental verbal experiences great amounts frustration strategy support communication alongside traditional speech therapy improve speech production wide variety systems children developmental verbal manual signs gestures frequent introduced children include use alongside speech manual signs shown decrease errors aided systems typically include communication boards speech generating devices approach approaches introduced child advantage effective method particular situation traumatic brain injury traumatic brain injury result severe motor speech disorders common disorder accounting roughly cases depending stage recovery intervention involve identifying consistent communication signals reliable yes responses questions ability express basic needs answer questions individuals recover natural speech degree sufficient meet communication needs typically suffer severe related difficulties memory learning new skills influence choices established spelling effective systems require navigation multiple pages access information result damage brain language centres affecting production cause severe chronic language individuals communicate combination speech gestures aided communication proportion change person recovers depends context individual skills depending language skills use communication memory books drawing photography written words speech generating devices keyboards visual scene displays communication devices adults chronic severe feature photos people places events meaningful individual interaction approaches supported conversation adults train communication partners use resources writing key words providing written choices drawing items photographs maps help individual produce conversation communication boards helpful patients especially patients severe produced low tech level utilized patients point pictures words trying communication boards extremely functional help patients communicate needs locked syndrome strokes occur cause profound including locked syndrome emotional linguistic abilities remain intact voluntary motor abilities lost people affected type stroke rely strategies communicate recover speech functional voice strategies vary individual preferences motor capabilities change time eye movements likely preserved eye frequently communication low tech alphabet boards introduced immediately provide individual basic communication partner assisted scanning user signals desired letter named communication partner vertical horizontal eye movements functional transparent alphabet board user looks desired letter acknowledged communication partner individuals locked syndrome difficulty high tech devices issues motor control vision memory linguistic ability particular voluntary reliable easily controlled muscle movement necessary access device head jaw hand finger movements individuals intensive practice long initial stroke shown increase accuracy consistency head movements access communication device lateral lateral progressive condition leads weakness eventual approximately people unable speak time death procedure known voice banking people digitally record words phrases able later inclusion communication device systems typically change time depending severity speech physical status individual communication needs use communication strategies generally begins speaking rate drops words minute early stages consist alphabet board cue listener letter word spoken familiar individual later stages main method familiar conversation partners understand spoken words vision typically unaffected writing based systems preferred graphic symbols allow unlimited expression words language method access communication device depends type severity disease spinal form limbs affected onset disease cases head mouse eye tracking access initially form speech affected limbs keyboard style devices frequently forms users change access methods disease progresses low tech systems eye partner assisted scanning situations electronic devices unavailable example bathing final stages disease disease disease progressive condition develop later progression disease individuals eventually lose functional speech approaches generally supplement support natural speech portable example increase volume speech individual taught point letter word alphabet board leading reduced speech rate visual cues listener compensate impaired entire words spelled necessary users reduced range speed movement smaller usual selection display preferred high tech keyboard speech generating devices required prevent accidental caused typical disease factors affecting use disease include motor changes result problems spoken communication multiple common communication problem individuals multiple significant difficulties speech uncommon individuals vary widely motor control capacity presence intention methods access technology adapted accordingly visual common approaches scanning systems large print text synthetic speech feedback plays words letters acquired chronic characterized memory domains communication partly attributed memory intervention compensate capitalize person strengths ability recognize material recall low tech devices generally preferred memory books include autobiographical information daily schedules photographs labels studies shown positive outcomes topic conversation length interaction approaches gains maintained months training use memory aids ceased high tech devices voice output found effective study devices resulted limited topic initiation reduced output heightened distraction enhance use augmented listening strategies identifying topics conversation pictures improves skills individuals history history traced days classical rome greece recorded use strategies deaf use manual signs recorded europe 16th century system native americans facilitate communication different linguistic groups known widely available communication aid letter word based communication board developed cerebral communication board distributed 1920s men group minneapolis modern era began 1950s europe north_america spurred societal changes included increased awareness individuals communication disabilities growing commitment backed government legislation funding develop education independence rights early years primarily cases later individuals cerebral typically employed traditional speech therapy failed felt hesitant provide non speech intervention able learn speak individuals intellectual provided support believed possess skills main systems manual signs communication boards code early 1960s electric communication device form controller named patient operated mechanism developed united_kingdom 1960s onward sign language increased acceptance use deaf community came viewed acceptable manual sign languages advocated hearing later intellectual normal hearing research learn sign use graphic symbols spurred interest use use hand signals opened field techniques specifically adult users canada provide communication able use traditional use quickly spread countries improved technology keyboard communication devices developed denmark netherlands increased messages displayed screen strip paper end 1970s communication devices commercially produced voice output countries sweden canada united_kingdom initiated government funded services severe communication including developing centres clinical research expertise late 1970s 1980s saw massive increase related research publications training national international conferences founded members included teachers rehabilitation engineers researchers users organization played important role developing field peer reviewed journal conferences national chapters focus developing countries area professional american speech language hearing association position paper example recognized field practice speech language time users family members played increasing prominent role development knowledge writing presentations serving committees founding advocacy organizations 1980s improvements technology led greatly increased number variety performance commercially available communication devices reduction size price alternative methods access eye pointing scanning available communication devices speech output possibilities included synthesized speech text speech options available german french italian spanish swedish services seeking develop balance aided strategies goal improving functioning person daily life greater involvement family increasingly individuals acquired conditions lateral disease head injury locked syndrome received services addition challenge notion severe profound intellectual began served courses developed professional training programs literature textbooks guides written support students parents 1990s brought focus greater independence people disabilities inclusion mainstream society schools students special needs placed regular classrooms segregated settings led increased use means improving student participation class collaborative taking place classroom teacher therapy room facilitated communication method physically emotionally supports person severe communication needs type keyboard letter board received wide attention media field question authorship approach controversial subsequent research indicated influencing messages result professional organizations researchers typically accepted facilitated communication rapid progress hardware software development continued including projects funded commercially available dynamic screen speech generating devices developed 1990s time synthesized speech available languages software programs developed allowed computer based production communication boards high tech devices continued reduce size weight increasing accessibility capacities modern communication devices enable users access internet environmental control devices independent access radio telephone etc future directions focus improving device reducing linguistic demands barriers effective social interaction researchers challenged manufacturers develop communication devices appealing aesthetically greater options leisure play easier use rapid advances tablet computer technologies potential radically change availability economical accessible flexible communication devices user needed meet physical challenges users android open source operating systems provide opportunities small communities develop accessibility features software required promising areas development include access communication devices signals movement recognition technologies interpret body motions measuring brain activity automatic speech speech recognition systems based systems frequent organized sets improve speed communication exchange development similarly research provision timely access vocabulary conversation appropriate specific interactions natural language generation techniques investigated including use logs past conversations partners data user schedule real time internet vocabulary searches information location global positioning systems sensors despite frequent focus technological advances practitioners urged retain focus communication needs users future driven advances technology advantage opportunities individuals complex communication needs | Augmentative and alternative communication | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
14915_Language | language language ability acquire use complex systems communication particularly human ability language specific example system scientific study language called questions concerning philosophy language words represent experience debated argued language originated emotions like held originated rational logical thought 20th century philosophers argued philosophy study language major figures include estimates number languages world vary precise estimate depends partly arbitrary distinction languages natural languages spoken signed language secondary media visual example signed human language independent depending philosophical perspectives definition language meaning general concept language refer ability learn use systems complex communication describe set rules makes systems set produced rules languages rely process relate signs particular meanings oral sign languages contain system symbols form sequences known words system words combined form phrases human language properties productivity displacement relies entirely social convention learning complex structure wider range expressions known system animal communication language thought originated early started gradually changing communication systems acquiring ability form theory minds shared development thought coincided increase brain volume structures language having evolved serve specific social functions language processed different locations human brain especially areas humans acquire language social interaction early childhood children generally speak approximately years old use language deeply entrenched human culture addition strictly uses language social cultural uses signifying group identity social social entertainment languages evolve time history evolution reconstructed comparing modern languages determine traits ancestral languages order later developmental stages occur group languages descend common ancestor known language family european family widely spoken includes languages english russian hindi sino family includes chinese languages family includes arabic hebrew languages include hundreds languages spoken africa languages include indonesian hundreds languages spoken pacific languages family spoken include tamil telugu academic consensus holds languages spoken beginning 21st century probably extinct year definitions english word language derives ultimately tongue speech language latin language tongue old french language word refer codes kinds artificially constructed communication systems formally defined computer languages computer programming unlike conventional human languages formal language sense system signs information article specifically concerns properties natural human language studied discipline object linguistic study language primary meanings abstract concept specific linguistic system french swiss defined modern discipline explicitly formulated distinction french word language concept specific instance language system parole concrete usage speech particular language speaking language general concept definitions stress different aspects phenomenon definitions different approaches language inform different incompatible schools linguistic theory debates nature origin language ancient world greek philosophers debated relation words concepts reality argued language represent objective experience human experience communication truth impossible maintained communication possible language represents ideas concepts exist independently prior language enlightenment debates human origins fashionable speculate origin language argued language originated expression emotions originally closer music poetry logical expression rational thought philosophers held opposite view turn 20th century began wonder role language shaping experiences world asking language simply reflects objective structure world creates concepts turn experience objective world led question philosophical problems firstly linguistic problems resurgence view language plays significant role creation circulation concepts study philosophy essentially study language associated called linguistic turn philosophers 20th century philosophy debates language relation meaning reference consciousness remain active today mental faculty organ instinct definition sees language primarily mental faculty allows humans undertake linguistic behaviour learn languages produce understand definition stresses language humans emphasizes biological basis human capacity language unique development human brain proponents view drive language acquisition innate humans argue supported fact normal children raised environment language accessible acquire language formal instruction languages develop spontaneously environments people live grow common language example languages spontaneously developed sign languages view traced philosophers understands language largely innate example theory american philosopher extreme theory kinds definitions applied studies language science framework formal symbolic system definition sees language formal system signs governed rules combination communicate meaning definition stresses human languages described closed structural systems consisting rules relate particular signs particular meanings view language introduced remains approaches language proponents view language advocated formal approach studies language structure identifying basic elements presenting formal account rules according elements combine order form words sentences main proponent theory theory grammar defined language construction sentences generated considers rules innate feature human mind constitute language way contrast commonly provide formal definitions language commonly formal logic formal theories grammar applied philosophy language view linguistic meaning residing logical relations reality developed philosophers formal tool communication definition sees language system communication enables humans exchange verbal symbolic definition stresses social functions language fact humans use express manipulate objects environment functional theories grammar explain structures functions understand structures language result process grammar tailored serve needs users view language associated study language pragmatic interactive linguistic theories tend study grammar dynamic phenomena structures process changing employed speakers view places importance study linguistic classification languages according structural features shown processes tend follow partly dependent philosophy language view central language meaning associated later works ordinary language philosophers unique status human language human language unique comparison forms communication non human animals communication systems animals bees closed systems consist finite usually limited number possible ideas expressed contrast human language open ended productive meaning allows humans produce vast range finite set elements create new words sentences possible human language based dual code finite number elements meaningless sounds letters gestures combined form infinite number larger units meaning words sentences furthermore symbols rules particular language largely arbitrary system acquired social interaction known systems communication animals hand express finite number genetically determined species animals proved able acquire forms communication social learning instance named learned express set symbolic similarly species birds learn songs imitating members species animals acquire large numbers words symbols able learn different signs generally known average year old human acquired resembling complex grammar human language human languages differ animal communication systems employ categories present past express complex meanings human language unique having property example phrase contain phrase lips clause contain clause dog running human language known natural communication system referred independent means communication channel medium example spoken language uses sign languages writing use visual writing uses human language unique able refer abstract concepts imagined hypothetical events events took place past happen future ability refer events time place speech event called displacement animal communication systems use displacement communication bees communicate location sources sight degree human language considered unique origin theories origin language differ regard basic assumptions language theories based idea language complex imagine simply appearing final form evolved earlier pre linguistic systems pre human ancestors theories called continuity based theories opposite viewpoint language unique human trait compared found non humans appeared suddenly transition pre early man theories defined based similarly theories based view language language innate faculty largely genetically theories system largely cultural learned social interaction prominent proponent based theory human language origins philosopher proposes random took place maybe strange cosmic ray shower reorganized brain language organ brain taking story literally insists closer reality fairy tales told evolutionary processes including language continuity based theories held majority scholars vary development language innate example psychologist hold animal language socially learned tool communication psychologist having developed animal communication vocal communication assist cooperation continuity based models language having developed music view espoused prominent proponent view archaeologist states age spoken languages estimated years researchers evolutionary origin language generally find plausible suggest language invented modern spoken languages way related relation longer recovered limitations methods available reconstruction language emerged early man existence written records early development left historical traces believed comparable processes observed today theories stress continuity look animals example display traits seen analogous pre human language like early human fossils inspected traces physical adaptation language use pre linguistic forms symbolic behaviour signs human fossils suggest linguistic abilities size brain relative body mass presence capable advanced sound production nature tools manufactured artifacts undisputed pre human communication systems significantly different found great general scholarly opinions vary developments appearance genus million years ago scholars assume development primitive language like systems language early million years ago place development primitive symbolic communication million years ago million years ago development language proper revolution years ago study language study language developing science descriptions particular languages india years ago development script modern science concerns aspects language examining theoretical viewpoints described academic study language conducted different disciplinary areas different theoretical angles inform modern approaches example descriptive examines grammar single languages theoretical develops theories best define nature language based data extant human languages studies languages social purposes informing turn study social functions language description studies language processed human brain allows experimental testing theories builds theoretical descriptive construct models language aimed processing natural language testing linguistic historical relies descriptions languages trace individual histories reconstruct trees language families comparative method early history formal study language considered started india 5th century formulated rules sanskrit morphology studied differences grammar subsequent traditions developed ancient cultures adopted writing 17th century developed idea languages reflection universal basics thought grammar universal 18th century use comparative method british expert ancient india sparked rise comparative scientific study language language general early 20th century introduced idea language static system units defined introducing distinction analyses language laid foundation modern discipline introduced basic dimensions linguistic analysis fundamental contemporary linguistic theories parole distinction distinguishing language abstract system language concrete manifestation system parole contemporary 1960s formulated theory language according theory basic form language set rules universal humans human languages set rules called describing primary objective discipline considered individual languages importance allow universal underlying rules linguistic generated opposition formal theories school functional theories language propose language fundamentally tool structures best analyzed understood reference functions formal theories grammar seek define different elements language describe way relate systems formal rules operations functional theories seek define functions performed language relate linguistic elements carry framework interprets language terms concepts universal specific particular language forms primarily concerned mind creates meaning language architecture language speech speaking default language cultures production spoken language depends sophisticated capacities controlling lips tongue components vocal apparatus ability speech sounds apparatus required acquiring producing language study genetic bases human language early stage gene definitely implicated language production cause kind language disorder affected brain language brain coordinating center linguistic activity controls production linguistic meaning mechanics speech production nonetheless knowledge bases language limited advanced considerably use modern imaging techniques discipline dedicated studying aspects language called early work involved study language people brain specific areas affect language speech way 19th century discovered areas brain implicated language processing area area located posterior section superior temporal dominant cerebral hemisphere people area brain develop receptive condition major language speech retains natural sounding rhythm relatively normal sentence structure second area area located posterior inferior frontal dominant hemisphere people area develop expressive meaning know want typically able understand said unable speak symptoms present expressive include problems word finding word repetition producing complex sentences writing exhibit speech inability use information determine meaning sentences expressive receptive affect use sign language analogous ways affect speech expressive causing sign slowly incorrect grammar receptive sign little sense difficulties signs shows specific ability use language physiology speech production technological advances late 20th century incorporated non invasive techniques functional magnetic resonance imaging study language processing individuals anatomy speech spoken language relies human physical ability produce sound longitudinal wave propagated air frequency capable ear drum ability depends physiology human speech organs organs consist lungs voice box upper vocal tract throat mouth nose controlling different parts speech apparatus manipulated produce different speech sounds sound speech analyzed combination elements elements follow sequences usually represented distinct letters scripts roman script free flowing speech clear boundaries segment usually words segments distinguished distinct sounds result different phenomena encompass elements stress type voice effects multiple segments segments combine form syllables turn combine form distinguished space different segments characterized different structures visible recorded sound wave illustration structures english peaks frequency spectrum specific sound sounds friction caused upper vocal tract vary quality according degree lip placement tongue oral cavity called close lips relatively closed pronunciation english open lips relatively open english tongue located mouth quality changes creating english quality changes depending lips rounded opposed creating english rounded german sounds friction closure point upper vocal tract sounds vary place place vocal tract commonly lips teeth ridge place produces different set sounds distinguished manner kind friction closure case called stop different degrees creating voiced depending vocal set vibration production sound voicing separates english bus buzz voiced speech sounds involve release air flow nasal cavity called sounds sounds defined way tongue moves mouth sounds called air flows sides tongue sounds called characterized tongue positioned relative air stream speech organs humans produce hundreds distinct sounds appear world languages common certain language families language areas specific single language structure described system symbolic communication language traditionally seen consisting parts signs meanings code connecting signs meanings study process signs meanings combined interpreted called signs composed sounds gestures letters symbols depending language spoken signed written combined complex signs words phrases communication sign transmitted channel receiver properties define human language opposed communication systems linguistic sign meaning predictable connection linguistic sign meaning linguistic system meaning linguistic structures built combining elements larger structures seen layered sounds build words words build phrases elements language meaning elements linguistic signs constructed units sounds words distinguished rearranged different patterns productivity linguistic system meaning finite number linguistic elements combined theoretically infinite number combinations rules signs combined form words phrases called grammar meaning connected individual signs words phrases texts called division language separate connected systems sign meaning goes linguistic studies branches languages express meaning relating sign form meaning content sign forms perceived example sounds images gestures related specific meaning social convention basic relation meaning linguistic signs based social convention linguistic signs considered arbitrary sense convention established socially historically means natural relation specific sign form meaning languages vocabulary signs related specific meaning english sign dog denotes example member species language array arbitrary signs connected specific meanings called single sign connected meaning called meanings language represented single words concepts embedded morphology language form categories languages contain structure structure property state action traditionally understood study speakers assign truth values statements meaning understood process said true false entity recently model complemented dynamic models meaning incorporate shared knowledge context sign interpreted production meaning models meaning explored field sounds symbols depending language structure based systems sounds speech gestures sign languages graphic symbols writing ways languages use sounds signs construct meaning studied study humans produce perceive vocal sounds called spoken language meaning produced sounds system sounds contribute expressing meaning given language limited number distinct sounds created human vocal apparatus contribute constructing meaning sounds linguistic system called abstract units sound defined smallest units language serve distinguish meaning pair different words called minimal pair english example words bat pat form minimal pair distinction words different meanings language contrasts sounds different ways example language distinguish voiced sounds occur considered single consequently meaning similarly english language distinguish non languages like korean hindi spin pin considered merely different ways variants single called chinese difference pronunciation distinguishes words accent means pronounced high tone spoken languages different categories combined form syllables segments languages use sound ways convey meaning languages example use stress pitch duration tone distinguish meaning phenomena operate outside level single segments called languages example language respectively languages like sign languages equivalent called defined basic elements gestures hand shape orientation location motion correspond manners spoken language writing systems represent language visual symbols correspond sounds spoken language latin alphabet based derived originally based representation single sounds words constructed letters generally denote single structure word scripts sign represents scripts sign represents entire word generally bear relation sound word spoken language languages large number words purely scripts known exist written language represents way spoken sounds words follow arranging symbols according pattern follows certain direction direction writing system entirely arbitrary established convention writing systems use horizontal axis left right latin script right left arabic script traditional chinese writing use vertical dimension writing systems use opposite directions alternating lines ancient maya script written direction rely graphic cues reader direction reading order represent sounds world languages writing developed international alphabet designed represent sounds known contribute meaning human languages grammar grammar study meaningful elements called language combined free bound free moved usually called words bound words called way meaningful elements combined language governed rules rules internal structure words called morphology rules internal structure phrases sentences called categories grammar described system categories set rules determine categories combine form different aspects meaning languages differ widely use categories units categories common nearly universal universal categories include relations participants distinguishing relations temporal spatial relations system person governing reference distinction speakers speaking word classes languages organize parts speech classes according functions positions relative parts languages instance basic distinction group words denotes things concepts group words denotes actions events group includes english words dog song usually called second includes run sing called common category words describe properties qualities red big word classes open new words continuously added class relatively closed fixed number words class english class closed class open infinite number constructed like languages korean situation opposite new constructed number fixed word classes carry differing functions grammar construct arguments sentence runs runs word specific state argument curse arguments cursed john single argument called arguments called word classes exist different languages like serve join sentences articles introduce wow like splash mimic sound event languages describe spatial position event entity languages identify belonging particular type having particular shape instance japanese general humans counting humans called san lit human student students trees san lit long objects tree trees morphology study internal structure complex words processes words formed called morphology languages possible construct complex words built instance english word unexpected analyzed composed expect classified according independent called roots occur attached bound classified according position relation root root follow root inserted middle root serve modify elaborate meaning root languages change meaning words changing structure word example english word run past tense ran process called furthermore morphology distinguishes process word process creates new word existing english sing forms singing sung form singer derived languages differ widely rely morphological processes word formation languages example chinese morphological processes information forming strings single words type called correspondence single word single aspect meaning languages words consisting vary degree units languages notably european languages single distinct meanings analyzed smaller segments example latin word bonus good consists root meaning good indicates masculine gender singular number case languages called languages meanings fused single opposite languages languages construct words chains unit example language turkish example word houses consists den meanings house languages rely morphology greatest extent traditionally called languages express equivalent entire english sentence single word example persian single word means didn understand consisting meanings example complexity word means said going hunt word consists meanings appear isolation languages use morphology cross reference words sentence called agreement example european languages cross reference modify terms number case gender latin bonus good agree masculine gender singular number case languages cross reference subjects objects types languages single include information require entire sentence english example phrase saw past tense auxiliary similar english agrees subject expressed prefix object expressed sentence directly way languages convey meaning order words sentence rules produce new sentences words known called rules language determine sentence english love meaningful love rules determine word order sentence structure constrained constraints contribute meaning example english sentences slaves master master slaves mean different things role subject role object appearing conversely latin mean master slaves slaves case showing object sentence master case showing subject latin uses morphology express distinction subject object english uses word order example rules contribute meaning rule word order questions exists languages rule explains english phrase john talking turned question john talking john talking example way placing special emphasis slightly altering meaning question includes rules complex sentences structured grouping words units called phrases occupy different places larger structure sentences described consisting phrases connected tree structure connecting phrases different levels right graphic representation analysis english sentence cat sat mat sentence analyzed constituted phrase phrase phrase divided phrase phrases consist article reason sentences seen composed phrases phrase moved single element operations carried example cat phrase mat treated single units decision emphasize location moving forward phrase mat cat sat different propose theories describing structures based different assumptions language described analyze sentence different manner languages classified relation types languages belong different families nonetheless features common shared features tend example languages classified basis basic word order relative order constituents normal indicative sentence english basic order snake bit man example corresponding sentence australian language snake man bit word order type relevant basic word order type corresponds parameters relative order use called example languages type languages structure sentences subject object languages differ way classify relations actors actions english uses word english clauses subjects sentences run sentences love treated way shown languages called distinguish instead agents patients languages single participant sentence run treated patient sentence giving equivalent run love sentences equivalent way roles map relations different ways grouping subject agents type patients type making roles differently called type shared features languages belong class type arisen completely independently occurrence universal laws governing structure natural languages language result languages evolving solutions recurring problems humans use language solve social contexts use transmission humans ability learn language grow environment language exists language dependent communities speakers children learn language elders peers transmit language children languages speak communicate solve social tasks aspects language use seen adapted specifically purposes way language transmitted generations communities language changes new languages language contact process similar process evolution process descent modification leads formation phylogenetic tree languages differ biological organisms readily incorporate elements languages process speakers different languages come contact humans frequently speak language acquiring language languages children learning new languages grow increased language contact world small languages endangered speakers shift languages afford possibility participate larger influential speech communities usage meaning study meaning assumes meaning located relation signs meanings firmly established social convention study way social conventions affect language studying way words signs case words different meanings depending social context use important example process called describes way certain words refer entities relation specific point time space word words example word person speaking moment speaking position speaking signs change meanings time conventions governing usage gradually change study meaning linguistic expressions changes depending context called important way use language point entities world concerned ways language use patterned patterns contribute meaning example languages linguistic expressions transmit information perform actions certain actions language nonetheless effects act naming creates new entity act man wife creates social contract marriage types acts called speech acts course carried writing hand signing form linguistic expression correspond meaning actually social context example dinner table person asks reach salt fact question length arms addressed request pass salt table meaning implied context spoken kinds effects meaning called social rules ways language considered appropriate certain situations understood relation context vary communities learning large acquiring language language acquisition healthy normally developing human beings learn use language children acquire language languages languages receive sufficient exposure childhood development essentially children acquiring sign oral languages learning process referred language acquisition unlike kinds learning requires direct teaching specialized study descent man naturalist called process tendency acquire art language acquisition proceeds fairly regular sequence wide degree variation timing particular stages normally developing birth respond readily human speech sounds month age babies appear able distinguish different speech sounds months age child begin producing speech sounds languages words appear age months average vocabulary eighteen month old child words child literally sentences use word communicate idea months child begins producing words produce word months begin produce speech short sentences complex adult speech regular structure roughly age years child ability speak sign refined point resembles adult language studies published indicated capable language acquisition degree acquisition second additional languages come age exposure daily life courses children learning second language likely achieve native like adults general rare speaking second language pass completely native speaker important difference language acquisition additional language acquisition process additional language acquisition influenced languages knows language culture languages understood particular set speech norms particular community larger culture community speaks languages differ pronunciation vocabulary grammar having different cultures speaking humans use language way signalling identity cultural group difference speakers language different ways language exist signal affiliation particular larger culture particularly linguistic specialized studying ways speaking vary speech communities use term varieties refer different ways speaking language term includes geographically defined styles linguistic language define style ways language understood particular culture norms language use shared members specific group style way displaying constructing group identity linguistic differences markers divisions social groups example speaking language particular accent imply membership ethnic minority social class area origin status second language speaker kinds differences linguistic system important people use language social tool constructing groups languages conventions signal social position speaker relation use registers related social divisions languages stylistic differences ways men women speak age groups social classes languages employ different words depending listening example australian language married man use special set words refer everyday items speaking presence mother law cultures example elaborate systems social systems signalling social distance linguistic means english social shown distinguishing addressing people surname titles boy doctor honor languages systems highly complex codified entire grammar vocabulary language instance languages east asia thai different words according speaker addressing higher lower rank oneself ranking system animals children ranking lowest gods members royalty highest writing literacy technology history number different ways representing language graphic media invented called writing systems use writing language useful humans makes possible store large amounts information outside human body retrieve allows communication distances impossible languages conventionally employ different genres styles registers written spoken language communities writing traditionally takes place entirely different language spoken evidence use writing effects development humans acquiring literacy generally requires explicit formal education invention writing systems roughly contemporary beginning bronze age late 4th millennium archaic script egyptian generally considered earliest writing systems emerging ancestral symbol systems earliest coherent texts generally agreed writing independent invention debated egyptian writing developed completely independently case cultural similar debate exists chinese script developed pre writing systems including maya scripts generally believed independent origins language change languages change speakers adopt new ways speaking pass members speech community language change happens levels level levels vocabulary morphology discourse language change initially evaluated negatively speakers language consider changes decay sign slipping norms language usage natural inevitable changes affect specific sounds entire system sound change consist replacement speech sound feature complete loss affected sound introduction new sound place sound changes case sound changed occurs vicinity certain sounds sound change usually assumed regular means expected apply structural conditions met non factors hand sound changes sporadic affecting particular word words simple change chain shift entire system affected happened languages sound change known law affected stop system original languages previous turn previous process applied stop explains languages latin words like languages like english father fish example great shift english reason spelling english correspond current pronunciation shift brought established pronunciation source sound change erosion words pronunciation gradually increasingly indistinct words leaving syllables sounds kind change caused latin eventually french madame american english change happens grammar languages discourse patterns particular constructions frequently happens words system rearranged compensate lost element example varieties caribbean spanish final eroded away standard spanish uses final marking second person subject caribbean varieties express second person means sentence standard spanish caribbean spanish simple sound change affected morphology common cause change gradual new forms example way english going construction lost aspect movement varieties english fledged future tense gon language change motivated language internal factors changes pronunciation motivated certain sounds difficult distinguish produce patterns change cause rare types constructions drift common types causes language change social certain membership certain groups social classes adopted wish identify groups ideas way issues identity politics profound effects language structure language contact important source language change contact resulting linguistic traits languages language contact occurs speakers languages varieties interact regular basis likely norm human history people modern world rise concept national state characteristic mainly populations inhabiting small islands ideology people state language desirable political arrangement started spread world nonetheless countries world corresponding languages means countries languages exist close contact languages speakers different languages interact closely typical languages influence sustained language contact long periods linguistic traits languages languages belonging different families converge similar areas languages close contact lead formation language areas unrelated languages share number linguistic features number language areas documented balkan language area language area language area larger areas europe southeast_asia considered language areas widespread specific features language contact lead variety linguistic phenomena including language convergence borrowing replacement native vocabulary language situations extreme sustained language contact lead formation new mixed languages considered belong single language family type mixed language called occurs adult speakers different languages interact regular basis situation group learns speak language group case construct communication form traits languages simplified structure language comes contain categories exist languages languages defined having native speakers spoken people language language language main language speech community eventually children grow learning language generation child grow seen change structure acquire greater degree complexity type language generally called language example mixed languages official language originally arose based english languages french based language spoken haiti mixed language canada based native american language french linguistic diversity defines living language speaker language exact number known living languages varies depending precision definition language particular defines distinction languages living human languages establishes linguistic groups based studies mutual includes categories conservative classifications example danish language scholars consider single language classified distinct languages danish according languages nearly million speakers languages account world population world languages account remaining global population right table world spoken languages population estimates figures languages clear distinction language dialect notwithstanding famous attributed language dialect army navy example national boundaries frequently linguistic difference determining linguistic varieties languages example classified chinese different swedish norwegian yugoslav civil war considered single language croatian serbian considered different languages employ different writing systems words distinction political considerations cultural differences distinctive writing systems degree mutual language families world world languages grouped language families consisting languages shown common ancestry recognize hundreds language families possibly grouped larger units evidence available depth studies carried present dozens language languages shown related languages world spoken europe new_mexico mexico japan pakistan language family world speakers european languages spoken world population family includes major world languages like english spanish russian european family achieved prevalence subsequently european colonial expansion brought european languages politically numerically dominant position americas africa sino languages spoken world population include languages including chinese hundreds smaller languages africa home large number language families largest language family includes languages speakers languages account world population similar number people speak languages include populous semitic languages arabic hebrew language languages region languages languages spoken world population stretch madagascar maritime southeast_asia way oceania includes languages indigenous languages indonesia taiwan languages considered originated taiwan spread oceanic region island based advanced nautical technology populous language families languages telugu languages turkish languages southeast_asia including thai areas world greatest linguistic diversity americas west_africa contain hundreds small language families areas account majority world languages majority speakers americas largest language families include families south_america language families north_america australia indigenous languages belong family home large number small families number languages language language occurs language risk falling use speakers die shift speaking language language loss occurs language native speakers dead language eventually speaks language extinct language languages gone extinct human history disappearing accelerated rate 20th 21st centuries processes neo economically powerful languages dominate languages commonly spoken languages dominate commonly spoken languages commonly spoken languages eventually disappear populations total number languages world known estimates vary depending factors consensus languages spoken extinct year languages spoken million speakers spoken world population languages spoken small communities speakers operates levels language safe vulnerable spoken children outside home definitely endangered spoken children severely endangered spoken oldest generations critically endangered spoken members oldest generation semi speakers notwithstanding claims world better adopted single common english consensus loss languages cultural diversity world common belief going biblical narrative tower linguistic diversity causes political conflict contradicted fact world major episodes violence taken place situations low linguistic diversity yugoslav american civil war genocide stable political units highly projects aim prevent slow loss endangered languages promoting education literacy minority languages world countries enacted specific legislation protect stabilize language indigenous speech communities minority argued language loss natural process documenting endangered languages sufficient commentary notes | Language | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
15159_BLEU | bilingual evaluation evaluating quality text machine translated natural language quality considered correspondence machine output human closer machine translation professional human translation better central idea achieve high human quality remains popular automated inexpensive scores calculated individual translated segments generally sentences comparing set good quality reference translations scores averaged corpus reach estimate translation overall quality taken account designed approximate human judgement corpus level performs badly evaluate quality individual sentences output number value indicates similar candidate reference texts values closer representing similar texts human translations attain score candidate texts identical reference translation reason necessary attain score opportunities match adding additional reference translations increase score uses modified form precision compare candidate translation multiple reference translations metric simple precision machine translation systems known generate words reference text illustrated following example seven words candidate translation appear reference translations candidate text given precision formula formula number words candidate found reference formula total number words candidate perfect score despite fact candidate translation retains little content references modification makes fairly straightforward word candidate translation takes maximum total count formula reference translations example word appears twice reference reference formula candidate translation count formula word maximum formula word case formula formula formula formula summed words candidate sum divided total number words candidate translation example modified precision score formula practice individual words unit comparison optimal instead modified precision metric grams length highest human found scores found account translation information retained longer formula scores account translation extent reads like good english problem scores tend favor short translations produce high precision scores modified precision example candidate translation references cat example modified precision formula word word cat appear candidate total number words modified precision formula cat appears candidate pointed precision usually recall overcome problem recall example formula formula problem multiple reference translations bad translation easily inflated recall translation consisted words references produce score corpus modified precision scores segments combined geometric mean multiplied penalty prevent short candidates receiving high score let formula total length reference corpus formula total length translation corpus formula penalty applies defined formula case multiple reference sentences formula taken sum lengths sentences lengths closest lengths candidate sentences version metric prior shortest reference sentence instead interactive version allows user visually examine scores obtained candidate translations allows comparing different systems visual interactive manner useful system development performance frequently reported human judgement remains assessment new evaluation metric number criticisms voiced noted principle capable evaluating translations language present form deal languages lacking word boundaries argued significant advantages guarantee increase score indicator improved translation quality inherent problem metric based comparing reference translations real life sentences translated different ways overlap approach comparing given translation result computer differs human translations flawed automated metric compares translations reference grammar defined human human effort involved correctly defining ways render meaning translation practice means | BLEU | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
16028_Truceterm | truce term truce term word short phrase accepted community children effective way calling temporary respite truce game activity tag variants common examples english speaking cultures crosses kings united_kingdom new_zealand variants australia united_states terms based time 1950s onwards largely supplanted earlier common terms based kings late 1980s time recorded english speaking cultures examples use truce terms child wants raise point rules game traditionally terms specific certain geographical areas particular social group primarily children attending private schools functional truce term understood honoured children playing extensive study use terms undertaken book lore language mapped use truce terms england wales scotland considered important word vocabulary adult equivalent little recent research research indicates truce terms including prevalent late 1950s general use studies conducted 1970s english speaking cultures truce terms prevalent australia new_zealand united_states number terms older terms use truce term usually accompanied gesture crossed fingers hands raising shape hands representing time prevalent gesture appearing countries use truce terms recorded having following circumstances breath having fear clothes damaged needing checking time wanting discuss clarify rules fight game wanting remove jacket continuing mean surrender preparation surrendering truce terms specific age group little currency outside group large abandoned age years research early recorded use terms found examples terms sign surrender battle adult fights late 18th century vocabulary children games including truce terms described england particularly rich regional variation based official television culture example young children transmitted word mouth united_kingdom study conducted study use truce terms england scotland wales 1950s published results book called lore language found truce terms varied according geographical location exception places term current known usually term schools bordering linguistic regions honoured words urban areas odds words surrounding countryside recorded truce terms plus variations widely kings crosses keys recorded prevailing term east scotland borders north west england west wales apart south east wales prevailed variations bay bees barrels use truce term appears 14th century poem sir recorded dictionary scottish language term specifically children demand truce probable variation appears manuscript attributed james scotland follows sic cry thumb quote refer thumb having raised man calling common accompanying gesture use truce term scotland london southern england apart screams extended north far variations included notes reported common use london appeared dictionary slang according term derives medieval term descended turn old french meaning hang battle proposes use term throws light line clerk tale lords orders treated words declined translation word pretend turn blind eye powerful child whilst granting respite spoken english south 11th century onwards characterised pronunciation known frog summer variants surviving examples borders north london truce terms prevail kings recorded common eastern england english dialect dictionary recorded nineteenth century earliest recorded instance found queens recorded kings area alternative indicating readiness restart game kings truce found appeared term play halt quarrel crosses found broad band england crosses lincolnshire oxford gloucester sides areas screws saw transitional word thought variant crosses bars common devon predominantly area bar bristol channel northumberland durham term recorded nineteenth century dialect dictionary keys found prevailing term western scotland strip running north west england predominantly area area hampshire surrey hampshire variants screens screams latin peace group dialect word regional predominantly private schools school stories individual cities towns rural districts words bees locks truce snakes twigs post studies study undertaken lincolnshire confirmed findings later study undertaken surrey found use truce terms uniform firmly area map commonly term common terms cross keys term recorded evidence derived word injection known reported teacher totally lacking street credibility longer group word reported terms reported included force field authors concluded picture things radically changed years seven generations primary school children noted schools reported marked preference particular term schools reported children different terms scots language dictionary published records use keys truce term south west west central scotland australia according researchers evidence scotland west england english towns bar bars devon australia australia terms new south bar bars people western_australia new_zealand study undertaken new_zealand traditional forms play included truce terms terms described study regional common widespread twigs gates wellington schools dominant term fans recorded new_zealand authors state derives described dating times widespread term derived apparently world war appears changed probably shouted length virtue broad new_zealand accents thought likely hypothesis use upper class term derived books stories public schools similarly thought derived possibly originally south_africa unknown save small area possibly public school slang truce term recorded having described south african boy prevalent south_africa thought south african derived term common truce terms recorded bags poison gates listed speculated bags derive united_states study undertaken historians mary 1970s remembering terms 1930s reported kings kings use kings 1930s recorded edition dictionary american regional english records historical use kings kings kings kings excuse kings chiefly west mississippi_river earliest recorded use cited dictionary kings adult fight scholarly speculation late nineteenth century kings derived kings truce rendered kings kings excuse kings shortened form dictionary american regional english cites source terms states probably refers use crossed fingers important demand truce excuse originally thought state record kings record kings crosses truce conclude kings derived users kings settling areas terms combined shortened kings popular accounted similar manner recorded truce term ohio wisconsin virginia study indiana found time times far prevalent terms 1970s variations included got times time children reported traditional kings queens got kings authors reported terms popular areas american schools abroad functional truce term understood honoured children playing time clearly derives use timed sports apparently came language organized timed sports advent sports elementary schools television historically earliest reports use time time truce term small number respondents reported time derivatives use 1960s alternatives included safe base home base freeze small area fins reported time 1950s supplanted kings popular truce term use times time got times time appears influenced older forms kings got kings report times derivatives time accompanied traditional crossed fingers france france children use word equivalent english american time literal translation thumb big toe gestures found england wales children usually held crossed fingers crossing fingers hands required occasionally feet found area sitting cross legged required children raise right hand palm forward whilst hand held fingers extended parts scotland custom occurred places lancashire raising thumb accompany use france study found variety gestures common use crossed fingers hand crossed fingers hands fingers boys arms crossed chest gestures reported ones included injection arm thumb making shape hands fingers held vulcan sign star trek virtually schools reported use crossed fingers holding hand middle index fingers crossed usual gesture found new_zealand shape saying time time gesture hands hand held horizontally palm hand vertically touching horizontal hand modern time largely supplanted traditional terms accompanied time gesture crossed fingers gesture remains common | Truce term | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
16097_Diaphoneme | abstract unit identifies correspondence related sounds varieties language language cluster example constitutes english word eye pronounced differently depending dialect scottish english australian english irish english south african english southern american english etc appropriate context variants perceived speakers equivalent constitute single word originally meaning later refer particular variants making relationship analogous studies realization important adequate dialect language historical concerned ancestral language splits modern old english usage term appeared usage like jones interested variation real phenomenon originally refer family sounds realized differently depending dialect speakers consider individual dialect speaker realization called variant confusion related usage jones later coined term refer earlier sense class sounds refer variants inventory specific term popularized contrasts access contrasts included consists shared core inventory accounting contrasts historical contrasts lost innovative ones varieties contrasts needed approach gets away assumption linguistic communities allows multiple varieties described terms important situations people abilities variety helps speakers result similarities differences varieties involved linguistic variable similar concept presented refers features variations identical carry social stylistic meaning include morphological phenomena developed variable rules analysis variable rules members speech community presumably possess vary frequency use concept met resistance scholars number reasons including argument critics knowledge rule far speakers problems use variable rules analysis died end 1980s linguistic variable grouping variants justified tendency set words example presented variants new_york speakers bad dance different values assigned numerical values overall score index primary language imposed sounds second system required occurs sounds second system maintained present primary system inspired advocated use structural suggested system represent higher level unite related single description systems describe speech single variety systems reflect contrasts aren varieties represented way differ shown new_york word american english allow cluster onset final doesn occur reflect pronunciation cover described exactly desire building accommodate english combined prompted american attempt construction overall system english analyzing differences ordering rules presence absence rules went far claim description code switching impossible rules example concept presented difference spanish use ordered rules spanish interpreted having additional marker attempting construct variety represent spanish varieties having seven contrasts final position varieties having closed mid open syllables open closed syllables ordered rules differences underlying form varieties spanish simply subsequent rule end constructing system relatively straightforward process suggests rules needed account differences psychologically real historically accurate nature overall system english controversial analysis popular american time face criticism particularly forth system accommodated southern american english reed modified scheme sound pattern english focusing believing address better approaches pronunciation english combined system recently cambridge grammar english language makes use standard english examples expressed favoring particular accent argued fell short accurately representing involved attempting create establishing relevant component systems argues similar problem occurs study transfer training leads fit features dialect study system studied beginning attempting account differences generally distinguished types restrictions given realized australian english example exact system notably different distinction covers differences range variation occurs given word group words grass wells expanded splitting category differences inventory structural differences addition wells mention overlap phone nearly identical corresponds different depending accent examples canadian english overlaps way speakers artistic impossible general american overlaps impassable notes similar phenomenon occurs ashes tiger speaker merges speaker says overlap occurs system words system example central type sounds words found reversed created major chinese varieties latin chinese character versions called general chinese originally covered expanded cover major min apart irregularities read equally arabic uses writing system indicates pronunciation western dialect written eastern prestige dialect pre islamic poetry example final pronounced like written merged eastern written order accommodate basic letter arabic dropped similarly stop lost arabic positions initially letters retained eastern stop indicated expanded approach study believing represented process identification sounds different languages linked single category happen unrelated varieties possible construct different language contact situations construction depending purpose simplicity depending systems example spanish small village new_mexico local variety southwestern english fairly approach language contact situation relatively straightforward makes use approach discussing english japanese immigrants hawaiian plantations considered use single language inappropriate systems languages similarly argues representations lead confusion dealing interference remarks narrow especially discussing features like morphology systems don account important process interference borrowing similarly term discussions occur different languages borrowing specifically term refer speakers cross similarities shape distribution example having identification spanish include oil spanish horse spanish perception native means speakers language case hear new features language case spanish equivalent features substitute transfers constraints different extreme occur example english phrase merry christmas borrowed hawaiian process identification occurs fashioned patterns shared speakers use systems native language meaning learn recognize speech facilitate mutual working bailey proposes rule differences determine distance particular post forms points varieties features rules reality status subject debate 1970s foremost areas contention regards reflect actual linguistic speakers warm construction grammar argued based speakers linguistic argues formation real implies native speakers illegitimate similarly appropriate result claims speaker capabilities claim psychological validity likely real bilingual speakers speakers dialect language aware differences speech varieties example word house pronounced buffalo toronto washington philadelphia native speakers able differences interpret similar issue occurs chinese general word shared multiple mutually regarded word pronounced differently depending speaker region speaker beijing differently respectively regard differences minor differences speakers aren normally able hear dialect example speaker distinguish pin pen won hear distinction produced speakers speakers hear contrast don produce possess contrast linguistic repertoire discussing cues english note controlling dialect largely placed possibly structure forms items aid identification identifying isolation don carry information matched listener set prototypes contexts chapter makes case contexts form basis varieties process irregular hoc result sort rule governed passive argues child language acquisition process includes developing ability accommodate different varieties exposed including ones actually employ social significance use point critical periods similar language learning multiple varieties arguably primary vehicle linguistic change argues going past common core creates difficulties add greater complexity falsely assume shared underlying form accents making representation remote underlying form linked actual surface representations given accents long chain rules way resolve obvious difficulties taxonomic wells gives example straight late wait rhyme english varieties contrasts words specifically regions north england contrast despite absent speakers making system construct grammar present native speaker mind adherents system attempt achieve hall argues appropriate removed final analysis wells puts weight difference non accents underlying words like derby star arguably happy kit varieties particularly prominent comparative analysis british american regional features makes case systematic features british american english largely agree handful example varieties new_england short variation items poor door sure variations despite argued total pattern term imposed english american ones analyze system dialect separately know systematic features shared groups distinguish systematic features sporadic features dialect dialect elements built system regard features system impose pattern notions rejected description real grammar came set rules speech presumably generate possible output specific population speakers psychologically real speakers native residents normally exhibited sound days accurately consistently distinction called imitate older speakers argues varieties found isn sufficient evidence claim speakers linguistic argues broadly grammar found speakers linguistic argues attempting grammar large number bizarre traditional reconstructed language appropriate stated benefits bailey notable advocating construction says rules sense potentially learned acquisition process speaker expected learn question remains psychological reality shown newton loss rounded greek words like merged words rest distribution varies dialect present additional underlying rules account distribution similarly system goes common core marking contrasts appear varieties argues marriage customs prompt exposure speakers possess represents multiple representation number ways represented literature way types double points vertical bars curved concept formation system instead represented double case example represented formula scheme accent shown contrast shown possess lock pronounced differently group systems don necessarily utilize useful constructing writing system multiple different instead based language case automated book code designed information system related languages uses modified roman script | Diaphoneme | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
17905_Orange(word) | orange word word orange english language cases refers primarily orange fruit colour orange derivative meanings word derived language passed numerous languages including sanskrit old french reaching english language earliest uses word english refer fruit colour later named fruit english speaking world exposed fruit colour referred yellow red old english red yellow claimed word orange true rhyme half rhymes near rhymes proper compound words phrases rhyme lack rhymes inspired humorous poems songs etymology word orange entered old french anglo norman earliest recorded use word english 13th century referred fruit earliest attested use word reference colour 16th century generally thought old french borrowed italian fruit orange tree fruit fruit attested earlier available written sources believe italian word actually older word ultimately derives language possibly tamil orange tree word entered persian arabic initial lost italian french varieties arabic lost earlier place orange separate etymology roman celtic settlement founded originally named celtic water god named place colour time sixteenth century colour orange adopted symbol colour eventually came associated participation protestant french wars religion dutch eighty years war rhyme widely accepted single english word true rhyme orange half rhymes property unique word study english words found words rhymes lack rhyme orange garnered significant attention inspired humorous verses variant eye rhyme orange true rhyme second pronounced stressed number proper rhyme nearly rhyme orange including mountain wales surname naval commander captain uss discovered led local note buried lies man mark brought commander supplies long sought rhyme orange linguistic poetic devices provide rhymes accents compound words phrases true near rhymes examples include door torn inch attributes verse featuring multiple word rhymes orange gave child lemon grew stem pleasure range offered orange nuts cracked door provide rhymes example poem word orange wore orange example relies way americans orange opposed eating orange making love makes bizarre thereof noted ability bend words rhyme song business album makes use word bending rhyme orange set blow college rooms doors peach yeah come inches words contrived rhyme orange composers wrote song sung character television programme says says says ain rhyme | Orange (word) | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
22475_Ain't | ain ain common english language vernacular ain development ain forms occurred independently different times usage ain forms established century forms early 19th century usage ain perennial subject controversy english ain commonly speakers oral informal settings especially certain regions usage highly marker low socio economic regional status education level use generally considered non standard style guides effect rarely found formal written works etymology ain english corresponding forms ain contracts development ain coincidence words independent developments different times known combination nasal english speakers began reflected writing new form aren appeared non aren lost sound began pronounced arose simultaneously appears print work play love love hear farther deaf early sir uses mean thee shoes ugly don fit developed independently use isn written changed filled gap extension mean letter fault patrick fault pray don blame long sound began written ain appears writing time ain appeared ain written forms nineteenth century terms chapter book second little said regular night ain english lawyer memoirs ain appears aren thank god alive ain han early developed han appeared work country wife gentlemen ladies han heard late sad report poor like han pronounced long yielding dropping han gradually disappeared ain ain appeared 1830s appeared strike ain got strike likewise ain mean haven chapter ain got cry like han ain found late nineteenth century chapter mutual friend finished asked strange man said ain sir han said want ain meaning didn widely considered feature unique african american vernacular english found caribbean english function true variant didn like tense neutral termed generic ain origin early african americans acquired english second language possible early african americans inherited variation colonial european americans later kept variation largely passed wider usage ain rarely attested present tense constructions linguistic characteristics ain formed rule english speakers use form aren auxiliary consider usage ain long users convey intended meaning audience words sentence ain got sense generally follows native speaker word order native speaker recognize meaning sentence draw distinction considered considered acceptable certain contexts usage ain socially unacceptable situations ain operated plug known gap situation standard english standard forms aren isn standard historically ain filled gap expect contexts uses ain standard regard ain non standard substitute aren tag questions okay aren leaving gap open statements stigma ain called word language powerful social marker english prominent example english word determine inclusion exclusion group historically case history ain acceptable social regional contexts 17th 18th 19th centuries ain predecessors normal usage educated english speakers found correspondence fiction lord victorian english educated upper classes 19th century england use ain freely familiar speech ain continued restraint upper middle class speakers southern england beginning 20th century ain prominent target early writers 18th early 19th centuries writers began need establish pure correct form english general disapproved ain variants seen particularly vulgar push driven mainly middle class led situation non standard constructions continued lower upper classes middle class reason strength ain entirely clear strong ain standard english led expressed ironically ain ain word ain ain dictionary ain listed including english oxford states form standard english formal written contexts states widely disapproved non standard common speech educated new international dictionary published went standard practice included following usage note entry ain disapproved common educated speech parts cultivated speakers phrase ain commentators disapproved dictionary relatively attitude word inspired belief editor usage artificial regional usage ain found english speaking world regions classes terms english features double negative known appear english ain united_kingdom geographical distribution increasing time found united_states including south new_england mid-atlantic geographical ain contrasted folk confined south region united_states england ain generally considered non standard usage speakers lower socio economic class educated people informal manner nineteenth century ain writers denote regional ain non standard feature commonly found mainstream australian english new_zealand ain feature influenced english american english usage ain corresponds middle level education widely believed use establishes lack education social standing speaker usage ain southern united_states distinctive continued usage word educated cultivated speakers ain common usage educated south use ain marker separate speakers lack confidence social standing avoid use entirely popular usage ain speech writing catch attention emphasis ain crying shame ain broke don fix collegiate dictionary gives example film critic movies amusing ain funny anymore deliberately oxford dictionary american usage style describes tongue cheek reverse star baseball pitcher member later popular announcer said lot people don ain ain ain seldom found formal writing frequently informal written settings popular song lyrics genres traditional country music blues rock roll hip hop lyrics include features ain principally use features markers covert identity prestige ain standard fixed phrases ain seen notable ain woman speech abolitionist want know lyrics figure lively paint attitude wrong think ain play ain wrong speaking gentleman great baseball hitter advice young hitters eye clear hit ain ain joe quote young baseball fan fan learned scandal involving throwing world series ain subsequently title song album artistic works ain heard spoken feature length motion picture synchronized dialogue sequences ain necessarily song music words ain heavy brother motto boys town inspired song ain heavy brother written recorded artists ain shame song written released went sell million copies introduced wider audience ain song written recorded ain seen song written performed album fragile | Ain't | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
24818_NewZealandplacenames | new_zealand place names new_zealand place names derived british sources groups names commemorate notable people events places homeland ships describe surrounding area collective new_zealand european arrival post commonly translated long white cloud refer country dutch named islands british explorer subsequently new_zealand early names replaced europeans late 18th early 19th centuries government amendments establishment led encouragement original names incorrect persisted names alternative dual english names rare cases dual names dual english names names official mentioned authoritative publications considered recorded names names new_zealand result ironic view place entertainment value plays advertising shortened versions places tried success lord rings films linking movies country main islands known pre contact new_zealand survives names including fish waters canoe early 20th century referred commonly translated long white cloud modern usage country european visitor new_zealand dutch explorer named islands believing formed land seen coast del proved supposedly south american land island dutch subsequently renamed discovery dutch province dutch british explorer subsequently called archipelago new_zealand form dutch letters patent established new_zealand british colony claimed principal islands new_zealand identified commonly known names time stewart island letters patent attempted islands provinces ireland initial provinces new_zealand names endure 1830s alternative common north names arose common usage official declaration revealed alternative names main islands english combination names place names possess historical mythological significance meaning apparent literal translations passed oral tradition european arrival place names commemorated notable historical incidents described features location derived traditional names myths european arrival locations known versions european words poorly pronounced original names early explorers named new_zealand coastal features like later european explorers named things family members events occurred newly discovered location named stake claim ownership area ate means food wellington harbour derives grandson ancestor local names islands visited great migration identify new_zealand landmarks example commemorate incidents occurred early arrivals forgotten remaining names connected places use mythology names apparent forest god lending descriptive words place road mountain water bay lake big widely means wide river mouth indicates good waters catching european arrival exposed christianity leading settlements named biblical jerusalem settlements london athens california descendants migrated islands eastern coast new_zealand named settled confused settlement islands known post colonial recognition early europeans displaced original names names persisted north central regions responsible place names authority given new_zealand governor general prime minister moved amendment gave preference names new features allowed names altered occur set advise place names established given power change implement english names propose geographical board consult local allow public submissions determining official names official act parliament required public list official new_zealand geographical names encourages use original names given places official double names expressed alternative names officially dual names names result settling treaty claim new_zealand tallest mountain officially english dual names wellington harbour officially known port groups campaigned correct spelled pronounced language place names local suggestion wellington suburb referring sea monster legend says lived declined recently recommended renaming town town originally named word government decided accepted alternative official names origin claimed reflect pronunciation local sound european names named geographic features sailed new_zealand west coast murderers bay like wife governor kings islands use cook named voyage including cape farewell mount commemorates attempt kidnap cook crew members named french pass sailing explorers lent names places including mount island chatham ships visited new_zealand shores named officer aboard european names came 1840s 1910s given worked associations provincial governments names acknowledged associations sponsors ships bombay government officials politicians church leaders military heroes famous battles popular place names hastings wellington nelson british politicians royalty lent names russell named austrian emperor royal names popular streets towns geographical features wellington gore named governor grey natural features relatively names derived united_kingdom towns edinburgh notable inland locations including named early settlers takes sheep references region king defied colonial government years mountains passes named lewis scientists newton names descriptive bluff derive names descriptions languages english example means sea view spanish means beautiful island regional patterns scottish names occur scottish settlers named canterbury english flavour nomenclature oxford contains belfast french names area scandinavian migrants left mark seventy mile bush suburbs streets wellington reflect australian immigration downs little asian influence new_zealand place naming wellington reflecting british imperial connections indian influence unofficial names new_zealand place names officially approved fall outside board jurisdiction common names board established officially unofficial recorded names defined names appeared publicly available authoritative publications recorded names include major cities wellington hamilton mountains mount mount islands geographical features new_zealand parts acquired range names years unofficial late 19th century names new_zealand included god country occurred widely labour movement early labour newspaper named worker premier power god country names fell popularity 20th century god country occasionally appears names country included nova cities towns nicknames based prominent feature promoters wish emphasise promoted garden city commonly referred city sails councils come advertise cities hamilton going happening expect slogan hamilton acquired nickname city future suggested city slogan wellington known city strong unpredictable winds following release lord rings films new_zealand called middle earth fictional setting films wellington centre films production called week release movie local newspaper renamed town near location scenes unofficially renamed film industry wellington led nickname proposal erect hollywood style sign near airport overturned public resistance possible copyright number towns acquired ironic nicknames comparing exciting city las_vegas areas nicknames popular designations based new refer pie saying kick cow generic small rural town locality new_zealand | New Zealand place names | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
27026_Haveaniceday | nice day nice day commonly spoken expression conclude conversation brief extensive end message hoping person addressed experiences pleasant day service employees customers end transaction particularly israel united_states usage resulted phrase developing according journalists scholars especially outside countries cultural lack interest passive aggressive behavior phrase generally europe find artificial offensive critics phrase characterize person nice day critics argue parting comes pretended defenders phrase agree nice day consider phrase improves interactions people favor phrase require response variant phrase good day recorded king horn nice day appeared film letter wives phrase subsequently popularized truck drivers talking radios variations phrase include good nice conjunction face phrase defining cultural emblem 1970s key theme film private idaho nice day good day taken synonymous parting phrase goodbye history oxford english dictionary recorded earliest uses phrase variants good day day according good day appeared man way fare good day routinely employed literary works good day disappeared centuries revival new_york_times wrote nice day appeared film letter wives stated nice day came phrase variants widely 1950s spread phrase new_york metropolitan area closing weather reports happy day according variant nice day 1960s saw phrase good day prevalent happy day numerous parting told nice day beautiful day nice city slogan san_francisco vietnam war family members members american armed forces participated day march carried black banner read families nice day received hostile crowd woman said shot bringing nice day good day taken synonyms parting phrase goodbye face nice day los_angeles_times wrote face expression nice day helped define 70s early 1970s brothers murray designed sold products including coffee contained yellow face usually attributed later changed phrase nice day film private idaho ironically ends parting phrase nice day fourth time face faces represent optimism appear ask characters characterized marginal figures nice days traveling idaho protagonists motorcycle breaks characters mike sun horizon links motto nice day says road looks like face like saying nice day film title character street shirt salesman approaches asking face shirts inspiration people men truck mud face salesman gives yellow shirt mud rolls shirt hands saying nice day shirt man finds face outlined film credits logo nice day slogan september released album nice day album cover contains red face guitarist stated echoes title song explained like nice day face nice day face nice day usage phrase nice day typically spoken service employees customers end transaction method expressing thank thank shopping thank service commonly people united_states retailers new_zealand 1970s american supermarket chain opened store brisbane australia workers trained thank shopping nice day versions nice day good nice phrase truck drivers radios scientific studies indicate people regularly smile likely nice day phrase passive aggressive end transactions abusive customers speaker use phrase ironically manner wrote nice day sound touch comparison nice day deeming word sussex stated word causes phrase like mixture command hope wrote common people book facts file dictionary clichés wrote growing usage good meal restaurants opined phrase teeth voiced particularly incompetent academic interviews found british wished demanded service personnel americans australians hand wanted service personnel explains british expect display colleagues time build longer term relationships service industry minute friends time interact customers crime july chicago_tribune published article titled nice day minneapolis man gave note bank said thank nice day november equipped stole money north_carolina store called theft told people nice day april sent police news letter concluded chilling message cop bring shooting cop responsible nice day june mocked victims saying nice day shot face victim survived incident told reporters later felt like israel nice day frequently israeli retail service industries wrote book middle east violence reported woman coffee shop telling nice day purchased sweet roll coffee stated version israeli soldier destroyed memory card camera soldier told nice day israel paid ads television radio stations israel television ads arabic phrase nice day flash screen black letters red background immediately following arabic phrase hebrew phrase said knowing says wanted nice day stated purpose campaign mainly cause israeli public sitting home walking street ask negative reaction arab simplest phrase said wanted encourage arabs active visible community korea according published nice day korea wrote fit nicely phrase frequently korean shops goodbye europe europeans generally feel phrase nice day fake speaker solely interacting listener business purposes generally united_kingdom phrase nice day spread britain united_states britain variants fine day good day frequently place nice day british customers generally consider instead usually preferring expression enjoy rest afternoon book different games recalled teaching class london student nice day student said americans things like big fake smile face don mean having context metaphor student took phrase literally unable intended conversely americans visit stores britain engage nice day americans regard british lacking customer service penned article titled nice day guardian writing discussion british nice day explained britain people assume day horrible catastrophic wrote united_states nice days having thereof written constitution germany german phrase nice day frequently vendors german author wrote germans nice day affected shallow opined phrase appropriate example culturally improper language compared smiling german person impression little simple minded writing germans prefer meaning goodbye german frequently use dubious wishes nice day opined germans generally favor visiting small shop instead large department store french phrase author wrote french frequently good day french consider explains similar nice day sounds like phrase spoken sweden member lamented january speech parliament usage bra nice day swedish stated increased usage english loan expressions like bra sense language style proposed motion authoritative body working conjunction linguistic institutions delegated job caring swedish language motion pass boston born american author wrote book peace comes dropping slow irish americans tended use phrase nice day lodging house ireland found drawing wall american visitors like drawn host daughters picture phrase day faced instead word nice irish author wrote book led irish phrases like problem nice day rain united_states united_states good morning good afternoon good evening good night previously normal farewell addresses lengthy period time common nice day according handbook hispanic cultures united_states nice day example distinguished spanish second generation inclined code switch generally speak formal address form new_york courtroom judge sentenced man year jail term auburn state prison committing robbery judge final words custody sheriff department delivery custody state officials nice day jack stated convict sank knees phrase worked magic jewish american comedian joked book breakfast jews rarely nice day wrote honest heard jew nice day culture business psychologist defines nice day culture filled fake forced meaningless demands workers nice day managers employees customers despite fact employees feel emotions concludes research nice day culture prevail companies countries service industry example explains products uniform past decades sole way companies distinguish better customer service notes positive negative effects positive effect beneficial business people enjoy fake displays negative effect emotions incompatible nice day culture leading terms nice day syndrome interview wall_street_journal employee company marketing called son bitch teeth responded thank nice day stress suppressing feelings caused people like feel individuals affected nice day syndrome carry emotional labor lead diminished self esteem depression criticism nice day command subject regarded achieve outcome recipient power influence possible interpret phrase hope nice day wrote book day comes chooses nice day based choice person wrote book day comes phrase causes people feel obligation nice day wrote book love mike people bad day nice confront demanding boss nasty customer teacher according author phrase exemplified employees words barely phrase occasionally ironic manner negatively impacted speaker detroit supermarket started program tell customer nice day completing transactions conducting surveys realized half customers unaware clerk said phrase addition number customers commented despised told nice day study researchers discovered people smile nice day jobs prone illness flight center operators forced act likely depressed lead decreased immune system function australian wrote past phrase heard exclusively hollywood movies american soap operas lamented 1970s teenagers compelled tell customers nice day blatant american stated nice day decades phrase indicative speaker lack vocabulary wrote saturdays people asked day people highly variable jobs emergency room nurses appreciate routine day mothers young children wish quiet day wrote book nice day thank problem welcome service people thank instead nice day argued thank shorter recognition ability thank adds worth purchase occur future bishop concurred writing reading eagle prefers thank nice day great day thank host socially acceptable responses stated people thank admit dependent leads safer society wrote phrase nice day middle ground drop dead thinking come soon owner wants broad stated phrase meaningless excessive usage compared phrase phrase lovely time space help prevent embarrassing usage term compared phrase know word like sentences comedian joked hall trouble nice day puts pressure got manage good time loose nice day maybe don feel like having nice day maybe maybe nice days row ready god day new_york_times wrote speaker phrase genuine maintains eye contact act social asset note busy world stated phrase said said tone similar lost comes wrote bland age nice day come end opined service image substance important style satirical commentator wrote chicago_tribune know began phrase nice day miss manners wrote book miss manners guide turn millennium phrase wondered deeply felt good world shallow ought stated saying goodbye sufficient expresses wishing farewell sentiment wrote book instantly connect says nice day recipient refrain responding thanks plans planning having miserable mention think nice suggested response merely defense chicago_tribune wrote saying nice day sincere speaker acknowledged recipient argued accept little asking mean care nice day writing society automated going check line grocery store having eye contact spoken possible favored meant human kindness robot encouraged people respond nice day nice day hoped sufficient number people time people intend defended nice day despite characterization phrase american false sing song delivery favored phrase inquiries life preferred nice day response times supported phrase writing indifferent times day wrote nice day kind improves interactions millions people crowded chicago_tribune wrote nice day new fill needed slot goodbye stated indicates intimate customers know forced farewell said feel abnormal employed ironic context close transaction needed oral ending nice day phrase serve people know end transaction | Have a nice day | Language and literature | Language and literature | Words and linguistics |
1718_UcuAgustin | indonesian family subject referred born august indonesia indonesian journalist writer documentary filmmaker educated islamic boarding school interested journalism realising prostitutes hometown beginning print media moved making documentaries saw lack opportunities human interest pieces newspapers documentaries death produced help funds international film festival documentaries include written children books short stories described indonesia documentary filmmakers deals social issues work screened berlin international film festival early life education early career born august strict muslim family child studied islamic boarding school years removed outside world felt shocked learned women hometown worked prostitutes discovery led critical world interested journalism later attended graduation began working print media contributing magazine publishing short stories articles dissatisfied lack opportunities writing pieces dealing social issues later switched audio visual media cited intense editing works went reason change noting wide space reality happened reality reported active writing published islamic themed children books insisting receiving royalties standard flat rate written short story entitled yang man hatched inside body inclusion lesbian themed short story collection paris evening paris book included stories filmmaking documentary chapter minute documentary death film dealing experiences poor people loved dies inspired observations passing public cemetery produced finalists international film festival script development competition received million prize money lent camera competition time professional grade camera april year released short story collection film sake children dealt lives time prostitutes cemetery documentary included stake compilation works produced august released short story compilation world alice head novel ing june government shut prostitution district result documentary response said regretted decision documentary silence produced drew title statement head conspiracy silence led rules healthcare essentially feature length film explored healthcare issues indonesia following lives people suffered poor man access healthcare collaborated love story documentary traditional textile directed served screenwriter september working documentaries knocking door indonesian bill public information thank loving indonesia love kidnap victims program run collaboration groups november received million grant produce new film film entitled dan starting ending news compare habits press death president media hoped shed light issues faced press periods promote media literacy themes islamic children books moderate stance writing notes tends deal challenging themes social injustice healthcare gender inequality documentaries gender issues present works considers social justice human rights key themes works noted hopes viewers influenced hard lives faced subjects calls inspiring september stated pleased death documentaries distributed online reception describes indonesia documentary filmmakers winners international film festival script development competition led able death containing documentary shown section berlin international film festival shown year indonesian film shown went berlin attend showing personal life describes woman pack fair punch reference frame strong mind filmography chapter death lives women women cut unfinished sake children time january | Ucu Agustin | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
2532_LincolnTheatre(Washington,D.C.) | washington theater washington located street ben bowl theater located washington black broadway served city african american community segregation kept venues included movie house ballroom hosted jazz big band performers theater closed race related riots restored reopened hosts variety performances events street metro station opened located street american recording artist performed venue march original high tour history construction began summer opened showed silent film served city black community theatre designed collaboration local theater operator sold decided turn luxurious movie house added ballroom theatre wired sound ballroom known lincoln theater known center washington black broadway performers included television projection system installed movie house televised boxing fights occasions sugar ray robinson maxim bout june struggled financially opened movie theaters blacks beginning late 1950s demolished theater fell disrepair washington riots divided theaters known lincoln twins late 1970s early 1980s featured night movie shows weekend attracting hundreds weekend sold developer closed renovations theater remained boarded years restoration listed national_register_of_historic_places theatre restored million aid district_of_columbia government restoration started developer working controversial million redevelopment plan jackson plaza area ran financial difficulties filed bankruptcy restoration theater taken district government foundation restoration work design firm building brick exterior interior features victorian trim sneak preview renovated theater held september mayor kelly attendees theatre officially reopened february performance ain got long stay life march hosted play eagles fly written local playwright play told story local elderly woman fought targeted neighborhood demolition sought preserve neighborhood history seat theater hosted theatrical musical shows leased space community groups events hosted political events mayor state district address jazz performances recent years included annual duke jazz festival inaugurated hosted performances performed include singer comedian venue theater primary venue annual lgbt film festival theater struggled financially received aid annually past years district government theater director expressed concerns theater shut lack funds january district government provided theatre suggested adding annual line item city budget provide theatre year theatre threatened closure city cut funding arts took management began searching new management current operation january arts began searching new entertainment booking group operate process included evaluating business plans groups april company owns club operates selected competitors operate theatre june mayor deputy mayor arts deputy official announcement selection prior obtaining sole operation theatre booked shows including sold performances began sole operation theatre fall gaining sole operation booked nearly shows including september october november january hill february february bob february april april johnny july september october flying lotus october october october | Lincoln Theatre (Washington, D.C.) | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
3697_StarFilm(DutchEastIndiescompany) | star film dutch_east_indies company star film film production company dutch_east_indies established chinese indonesian businessman chinese produced black white films directed remainder directed film production studio closed following japanese occupation dutch_east_indies star helped establish careers actors produced written output probably lost history star film established previous film experience producer shanghai based life company role producer camera company headquarters located company released film april detective film star signed social worker popular ethnic chinese community film commercial success allowing company expand later signed screenwriter studio touted victory owing wide network journalist wrote single work company based legend published edition directed produced actors cast film continued star remainder existence including comedian future film producer left star owing dissatisfaction star continued expanding brought aboard chinese director film company begun production release dealt family torn apart dealings loan shark production received positive reviews star produced sequel helm drew journalist writer film titled star emphasised comedy relying interactions comedian wrote film star leaving company film follows named period years loses owing modern woman advertised extremely simple touching story received positive reviews late star producing adaptation thousand nights titled time contemporary works adapted nights including tan film film early colonial government dutch_east_indies concerned possibility invasion fear reached general populace february edition film magazine dan film reported studios away colonial capital production hiatus star production incomplete reported preparing japanese occupied indies march star closed reopen filmography produced films years feature length black white works receiving wide releases dutch_east_indies reportedly screened far away china singapore films screened late 1940s company output likely lost unfinished explanatory notes | Star Film (Dutch East Indies company) | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
5990_Dumpmonths | dump months dump months term film community periods year lowered commercial critical expectations new releases audiences periods smaller rest year movies released january february usually commonly described way august september included releases times primarily include films released times year better test screenings films prominent stars genre films particularly horror movies easily marketed films intended teenage audience fewer entertainment options outside home factors combine create dump months circumstances particular united_states canada primary market major hollywood releases periods immediately follow times year distributors concentrate films expect biggest critical commercial successes periods increased spending entertainment generally means income economics explain dump months weather competition forms mass entertainment especially professional sports play winter dump months affected academy_awards eligibility rules dump months evolved course 20th century studio era major releases followed annual patterns similar today classics like kid shadow doubt treasure released january decline studios memorable films dump months rare exceptions notable silence reviewed box office smash released late january went win year years fatal attraction hits following releases august september respectively films released dump months cinematic like cult classics starting 21st century dump months releases managed exceed million box office receipts similar success low budget horror films like devil inside mama early 2010s prompted studios release films genre times year halloween dump months etymology term dump months comes belief studios use time periods question dumping ground movies release believe limited commercial prospects best months year known dump months hollywood wrote critic early period characterized movies studios dislike want release little fanfare likewise dismisses september worthless months box office earliest use term turn google search article british newspaper guardian january dump month movies critic wrote films studios believe care suddenly sole choice available regular hungry fresh fare use term common early 2010s causes dump month periods immediately follow periods greater movie attendance event movies expected critical commercial successes released periods greater consumer spending generally reasons specific periods movie attendance limit expected box office returns extent movies strong potential scheduled times year january february main release highly anticipated high quality films january february calendar major film awards overlap months winter weather adds uncertainty estimates potential box office holidays time provide slight relief offset distraction super bowl weekend spending movies combined gross january releases averaged million february million comparison december holiday releases averages billion spending low begin consumers cutting debts incurred preceding holiday season having free time asked explain good films january notes returning work school routines month ain cool news adds savings accounts weren tapped christmas afford movies regularly attributes early year success taken sequels market recent films older market website publishes reports film divides movie year seasons defines winter season lasting day new year week weekend ends thursday friday march site data year winter season lowest box office weakest winter entity million led way total million domestic movies released season end strongest winter billion topped safe house took million awards calendar end year comes holiday movie season studios release movies latest installments popular franchises expected highly successful oscar bait movies seen likely earn critical praise importantly nominations major awards golden industry prestigious nominations promote film nominations announced december awards given early january academy award nominations announced golden actual awards given late february leaving months year oscar season period received oscar nominations promote film audiences studios lobby academy members vote nominees eligible award consideration requires film shown theater california seven consecutive days advertised print media studios hoping position film nominations usually satisfy minimum requirement ease wide release nominations awards ceremony flexibility marketing strategy requires means screens available studios limit releases new films time end critic explained article new releases month year studios know attention new films shown publicly time january ineligible following year time likely forgotten critics audiences voters silence winner rare exception film post studio era released months year win oscar calls grand exception january movies rule finds classic late 20th century january release theaters running holiday season hits nominated awards reducing screens available new movies editor says types january december releases screens months adult audiences told atlantic spend month films critics lists best year gotten general seeing event films december winter weather january february winter storms likely december affect entire northeast midwest particularly prone neighboring areas canada includes major metropolitan areas movie markets countries winter storms hit bringing combinations precipitation making driving difficult dangerous prefer stay home non essential travel officially discouraged severe weather non emergency driving banned areas situation improves anticipation february easter struck month weekend large chains closed theaters northeast industry analysts feared storm seriously impact box office prospects films opening weekend seen having potential better winter movies appeared films seriously affected better expected winning weekend despite generally poor reviews word mouth million receipts overall box office weekend previous year effects finished distant quarter sign storm effect according drop earnings wide release oscar nominations holiday weekends super bowl holiday weekends generally increase film audiences attract major releases year occur months january presidents day february offer modest prospect improvement lucrative movie weekend million weekend wide release previous best opening weekend ride previous year taking million million entire day holiday weekend counted presidents day benefits proximity valentine day february weekday offers studios chance usually romantic comedies chick marketed women date movies years straight weeks holiday says shades grey adaptation erotic novel took million opening weekend largest president day weekend broke record year later valentine day romantic comedy large ensemble cast million opening weekends took million best performance previously released film president day weekend million week release boost movie holidays offset typically comes super bowl annual championship game national_football_league recent years played sunday january february accompanied heavy media attention frequent gatherings country watch game television accompanied food purchased money spent movie tickets super bowl affect ticket sales asks answer course yes fact decent chance spends advertising sunday america theaters successful film open super bowl weekend concert film cyrus best took million half total earn released limited weekend following week close second dear john grossing million strongest super bowl weekend opening conventional release films strong appeal female audience receptive weekend dominated sporting event action film taken noted success appealing older audience took million opening weekend way total receipts million making distant august september enter dog days summer summer movie season wrote popmatters editor anticipating august year dump period summer fall lend clearly winter dump months past usually considered include august september years years major summer movies open second weekend august avoid competing movies guardians galaxy august release took million weekend month successful august opening weekend year grossing films end summer seasonal jobs end winter dump months younger begin return school tuition payments retailers school sales cut movie prevailing wisdom people don movies august family summer camp factors vulture complained potentially month august release open successfully film earlier summer doesn ability run weeks scramble june july head told fort worth star telegram type films interest younger audiences early summer labor day month weekends universally seen beginning late summer dump months forgettable films likely released occasional exceptions like went million domestically release late august spawn sequels franchise end august annual american celebration labor day holiday weekend period year holiday weekends reliably weakest terms movie box office weekend directed halloween million sixth sense fourth week close second pulling million distant second opening weekends horror film possession million september begins younger preoccupied starting school year likely movies winter months football impact box office nfl teams college high school teams resume play weekends left series movies competing box office month hollywood assumes goes movies says yahoo critic september movies critically commercially opened wide release september succeeded box office staying theaters june year garnering academy_award nominations including years later similarly successful american beauty limited release september going wide october won award september counterpart held end month film community attention focused canadian city critics gather potential oscar contenders independent films program studio executives look line distribution deals prize mind best released week ending september dump period past years october anticipated horror films reached screens capitalize approach halloween end month began change 2000s way franchises saw paranormal activity films dominated period prompting distributors horror films consider releasing winter dump months instead paramount enjoyed huge success devil inside released right new year day despite strongly negative critical audience reaction year mama received enthusiastically critics came day weekend rescheduled previous october avoid going sinister paranormal activity major horror film adaptation released october local spirit halloween sadly dead wrote complex horror big business major studios care october statistical analyses dump months obstacles reflected box office totals particularly success movies opening months january strongest domestic opening weekend million took went wide release weekend best opening weekend movie seeing screens time january million pulled ride year lowest best opening weekend gross month close september best million hotel took following release august february fourth fifth respectively guardians galaxy million million respectively time champion december reflecting star wars force awakens massive million opening weekend january metacritic editor undertook statistical analysis films released month perceived inferior compared site aggregate scores based critical audience consensus films released january february march january averaged fewest releases lowest average scores films released month year decade earned average site scale lowest winter months accounting increase releases spring closer relationship critical praise audience enthusiasm january films best rated disney animated musical teacher pet commercial failure pledge entry success ridden good reviews modest box office year conversely successful january releases meet critical acclaim taken highly successful end month despite reviews ranged spectrum weeks film release universally panned comedy mall cop opened strong way total million contemplating offerings january vulture undertook ranking quarter century based scores rotten tomatoes review aggregator averaged ratings films released particular january best worst scores noted method best worst earliest years site kept scores result fact far fewer movies released took sway average noted best january average led acclaimed best rated january film survey period month lowest rated new release managed rating better average years end january achieved awarded average january films joined scale recognized time contemporary essay new_york_times month concluded noted january ended looks like record books 21st century best led way worst led pack average score brought rear looking ahead movies february slate argued february movies worst month evidence average ratings movies month february averaged points lower january september august february worst month entire sample period releases month coming tied best february comparable analysis films released late summer dump months end july vulture greeted coming month posts drop movie quality historically associated month theories explain history previous movies released month rated halfway decent concluded time movies halfway decent ones movies august want eyes time period question halfway decent movies movies discarded exceptions consecutive years regarded worst august halfway decent movies releases got groove halloween considered august halfway decent films sixth sense thomas crown affair iron giant dick history according earliest days studio system major releases largely followed calendar modern audiences recognize spring summer end year holidays january mix observes silent era hits like kid circus melodrama flesh devil command came month year best decade january movies writes 1940s began suggests best january cinema history girl friday shop corner considered classics released january later decade classic films reach screens january sullivan travels shadow doubt treasure months treasure release handed decision united_states paramount_pictures inc holding violation law studios theater chains historically seen beginning end studio system found movies having guaranteed box office adequate theatrical run longer guaranteed release patterns began formally big weekends warmer weather national holidays mid-1970s studios discovered summer blockbuster success jaws star wars following decade rise independent producers dedicated quality october december year highlight concentrations left post holiday winter late summer lows followed highs 2010s said august death january suicide similarly noted time past decades american movie schedule january february studios dump movies low hopes want early 1980s producer altered states moved month christmas season studio objections complained interview time fewer people attending movies offer pictures want divide larger audience desirable films industry shown instinct convinced people movies primarily christmas time release big pictures end decade critics taken notice january month vulture years later find movies worst january new_york_times critic idea movie hell said included having watch january releases known january films character let distinctive leads film distributors regard january right resting place black sheep wild cards allowed recent years allowed good films attention note months year january major releases january man thriller characterized titled despite worst month offer dubious honor went despite critical commercial success silence qualified exception proved rule released end january second gone wide release weeks later strategy typical january writes studio way teeth president nato criticized dump months studio practices annual gathering film hosted nato theaters come quarter receipts quarter studios diverse offerings compared quarter year connected dump months phenomenon month produce million movie said speech distributors spread movies calendar record year responding later panel discussion hosted universal_studios chairman agreed principle saying reasons historical behavior film work weekend said pointed success weekend january having opened time similar low budget horror films called belief theaters slump rated films saved january criticism repeated simplistic problem movies question ratings insisted hit regardless month opened happens movies said people tend forget minimize complicated releasing strategies critics movie fans observed studios distributors particular types movies particular genres dump months overlap mediocre comedies atlantic puts referring films like bride wars hotel dogs critical better times year 2010s films better mall cop identity thief past unimpressed critics gross million consecutive years time grossing january release mediocre action movies points book underworld evolution films like comic counterparts succeeded commercially january release adds green january originally intended release previous summer proved lucrative decision decade earlier piece general complaints august slate editor included action movies dominating movie screens month low cost recounts disney test core audience format experiment wound highest grossing september release followed beauty beast released following january audiences star wars prequel trilogy releasing enhanced special edition original trilogy winter dump months recalled low budgets generally taken stars respectively considered open major movie strength names writes work lower salaries helps budgets low film profitable smaller potential audience amid minimal competition teen oriented movies teenagers demographic excess idle time january interested movies touted potential oscar winners adults reasons studios effort release films targeted romantic films like save dance walk remember successfully opened january low budget parody films meet teen market dump months despite strongly negative reception critics audiences films released dump months originally intended period movies failed live studios hopes competitive summer release come winter seven pointed beginning upcoming witch hunters film good wrote coming june fared poorly better abroad suspected upcoming release starred january release adverse reactions test audiences correctly anticipated failure ensemble comedy movie reason points season witch million horror film starring failed kind big budget bust buried dump months marketing plan film like formal wake stop film generic product demand dvd streaming markets says piece originally intended dump months shifted bad studios figure market aren sure succeed critic ain cool news scripted successful horror film sinister points chronicle surprisingly strong opening super bowl weekend earlier year example similarly points types movies difficult market large audiences winter little movies niche audiences writes pointing directorial debut quartet received limited release january struck lightning released time movies blend genres zombie human romeo juliet retelling limited release comedy glimpse inside mind ideal dump months release time frame august guardians galaxy successful august opening weekend grossing film domestically accomplishments led industry observers reconsider dismissive august trend building year noted fort worth star telegram recent seen number critical commercial successes franchise movies films appealed adult audiences help biopic million opening weekend guardians met expectations summer movie season expanding traditional boundaries asked month began noted big budget movies released late spring early summer recent years like earth white_house struggled box office similar competition believed point reached movies released early summer audiences proving line time year watch save day believes adapting film like guardians galaxy comes time summer feels like event regardless month sees similar happened schedule broadcast cable networks begun airing new scripted shows summer relegated small audiences horror films genre regularly mentioned connection dump months horror staple periods frequently limited recent successes dump months actually led studios scheduling limitation release horror movies times year time year october said end february attributes winter cold dark landscape critically praised commercially successful horror films best january opening weekend years ride january champion mama dump months horror movies succeeded face critical condemnation starting result new release usually horror movie year weekend says reviewing forest slate took note release time year access calendar knows forest bad wrote point tradition vein playing movie japanese setting likened supposed ancient custom country elderly people longer care purposely abandoned devil inside low budget found footage horror film following steps opened weekend new year day critics screened reviewed harshly audiences reacted angrily film abrupt ending directed website information notes success proof low potential weekend audience throw money terrible movie looks like good film opening weekend million ranks january devil inside went million domestically abroad break million total receipts success films outside october usually month studios released quality horror films capitalize halloween approach actually led studios approach release horror films times year 2000s october weekend halloween come dominated saw paranormal activity franchises come killed recalls producer reason mama rescheduled october following january october paramount decided delay release paranormal activity marked ones weekend halloween march replaced horror offering comedy leaving month highly anticipated horror film adaptation says studios finding holidays horror associations year like friday 13th regardless season chapter actually opened weekend september weekend actually played bigger movie weekend halloween year told usa_today july amidst summer movies lot people moving horror movies said mama producer audience critical responses movie critics called studios change release schedules improve quality new films dump months calls studios start releasing better films saving win statues box office fill dead month worth seeing suggested january new movies released january instead studios previous year second chance gave cabin woods chronicle january release examples films failing happening wrote home media catch older films critics tried look worthwhile overlooked films amid dump months releases exist assures readers january compiled list overlooked dump months films includes cult classics like horror film office space following year released late february recommend january release starring legendary gimmick film producer pledge january film starring best film director depiction faith devotion monstrous critic said january started look january anticipation argues month bad movies bad way unlike failed summer way money riding mediocre boring january movies spectacular failure studios expect throw good money bad asks cut losses let thing suck neglect suggests led devil inside intensely stupid brilliant entirely entertaining likened january movies bad movies june like controlled asserted begun reversing trend forgettable january movies recent years impressed grey mama easy complain stretch movies wrote began twist studios catering niche audiences month viewers chance catch major awards contenders released december studios seen films benefit creative risk taking filmmakers points succeeded smaller film distributors advantage dump months bring little seen highly praised films like kill list wider audiences home media releases forbes said january critics large markets reason complain dump months rest claimed january fact high quality movies owing combination awards contenders reaching mass market time possibility unusual successes new releases overlooked films previous year reaching home markets category highly recommended august release short term | Dump months | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
7819_ReelAffirmations | reel reel non profit volunteer lgbt film festival washington held year mid october reel largest lgbt film festivals terms attendance united_states baltimore newspaper called films festivals entire lgbt community claims largest lgbt film festivals world listing lgbt film festivals claims largest volunteer film festival world organization reel program washington lgbt non profit arts organization overseen board officers board members time paid executive director oversaw day day operations organization operations run board volunteer directors programs including conceived organized implemented volunteers planning reel begins conclusion year festival deposits placed secure venues corporate sponsors secured ongoing process lasts august programming teams feature films women shorts men shorts documentaries begin researching screening films february films secured contract beginning early contracts finalized early july coordinating committee oversees implementation relations volunteer coordination marketing embassy relations public relations aspects film festival funding comes corporate ticket sales additional support comes grants provided city government previously sponsored day film festival coincided program began monthly film screenings titled beginning stopped events resumed november organization sponsored divas outdoors movie outdoor screening classic gay related movies home post fortune history early years reel founded gay residents washington wished found gay arts organization began meeting founded lgbt arts organization organization program sought advice input largest lgbt gay film festival financial administrative assistance reel film festival opened october festival venue georgetown day festival screened feature films short subjects documentaries attendees opening night film father coming closing night film festival expanded screen opening night film district author opened festival screened short feature length works shown following year festival screened features shorts added screenings film festival firm financial provide administrative financial support festival continued expand screening films dropping smaller venues adding larger ones west end cinema festival conducted screening gay events held federal building year festival scored premiere fifth anniversary fourth largest lgbt film festival united_states attendance attendees festival screened films year expanded fifth large venue virginia year later dropped smaller venues favor seat jewish community center years reel growth led west end theaters film moved seat historic located near 14th streets screened feature films shorts documentaries venues turning point years declining attendance women led festival director create special women program event known continued features women filmmakers screenings discussion films particular appeal women lgbt film festival season screen boys don cry award winning film debuted new_york_city screened opened theaters nationwide honor festival continuing success gay lesbian activists alliance bestowed distinguished service award reel festival director screened movies attendees day run festival addition film festival locations including washington afi silver theater maryland struck relationship film festival use holding larger film screenings company festival executive director left november years head leaving festival debt according newspaper number factors responsible debt diminishing number corporate sponsors timing murray resignation donor recruitment beginning following year lack preparation murray departure increasing number popular events competing festival october fewer festival program booklet poor weather days festival festival program left dependent single ticket sales heavy drop single ticket sales board members left organization new board members recruited volunteers took day day operations july organizers announced film festival october april funding news source reported organizers intended hold october film festival community fundraiser brought far hoped allow october festival occur april prompted hope government grant allow festival occur march officials cancelled april event continuing heavy debt grants awarded organization festival organizers scheduled 20th reel film festival october additional changes occurred 20th film festival film festival longer held events primary film festival venue auditorium venues included documentary center west end cinema original venues film festival early 1990s festival instituted embassy screening series films specific country screened nation embassy washington occurred embassy israel embassy france continued held venue festival volunteer coordinator estimated festival draw attendees continued recover financial crisis march held oscar party muscular men covered gold welcoming patrons public invited view academy_awards gay friendly setting hosted truncated day festival november venues changed festival returned long time venue venue end annual festival ceased offer annual film festival conclusion event turned program nonprofit organization offering different programs local community program monthly film screenings offered beginning reel planned day film festival august gala hispanic theatre awards presents major awards year award bestowed based audience honors given best documentary beginning added new awards included time director award reel distributed plant seed filmmaker grant end festival grant established supported audience donations silent auction held year festival varied year year grant awarded board filmmaker filmmakers previously produced feature film short documentary intended help filmmaker complete current work progress grant discontinued festival established filmmaker grant award renaming honor founders festival | Reel Affirmations | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
8423_Pre-CodeHollywood | pre code hollywood pre code hollywood refers brief era american film industry introduction sound pictures enforcement censorship guidelines usually labeled albeit code code adopted oversight poor enforced july establishment date movie content restricted local laws negotiations major studios popular opinion strict adherence code ignored hollywood filmmakers result films late 1920s early 1930s included sexual profanity illegal drug use prostitution infidelity abortion intense violence homosexuality strong female characters films female films like public enemy little seen heroic evil featuring stronger female characters films examined female subject matters revisited decades later american films characters seen profit deeds cases significant repercussions drug use topic films hollywood biggest stars got start era stars excelled period like england called king pre code died wind essentially forgotten general public generation beginning late escalating half american roman catholics launched campaign deemed american cinema plus potential government takeover film censorship social research indicate movies seen immoral promote bad behavior pressure force studios greater oversight origins code films series screen scandals involving hollywood stars studios enlisted beacon presbyterian elder hollywood image later nicknamed motion picture paid lavish sum year equivalent million dollars general head served years president defended industry attacks recited negotiated treaties cease hostilities hollywood decision major_league_baseball hiring judge league commissioner previous year quell questions integrity baseball wake world series gambling scandal new_york_times called screen introduced set recommendations dubbed formula studios advised asked filmmakers describe office plots pictures planning supreme_court decided unanimously ohio free speech extend motion pictures token attempts clean movies studios formed little come efforts creation code contents american roman catholic editor prominent trade paper father jesuit priest created code standards liked immensely submitted studios lord concerns centered effects sound film children considered especially susceptible studio heads including metro mayer mgm met lord february revisions agreed code main factors adopting code avoid direct government intervention responsibility headed colonel supervise film production advise studios changes cuts required code divided parts set general principles concerned morality second set particular applications list items depicted restrictions ban homosexuality use specific curse words directly mentioned assumed understood clear mixing races forbidden stated notion adults policy dubious ineffective strategy difficult enforce allow minds easily understand accept harm subject matter plots younger people positive harm children supervised events implied code allowed cultural historian called possibility inspired thought crime code sought determine portrayed screen promote traditional values sexual relations outside marriage portrayed attractive beautiful presented way passion right criminal action punished crime criminal sympathy audience authority figures treated clergy portrayed comic characters villains circumstances politicians police officers judges villains long clear exception rule entire document contained catholic stated art handled carefully morally evil effects deep moral significance catholic influence code initially kept secret recurring theme audience feels sure evil wrong good right code contained commonly referred advertising code regulated film advertising copy imagery enforcement february variety published entire contents code predicted state film censorship boards soon obsolete men enforce code head committee successor generally ineffective film office reviewed blue angel passed joy revision considered california censor instances joy negotiated cuts films definite albeit loose constraints significant material screen joy review films year small staff little power office authority order studios remove material film instead worked reasoning pleading matters appeals process ultimately responsibility making final decision hands studios factor ignoring code fact found censorship period victorian era ridiculed backward code announced nation liberal periodical attacked publication stated crime presented sympathetic light taken literally law justice events portrayed clergy presented positively examined outlook agreed unlike variety predicted beginning code difficult enforce additionally great depression 1930s led studios seek income way possible films containing violent content resulted high ticket sales reasonable continue producing films soon code open secret hollywood reporter mocked code variety followed suit year variety article noted screenwriter stated moral code joke memory early sound film era sexuality american film increased 1920s pre code era dated start sound film era generally march code written protests new_york state advantage supreme_court decision ohio censorship board virginia followed suit following year individual states board advent sound film boards 1920s new_york stage frequent source subsequent screen material shows performances filled curse words mature subject matter sexually suggestive dialogue early sound system conversion process apparent acceptable new_york kansas suggested studio executives form committee discuss film censorship metro mayer mgm fox paramount responded collaborating list called don based items challenged local censor boards consisted subjects best avoided handled carefully approved list created oversee implementation way enforce controversy surrounding film standards came head director responsible increasing discussion sex cinema 1920s starting male female series films examined sex highly successful films featuring hollywood original girl saturday night kid released days october market crash highlighted bow sexual 1920s stars bow freely displayed sexuality straightforward fashion hollywood great depression great depression presented unique time film making united_states economic disaster brought stock market crash changed american values beliefs ways themes american traditional concepts personal achievement self reliance overcoming odds lost great currency constant economic politicians early years depression american public developed increasingly attitude challenging traditional beliefs political controversy hollywood films period mirrored attitudes patrons gone adventurous lifestyle 1920s years jazz age far away days war commented sense noted understanding moral climate early 1930s complex films experienced unprecedented level freedom portray things kept hidden decades america looked stock market crash product previous decade looking 1920s events increasingly seen occurring prelude market crash dance dance party scenes featuring 1920s played excess ultimately reforms ways saved fortunate continues path leads ultimate self destruction rain shine composed happy days song repeated characters films years comical picture future presented heroes sale year looks depressing night end america heroes sale directed prolific pre code director featured silent film star world war veteran cast streets addiction hospital stay wild boys road young man played leads group juvenile frequently brawl police gangs common youths traveled country trains search better economic circumstances early 1930s matters studios advent sound film required immense expenditure sound stages recording cameras movie theater sound systems mention new found artistic complications producing radically altered medium studios difficult financial position market crash sound conversion process risky purchases theater chains pushed finances near breaking point economic circumstances led loss nearly half weekly attendance numbers closure country theaters years depression million americans went cinema weekly apart economic realities conversion sound artistic considerations early sound films noted criticized wall wall sound pictures director wondered camera intended characters going onscreen action film industry competition home radio characters films went great lengths medium film industry new medium broadcast commercials projects occasionally turned radio stars short feature performers advantage built following beneath surface american life depression fear angry mob portrayed panicked films white_house mayor hell massive wide shots angry comprising hundreds men rush action efficient groups agitated men standing camps marching streets protest prevalent sight great depression protests world war veterans capital washington brutal crackdown prompted hollywood depictions social issues examined directly pre code era hollywood largely ignored great depression films sought patrons remarked function motion pictures entertain times realize constantly fatality permitting concern social values lead realm propaganda american motion picture owes civic obligation greater honest clean entertainment maintains supplying effective entertainment free propaganda serve high self purpose social problem films obviously felt motion pictures presented form served effect american coined famous want send message pre code era took opposite stance questioned certain called message films congress claiming audiences desire realism led certain social legal political issues portrayed film length pre code films usually comparatively short running time required material affect impact message films employees entrance received following review attack ruthless capitalism goes lot recent efforts wall street amazing plot character minutes film featured pre code later dubbed king pre code magnetic worst playing particularly department store manager example terminates jobs long standing male employees commits suicide result threatens fire young character pretends single stay employed sleeps attempts ruin husband learning married films stated position social issue usually labeled propaganda films contrast mgm definitively republican stance social issue films led new deal advocate prominent maker types pictures preferred called stories historian written recurring elements marked called preface second jazz age prelude preface essentially version intended calm audience disagreed film message jazz age prelude cast shame behavior 1920s cabin cotton message film capitalism film takes place unspecified southern state workers given barely survive taken advantage charged interest rates high prices landowners film decidedly anti capitalist preface claims parts south today exists endless dispute rich land owners known poor cotton known supply tenants simple requirements everyday life return tenants work land year year volumes written rights parties object producers cabin cotton sides concerned effort picture conditions end admit wrongdoing agree distribution capital businessman remained recurring character pre code cinema played industrialist based real life swedish entrepreneur nicknamed match king attempts corner global market matches william character commits robbery fraud murder way captain industry market collapses crash ruined commits suicide avoid imprisonment william played businessman wealthy banker owns building named larger tricks knows poverty appropriate wealth ultimately shot secretary ends film life walking roof skyscraper americans dislike lawyers frequent topic social problem films state attorney films paid legal system turns innocent characters criminals life character ruined romantic interest executed live free innocent crime district attorney wants convict religious addressed films starring directed portrayed nurse initially reluctant heroine manages save unorthodox means young children danger characters including night nurse countless films dealt economic realities country struggling find meal blonde venus character resorts prostitution feed child character happened night gets throwing food floor later finding food financial resources character reflects chorus girl regularly received diamonds gifts content beef sandwich puts meal order business coming money political releases given social circumstances politically oriented social problem films ridiculed politicians portrayed incompetent dark horse enlisted time accidentally running governor elected candidate wins election despite embarrassing washington portrayed state political system stuck neutral nearly released film scene public execution politician climax deciding cut released day age stands stark contrast films period filmed shortly completed month tour soviet_union day age takes place america features children gangster got away murder popular local seen lowering gangster rats police arrive response encourage youths continue film ends taking gangster local judge forcing magistrate conduct trial outcome doubt need strong leaders charge steer america crisis seen white_house dictator takes control united_states stars weak president likely modeled inhabited knocked unconscious spirit behavior similar abraham_lincoln president nation unemployment crisis type criminal continually law fiction columbia minute fascist leader narrated nbc radio commentator showing progress italy year reign thomas time dictator comes film viewed people weeks albany new_york election public affection country increasingly featured countless exhibited desire alternative forms government hollywood films reflected new optimism heroes sale despite bleak times anti american film ends positive note new deal appears sign optimism wild boys road directed reaches conclusion juvenile court expecting jail sentence judge lets boy free revealing symbol new deal desk tells going better new_york country box office casualty white_house entered production era sought capitalize time film released march election produced level america rendered film message obsolete adolf hitler rise power germany regime anti semitic policies significantly affected american pre code filmmaking hitler unpopular parts united_states germany american films studios wanted german government ban jews negative portrayals germany led significant reduction work jews hollywood end world war result social problem films released independent film companies addressed germany pre code era hitler reign terror producer announced working picture titled mad dog europe intended scale attack hitler quit job film summoned pair office told cease production causing studios germany threatened seize properties hollywood producers germany ban import future american films crime films early 1900s united_states primarily rural country especially self identity pig alley earliest american films feature urban organized crime prohibition arrival created environment wanted drink consort criminals especially urban areas nonetheless urban crime genre ignored underworld recognized gangster movie surprise hit according encyclopedia hollywood entry underworld film established fundamental elements gangster movie hero ominous night city streets finale cut protagonist gangster films doorway hell released capitalize underworld popularity described virtual remake film late 1920s crime films investigated connection broadway productions movies broadway officially recommended banning violence form 1920s unlike profanity drug trade prostitution advised handled carefully new_york censor board thorough state missing country annual releases violent scenes removed gun pointed camera instances guns pointed body character shots machine guns featured scenes criminals shot law enforcement officers scenes involving stabbing knife audiences considered disturbing involving torture scenes considered educational depiction crime methods violence reaction shots showing faces individuals receiving end violence considered especially sensitive areas code later recommended scenes showing robbery theft safe cracking arson use firearms trains machines buildings brutal killings basis rejected local birth hollywood gangster motion picture genre pre code era gangster film vice films outraged moral guardians city fathers high caliber scenarios screen heroes stone killers early 1930s real life criminals celebrities particular captured american imagination like transformed perception entire cities gave chicago reputation american bullet proof running boards state street flower shop windows competition blood appeared cover time magazine offered figure sums major hollywood studios appear film declined national celebrity bank arrest escaped confinement times celebrated public outlaw father appeared popular series giving police advice catch son popularity rose quickly variety joked remains large longer interviews obtained petitions circulated president wrote studios march portrayed motion picture genre entered new level following release featured gangster public enemy starring featuring standards time incredibly violent films created new type anti hero gangster films released genre popularity began end prohibition backlash gangster films swift announced studio stop making allowed year old son generally considered grandfather gangster films robinson close friend chicago joe wants straight meets woman seeks life crime joins gang rises rank boss crime family concerned friend threatens point joe girlfriend goes police unable bring kill joe eliminate witness goes hiding police publish press killed blaze gunfire words mother mercy end robinson initially cast small role persuaded film producer let play lead headed new_york censorship board told flooded complaints people saw kids theaters nationwide gang leader hero success inspired fox secret paramount big hollywood gangster come released features career defining performance time film similar template set follows powers rise eventual fall world crime film partially based real life chicago gangster character contrasted brother wants straight mother center conflict ruthless extremely violent best remembered scene picture referred scene girlfriend breakfast half face instead scenes film trailer contained warning picture intensity showed gun fired directly camera violent women gangster film picture scene knocks woman feelings violently throws car april month release recruited police chief august conduct study effect gangster pictures children finished work stated gangster films overly favorable depicting police results defend film industry censorship board impressed removed crime scenes pictures critics named pre code gangster film directed starring film partially based life incorporates details biography storyline film begins paul working dissatisfied subordinate attracted girlfriend poppy controlling relationship sister remain critics described warns leave north controlled rival mob ignores warning launches series executions result war north gang takes gang tries unsuccessfully kill attempt kill successful poppy happily girl finds hotel room closest friend coin gangster kills rage afterward learns couple wanted surprise news gotten married production troubled start office warned producer film completed late office demanded numerous changes including conclusion captured tried convicted hanged film carry subtitle shame nation hughes sent film numerous state censorship boards saying hoped film combat gangster menace unable film past censor board headed changes hughes sued new_york board won allowing release film version close intended form local refused release edited version sent assure cycle gangster films nature ending provoked outrage mainly unprecedented violence shifts tone comedic writing stated film blends comedy horror manner suggests let loose live machine gun scene inside cafe machine gun fire car rival gang headed way barrage picks newly released tommy guns dropped exhibits wonder excitement new toy civic leaders furious like blatant inspiration applauded movie houses america screenplay adapted journalist chicago contained biographical details character obviously taken detail close impossible draw parallels factors gangster pictures subversive difficult economic times depression existed viewpoint way financial success crime argued adults particularly affected films misleading children youth problem cinema theater owners advertised gangster pictures singular real life murders tied promotions theater displayed tommy guns situation reached studios ask tone promotions prison films prison films pre code era involved men women incarcerated films set prisons north tended portray solidarity social system great depression sparked real life ohio fire april guards refused release prisoners cells causing deaths films depicted conditions inside prisons early 1930s genre composed prison film chain gang film prison film large men identical uniforms resigned fate live defined code chain gang film southern prisoners subjected system discipline outdoor heat treated terribly ruthless captors prototype prison genre plays sentenced years committing influence cell mates murderer played played picture features future staples prison genre solitary confinement riots escape codes prison life protagonist montgomery ends character sell prison early release film banned ohio site deadly prison riots inspired criminal code shadow law convict code seven studios followed prison films mainly appealed men weak box office performances result studios produced children prison films addressed juvenile problems america depression mayor hell instance featured kids killing abusive reform school retribution chain gang films criticism american prison system reserved depiction southern chain gangs fugitive far influential fugitive based true story robert far famous early 1930s chain gang films half true detective mysteries magazine published burns work issues released book january decorated veteran paul returns world war changed man seeks alternative tedious job left travels country looking construction work ultimate goal involved construction planning allen follows met homeless shelter cafe taking offer free meal attempts rob allen charged convicted stealing dollars sentenced years chain gang men transported quarry break rocks day remain times allen convinces large black prisoner particularly good aim hit bend removes feet bent famous sequence escapes woods chased outside develops new identity respected developer chicago marriage woman love finds secret threatens leave young woman fallen love turns case cause agrees turn agreement serve days released tricked freed agreed time forces escape seeks young woman telling hunted film ends asking survives ominous reply darkness steal based reality changes facts slightly appeal depression era audiences making allen return home country struggling economically burns returned twenties film bleak anti establishment ending shocked audiences laughter hell film directed starring inspired fugitive brien plays railroad engineer kills wife lover jealous rage sent prison dead man brother ends warden prison brien character brien revolt killing warden escaping new lover film rediscovered drew controversy scene black men hanged reports vary blacks hanged alongside white men african american weekly newspaper film critic praised filmmakers courageous depict atrocities occurring southern states sex films promotion films featuring elements performed box office crackdown crime films hollywood increased production pictures featuring seven deadly sins formed official policy stories hot nearly films benefit adding having filmmakers began putting overly suggestive material knew reach theaters hopes lesser offenses survive cutting room floor mgm screenwriter said joy wouldn want things satisfy away murder left films safe hell devil driving hell laughter hell road ruin provocative mere titles studios marketed films suggestive tag lines titles going far hold house contests thinking provocative titles commonly labeled sex films pictures offended taste categories sexuality according variety analysis pictures produced sex slant possessing questionable sequences critically sexual variety summarized world chief picture output flavored bedroom essence attempts create films adults dubbed wound bringing large audiences ages cinemas posters publicity photos women appeared poses films cases actresses small parts films case publicity common law appeared clad outraged pictures circulating newspapers country original code contained ignored note advertising imagery wrote entirely new advertising style contained set seven addressed imagery prohibited women women raising skirts suggestive poses kissing suggestive material concerned advertising copy prohibited film contents copy word studios found way restrictions published increasingly imagery ultimately billboard philadelphia placed outside home severely offended took revenge helping launch motion picture boycott later facilitate enforcement code commonly repeated theme supporting censorship mentioned code notion common people needed saved refined cultural elite despite obvious attempts appeal red american males patrons sex pictures female variety blamed women increase vice pictures women responsible increasing public taste sexy stuff women bulk picture audiences majority reader scandal sheets magazines erotic books mind average man comparison women love dirt pre code female audiences liked lifestyles time taking joy usually inevitable downfall closing scenes picture gangster films claimed corrupt morals young boys vice films blamed threatening purity adolescent women content pre code hollywood sex film synonymous women pictures told ordered new_york corporate office reserve studio output women pictures inevitably means sex pictures vice films typically endings sin filled characters punished films explored code subjects manner premise end reel moment gone concept marriage tested films woman having affair character later falls love brother law mother law steps end film encourage son grant wife divorce marry brother obviously love older woman message film line near end twentieth century world happiness madame adultery explicitly sign wife needs act way maintain husband interest secrets husband admits serial adultery time marriage saved films took aim damaged institution great depression relations deteriorated financial strain marriages husbands abandoned families increased numbers marriage rates continually declined early 1930s finally rising final year pre code era divorce rates lowered likely likely method separation consequently female characters female live lifestyles control financial destiny auto factory regret prominent examples punishment immoral vice film seen story temple drake based novel sanctuary drake title character cold party girl daughter judge raped forced prostitution character according pre code scholar film implies deeds later court confesses killed man raped kept confession lawyer carries leading happy ending film plays aviator pregnant affair married man commits suicide flying plane directly upwards breaks world altitude record point takes oxygen mask earth strong female characters ended films reformed women experiencing situations progressive outlook proved faulty female protagonists aggressively sexual vice films usually general kinds bad girl fallen woman called bad girl pictures female characters immoral behavior actress reports kind person frequently played bad girl characters dubbed sex prominent examples bad girl films featured plays secretary determined sleep way luxurious lifestyle baby face abused runaway determined use sex advance financially moves new_york sleeps way progress illustrated recurring visual metaphor movie camera upward skyscraper men driven mad lust commit murder attempt suicide ruined financially ways final reel departure post code films sole companion duration picture black woman named harris took ran away home age begins boss intentionally breaking marriage tries resist point looks says like eventually marry wealthy aged industrialist business husband new_york plan succeeds cast aside discovered having affair essence cheating shoots nearly killing seen film france seat elderly wealthy gentleman driven film career described trash masterpiece cinema classified fallen woman films inspired real life hardships women endured early depression era workplace men power pictures frequently sexually harassed women working remaining employed question woman virtue yes starring struggling department store offers dates female incentive customers employees entrance marketed tag line work girls days joy complained genre kept woman film presented adultery alternative unhappy marriage portrayed pre code films parade yesterday sailor luck topic dealt openly decades followed gay lesbian characters usually gay male characters portrayed high voices existing merely supporting characters films like portrayed rough characters sign cross female christian slave brought roman dance lesbian dancer fox nearly american studio use word gay refer homosexuality studio word soundtrack reached theaters bisexual actress cultivated cross gender fan base started trend began wearing men suits caused appeared premiere sign cross complete hat cane appearance homosexual characters height year declared gay male characters removed pictures paramount took advantage negative publicity generated signing largely meaningless agreement stating portray women male attire comedy harsh economic times early depression films performers featured alienated cynical socially dangerous comic style political films comedy election optimism new deal characters pre code era frequently engaged comedic escalating sexual employee entrance woman enters office boss remarks didn recognize clothes racial stereotypes usually employed ethnic characters appeared blacks particular usually butt author acknowledged black comedian slow comedic character meant successful manner new_york stage filled humor sexually offensive comedy movie producers started sound pictures sought new_york performers popular comics got start broadway live audiences complained jokes pictures early 1930s designed heads comic early sound films rapid fire non stop frequently exhausting audience final reel established comedic performer broadway sex national headlines tried convicted new_york_city district attorney served days prison west carefully constructed stage persona carried interviews personal appearances despite physique appeal lay suggestive manner art come seductive line despite obvious appeal male audiences popular women cries west got start film night night starred texas esque supporting character agreed appear film producers agreed let write lines west line film hat check girl remarks goodness beautiful diamonds west replies goodness wanted role went west later wrote picture stole cameras went wrong huge box office hit grossing million budget months later wrote starred angel success career saved paramount financial ruin arrival sound film created new job market writers screen dialogue newspaper journalists moved california studio employed resulted series fast talking comedy pictures featuring page later cynical sentimental post code girl friday adapted broadway play chicago hollywood based experiences working reporter stage performers early 1900s 1930s act consisted leader silent overly ethnic strangely normal plot seminal comedy convoluted character named king fictional pursued spies played plays typically normal secretary con artist character leads war neighboring plot essentially exists provide framework comedic bits long sketches film unsuccessful box office subversive nature comedy film brothers post code work cartoons theatrical cartoons covered production code according early georgia theater owner wrote film daily worst kicks cartoons primarily kid draw parents frequently object incidentally helping comedy ones invariably funny underwent dramatic changes code imposed gone short skirt horror science fiction unlike silent era sex crime pictures silent horror movies despite produced hundreds major concern civic leaders sound horror films released quickly caused controversy sound provided atmospheric music sound effects creepy voiced dialogue liberal dose blood screams intensified effects audiences consequently moral code mention filmmakers took advantage oversight state boards usually set guidelines object material found films caused controversy released cut comply comprising nascent motion picture genres horror science fiction nightmare picture provoked individual psychological terror horror incarnations group terror science fiction main types pre code horror pictures single monster movie films masses rose attacked exemplified genres pre code horror cycle similar pre code cycles boom motivated financial necessity universal particular production horror hits followed successes murders major studios responded productions like crime film cycle intense boom horror cycle fallen box office end pre code era joy declared satisfactory standpoint code released film little trouble reaching theaters different story new_york pennsylvania massachusetts removed scene monster unintentionally little girl lines referenced god complex kansas particular objected film state censor board requested cutting scenes removed length film paramount played theories popular audience time march played split personality title character represented composed super ego prostitute sexually early film displaying parts legs joy felt scene dragged simply audience threat violence beats attempts stop seeing contrasted fiancée nature march alter ego film considered honored pre code horror films graphic scenes ivy cut local sex tied horror pre code horror movies murders adaptation classic tale little common source material plays mad scientist kills women trying mix human blood blood experiments prized experiment intelligent named breaks woman second floor apartment window director fame picture depicts traveling circus populated group deformed carnival populated movie actual carnival performers including twins awful man billed living group depicted fortunate mentally capable understand disgust people truly characters villains circus hercules beautiful high wire artist intends marry poison heir dinner celebrating union dances table chant accept accept disgusted insults makes hercules discover plot exact revenge freak circus common early 1930s film depiction screen took care shots deformed disabled performers long takes including living lighting match cigarette mouth film accompanied sensational marketing campaign asked sexual questions love sex half man half woman grown woman truly love surprisingly given reaction state kansas objected states georgia repulsed film shown film later cult classic spurred midnight movie box office bomb original release island lost souls adaptation science fiction novel island doctor plays mad scientist god complex creates mad scientist island paradise haven free create race man beast woman wants mate normal human male lands island providing opportunity far science experiment barely clothed attractive come discovers beast men attempts leave island runs camp man beats whip film ends dead rescued man chanting men attack film described rich man source material wells despised movie rejected local censor boards united_states considered nature great_britain banned exotic adventure films pre code films contained continual recurring theme white racism early 1930s studios filmed series pictures aimed provide viewers sense exotic exploration unknown forbidden pictures sex according pre code historian psychic core genre sexual attraction threat promise films directly marketed referencing sex received small labeled secrets contained pictures naked black women portrayals historic conditions movies little educational value artifacts hollywood attitude race foreign cultures central point interest film depicted blonde woman abducted savage tribe australians kidnapped enjoys living tribe lack black characters films highlights status bird paradise white american man enjoys affair princess del film created scandal released scene featuring del swimming naked said represented highest erotic ideal performance film white protagonist man king african jungle half naked jungle creature derived physical prowess movie saves jane sullivan danger arms jane father warns like responds white evidence contrary sequel mate word meaning status biological function men come fancy bra barely clothed jane played sullivan hoping lure away savage clothing tears film included scene extensive nudity body double standing sullivan head objected scene mgm movie producer decided case appeals review board board consisted heads fox universal watching scene times board sided scene removed mgm allowed uncut trailers stay circulation mgm marketed film primarily women girls live like eve found right adam modern marriages learn plenty drama primitive jungle mating marriages based primitive mating instinct better world ethnic characters portrayed stereotype massacre protagonist native american performs indian slips suit speaks american slang black butler intelligent character merely plays dumb slipping stereotypical slow negro character suits genuinely films mask bitter tea general explored far_east white actors lead roles white actors frequently looked absurd yellow face makeup genuine studios cast asian parts white plays mad scientist wants find sword mask power control countless battle versus west sexual engages ritual torture powers scene cut film shows man image daughter violating good characters eventually conquered temporarily lays hand sword men like wives conquer breed kill white man women bitter tea general type film plays missionary goes civil war torn china meets titular general played car kills driver knocked unconscious riot takes train car horror themed symbolic dreams general repulsed film breaks precedent developing love story army ends ruins kills film conclusion drinking poisoned tea captured killed script disregarded risk making film broke california states laws concerning portrayal tested new technique created dubbed variable filming picture rendered entire picture soft focus documentaries television finally killed preceded films early sound film era lasted minutes featured highlights clips world biggest stories updated twice week major studios highly profitable enterprise total box office million million sound film era created narrator provided clips delivering jokes screen action sound interviews featured famous subjects new medium clips changed public perception important historical figures depending sound previously voices camera theaters soon created united_states successful broadway embassy seat facility presented fourteen minute programs day running morning midnight noted intellectual audience attend motion picture theaters gripping news story pre code era kidnapping baby evening march child enormously famous kidnapping event created media circus news coverage intense world war featuring family photos child time private pictures public service asked spectators report sight child body found miles home covered important topics day presented human interest stories immensely popular coverage entertainment news times greater detail pressing political social matters images impact historical accuracy nearly ceremonies public events filmed early sound era staged cases instance signed important bill member cabinet called away staged began video shows absent time signing present staged hide caused caught desire present accurate hard hitting news stories need audience mood upcoming entertainment soft difficulties americans faced early years great depression particular received favorable treatment hollywood major studios producing shorts late shorts featured studios lesser contract talent virtues created government social programs roosevelt natural camera instrumental success initial campaign enduring popularity office described variety capital taking advantage existence years archives filmmakers early sound era documentaries world war popular topic pictures spawned following documentaries big drive world revolt america hell holiday pre code world war documentary called world war critically commercially successful documentary era filmmakers feature length documentaries covered dark globe including amazon native american settlements pacific islands taking advantage audiences aided nudity tribal documentaries filming lands untouched presentation filmed movies depression era american audiences showing lifestyles difficult captured arctic expeditions films south deepest africa films martin exploitation style documentaries purported actual events instead staged elaborate prominent film claimed ritual african women given sex slaves instead filmed los_angeles local blacks place natives mocked pre code documentaries parody world minutes scene filmed wrestling stuffed tiger doll tiger skin opposing films shown features served short form cinematic tourism end era pre code films began draw religious groups protestant contingent roman catholic delegate catholic_church united_states called roman catholics united_states unite films result headed reverend later renamed established control enforce standards boycott films deemed offensive created rating system films started harmless ended condemned denoting film sin watch wish join moving pictures unite protest grave menace youth home life country religion condemn absolutely motion pictures agencies public morals promoting sex land considering promise remain away motion pictures christian morality legion spurred million roman catholics sign boycott allowing local religious leaders determine films protest conservative tended support crackdown particularly south relating state race relations portrayed joined protest uneasy alliance christian groups occurred studio executives jewish opposed direct censorship considering american stated films working filmmakers better direct oversight overall films harmful children blamed films difficult economic times exerted tremendous commercial pressure studios code catholic groups enraged early july demanding resign position influence waned took control created support study influence fiction children series books published detailed years research aimed specifically cinema effects children gaining publicity time great concern said certain pictures alter sacred thing mind child clean virgin thing unmarked state responsibility care thing best clergyman inspired teacher despite initial reception main findings study largely found cinema effect individuals varied age social position pictures reinforced audiences existing beliefs led honorary vice president mother executive director funded study pleased summary study results written appeared leading women magazine time book movie children best seller publicized results emphasizing negative aspects social environment created publicity religious protests reached fever pitch member described state war newspapers including cleveland new_york daily_news daily_mirror studies discussing supreme_court decision film historian argues efforts filmmakers willing produce films specialized audiences adults family children industry wanted needed largest possible market provocative pictures profitable motion picture industry output sensational supporting cleaner increasing movement government control called catholic boycott films privately preparing congressional bill supported democrats republicans introduce government oversight studios decided organized enforcement procedures giving recently appointed devout roman catholic head new production code administration greater control censorship studios agreed appeals committee impose fine producing distributing exhibiting film approval originally hired worked public relations handle production code publicity popular catholics joy began working solely bypassed favor december handled business films anti quoted stating jews probably earth died trade magazine variety stated single individual shaped moral stature american motion picture legion impact effective enforcement code influence general populace harder gauge study code finally fully implemented found audiences exact opposite legion recommended time legion protested film meant increased ticket sales kept results revealed years later contrast big cities smaller towns effective theater owners complained harassment received exhibited films actors actresses continued careers code enforced excelled period forgotten today pre code era like understood private industry code strictly enforced effective government censorship means imposing religious secret thing operating pre production stage audience knows trimmed cut revised written uniform subject hundreds different licensing standards finally important private censorship sweeping demands bound constitutional process free expression rules general apply government command church state separation question american cinema today far code blue pencil present boycott threat combined assure films adhered catholic_church doctrine termed moral value maxim theme contain sufficient good story compensate counteract evil relates hollywood present evil behavior end film guilty punished scholar summarized practical effects moral guardians dedication film censorship tricky business images cut dialogue overdubbed deleted explicit messages subtle implications film criticism calls simply world film universe inhabited characters existing landscape cinema elements experienced characters film spectator elements spectator job motion picture censor patrol keeping eye ear images languages meanings banished world film easiest assignment connect dots connect visually verbally forbidden challenging work analysis narrative rehabilitation hidden lessons moral meanings expanded jurisdiction seen implied spectator mind office wife maneuvers strictly forbidden implied image actress naked screen deemed suggestive relied audience post code releases film scenes blurred rendered indistinct allowed following july decision studios power film censorship hands appeared series clips promoting new order business assuring americans motion picture industry vulgar cheap pictures vital entertainment scripts went films playing theaters ordered withdrawn film censored production stage film independent film producers vowed thought represents stance month making major studios owned successful theaters country studio heads agreed stop making films large cities audiences production seal appeared films catholic_church pleased pope stated film industry recognized accepts responsibility society legion condemned zero films produced fortunes studios publicly explained code proponents proof positive code working fortunate coincidence code supporters famous criminals clyde killed police shortly took power corpses shown country alongside clips machine gun kelly positive aspects code enforced money saved studios having edit cut alter films approval state boards money saved millions annually family films featuring performers took stars images played series patriots gangster angels dirty faces acts like executed children looked cease admiration essence removing jokes directly referenced sex sexual references slipped unnoticed pictures political realm films washington tries change american system core values stand stark contrast white_house dictator needed cure america movies suffered damage censorship studios attempted issue films 1920s early 1930s forced extensive cuts films farewell arms exist censored versions films survived intact controversial released remade decade later master edited case allow released form entire film remains missing rumored prints ordered destroyed late research shows negative late home video screenings 1980s new_york city film forum programmer held film festivals featuring pre code films credited san_francisco film critic person bring term pre code general use 1990s mgm released pre code films laserdisc vhs included baby face beauty boss dance dance employees entrance lady female heroes sale illicit got number ladies talk night nurse dancing daughters purchase price strange love sin match turner released pre code films doctor free soul mystery possessed public enemy red dust remade 1950s labels ucla ran series pre code films 2000s showcasing films seen decades available home media released pre code dvd collections pre code hollywood years featuring human hollywood featuring lady refuses released number pre code films dvd forbidden hollywood banner date volumes released volume released december includes baby face red headed woman volume released march includes free soul match female night nurse volume released march featured films men women purchase price midnight mary heroes sale wild boys road volume released august includes man wanted sin volume released august includes mind reader volume released april includes wet parade massacre volume released april includes man skyscraper souls employees entrance lady volume released october includes strangers kiss dark hazard volume released october includes hell highway cabin cotton ladies meet sell universal home video followed suit universal series released april box set includes cheat hell hot saturday murder search beauty copy entire code | Pre-Code Hollywood | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
9067_Machinima | use real time computer graphics engines create cinematic production video games generate computer animation based artists called fan laborers virtue use materials offers provide archive gaming performance access look feel software hardware unavailable obsolete game studies gestures grant access gaming historical conditions possibility offers links comparative horizon informs changes fully culture practice graphics engines video games arose animated software introductions 1980s video game 1990s recordings gameplay person shooter video games software doom originally recordings documented attempts complete level quickly possible multiplayer matches addition storylines films created movies general term machine cinema arose concept spread series games software appeared mainstream media including television series advertisements advantages compared styles filmmaking relative simplicity traditional frame based animation limits control range expression real time nature favors speed cost saving flexibility higher quality pre rendered computer animation virtual acting expensive dangerous physically restricted live action filmed relying game artificial intelligence controlling characters cameras digital scenes precisely scripted manipulated post production video editing techniques editing custom software creative cinematography address technical limitations game companies provided software encouraged widespread use digital assets games resulted complex unresolved legal issues productions remain close gaming roots feature stunts portrayals gameplay popular genres include dance videos comedy drama alternatively filmmakers attempt stretch boundaries rendering engines mask original context non profit organization dedicated promoting recognizes productions awards given annual film festival general film festivals accept game companies epic games sponsored contests involving history precedent 1980s software added custom introductory credits sequences programs copy protection removed increasing computing power allowed complex formed focus shifted instead cracks goal create best demos real time software code disk storage slow graphics calculated fly pre existing game engine computer game stunt island users stage record play stunts stated game goal high score spectacle released following year software doom included ability record gameplay sequences events game engine later replay real time events video frames saved resulting game demo files small easily shared players culture recording gameplay developed stanford_university called context result player performer important feature doom allowed players create modifications maps software game expanding concept game authorship dual register gestures trained motions player determine game images expressive motion parallel video game approach media art field virtual reality artwork tunnel atlantic compared video games introduced virtual film director fully autonomous intelligent agent shoot edit real time video digging performance paris art montreal movie atlantic long followed inside paris new delhi tunnel long short excerpts presented public complex behavior tunnel virtual director makes significant precursor later application video games based doom successor offered new opportunities gameplay retaining ability record demos multiplayer games popular sport demos matches teams players clans recorded studied executive director stated type multiplayer game cinematic point documented gameplay narrative movies october known gaming clan rangers surprised community diary widely known film short second demo file contained action gore context brief story usual example gameplay shift competition theater required expertise game mechanics ranger demo emphasized transformation retaining specific gameplay references story diary inspired movies films called community game artists expert players film fans began form works distributed reviewed websites production supported dedicated demo processing software david wright non linear editor known premiere demo files notable films devil feature length movie avatar awarded seven movie introduced simulated lip featured digital assets released december software improved support user created models compatible editing software filmmakers continued create works based original included ill clan apartment quick group demo editors available particular introduced ability adjust camera locations recording called addition feature defining moment filming feasible production work feature entirely custom character models december release iii arena posed problem movie community game demo file included information needed computer networking prevent cheating warned legal action file format impractical enhance software work iii concurrently novelty movies new productions appeared frequently according community needed offset development war minute animated star trek fan film produced elite force iii variant games clips create new plot war nominated awards august screening star trek convention las_vegas time cbs paramount approved screening non parody fan film licensed convention january founder launched new website new surprised community machine cinema term intended game filming specific engine stuck referenced anime new site featured interviews articles exclusive release god film god distributed recorded video frames game specific instructions change initially controversial producers preferred smaller size demo files demo files required copy game view accessible traditional video format god viewership work distributed cds bundled magazines decision protect code inadvertently caused creators use general solutions widen audience years films exclusively distributed common video file formats began receive mainstream notice roger_ebert discussed june article praised setting alternative media festival film won best experimental best awards steven_spielberg test special effects working film interest spread game developers july epic games announced upcoming game tournament include production software utility involvement increased filmmakers released fewer new productions focus quality march game developers conference makers founded non profit organization dedicated promoting august new organization held film festival received mainstream media coverage movie won awards including year waiting line directed animated utilizing tools music video air mtv graphics technology improved filmmakers video games consumer grade video editing software game halo created popular comedy series red blue series second season premiered mainstream appearances appeared television starting series portal bbc series players enacted historic battles real time game rome total war video creates music videos characters video games tribes helped set love winning episode comedy series south_park massively multiplayer online role playing game world purchasing broadcast rights documentary search creator september hbo television network buy work created completely virtual world december signed experienced television comedy writers including produce episodes site commercial use increased sells dvds red blue series sponsorship helped promote game series cars sponsored creation advertisement game film combine live action later commissioned promote nfl video game uses software produce pre school educational dvd series jack holly game developers continued increase support products business simulation game virtual world second life person shooter halo encourage creation user content including software tools movies french resident previous filmmaking experience took days create french democracy short political film civil unrest france party like usually offer ability manipulate characters advantage custom migrated content allowing creation works like kids filmed multiple games interview magazine ceo founder said wanted half life feature film hand big director like recent team fortress meet team shorts experiments years later valve released non linear software music video clips second life virtual artist created work australian performer song clean life released production comparison film techniques defines animated filmmaking real time virtual environment animation methods creators control frame characters turn consider issues key frames creators leave rendering details host environments inherit environments limitations second life film maker provided detailed account process artists produce videos organizing photo shoot similar organizing film production find actors models scout locations find clothes props models type shooting script organized time takes shoot scene game animations focus dramatic casual actions range character emotions limited small range emotions sufficient successful japanese anime television series difference created real time animation pre rendered real time engines need trade quality speed use simpler models animated film final fantasy spirits strand hair character head independent real time needs likely force treated single unit improvement consumer grade graphics technology allow realism similarly connects increasing computing power predicted moore law cut scenes video games issues visual fidelity arise pre rendered scenes require digital storage space weaken suspension disbelief contrast real time animation normal gameplay limit interaction like live action recorded real time real people act control camera filmmakers encouraged follow traditional cinematic conventions avoiding wide fields view slow motion errors visual continuity unlike live action involves expensive digital special effects sets possibly science fiction historical theme explosions stunts tried repeated monetary cost risk injury host environment allow unrealistic physical constraints university_of_cambridge experiments attempted use create scene live action film filming differed traditional cinematography character expression limited camera movements flexible improvised compared experiment unpredictable production berkeley sees strangely hybrid form looking forwards backwards cutting edge conservative time digital medium based computer games works linear narrative structure red blue follow narrative conventions television comedy agrees pre recorded reel tends linear offers limited interactive storytelling sees opportunities performed live audience interaction creating comedy series talk ill blended real virtual performance creating works stage interacting live audience combination real virtual worlds talk life takes place halo open multiplayer environment playing earnest attack host virtual theatrical performances taken place chat rooms multi user dungeons adds cinematic camera work previously virtual cinematic performances live audience interaction confined research equipped powerful computers expensive forms filmmaking produced feature length film spent produce live action independent film contrast xbox game consoles red blue cost low cost caused product manager compare low budget independent film need cameras actors seen low barriers entry called filmmaking berkeley weighs increased participation blurred line producer consumer concerns game limit growth comparatively pre virtual platforms like second life indicated productions successfully cost creators like dutch director producer hour film sector created upwards films platform harvey advocacy genre resulted involvement film director served category gave speech event character camera control lloyd list main methods creating simple advanced relying game control actions digital precise scripting actions simple produce dependent results unpredictable realization film script example produced game encourages use group create multiple instances character accommodate different moods individual instances selected different times produce appropriate actions digital creators virtual actors crew member controls character real time multiplayer game director use built camera controls available video captured perspectives serve camera operators allows improvisation offers controls familiar gamers requires personnel methods precise scripted recordings games halo series halo allow custom objects characters allow filming according possibility disruption filming open multi user environment play game earnest set blood dead bodies intentionally hosts unpredictable conditions fundamental works filmed comedy series teeth productions red blue builds actions recorded game engine demo file format directly video frames scenes artists manipulate demo files add cameras timing lighting change surroundings technique limited engines software tools support technique common cut scenes video games scripting consists giving precise directions game engine filmmaker work way creating nearly hour seal longest work time scripts time consuming editing available vampire redemption changes need verified additional runs non linear editing difficult respect lloyd compare scripting stop motion animation disadvantage depending game scripting capabilities limited unavailable software tool included tournament popularized scripting limitations solutions diary created software tools existed edit demo files films rangers clan member wrote programs camera footage demo file movie editing software later appeared use conventional non linear video editing software common example inserted single completely white frames work licence enhance visual impact explosions post production red blue teeth productions added premiere pro hide camera player head display creators different methods handle limited character expression typical ways amateur style gets limitations expression include taking advantage speech bubbles seen players heads speaking relying visual matching character voice appearance finding methods available game source filmmaker include ability manipulate characters objects real time relies community advantage certain engine features renders scenes non real time effects halo video game series helmets completely cover characters faces prevent confusion characters slightly speaking convention shared anime creators use custom software example uses face skins add facial expressions characters filmed role playing video game similarly library faces characters battle cases game companies provide software examples include epic games tournament source games solution blend non elements painted characters expressive faces film possible point camera employ creative cinematography acting example combined creative character camera positioning video editing suggest sexual actions controversial film love story legal issues new filmmakers want use game provided digital assets raises legal issues derivative works films violate copyright controlled assets copyright holder arrangement complicated separate publishing licensing rights software license agreement movies game publisher owns content game movies supplied program available game companies provide software modify games makers cite fair use defense issue tested court potential problem defense works red blue focus satire explicitly protected fair use parody berkeley adds artists use assets works ruled derivative filmed engine risk inherent fair use defense cause artists simply yield cease order attempted negotiate solutions video game companies arguing open source reasonably priced alternative emerge unfavorable situation unlike movies dedicated software programs licenses avoid claiming ownership users films featuring bundled assets generally companies want retain creative control intellectual properties wary fan created works like fan fiction provides free marketing avoided response demanding strict copyright enforcement praised changing license terms allow users retain ownership works created virtual world second life initially tried release red blue unnoticed halo owners feared communication force end project microsoft parent company time contacted group shortly episode allowed continue paying licensing fees case developer control asserted involved action love story community managers encouraged users post game movies viewers complained pope suggestion sexual actions creative camera character positioning pornographic citing user license agreement closed discussion threads film prohibited links pope accepted right control remained concerned censorship material existed game form discussion ensued boundaries player developer control asserted controversy demonstrated medium negotiation players microsoft august microsoft issued license intended address legal status based games including halo series microsoft intended rules flexible license legally unable reduce rights artists protested extending microsoft fictional common component fan fiction selling sites hosting derivative works reaction license statement things expect hear microsoft lawyers tell stop distributing items right away surprised negative feedback microsoft revised reissued license discussion attorney rules allow use distribution works derived microsoft owned game content audio effects soundtracks license prohibits reverse engineering material pornographic distribution derivative works elaborate game fictional universe story automatically licensed microsoft business partners prevents legal problems fan microsoft independently conceive similar plots weeks later posted letter world license use game content differs microsoft declaration addresses specifically instead general game derived content allows use game audio legally license requires derivative material meet teen content rating defines use differently address extensions fictional states benefits limited licenses reduce reliance fair use turn recognition reduce film festivals concerns copyright clearance earlier analogous situation festivals concerned documentary films best practices developed according microsoft helped licenses fan creations provide free publicity unlikely harm sales companies instead sued copyright infringement defendants claimed implied license long time licenses secured legal rights companies encouraged avoided licensing involved legal complexity prefer enforce believes legal uncertainty solution limited microsoft licenses ideal video gaming industry standard handling derivative works mode cause legal dispute copyright ownership illegal use makes heavy use raises question authorship takes property characters game engine tell story common practice making existing story different medium engine appropriation established texts resources artistic properties tell story statement example phenomenon known common term phenomenon parody productions intended humor satire demonstrated video furthermore argument protected guise parody satire highly debated piece reliant protected property necessarily making statement property accurate refer simply takes artistic work presents new way form medium manifested number ways maker considered author story world chosen game engine built popular web series red blue storyline takes place game engine halo subsequent sequels halo extensive storyline red blue makes mention storyline episode episodes broadcast internet real similarities drawn red blue game world takes place character models props vehicles settings team created extensive storyline game resources ability appropriate game engine film video demonstrates obvious example art product creation manipulation creation art historian likened art manipulation vocabulary demonstrated creation game world create story author influenced engine example video games built concept war significant portion films place war like environments demonstrated appropriation content artistic techniques definition form new form digital employs age old techniques traditional form filmmaking employ filmmaking techniques camera angles proper lighting takes place online environments participants actors working thousands miles apart means techniques born long distance communication employed techniques practices normally conjunction creation artistic work end creation way demonstrates tendency frequent references texts works media like ads humorous cartoons simpsons example series freeman mind created filmed taking recording scott playing game half life player normally combining recorded scott emulate inner monologue normally protagonist scott portrays freeman character makes frequent references works texts including science fiction horror films action movies american history renowned novels references works outside game triggered events game prime examples densely nature common genres describe methods approaching starting video game seeking medium expression documenting gameplay inside starting outside game merely animation tool outside works retain noticeable connections games closer traditional animation belonging category gameplay stunt began quick creators external software manipulate camera positions recording according elevated making movies stunt remains popular halo stunt videos offer new way look game compare battlefield creators built features video editing post recording camera positioning halo expected facilitate gameplay based virtual worlds captured documentary films miss beauty took place virtual world footage distributed cover disc august issue gamer search creator documents title character interactions second life gaming related comedy offers possible entry point new producers presented minute sketches comedies analogous internet flash animations work built earliest movies introducing narrative conventions linear media sketch comedy reminiscent television saturday night live based developed genre works including red blue chronicles futile civil war seasons episodes wrote series humor rooted video games strong writing characters caused series typical gamer example comedy film targets general audience produced bbc music videos documented example rebel collaboration modification provided shaded animation following year directed waiting line british group zero told probably quicker film animated program reuse assets way scenes game postal seen music video black eyed single love television mtv features video game characters video world players dance music videos popular dancing animations discovered game use drama works retain signs video game tournament science fiction battlefield war artists chosen game setting completely work nightfall horror film based work later example series computer game based television series vampire slayer genre consists experimental works attempt push boundaries game engines example anna short film focuses cycle life reminiscent productions farther completely appearance tournament journey deliberately appear hand drawn dead fake science resembles dimensional eastern european modernist animation 1970s derivative genre termed seeks add documentary additional realism piece style displaying video low resolution black white hand held video camera produce camera effect element longer takes sweeping camera transitions jump cuts included complete effect political statements left wing perspectives civil unrest france french democracy attained mainstream attention inspired commentaries american british society deemed unfair war criticism iraq war similar attempt speak political pseudo documentary style virginia tech massacre controversial based enactment explanation eponymous real life events recently war internet addiction addressed internet censorship china competitions dedicated awards created film festival annual festival important creators founder marketing company helped organize festival asia chapter supported festival held europe addition smaller ceremonies worked add award general festival general festivals allow include film festival florida film festival opened category citing need certain level excellence declined award category entries year showcased contests sponsored game companies epic games popular contest included impressed event organizer quality entries push technology accomplish things epic envisioned december gaming focused instant service jointly sponsored world contest | Machinima | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
13748_Warfilm | war film war film film genre concerned warfare typically naval air land battles twentieth century combat scenes central drama nature battle scenes means war films end themes explored include combat survival escape sacrifice battle effects war society moral human issues raised war war films categorized korean war popular subject second world war stories told fiction historical drama biographical critics noted similarities western war film nations china indonesia russia japan traditions war film centred revolutionary wars taking varied forms action historical drama wartime romance necessarily distinct include anti war comedy animated propaganda documentary similarly war film specific theatres western desert north_africa pacific second world war films vietnam films set specific domains war infantry air sea submarines prisoner war camps genre war film genre necessarily tightly defined american_film_institute example speaks films great war attempting classify directors critics offered tentative definitions director defined genre saying war film objective matter personal emotional viewer feel war identified narrative elements war film context hollywood production suspension civilian morality times war collective goals individual motivations rivalry men predominantly male groups women depiction veterans film critic suggests genre defined war films simply war waged 20th century combat scenes central drama notes films set american civil war american indian wars 19th century called war films time world war critic argues contrary war film lacks formal boundaries genre like western practice successful influential war films modern wars particular world war combination mobile forces mass killing film scholar points similarities war film genre western genres use opposing concepts like war peace civilization war films usually frame world war conflict good evil represented allied forces nazi_germany western portrays conflict settlers savage indigenous peoples notes similarity western like wild bunch war movie like dirty dozen film historian states began war film genre knew advance presumably member culture know world war combat films contained hero group mixed types people military objective sort place actual combat zones world war established enemies ground sea air contain repeated events mail presented visually appropriate uniforms equipment battle considers provide definition example world war combat film diverse apparently group hastily assembled volunteers hold larger group enemy bravery argues combat film genuine kind war film notes fact true combat films second world war view films central genre films lie margins war films critics propose far broader definition war film include films deal roles civilians espionage agents soldiers aspects war preparation cause prevention conduct daily life consequences aftermath points genres overlap combat scenes different purposes types film suggests war films characterised combat determines fate principal characters turn pushes combat scenes climactic ends war films critics agree war films 20th century wars includes oscar winning glory war films discusses detail set american civil war lists films war considers notable history american_civil_war war history terms american life war subject backdrop numerous films documentaries mini series earliest films civil war subject silent picture fugitive films war main subject certain aspect war include film glory formal unit union_army american_civil_war entirely black men films focused single battle war single incident like french short film occurrence owl creek bridge like miniseries spanned entire breadth war films deal human aspects war tragedy war inflicted civilian population civil war watched documentary history pbs spanish american war war films come spanish american war short documentary film clips included burial maine victims new recruit soldiers washing dishes non combat films accompanied fighting rough riders action spanish staged united_states world war world war films life war topics included prisoners war covert operations military training allies produced war documentaries films propaganda neutral countries like united_states film shot eastern official war photographer battle fall depicting siege disastrous austrians incidents soldiers extras australian film gates known deeds described good war story exceptional british film battle official combined documentary propaganda seeking public impression trench warfare like film shot location western france powerful emotional impact watched million people britain weeks exhibition making critic stock called successful films time wings world war film genre silent film win oscar best picture later films varied genres deal world war include epic war film biopic shot unfamiliar exciting described steven_spielberg maybe greatest screenplay written motion picture medium satirical anti war musical comedy based play lovely war war drama war horse based children novel spanish civil war spanish civil war attracted directors different countries bell tolls based book portrays fated romance american played partisan played backdrop civil war epic minute film landscapes shot beautiful orchestral score success audiences critics uses painting protest war hunt uses metaphor hunting spanish won director 16th berlin international film festival land freedom loosely based homage follows british communist war reveal painful contradictions anti fascist republican korean war korean war films korean war critic notes questioned conduct war later films like bridges fuller agreed films anti war hollywood films korean war box office historian suggested reminded american viewers war lost fighting successful south korean action film leftist guerrilla atrocities encouraged film makers 1960s military government punished pro communist film makers gave films strongest anti communist message censorship 1980s dealt south fought communists spring hometown showed destructive impact american military presence village life violent action films presented north_korea favourable light films north_korea government film studios clear political messages home village liberation korea japanese presented work help americans similarly country films korean war victory help chinese film scholar concludes purpose films portray north_korea country siege puppet south_korea invaded north war dramatic italian arabic french portrayed events war shot location italo production black white style italian depicts violence sides won awards including venice film festival attacked french critics years banned france vietnam war films late 1970s vietnam war actually depicted combat exceptions included green critics explain hollywood avoided subject opposition united_states involvement vietnam war making subject divisive addition film industry crisis army wish assist making anti war films late 1970s independently financed produced films showed hollywood vietnam treated film successful different portrayals war america defeated included deer hunter apocalypse shift american politics right 1980s military success shown films platoon metal jacket hill vietnamese director free fire zone gives compelling camera eye view life helicopter fire vietnam war film cuts american helicopter eye view contrasting human seen earlier second world war films popular allied war films second world war came britain combined functions documentary propaganda films target tonight control british film industry began combine documentary techniques fictional stories films like serve successful british film war years way ahead america documentaries produced ways general marshall commissioned fight propaganda series started making training films army including battle san hollywood films propaganda messages america allies portrayed british family home showed norwegian resistance fighters showed soviet_union communist_party end war popular books provided higher quality stories films film thirty seconds tokyo russians appreciated propaganda value film victories german atrocities documentary moscow strikes russian literally rout german troops near moscow october january depicted civilians helping defend city parade red square speech russian people battle actual fighting germans surrendering dead atrocities including murdered children hanged civilians won academy award best documentary cameras similarly rushed early record spectacle greeted russian soldiers starvation russian prisoners war camp defeated feature films west war subject censorship realistic attempt represent violence praised time gritty realism depiction actually remained gives example worst image stark violence japanese soldier american victim shows pain lips freeze scream blood head fall points physically unrealistic psychologically wartime audience points aware friends relatives killed come home wounded films axis powers axis powers similarly films second world war propaganda purposes germany army high command brought victory west nazi propaganda films varied subjects depicts prussian resistance siege invading french troops napoleon propaganda minister chose historical subject suitable situation facing nazi germany filmed october august million marks thousands soldiers extras railway salt simulate snow costly german film war actual siege ended surrender town film french generals abandon siege japan war began war invasion china japanese authorities called china incident government dispatched pen brigade write film action china values mud soldiers instance shot location china commander chocolate soldiers common japanese soldier individual family man enemy chinese soldiers presented individuals fighting war united_states declared japanese conflict known pacific war japanese film critics worried western film techniques film output failed represent native japanese values historian found japanese wartime films largely forgotten subtle thought chocolate soldiers heroes typically low ranking officers devoted men country films enemy lacked hatred great_britain figure cultural enemy japanese film makers war cause like natural disaster fought asian enemies especially chinese portrayed possible marriage partners japanese wartime films war present japanese state great family japanese people innocent suffering self sacrificing people comments image obvious devoid recognition level japanese films war according guardian public fascination war films obsession war films produced decade 1950s 1960s war film production united_kingdom united_states reached mid 1950s popularity united_kingdom brought critical commercial success cruel sea like period based novel case naval commander story battle atlantic like dam exciting tale inventor unorthodox bouncing bomb distinctive theme music true stories dam popular film britain remained favourite score rotten_tomatoes partly celebrated exclusively british victory failed break american market large number war films period particular count die enemy got away seven highly successful critically acclaimed pictures bridge river won academy award best picture year released focused psychological battle officers events war bridge brought new complexity war picture sense moral uncertainty surrounding war end decade sense shared achievement common war films began according hollywood films 1950s 1960s display spectacular self sacrifice popular sands starring marines considered sands visually authentic found attention lives men realistic film formula successful war film consisted according small group diverse men senior officer heroic died suggests traditional war film hero group objective group contain italian jew cynical brooklyn mountains nicknamed state iowa character initiated way films based real commando missions like based based capture german commander crete inspired fictional adventure films train eagles dare war backdrop spectacular action produced minute documentary drama longest day based day day landings achieving commercial success followed large scale thoughtful films like childhood quasi documentary star filmed europe battle midway bridge far view longest day served model subsequent combat cost traditional war films controversy help given disregard pentagon relations changed way hollywood army collaborated executive 20th century fox set american japanese production depict happened december surprise attack pearl harbor film panned roger_ebert new_york_times major success japan realistic looking attack footage reused later films midway final countdown australia story revisited described new_york_times noisy expensive long new blockbuster comment epic epic matter running time music earnest voice movie works best bang boom action picture steven_spielberg uses hand held camera sound design staging increased audio visual detail viewers accustomed conventional combat films create film historian calls reported realism portrayal genuinely realistic notes critics experienced groundbreaking anti generic words desire bury recruiting poster legend right time combat films grounded need help audience understand accept war success revived interest world war films tried portray reality war new_york_times said goes far movie depicting modern warfare stomach turning form mass slaughter military film industry relations war films produced cooperation nation military forces second world war united_states navy provided ships technical guidance films gun assisted gathering eagles filmed air_force bases air_force personnel appeared roles critics point film pearl harbor biased portrayal events compensation technical assistance received armed forces premiere actually held board carrier case objected elements especially mutiny board american naval vessel film produced assistance film historian observes films clearly intended serve vital recruitment public relations functions national traditions chinese chinese war films like films war featured mainly background second sino japanese war onwards war film genre china films protect land chinese civil war attracted films victory victory film set period cradle recent large scale commercial films include city life death chinese directors repeatedly attempted cover atrocities committed japanese massacre films political melodrama massacre massacre contrived sino japanese romance don cry epic chinese film flowers war based novel portrays violent events eyes year old girl indonesian indonesian films deal occupation archipelago japanese second world war literally covers limited nationalist resistance dutch colonial rule 1930s group films hours attack dawn covers indonesian war independence films period portray indonesian equivalent chinese long march dan long march literally blood prayer return films interprets past perspective time recent freedom trilogy starting red white colours flag new indonesia campaign independence lives diverse group cadets november looks indonesia struggle independence historical drama java war colonial enemy dutch considered valuable interpretation indonesian history embodies best popular indonesian cinema indonesian film known internationally russian war russian cinema major genre known cinema war films ranged grim portrayals atrocities sentimental quietly subversive accounts popular beautiful warriors depicted stereotypical soviet soldiers quiet russian singing russian films second world war include large scale psychological cranes flying cruel effects war won cannes japanese japanese war films section animated films japanese directors popular films surrender battle okinawa japan longest day japanese perspective generally fail explain cause war decades immediately second world war japanese films focused human tragedy combat late 1990s films started positive view war japanese actions films including pride truth emphasized positive traits japanese military contended japanese victims post war films drawn protest eternal zero narrates tale zero fighter pilot considered comrades returns alive missions broke record japanese live action film won golden far east film festival criticised sympathy pilots documentary wartime authorities britain america produced wide variety documentary films purposes included military training advice civilians encouragement maintain security films carried messages grade propaganda similarly commercially produced films combined information support war effort degree propaganda ostensibly simply information allied axis countries recently iran iraq war chronicles victory television series combined line footage commentary propaganda historical drama depicts prince alexander defeat attempted invasion russian city april film seen people director awarded prize contributions film features musical score classical composer described best composed cinema writing film quarterly describes war propaganda film poll placed world best motion pictures second world war film propaganda widely advised british government renounced interest entertainment deprived valuable weapon getting propaganda suggested documentaries war war effort celebrations films british life character clark agreed story survivors boat crew brutal nazi ideology travelling canada meeting kind tolerant intelligent canadians encourage america war resulting film 49th parallel film british offices year entertaining films carry messages need went day avoidance talk america great dictator clearly simply romance characters played nazis resistance fight series won academy_award best documentary designed influence opinion military cold war propaganda played role struggle soviet_union dollars spent weaponry face face communism imagined invasion united_states films portrayed threats communist submarine submarine films particular meanings conventions concerned specifically giving effect submarine warfare distinctive element soundtrack attempts bring home emotional dramatic nature conflict sea example sound design works hours long film format depict lengthy pursuit depth charges threatening sounds enemy destroyers torpedoes classic films genre include enemy based novels naval commanders movie tension enemy contrasting personalities submarine commander lieutenant played prisoner war popular war films 1950s 1960s prisoner war film genre britain major films like great escape told stories real escapes german prisoner war camps second world war despite episodes danger human tragedy films delight continual game escape celebrating courage defiant spirit prisoners war treating war fun bridge river judged best picture took genre german prisons heat camp thailand use lush colour bring british stiff upper lip colonel played oscar winning performance definitive oscar winning hollywood prisoner war film brief powerful prison camp scenes deer hunter lend air tragedy film comedy shoulder arms set style war films come comedy war film history british cinema second world war marked evacuation children london social comedies kids town stay earl country nobleman cottage let went day english countryside thick spies offered comedy making fun barrage balloons concentration camps successful america leading wartime comedies animated sinking silent world war film minutes long longest animated film time probably animated propaganda film remains earliest animated drama survived world war animated propaganda shorts remained influential american cinema working american armed forces produced feet war propaganda films including face education death japanese anime films 1960s onwards addressed national memories war moves atomic destruction hiroshima nagasaki apocalyptic visions global conflict grave effect war children portrays bombing hiroshima eyes child reviewers consider film grave stomach detail paired crude artwork giving look saturday morning cartoon anti war anti war genre began films world war films genre typically reflecting past events blended quiet western powerful early anti war film portraying german point view film genre win best picture best director quiet western defined genre showing brutality war human suffering betrayal men trust incompetent officers war anti war films prove difficult contain generic anti war films criticize war directly depictions combat past wars films penn alice restaurant criticized war fun things draft board number anti war films produced america sharply 1950s end introduction rating system marked time resurgence films type including anti war films states names films anti war classics prisoner war masterpiece illusion grand illusion critic notes established leading commercial filmmaker generation world class talent describes film cool passionate protest drama disastrous french army maneuver held wake contrasting classic quiet western story innocent war mixed genres later war films combined black comedy anti war sentiment anti war based satirical novel second world war mash set korea reflecting attitudes increasingly public genres combined real life general combat scenes commentary waged war showing good bad sides command mash profitable war anti war films time won seven academy_awards | War film | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
15340_BeingTomCruise | isn way mental satirical spoof documentary series star stories life relationship episode second series aired channel_4 august recounts cruise time group early acting friends filming gun cruise introduced convinces join organization smashing cruise head meets wells start relationship dating cruise introduced holmes agrees marry cruise program ends asking viewer visit website purchase expensive products program received positive reception guardian highlighted pick day daily_mirror described brilliant spoof sunday_times characterized comedy broad barely fits screen hard called ruthless spot parody plot parody framed viewpoint actor association recounts actor days group actors known pack maintains friendship actor crowd nickname given group young actors actresses frequently appeared teen oriented coming age films 1980s cruise referred member role film outsiders filming gun cruise afraid looks bit gay stars stars subsequently turn cruise alien spirit guides appear pair giant speak welsh accents comment gun got cruise introduced presents legitimate alien race based religion head cruise remarks wait minute makes perfect sense tries convince cruise convert cruise meets wells asks sit appear taller cruise performs ceiling routine mission impossible bed cruise asks prove gay recommends film eyes wide shut portrayed film director program shows newspaper headline giving critical review portrays cruise relationship seen wearing introduces cruise wife depicted robotic earth man serve says meeting cruise asks holmes marry states makes fun cruise couch jumping incident spoof reference appearance cruise program jumped set couch fell knee repeatedly professed love new girlfriend wedding cruise holmes alien bride groom displayed couple wedding cake couple wedding vows end program tells viewer visit purchase worth books production production second series announced channel_4 january addition set included britney_spears 1990s chart battle oasis episode second series episode broadcast channel_4 august website channel_4 promoted episode description hollywood smallest actor aliens best career choices august series set remade new version legal issues multiple publications commented potential legal implications given throttle reaction criticism taking boys sure find firing line wrote reviewer review sunday_times commented taking careers hands star stories team tackle lawyers having nice lie watching interview actor discussed legal issues involved making series allowed isn true tricky change lines filming finished recording studio line line reason sued actually said technically said series looked attorneys interview independent bishop recounted experience gave copy program television producers united_states gave american producers dvd bothered watch saw guy went man yeah gone talking fucking nuts look loved complaints seen reception guardian highlighted star stories parody pick day guardian commented wanted know world number film star including introduced head time met asked mind sitting look taller characterized parody toned version real life described episode equally cruel hilarious commented close watch television likely testament quality comedy writing display later review program shown runs mcdonald wrote don care shown times shows sun highlighted best spoof wrote sized hollywood superstar subjected mocking follow film career marriages portrayed robot life shaped belief crude sun described parody cruise appearance best gag episode scotland sunday wrote favorably noted view paranoid latest target especially liked scene tiny screen giant mission impossible style like good daily_mirror described program far funny review daily_mirror positive commenting want brilliant spoof faith relationship look star stories commented absurd tom laugh described star stories surprisingly funny movie stars pop groups noted episode title week episode titled isn way mental idea vein humour mined sunday_times observed thought week seeing mention brand documentary best friends brand recorded writers convincing planet prefer sci channel sunday_times highlighted episode critics choice column commented producers account career love life religion aliens comedy broad barely fits screen hard highlighted program choice adams commented ruthless spot parody cruise life career hollywood gossip father robot beer interview writing commented silly stuff amusing fairly dull night sunday mirror wrote program subtle hammer spectator called program anti celebrity festival | Being Tom Cruise | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
15665_GoldenFilm | golden film golden film dutch film award recognizing domestic box office achievements netherlands golden film awarded films netherlands sold tickets award initiative netherlands film festival increase media attention dutch films awarded film trophy film crew film cast introduced awarded films sold tickets following years public interest dutch films netherlands increased audience criterion increased tickets effort stimulate dutch film industry introduction golden film awarded films cast crew considered receiving films successful critics said films sold tickets considered commercial success reason fact dutch newspapers report award criticized award golden film awarded film netherlands sold cinema tickets netherlands original cinema circulation number tickets sold based box office information provided film distributor film awarded golden film receive platinum film sells tickets diamond film sells tickets addition awards crystal film awarded documentary films sell tickets golden film initiative netherlands film festival government support increase public awareness dutch films netherlands recognises box office achievements encourage positive publicity film initial media attention surrounding release begun award similar dutch music industry awarded selling singles popular music albums classical music albums golden film awards presented small press ceremonies year shortly film reached audience criterion trophies presented director netherlands film festival member crew cast film trophies presented film film crew represented producer director cast film represented lead actors trophy designed consists thick square frame containing film frame awarded movie outer frame wood plate attached line inscribed text film squares year second line film title history netherlands film festival announced golden film september time golden film awarded films netherlands seen paying audience introduced moment films paying audiences golden film awarded september love end total golden films awarded months award introduction public interest dutch films netherlands increased audience dutch films percentage total cinema audience netherlands year award introduction audiences increased audience dutch films increased criterion award changed effort stimulate dutch film industry films released january reach paying audiences qualify golden film films received golden film received golden film new criterion percentage cinema visitors netherlands watched dutch film introduction golden film awarded films fourteen films awarded golden film highest number received award single year films awarded golden film taken week reach target audience figure black book reached criterion respectively visitors opening weekends response award recipients consider golden film award given films success director said paradise received award expect film success paradise commercially successful film year old lead actress film said knew people seen film expect receive golden film critics award said films sold tickets considered commercially successful film journalist said golden film wrote golden film child time tries reduce value film commercial success supporting films large publicity budgets instead smaller vulnerable productions film producer said believes golden film prize commercial flop criterion award increased visitors said interview dutch newspapers reported films receiving golden film film drawn visitors cinema dutch news agency said film reached magical threshold | Golden Film | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
19186_MotifsintheJamesBondfilmseries | motifs james_bond film series james_bond series films contain number repeating distinctive motifs date series inception series consists films produced featuring james_bond character fictional agent recent instalment film released cinemas october independently features satirical casino released film whilst element appeared bond film common threads run films motifs vary integral plot points assignment briefing sessions attempts kill bond enhancements dramatic narrative music aspects visual style title sequences motifs serve enhance excitement plot chase sequence climax film bond girls villains present stories whilst role changed time shape follow contemporary elements formulaic bond films tend follow set pattern limited variety following strict order number elements altered removed reboot series casino elements involved result production crew earliest films series work original production designer title designer composer continually updated adapted series progressed opening sequences gun barrel sequence bond films feature unique gun barrel sequence created graphic artist called british media historian trademark motif series bond walks screen viewed audience barrel gun trained unknown bond wheels shoots directly gun viewer followed assassin blood barrel screen originally filmed putting camera inside actual calibre gun barrel stunt man playing bond accompanied opening bars composed orchestrated composer death responsible gun barrel sequence including casino design house supervised graphics quantum suggested sequence significant james_bond motif looking central spy film genre gun barrel imagery carried film posters promote bond films including element introduction living sequence traditionally placed start film instalment casino appears cold open incorporated plot film quantum sequence placed end film incorporates film title design pre title sequence film series gun barrel sequence followed main titles starting russia love subsequent films titles preceded pre title sequence teaser contents sequence relate main plot film number ways including related loosely connected world fully related plot seen licence kill majesty secret service die day gun barrel sequence pre title sequence having opening shot sighted barrel beginning spy loved emphasised action sequences stunts practice prevailed casino sequence world unusually long fourteen minutes times length title sequence main title sequences incorporate visual elements reflect film theme showing nude clad women set images example film features scenes deep sea diving reflected associated opening sequence similarly opening sequence film shows clips bond films projected gold painted silhouette actress titles described bond scholars smith gorgeous iconic seminal concept titles came designer worked russia love fell producer left series creating titles inspired seeing light projecting people bodies got left cinema influenced artist projecting light clouds 1920s effect poster created designer worked bond film unable work russia love returned retained concept titles eventually worked thirteen bond films death opening credits changed quantum studio taking control returned direct title sequence title sequence contemporary artist usually sings title sequence instrumental version main track featured film repeats moods writing rolling_stone says james_bond title songs rule movie chorus notes case majesty secret service entirely instrumental credit sequence film features alternate theme time world sung provided title song music films composed musical score songs produced films nominated pop hits including paul_mccartney live let die better film spy loved eyes writing wall eventually winning award plot elements flirting exception films casino quantum bond film sequence bond personal assistant bond superior portray fourteen produced bond films view kill opposite moore followed played opposite respectively arguably interpretations personality actors played bond running joke film series love bond playful flirting jokes hoping proposal wedding ring fantasy sequence die day marks occasion film series actually shown romantic embrace bond branch virtual reality machine receiving assignment early plots bond called head known office receive assignment films bond receives assignment outside offices local secret office meeting bond finding subdued state new threat world peace typically shows confidence service best agent feels need bond risky methods actor portray appeared bond films lee illness stomach cancer unable appear scenes eyes died january respect new actor hired assume role film instead script written character said leave letting chief staff takes role acting head briefing bond alongside minister defence lee replaced films previously appeared series admiral took role played takes end film death character code books films universal exports featured repeatedly films ways russia love brass plate majesty secret service bond helicopter eyes academic paul stock argues office extension england whilst sees iconic representative technical briefing getting assignment bond sent technical briefing receives special equipment mission pre mission quickly motifs ran bond series provided spy related counter industrial designer observed onscreen spy case shown russia love described classic product assumed higher profile film film success encouraged espionage equipment supplied bond increased use technology led accusation bond reliant equipment particularly later films starting russia love branch involve technology referred credits film bond film die day contains technical briefing kind usually given exception live let die appear majesty secret service brief demonstrating shown joining bond field taking portable workshop staff workshops established unusual locations egyptian tomb spy loved south american monastery occasions licence kill takes active roles bond missions casino reboot subsequent instalment quantum character like dropped bond receives supply mission equipment technical briefing shown screen technical resume running jokes series established continuing disgust equipment lost damaged destroyed bond missions easily distracted bond lab pay attention details use equipment bond needs commit memory customary bond bond reaction latest devices response joke work sight gags showing prototype equipment field bond remembers details takes advantage tools supplied played seventeen bond films appearing bond films actor worked james_bond actors film second series russia love actor played unavailable filming schedule burton character called instructed bond new appearing assistant world appeared film die day film character introduced playing guns cars aircraft guns bond film saw ordering bond leave film bond eighteen films tomorrow dies bond main weapon semi automatic pistol driven number cars including martin 1980s 2000s lotus needed drive number vehicles ranging bus bond famous car silver grey seen later featured casino films number different filming publicity sold january auction unnamed european collector shows taste aircraft little features seaplane licence kill jet space shuttle tomorrow dies meeting allies field bond frequently meets local ally arrival foreign counterparts like japan cia like staff secret location characters female bond allies provide bond information complete mission additional allies number western friendly chief general sir minister defence bond closest allies novels films cia operative wrote novels appears second book live let die attacked shark lost right arm half left leg subsequent appearances film series shark attack occurred fifteenth instalment series following licence kill appear reboot franchise casino total appears films films film moore bond cia contact returned sole bond film series film appearances appearances recurring characters series continuity actors character films makes appearance seven actors playing role actors played twice wright appearances african american actor play series played american actor films chase scenes keeping greater hollywood tradition bond film features chase scenes usually film bond allies evade wide variety vehicles including custom trucks tanks moon chase sequences feature bond getting chased villains martin ski sequence majesty secret service feature bond chasing villains tank pursuit sequences casino series progressed chases repeated variations increased unusual chase sequences include sequence leaves canals venice continue land cello case chase living double bus live let die international locations bond adventures taken countries outer space locations described attractive exotic locations primarily real places occasion live let die destinations fictional locations filming altered effects bond presence hideout thai man golden gun referred locals tourist similarly revolving restaurant located atop near village majesty secret service retained filming took place noted aspect locations pre issue film example film title villain disruption space launch atomic powered radio beam mirrored claims american rocket testing problems rockets going anti heroin mission live let die coincided president nixon declaration war drugs whilst played backdrop ronald_reagan strategic defense initiative characters larger life villains series bond novels realised threatening villains bond heroic tradition strong literary villain brought screen series bond film set pattern having main villain loyal dangerous model followed subsequent films whilst bond scholar argues bond villains note fellow scholar identified path development villains adapt contemporary model facing seven times freelance villain false ally villain fulfilled operation villain modern king bond adversaries characterised unusual physical example suffered causing tear blood villains unusual physical traits depicted characteristics instead inspired employed villains unique weapons carries bowler hat razor sharp blade concealed rim known crush victims death intercourse addition weapons physically different large iron jaws assassin steel teeth played actor whilst main survived shot head progressively killed senses ability feel pain bond adversaries meet deaths hands bond uses environment equipment kill opponent big killed bond force fed compressed gas causing explode whilst ejected outer space villains actually survive course bond assignment deaths come final scenes film noted number villains met deaths bond technology villains include communications dish sea drill nuclear fuel rod bond girls point mission bond meets principal bond girl character portraying bond love interest main sex objects bond girl central plot cross path helpful victims rescued bond ally agents partner bond assignment solely passive participants mission generally degree bond girls pivotal plot forward varies film bond girls bad girls working villain turn good switch sides usually bond influence bond fallen love tracy majesty casino die near end respective films screenwriter said given formula work film girls girl number pro bond stays roughly reel picture enemy bond arms girl normally captures bond save charm sexual normally killed mid way film girl number survive end film bond embrace academic notes james_bond promotes stereotypical sex male attitudes especially interacting women demonstrates western society culture academic sees bond masculine sexually desirable bond girls major theme bond film posters beginning images toned countries bond girls highly suggestive names including american censor refused allow promotional materials market subsequently referred miss personal pilot took delight embarrassing repeatedly mentioning character double names included man golden gun plenty diamonds forever world humour elements bond series humour particularly liners delivered bond killing enemy end film woman humour present film series bond leaving corpse car outside asking duty sergeant sure didn away whilst bond man bath commenting shocking positively shocking bond films humour delivered violent situation electrification shooting villain spear gun saying think got point humour changed self films jokes delivered media historian considered audience suggestion violence joke shown live let die threw villain train removing prosthetic arm process moore commented took role humour bringing character line novels humour returned films bond admitting kisses enjoyed studying new tongue similarly called bond interrupted lesson danish language teacher happy humour films particularly stupid liners felt films include liner sexual nature close final line caught woman keeping british end sir considered new depths similarly closes distracted answering question think attempting entry sir line described barnes sheer films contain elements visual humour jaws dropped shark pool jaws bites shark following film sees bond comic chase scene continuation bond author considered dumb wonders age group film aimed music sound effects comic effect films laboratory opened play tune close encounters kind whilst bond seen walking desert spy loved theme heard protracted attempt kill bond films main villain captures bond kill quickly attempts slow protracted death bond escape come scene villain explaining master plan bond bond nuclear bomb vault tied unconscious bond helicopter programmed fire missiles gave bond lunch proposed duel fun room trapped bond beneath exhaust rocket burn death convention bond canon spoof films including series climax climax bond films final confrontation villain entire army hard reach villain retreat private island man golden gun underwater spy loved retreat majesty secret service eyes volcano live twice underground base live let die ship tomorrow dies oil rig diamonds forever space station variations bond usually time dispatches rescues principal bond girl escape place blows cases villain primary escapes launch final attack bond lover final scene ending films bond series majesty secret service casino ended central bond girl deceased films quantum bond kissing making love implying embarrassed catches bond endings feature double films bond girl james title film produced usually named format james_bond return james_bond incorrect spy loved promised james_bond return eyes success star wars producers decided instead eyes followed quotations bond film included introduction character james_bond bond introduced exchange near beginning film famous nightclub sequence featuring makes immortal introduction second line film following release quote bond james_bond catch phrase entered western popular culture writers said introduction signature introduction famous loved film line voted best loved liner cinema british cinema june line honoured 22nd historically greatest cinema quotation american_film_institute years series films contain introduction quantum example mocked villainous character saying big live let die bond introduction names baby waste bond usually preference instruction prepared quickly instruction honoured afi memorable cinema quotation order distance version bond order present novel casino bond eventually named recipe film novel ordered bond | Motifs in the James Bond film series | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
19799_DavisTheater | originally known run movie theater located lincoln square neighborhood chicago built theater operated different capacities history showing silent films german language films forms stage performance davis planned demolished build residential plans cancelled negative response community operating neighborhood movie theaters chicago building listed national_register_of_historic_places history built named world war general armies remaining theater built lincoln square neighborhood theaters operating chicago building designed architect responsible design famous buildings chicago new_york_city opened showing silent films later 1930s converted cost approximately renamed involvement case ragged stranger infamous chicago murder case early 1920s husband wife left theater shortly johnson murdered murder initially pinned stranger dressed ragged clothing investigation revealed new evidence suggested fact guilty murder ultimately convicted executed starting theater attempted appeal cultural influences neighborhood showing german language films addition american films theater eventually transformed german film house acting host opened davis continued german films end decade theater transitioned showing variety entertainment including puppet shows second run films 1970s plan theater concentrating movie supported film critic chicago resident unsuccessful months june davis hosted dance film festival featured week long showcase dance themed films collection film dance routines featuring notable dancers planned demolition october davis sale asking price description ornate theater waiting developed shopping mall showed property interested developers considered turning complex mall theater food liquor services davis eventually sold developer later year rumored planning demolition replacement residential housing soon save davis campaign organized prevent theater demolition included community meeting regional library people voiced opposition demolition theater participants meeting argued building historical loss expressed frustration useful small businesses lost community order build residential units campaign supported refused property accommodate redevelopment plans property bid december acquired non profit headed community resident property sold theater began run films present operations currently operated run theater containing screens occasionally shows second runs older films owned maintaining smaller movie theaters united_states renovated replace film digital film davis participated | Davis Theater | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
24199_AustralianAcademyofCinemaandTelevisionArts | professional organisation film television practitioners australia academy aim identify award promote celebrate australia greatest achievements film television established august backing afi act industry engagement arm administer awards known afi awards rewards achievements australian feature film television documentary short films academy composed chapters represents different screen artists including actors directors producers writers overseen academy president australian actor inaugural president hosted inaugural awards january background profit membership based organisation aim identify award promote celebrate australia greatest achievements film television academy subsidiary afi non profit organisation established develop active film culture australia foster engagement general public australian film industry afi responsible commonly known afi awards rewarded australian practitioners feature film television documentary short film screen crafts academy receives funding afi australian state federal governments june afi proposed establishment objectives proposed academy raise profile australian film television australia abroad change way rewards talent mimicking methods foreign film organisations bafta voting system change establishment govern chapters composed professionals industry organisations including actors directors producers stated academy replace afi past winners afi awards constitute founding heritage australian academy announcement proposal afi began consultation phase members public screen industry gave feedback proposed changes june announcement ceo afi said thought better way engage industry try improve professional membership structure big improvement way afi things july weeks consultation period ended afi announced ahead proposed changes asked timing announcement stated based overwhelming industry support received confident moving right direction establish initial phase academy august afi announced special event academy called inaugural awards ceremony renamed awards serve annual afi awards event known president inaugural awards night new gold revealed created australian sculptor depicts human silhouette based shape structure academy members comprises chapters representing different area feature film television documentary short film overseen academy president role determine policies strategies way academy rewards practitioners chapters follows honorary events festival film festival film held conjunction showcases films competition awards inaugural festival held sydney melbourne october november festival marks beginning australian film awards season members academy commence voting films categories members institute vote members choice award awards awards replaced previous serve past ceremonies awards instituted awards presented prize non feature films lack feature films produced australia competitive film awards established awards television introduced awards usually held end year melbourne prior announcement academy afi announced awards january order align international film awards season awards held events black tie event accolades handed non feature short films film production non drama related television programs awards ceremony hands awards categories larger venue broadcast television additionally awards achievements foreign film presented los_angeles | Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
24356_Pre-Codecrimefilms | crime films era american film production early sound era enforcement code denoted era contained violence crime pictures seen decades later office specifically recommended removing profanity drug trade prostitution pictures officially recommended depictions violence form 1920s state censor boards created guidelines new_york particular developed list violent material removed picture shown state main types crime films released period gangster picture prison film gangster pictures released early 1930s public enemy built template created gangster movie underworld featured rise eventual fall organized criminal described crime film scholar maxim films insist win given lose counts controversial violent film took nearly year reach theaters battles obviously based life like outraged civic leaders felt movies lifestyles criminals stirred action ohio fire resulted deaths guards refused let inmates cells hollywood produced movies depicted harsh conditions prisons time prototype prison genre picture features future genre staples solitary confinement riots escape codes prison life box office hits prison pictures failed attract female audiences needed achieve financial success chain gang films produced similar response chain gang system prevalent states southern film fugitive considered seminal movie genre based autobiography fugitive time picture release early crime films early 1900s america primarily rural country especially terms self identity film pig alley earliest american films feature urban organized crime prohibition arrival created environment wanted drink interact criminals especially urban areas nonetheless urban crime genre ignored film underworld recognized gangster movie surprise hit according encyclopedia hollywood entry underworld film established fundamental elements gangster movie hero ominous night city streets finale cut protagonist gangster films lights new_york doorway hell released capitalize underworld popularity later described virtual remake film motivated financial gain increasingly competitive film market motivated fact provocative pictures sold tickets movies pushed boundaries film violence late 1920s crime films depicted organized crime broadway investigated connection broadway productions films broadway recommended banning violence form 1920s unlike profanity drug trade prostitution advised dealt carefully new_york censor board active board state reviewing country annual releases violent scenes removed instances gun pointed camera instances guns pointed body character shots machine guns featured scenes criminals shot law enforcement officers scenes involving stabbing knife considered disturbing audiences involving torture scenes considered educational depiction crime methods violence reaction shots showing faces individuals receiving end violence considered especially sensitive areas code later recommended scenes showing robbery theft safe cracking arson use firearms trains machines buildings brutal killings basis rejected local birth hollywood gangster motion picture genre pre code era gangster film vice films outraged moral guardians city fathers high caliber scenarios screen heroes stone killers early 1930s real life criminals celebrities particular captured american imagination like transformed perception entire towns gave chicago reputation american bullet proof running boards state street flower shop windows competition blood appeared cover time magazine offered seven figure sums major hollywood studios appear film declined national celebrity bank arrest escaped confinement times celebrated public outlaw father appeared popular series giving police advice catch son popularity rose fast variety joked remains large longer interviews obtained petitions circulated president wrote studios march portrayed motion picture april month release recruited police chief august conduct study effect gangster pictures children finished work stated gangster films actually favorable depiction police results defend film industry censorship board impressed removed crime scenes pictures factors gangster pictures subversive difficult economic times depression existed viewpoint way financial success crime convinced lead higher rates juvenile argued adults affected films misleading children youth problem local theater owners advertised gangster pictures singular theaters displayed tommy guns real life murders tied promotions situation reached studios ask tone promotions genre entered new level following release film featured career defining performance gangster public enemy starring featuring incredibly violent films created new type anti hero driven performance protagonist considered actors vehicles gangster films released genre popularity began end prohibition backlash gangster pictures swift announced studio stop making let year old son year old head production decided gangster picture close friends killed purchased rights novel chicago reporter penned gangster story seeing aftermath ordered day massacre generally considered grandfather gangster films robinson close friend played chicago joe wants straight meets woman seeks life crime joins gang rising rank boss crime family concerned friend threatens point joe girlfriend goes police unable bring kill joe eliminate witness goes hiding police publish press shot killed police dying says mother mercy end film characterized tight lean narrative runs pace minutes character portrayed admirable shown possess little intelligence picture simple obvious storyline filmed brighter images triumphant rise night shot fall later film critics robinson performances frequently cited film saving grace role robinson led comic animated characters originally robinson cast small role convinced film producer let play lead told flooded complaints people saw kids theaters nationwide gang leader hero joy disagreed film released joy argued ruthless criminal acts stronger audience reaction men kind organized crime general despite personal letter joy pleading film case head new_york censor board extensively edited film pennsylvania board success inspired mgm secret fox paramount big hollywood gangster came picture public enemy public enemy released following year features career defining performance time adapted unpublished beer blood written adapted screen bright enemy takes place film similar template set follows rise eventual fall world crime character contrasts brother wants straight mother center conflict sons extremely violent famous scene picture referred scene eating breakfast girlfriend half face scene famous rest life restaurant patrons send table violent women gangster film picture knocks woman interested violently throws seat car enemy based irish gangster dean scene kills horse caused death friend inspired similar real life event louis guns shot horse film trailer featured scenes movie merely contained warning picture intensity showcased gun fired camera produced enemy heavily involved film production aimed movie characters immoral free morals devoid conscience showed film mgm remarked motion picture motion picture conceded film story needed told states convinced maryland ohio cut scene states cut scene powers sleeps gang den mother drunk wakes realizes took advantage public enemy massive box office success helped financial fortunes operating red time embarrassed remarked film opening greatest american public beginning vote hard boiled realism literature stage marked post war period violent controversial gangster film undoubtedly directed starring film based life film begins works unhappy subordinate attracted girlfriend poppy deep love sister remain deemed warns leave north controlled rival mob ignores warning begins series executions result war north gang takes gang point tries kill fails murders poppy girl finds missing sister hotel room closest friend coin gangster played goes rage kills finds married wanted surprise film ends sister police home production troubled start office warned film producer film ignored pleas telling hawks screw office start picture realistic exciting possible film completed late office demanded numerous changes including conclusion captured tried convicted hung demanded film carry subtitle shame nation hughes sent picture numerous state censorship boards saying hoped film combat gangster menace failing film past censor board headed changes hughes decided release movie version close original form local refused release edited version sent ensure cycle gangster films nature coming end provoked outrage mainly unprecedented violence shifts tone comedic writing said film blends comedy horror manner suggests let loose live machine gun scene inside cafe machine gun fire car rival gang headed way assistant following orders keeps trying answer phone instead passes cafe barrage picks tommy gun dropped exhibits child like wonder excitement new toy civic leaders furious like blatant inspiration applauded movie houses america biographical details character obviously taken detail close impossible draw parallels sent members gang threaten screenwriter able convince picture based released film purchased personal copy film remained circulation hughes death universal released picture scenes film original cut lost prison films contrast social system outside walls prison film portrayed universe state powerful orderly sparked ohio fire april guards refused release prisoners cells causing deaths films depicted conditions prisons early 1930s genre composed prison film chain gang film prison film large men identical uniforms resigned fate live defined code chain gang film southern prisoners subjected system outdoors treated terribly ruthless captors prototype prison genre fugitive considered seminal film chain gang genre chain gang film hell highway beaten fugitive screen months earlier exerted influence plays sentences years committing influence cell mates murderer played played picture features future staples prison genre solitary confinement riots escape codes prison life protagonist montgomery ends character sell prison early release film banned ohio site deadly prison riots inspired criminal code shadow law convict code seven studios followed prison films appealed men weak box office performances result studios produced children prison films addressed juvenile problems america depression mayor hell instance featured kids killing abusive reform school retribution chain gang films fugitive based true story robert far famous early 1930s chain gang films half true detective mysteries magazine published burns work issues released book january decorated veteran paul returns world war changed man seeks alternative tedious job left travels country looking construction work ultimate goal involved construction planning allen follows met homeless shelter cafe taking offer free meal attempts rob allen charged convicted stealing dollars sentenced years chain gang men transported quarry break rocks day remain times allen convinces large black prisoner particularly good aim hit bend removes feet bent famous sequence escapes woods chased outside develops new identity respected developer chicago marriage woman love finds secret threatens leave young woman fallen love turns case cause agrees turn agreement serve days released tricked freed agreed time forces escape seeks young woman telling hunted films end asking survives ominous reply darkness steal based reality changes facts slightly appeal depression era audiences making allen return home country struggling economically burns returned twenties film bleak anti establishment ending shocked audiences laughter hell film directed starring inspired fugitive brien plays railroad engineer kills wife lover jealous rage sent prison dead man brother ends warden prison brien character brien revolt killing warden escaping film lost drew controversy scene black men hung reports vary blacks hung alongside white men african american weekly newspaper film critic praised filmmakers courageous depict atrocities occurring southern states | Pre-Code crime films | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
25701_WongFuProductions | asian american filmmaking group composed born april born october born october trio met produced number music videos short films released website later youtube establishing professional media company graduation works featured number national international film festivals including los_angeles asian pacific film festival san diego asian film festival cannes film festival august youtube channel million subscribers million video views history according unofficially established high school junior year california mainly utilised family digital film school projects collaboration classmates nickname philip given seventh grade year freshman friends released music video justin_timberlake song music video produced actively promote video quickly circulated fellow college students video circulated original computer file format released prior advent video sharing website youtube met classmates graduated school production trio began working small scale projects spare time class assignments originally consider filmmaking career entered university explored interest animation student electrical engineering considered career economics graduation moved los_angeles area continued venture professional approximately years garnered million subscribers june celebrated year anniversary produced minute short june featuring surrounding cast familiar faces including notable productions initially known independent music videos contemporary hit songs sunday morning released major short film called january film topic dating asian americans white americans brought recognition college students united_states moment group feature length film premiered june alma mater screened october film revolves neighbors share similar romantic situations person relationship let past moment promoted screening tour high schools universities united_states canada review student newspaper tech wrote despite large asian fan base sic movie cast equal numbers furthermore characters shaped characteristics race refreshing concept movie according daily moment featured mature introspective mood previous work following success moment approached create second film called sleep shift project abandoned producers disagreed casting asian male film lead role end tour created music videos rising artists continued producing short films group merchandise line included original shirt designs launched conjunction film nice guy short film spare featured san francisco international asian american film festival additional short films shown cannes film festival short films corner september released short film history peace sign november created short films music videos group require fee view films gains salary youtube partner draws profits merchandise sales public speaking university campuses music video production rising asian american artists opened talks creating major film movie filmed week period summer released public november released youtube day later agents secret stuff starring september announced hired pop singer direct upcoming music video love international secret agents addition group filmmaking career organized series concerts california concert series international secret agents featured musical disciplines urban dance asian american guest artists additional guest performances included america best dance crew champions aka aka singers songwriters according chinese american rapper self branding viral marketing youtube myspace facebook internet promote artist asserted artists aware available member said want community influence today additionally believed presented opportunity present asian american talent cool mainstream concert held september los_angeles second concert held march palace fine arts san_francisco events attended sold crowd concert returned los_angeles september sponsored department store held new_york_city time expressed interest holding future concerts washington concert los_angeles september playing international secret agents leg filled surprises secret guests like showed join performers stage march held filmed game youtube space los_angeles event famous including players named hosts feature film released april film directed film tells story couples near future issues relationship scores somewhat like credit score affect couples everyday choices nearly asian cast stars include funding film crowd sourced fans film premiere release held impact short films released received millions views group thousand fans according group website received daily hits expected audience size grow online video everyday life coming generation movie believed movie theaters obsolete digital media expert believed use new media tell community stories build business wave future group success allowed growth popularity asian american promote primarily youtube grateful group success popularity said people film school great seen like people kind fair feature cnn reported primary audience young asian americans find accurate depictions mainstream media films hoped break different stereotypes asian americans despite goal films inspired members life experiences racial experiences group promote political messages works raises issues feel fit brand image considered role models asian americans aspiring enter entertainment industry response group member said actually didn set heroes asian americans happened accident given huge responsibility feel like duty seriously presented workshops sustaining independent production company speakers american students association west coast conference hosted alma mater february flew los_angeles malaysia leg meeting fans aired live malaysia leading english language station july gave commencement speech graduating class june gave commencement speech graduating class | Wong Fu Productions | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
26117_Cultfilm | cult film cult film commonly referred cult classic film acquired cult following cult films known dedicated passionate fanbase elaborate engage repeated quoting dialogue audience participation inclusive definitions allow major studio productions especially box office bombs exclusive definitions focus obscure films mainstream difficulty defining term cult film mirror disputes art term cult film 1970s describe culture surrounded underground films midnight movies cult common use film analysis decades prior cult films trace origin controversial suppressed films kept alive dedicated fans cases reclaimed rediscovered films acquired cult decades original release occasionally camp value cult films respected classics debate popular accepted films cult films failing cinema cult films regular fixtures cable television profitable sellers home video inspired film festivals cult films appeal specific form media reference cult films easily identify demographics desire attract offer fans opportunity demonstrate knowledge cult films frequently break cultural feature excessive displays violence gore sexuality profanity combinations thereof lead controversy censorship outright films attract similar amounts controversy critics incompetent films fail attract amounts controversy face resistance labeled cult films mainstream films big budget attracted cult similar underground lesser known films fans films emphasize films niche appeal reject popular aspects fans like films wrong reasons perceived elements represent mainstream appeal marketing ridiculed likewise fans stray accepted scripts experience similar rejection late 1970s cult films increasingly popular films limited obscure cult capable breaking mainstream cult films proved profitable business venture usage term resulted controversy state meaningless applied film bit weird unconventional accuse hollywood studios trying artificially create cult films use term marketing tactic films frequently stated instant cult classic occasionally released fans internet unreleased films abandon later release time films acquired massive quick cult thanks spreading social media easy access cult films video demand peer peer file sharing led critics death cult films definition cult film film cult following term easily defined applied wide variety films definition occasionally expanded exclude films released major studios big budgets try specifically cult films accepted mainstream audiences critics cult films defined audience reaction content form elaborate audience participation film festivals time definition vague inclusive away earlier views increasing use term mainstream publications resulted controversy argue term meaningless elastic slightly strange academic criticized term weak concept reliant different groups interpret films terms according feminist scholar causes films strong female cult perceived mainstream qualify cult film academic says cult films studied group criticizes cultural asked range academics definition cult film people defined cult films primarily terms opposition mainstream films explicitly requiring element disputed potential given demographic appeal white males cult films instead called mainstream films elements definitions required strong community aspect obsessed fans behavior citing term took self described hard line stance rejected definitions use criteria instead stressed need open ended definition rooted film audience reaction focused accidental nature cult arguing cult film fans consider marketed rejected continued existence cult films called term marketing suggests cult films help understand ambiguity life given difficulty defining term cult films opposing qualities good bad failure success innovative retro helps illustrate art self evident ambiguity leads critics accuse cult films criticism emphasis personal interpretation critical analysis inherent lead audiences split ironic earnest fans writing defining cult movies quote academic defines cult films terms marginal films exist outside critical cultural acceptance exploitation beach party musicals pornography reject cult films having single feature instead state cult films united ideology opposition mainstream tastes vague term cult range contempt little common celebration bad films ridiculed fans albeit unintentionally time state masculine tastes frequently reinforced makes cult films internal conflict rebellion results anti academic bias despite use formal contradiction exists especially dependent defining terms opposition mainstream eventually opted dominant forces hollywood marketed mainstream academic defines cult films opposing mainstream proposes films cult virtue genre content especially rejection mainstream appeal says cult films creative political times relative political instability produce interesting films general overview cult films existed early days cinema film critic traces 1910s france reception described dissent popular ritual unauthorized adaptation widow sued production company drove bankruptcy known copies film destroyed early cult film kept alive cult following circulated illegal academic identifies making early cult films original release highly regarded classics golden age hollywood panned critics audiences relegated cult status night hunter cult film years quoted championed fans important influential classic time american exploitation films imported european art films marketed similarly critics argued arbitrary divisions high low culture american films settled rigid genres european art films continued push boundaries simple definitions art films artistic exploitation films influence american cult films like later cult films early exploitation films encouraged audience participation influenced live theater modern cult films grew 1960s underground films popular rejected mainstream hollywood films underground film festivals led creation midnight movies attracted cult term cult film movement 1970s cult use decades film analysis positive negative films concerned cultural significance social justice sought earlier avant garde films midnight movies popular mainstream peaking release finally found audience years release eventually rise home video midnight movies directors joined burgeoning independent film scene went underground home video second life box office positive word mouth excessive replay cable television led films develop audience obsessive replay study example despite failure box office played movies american cable television developed cult film home video television broadcasts cult films initially greeted hostility states seen turning cult films mainstream effect opening distracted passive audiences releases major studios distributed universal_studios cult films fail box office develop cult following midnight movies festivals home video hollywood films nature likely attract kind attention leads effect cult culture major studios financially unsuccessful films released multiple times plays trend capture audiences constant use profanity drugs mainstream hollywood films critics audiences lead large cult following open minded demographics associated cult films wall street professional soldiers comparatively mainstream films satisfy traditional demands cult film perceived fans niche discussing reputation making cult films bollywood director said didn set cult films wanted box office hits writing academics state acceptance mainstream culture character cult audiences complex relationship concepts opposed mainstream values excessive global context popularity vary widely territory especially regard limited releases international hit america obscure cult favorite ignored critics available years dubbed version earned internationally foreign cinema different spin popular genres japanese horror initially cult favorite america asian imports west marketed exotic cult films national identity academic criticizes foreign influence affect fan response especially genres tied national identity global scope questions authenticity arise filmmakers films ignored country objects cult producing reactions native country cult films establish early viability mainstream films filmmakers national cinema early cult horror films strongly associated homeland affected international reputation new_zealand cinema artistic films emerged new_zealand perceived legitimate competitor hollywood mirrored jackson career trajectory acquired cult following new_zealand national identity paved way big budget hollywood style jackson lord rings trilogy states cult films frequently involve elements time time management fans watch films activity viewed mainstream time seen resisting leisure time watch films sped slowed frequently odd hours cult films traditional views time time travel non linear narratives ambiguous establishments time popular identifies specific cult film viewing habits viewing horror films halloween sentimental melodrama christmas romantic films valentine day films viewed fans gorge favorites states cult films broadcast christmas nostalgic factor films watched season sense community shared nostalgia viewers new films trouble making institutions wonderful life miracle 34th street films provide mild criticism encouraging family values halloween hand allows society testing fears horror films appropriated holiday horror films debut halloween criticizes nature halloween horror films feed halloween turned image product real community states halloween horror conventions provide missing community aspect despite nature cult films produce celebrities like cult films authenticity important aspect popularity actors strongly associated iconic roles despite acknowledged range actor found casting difficult achieved fame discussing unrelated projects frequently bring role causes tire discussing known roles cult films eventually transitioned mainstream films expected recreate elements cult films confines mainstream cinema instead complex gender films lesbian woman starring found highly associated film sexual liberation 1970s caught elements cult film mainstream appeal soft core pornography unable work exploitation films sequels despite immense popularity cult following rate histories european cinema mentioned similarly struggled reputation cult independent film star famous daring roles films cult films trap directors directed directed film despite cult following included unable find financing qualities bring cult films prominence unorthodox vision caused obscurity years censorship films distinct artistic movement began 1970s genre drew inspiration equally european art cinema experimental film gritty subject matter italian shocking images 1960s exploitation hardcore pornography horror occasionally time 1980s filmmaker identified movement later wrote manifesto popular midnight mainly limited large urban areas led academic label downtown culture films acquired legendary reputation discussed debated alternative village_voice home video finally allow general audiences gave people taste underground film says cult films disrupt viewer expectations giving characters motivations focusing attention elements outside film cult films national stereotypes genre conventions broke rules teenage films reverse films based cult properties lose edge result rejection fans audience participation breaking long standing talking films throwing things screen according critical reception important film perception cult controversy regional objection government funding film critical philosophical objections themes enables attention response cultural topics film relevant lead controversy moral panic provides opposition cultural values film sexual attacked attacks film concerns vary culture culture need similar says film simply culturally important referencing previous arguments critics attack choice genre right exist taking varied issues critics assure relevance helping elevate film cult status perceived racist remarks critics rally fans raise profile cult films example comments korean culture review critics audiences lead debates roger_ebert spit grave later contribute commentary track dvd release describes feminist film films attract controversy ridiculed rejected suggested cult films academic noting definitions cult film require elements states cult films known subject matter depiction portrayed extreme ways break good taste aesthetic norms violence gore sexual music pushed stylistic excess far allowed mainstream cinema film censorship films obscure difficult find common criteria define cult films despite films remain known prized collectors fans occasionally express frustration dismissive critics conventional analysis believe marketing films young men predominantly targeted horror films particular draw fans seek extreme films audiences ironically offensive themes films things hate life elements pushed excessive extremes humor satire faced censorship ridicule found acceptance audiences receptive themes hollywood reluctant touch violence drug addiction sees films political statements populist authentic mainstream films celebrities despite featuring abundance fake blood films attracted positive attention critics academics excess exist camp films highlight 1980s fashion films influenced unpopular styles genres cult films director worked unpopular genre modern france influenced american films early french drifted art exploitation pornography films critics retained cult following drawn nudity similarly fascist censorship spain influential spain horror boom 1960s films line art horror overlapping cult interpretation reasons films followed unique rejection mainstream art popular fans european horror obscurity later spanish films allowed political criticize fascist regime exploitation horror unlike exploitation directors trying establish reputation established art house world intentionally chose work reaction new spanish cinema artistic revival supported late 1980s critics cited anti rebellion fascist grew rebel mainstream elements limit director appeal country celebrated highlighted marketed west shocking avant garde filmmaker despite family friendly comedies imported nature cult films lead censorship 1970s early 1980s wave explicit graphic exploitation films caused controversy called video ignited calls censorship laws home video releases largely consequently banned popular cult films issues sex violence crime released boom banned dozens countries caused director briefly jailed fears real film opposed censorship director later agree cuts removed animal killings limited film distribution frequently banned films introduce questions authenticity fans question seen truly cut cult films falsely claimed banned increase reputation explain lack mainstream penetration marketing campaigns claims raise interest curious audiences home video allowed cult film fans import rare banned films finally giving chance complete collection imports cult films previously banned released fanfare fans assumed familiar controversy personal responsibility highlighted strong anti censorship message present previously lost scenes cut studios added restore director original vision draws similar fanfare acclaim fans imports censored remove elements controversial references islamic spirituality indonesian cult films academics written themes cult films describe celebration themes cult films including racism church criticized descriptions content celebrate identifies component celebration themes cult films male terms describe films outside mainstream female terms describe mainstream cinema read expansion states cult films despite potential empowerment politically incorrect males feminism seek refuge academic acceptance progressive ideals playful ironic acceptance culture invites condemnation academics cult films tool reinforce mainstream values content states cultural reaffirmed films perceived lacking films took feminist approach avoids male gaze traditional goal oriented methods subject matter framed terms female empowerment feminine spectator use common cult film motifs female nudity ambiguous gender comment feminist topics similarly films complicated combination mainstream progressive elements attracted acclaim critics films imported cultures different progressively examine issues culture appeal cult films help define create groups form capital knowledge cult films proves authentic non mainstream provoke outraged response mainstream defines members possibly tolerate entertainment accessible films capital banned films referencing cult films media identify desired demographics strengthen bonds specific stand understand popular films previous eras reclaimed genre fans long forgotten original audiences authenticity horror fans seek obscure titles 1950s instead modern known remakes authenticity drive fans deny genre films perceived mainstream accessible authenticity performance expertise drive fan acclaim authenticity drive fans mainstream form hostile critics especially promoted enthusiastic programmers choice venue important expressing creating new communities cult films link disparate groups fans critics groups influence resisted older fans unfamiliar new references extreme cases cult films lead creation religions avoidance mainstream culture audiences enjoyment irony celebration obscure academic compares cult film fans film object cult following particular region culture unusual significance example films friendly interpretation amassed cult following albania western films allowed country communist rulers star hold special significance american british gay culture widely viewed historically important film greater american culture similarly brief film career icons alienated youth cult films niche appeal popular certain beach party musicals popular american failed find equivalent audience imported united_kingdom films target like proper cultural capital films appeal teenagers offer identities easily recognized differentiate groups films appeal stereotypical male activities sports easily gain strong male cult sports metaphors marketing cult films males emphasizing extreme nature film increases appeal youth fond extreme sports concept cult blockbuster involves cult inside larger mainstream films big budget mainstream films attract cult cult fans differentiate ordinary fans ways longstanding devotion film distinctive interpretations fan works hills identifies different cult lord rings separate mainstream academic identifies future example cult blockbuster film topped charts released developed nostalgic cult following years acting dialogue draw cult following mimic traditional cult films blockbuster science fiction films include philosophical matrix allow cult film fans enjoy higher level mainstream star wars large cult following geek cited cult blockbuster cult film mainstream epic star wars provided fans spirituality culture outside mainstream fans response popularity claim elements rejecting example star wars film series mainstream criticism focused racial cult film fans use bolster arguments rejected represents mainstream appeal marketing instead rarity fans cult value repeat engage behaviors traditional fans cult television serial media cult film series reduce mainstream accessibility film series self jokes longtime fans understand cult films create originally exploit popularity glam academic called sub variant parent described primarily composed obsessed fans cult film include newer experienced members familiar film reputation having watched clips youtube fans step enter film majority alter ignore long standing traditions audience participation rituals rituals lack perceived authenticity criticized accepted rituals bring capital veteran fans introduce newer members fans knowledge receive negative reactions newer fans cite film reason attending showing longtime fans cite community organized spread popular way introducing new people film theatrical screenings privileged media process fans cult films media frequently producers instead mere consumers traditional views intellectual property fan works ignore fictional canon like cult films magazines websites dedicated cult films self conscious maintain sense mainstream audiences gore racism obsessive bore mainstream audiences building capital specialist stores fringes society websites prominently partner hardcore pornographic sites reinforce outsider nature cult film especially use erotic imagery assuming knowledge non fans excluded previous articles controversies alluded explanation casual readers non fans left discussions debates lack information contribute fans like cult film wrong reasons casting characters aimed mainstream appeal ridiculed mainstream bay defining terms philosophical construct social norms commercial aspects magazines books defined terms valid consume consumers purchasing independent niche publications consumers mainstream irony self humor online communities different attracted films clash values criteria capital fans break scripts denying disturbing film ridiculed lack authenticity types bad good critic characterized examples bad good class low budget cult film books films include financially fruitless critically films comedies film plan room similarly bombed theaters developed cult following video catching metro mayer capitalized film ironic appeal marketed cult film films attract audiences turn outlets fan creativity fans impose interpretation earnest melodrama comedy states films perceived audiences avant garde filmmaking parody films weird sake people unfamiliar cult films parodies ultimately rejects use label bad good mean spirited programmer said film succeeds entertaining audience good regardless irony rise internet demand films led critics question bad good films future people diverse options availability catalog fans eager experience worst films lead lucrative local theaters camp guilty pleasures states difference guilty pleasure cult film simple number fans raises question people takes form cult following especially home video makes fans difficult count cult films popular bring varied responses fans depend different interpretations camp irony genuine affection combinations thereof earnest fans recognize accept film faults minor celebrities film cast benefits clear cult film stars known camp subtle parody signal films taken seriously actors provide comic book artistic minded films draw fan acclaim obsession readily subtle method inspired acting los_angeles_times says technical faults film makes areas camp content smith states early films influential claimed waters outrageous vision place cult cinema films valley dolls experience critical later camp excess avant garde filmmaking better accepted films initially dismissed films intentionally try appeal fans camp end films perceived trying hard authentic nostalgia according academic nostalgia strong element certain kinds cult appeal added cult films site cited nostalgia factor popularity academic describes cult films new hollywood form nostalgia period instead states cult films use nostalgia form resistance progress ideas time based economy virtue time travel plot future permits nostalgia 1950s 1980s members nostalgic cult following young alive periods interprets fondness retro aesthetics nostalgia saw film released looking past find better time period similarly films directed taken hold midnight movie venues trading nostalgia 1980s ironic appreciation optimism film nostalgic imagined past acquired nostalgic cult following cult films streets fire create new fictional world based nostalgic views past cult films nostalgia introduces nostalgic elements reveals fake hollow author praises use satire avoidance falling nostalgia identifies retro aesthetic nostalgic factors popularity midnight movie crowds midnight movies author describes midnight movies reaction political cultural america identifies movement running united anti establishment attitude punk aesthetic films resistant simple defined behaviors audiences midnight movies require night life audience willing invest actively states films took bleak point view living conditions artists economic prospects 1970s like attacked society structure film counter cinema narrative traditional processes late 1980s 1990s midnight movies transitioned underground home video eventually desire community brought resurgence big kick started new generation demographics shifted hip mainstream audiences drawn studios expressed skepticism large audiences drawn box office modern midnight movies retain popularity strongly mainstream films shown midnight mainstream cinemas eager negative associations increase profits begun abandoning midnight screenings classic midnight movies dropped popularity bring reliable crowds art exploitation seemingly odds art exploitation films frequently treated equal cult listed alongside described similar terms ability provoke response aspects art films played academic recognition ignored culture follows popularity post rejects hierarchy artistic merit exploitation art state cult films synonymous exploitation occasionally assumed key component write exploitation exists fringes mainstream deals taboo subjects suited cult academic writes cult films youth oriented populist openly pornographic area films abandon morality technically proficient gain cult following persistent vision saw received worthy academic study director attributes ability create complicated sexually charged films explicit sex described exploitation films coarse camp perfect fodder cult following sick films disturbing films distinct cult following films roots exploitation horror art films 1960s 1970s america exploitation art films shared audiences marketing especially new_york_city cinemas genre films state genre important cult films cult films mix mock associated traditional genres science fiction fantasy horror known large dedicated cult science fiction films popular fans emphasize non mainstream commercial aspects films exploitation important cult films exploitation states cult films realistic goal malta burgeoning film industry genre films films strictly adhere genre limitations appeal cult film fans given horror films likely cult films films like galaxy quest highlight importance cult science fiction authentic martial arts skills hong_kong action films drive cult favorites cult musicals range traditional rain appeal cult audiences nostalgia camp spectacle non traditional parodies musicals uses rock soundtrack romantic fairy tale princess bride failed attract audiences original release studio know market freedom excitement associated cars important drawing cult film fans genre films action danger ambiguity gun week writes cult films released home video market need advertising raise curiosity nostalgia animation animation provide wide open stories french film fantastic planet explored ideas limits traditional live action science fiction films guardian identifies introducing violent adult japanese animation known anime west paving way later works anime according academic cult genre lack individual inside anime bleeding cult attention help spread works internationally anime highly provides fans alternative fictional points view drive fan activity ghost shell franchise example provided japanese fans bonus material encouraged cult tendencies markets support sale materials saw cult activity career marked controversy cat animated film rated provoked outrage racial graphic depictions sex racist recalls older animators tired kid stuff desired work younger animators hated work destroying disney images eventually work cult include developed films faced similar critics los_angeles_times cites violence sexual imagery critics know film popular midnight movie frequently fans licensing issues kept released video years documentaries called films replicate shocking elements exploitation films usually modeled sick films cover similar subject matter cult film reader academics write documentaries present non western societies mysterious seductive immoral savage interpreted racist state exhibit liberal attitude breaking cultural films like faces death mix real fake footage freely gain cult following outrage debate authenticity results like bad good cult films old propaganda government films enjoyed ironically modern audiences camp value outdated themes claims perceived social threats drug use academic states fight world war propaganda films explicitly cult proven ability persuade audience sponsored film cult hit broadcast satirical television mystery science theater cast member cited educational shorts favorite mock states cult audiences drawn films political positions unlike traditional cult films achieve popularity mainstream popularity explains rising popularity cult films attempt scholars escape oppressive mainstream appeal independent film lack critics films says chance dominance academics according academics interested cult movies sought bring academic interest film festival states easier citing mainstream availability rejects definitions cult films based controversy excess meaningless cult films influenced diverse industries music videos fashion cult films shown expected places sign popularity bronze statue proposed hometown official newspaper holy courted controversy endorsement cult films pop culture cities attempt neighborhoods fans called attempts demolish iconic settings cult films cultural vandalism cult films drive tourism unwanted far 1970s attack killer tomatoes designed specifically cult film produced 20th century fox major hollywood studio decades long release seventh highest grossing rated film adjusted inflation journalist questioned popularity cult status founded independent studio known cult following cult films 1980s cult movies influence director film critic rise home video effect cult films behavior collectors unlikely self identify cult film fans film critic began reviewing drive theater cult films faced criticism early advocate exploitation cult films highlights cult films pointing respectful cult directors received hostile publications acceptance politically incorrect films mainstream film festivals acceptance universal critics resisted beginning 1990s director greatest success turning cult films mainstream later fame champion obscure cult films influenced set short lived distributed favorite cult films led guardian world influential director major hollywood studios audiences cult films productions limited cult appeal instead popular hits cult directors hot properties known mainstream accessible films remarking popular trend cult films new_york magazine states hollywood studios hoping recreate past successes trading nostalgia popularity bring critics death cult films finally successful mainstream slick attract proper cult following lack context easily found online response says cult film fans retreated obscure difficult find films illegal distribution methods preserves outlaw status cult films virtual spaces online forums fan sites replace traditional cult film fans consider collectors consumers associate consumers mainstream hollywood audiences collecting place single film addressing concerns dvds revoked cult status films like academic states small scale screenings friends family replace midnight identifies television shows retaining traditional cult activities inside popular culture ruled television series studios reluctant chances non mainstream ideas despite capitalized cult films surrounding culture inspiration drawn retro promotional sell shows regularly acquired cult following academic writing cult pop culture states internet cult culture destroyed line cult mainstream fans obscure films communicate online vibrant communities known big budget steven_spielberg criticized current hollywood system gambling opening weekend productions independent instead suggests hollywood look capitalize cult films exploded popularity internet rise social media cult films sites twitter displaced traditional venues courted controversy cultural critics cult films clip films went viral director producer distribution deal youtube found footage originally distributed cult vhs collections eventually went viral youtube opened new generations fans films room gained quick massive popularity prominent members social networking sites discussed rise instant cult classics bypasses years obscurity cult films labor response critics described use viral marketing attempt manufacture cult films identifies cult film style includes deliberately insulting bad films slick exercises mainstream films sell worth writing npr states previous films attracted cult drifted realm criticizes trying hard appeal cult audiences sacrificing internal consistency calculated influenced successful online hype films attempted draw online cult use cult appeal snakes plane example attracted massive attention curious fans uniquely cult following preceded film release included speculative parodies fans imagined film reached point convergence culture fan speculation began impact film production proclaimed cult film major game released failed win mainstream audiences maintain cult following retrospect critic novelty naive era internet influential marketing trend instant cult classics hailed fail attain lasting following described states phrase cult films approached terms theory states director creative vision drives film fallen favor creating cult film fans critics states theory help create cult films fans film continuing director creative vision likely accept cult according academic theory helped cult films audiences found accessible way approach avant garde film criticism theory provided alternative culture cult film fans carrying weight scholarship requiring repeated extensive knowledge details theory naturally appealed cult film fans taylor states instrumental allowing cult films break mainstream academic states highlighted mainstream success occurs place ignore political readings director cult films directors celebrated content daring independence argues mainstream recognition requires corporate interests stand gain cult film culture critics champion revolutionary aspects filmmaking political interpretation hollywood studios corporate interests instead highlight aspects wish films sensational exploitation like films subversive aspects highlighted subversive aspects ignored | Cult film | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
26489_GrazingGoatPictures | indian film production house launched hindi film actor film god banned malaysia controversial story line india screenings film cancelled police case lodged filmmakers actors hurting religious sentiments won national film award best adapted screenplay film banner opened mixed reviews company produced regional languages films like miles opened positive reviews critics screened london won awards ceremony company produced hindi soap opera airs guest appearances films miles youtube channel fashion launched credited india hindi fashion channel history launched production house previously worked colors head programming read script god decided produce launched company association company based mumbai head office interior designed wife hindi films company film directed satirical comedy drama god produced association company song added director wishes built small budget based stage play titled remake australian film man sued god story depicted struggles hindu man sued god shop destroyed earthquake appeared lord krishna film appreciated film bringing attention religion praised acting felt rest character film intentions good preaching boring film received poor initial collection box office word mouth picked proved commercial success film banned malaysia faced protests shows cancelled police case lodged film writer director hurting religious sentiments won national film award best adapted screenplay received nomination award best supporting actor god inspired telugu remake titled featured important roles directed reportedly producers offered million stop shooting planning sequel said wanted socially relevant films company signed film deal announced month removed cast film produced cast lead role opposite company second film directed drama thriller featuring olympic boxer lead roles cameo appearances film played corrupt police officer frames friends murder committed asks large sum money return closing case film failed generate positive response critics said isn exactly india today said film mixed elements missed magic called narrative half baked said film lost plot produced budget million paired opposite comedy drama film worldwide gross estimated million regional cinema produced venture inspired novel film showed problems faced teenager boy ran away boarding school reach house distance miles school won awards best film won best actress award won best director award won jury special award best film awards wrote mid day emotions won viewers praised performance calling strongest female performances recent times reviewer called touching kind film screening london second film directed shot london company regional film language comedy problem produced association distributed globally film directed built small budget collected million box office distributors state paid record prices film film viewers expressed watch guest starring film noted film merits stand tall appreciated actors performance indian spinner appeared film films success said produce regional language films interview given said want grazing goat pictures global player planning produce films hindi television produced hindi soap opera starring airs completed episodes december company plans produce fictional shows adaptation novel bombay duck fish planned fashion grazing goat pictures launched internet division product india hindi fashion channel called aimed trend conscious women youtube channel provides online fashion subjects filmography films television | Grazing Goat Pictures | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
26686_AppianWayProductions | film production company california established actor producer company film assassination richard nixon released biopic aviator starring film critical commercial success earned academy_award nominations including following productions released years later comedy drama documentary 11th hour followed commercial successes psychological horror orphan psychological thriller dark fantasy film red riding hood company releases including crime thriller thriller film performed poorly box office released biopic wolf wall street critical commercial success nominated academy_awards including history founded film assassination richard nixon starring attempted assassinate president richard_nixon screened section cannes film festival company film biopic aviator produced association based non fiction book secret life film depicted life aviation pioneer successful film producer late 1920s late 1940s simultaneously growing unstable severe obsessive disorder writing daily_telegraph described film gorgeous tribute golden age hollywood tips balance spectacle versus substance favour praised direction supporting cast panned performance worldwide gross million budget million film proved commercial success film earned total nominations academy awards including best director won including best supporting actress award film released years later comedy drama according lacks necessary dramatic urgency black humor connect audiences months later released 11th hour documentary global warming film featured experts environmental issues solutions won environmental film award march wrote season television series produced company company released psychological horror film orphan told story couple death child adopt mysterious year old girl film content depicting created controversy adoption community stated promotes negative stereotypes film received mixed reviews commercial success reunited company film psychological thriller based novel played marshal edward daniels investigates psychiatric facility located island eventually comes question commercial success film received generally positive reviews guardian praised film direction performances criticized silly twist ending calling directed release film set village haunted young girl falls love orphan family displeasure earlier production film titled girl poorly received critics time named worst movies performed box office company final release detachment directed drama high school education system films produced company ensemble crime thriller guardian brooks described lazy film barely goes motions thriller company second release negatively received critics box office bomb directed company final film wolf wall street biopic life new_york runs firm engages fraud money wall street 1990s screenplay adapted memoir film banned kenya malaysia controversial depiction events explicit sexual content profanity hard drug use nonetheless major commercial success went 17th highest grossing film according copyright infringement tracking site film widely downloaded illegally million times sites film nominated academy_awards including best actor failed win category produced starred biographical western thriller based novel inspired life film received critics variety reviewing bleak hell considerably beautiful forbidding american movie violence intensity continually breathtaking imagery october company filming live night crime film based novel signed year look production deal paramount_pictures films television | Appian Way Productions | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
27101_GnomeMotionPictureCompany | motion picture company film production company credited productions purpose company produce stories alice birth alice new year party productions likely released announcements trade publications ceased january company treasurer later sued taxes planned productions official released nickelodeon despite evidence actual release american_film_institute recognizes films released january history according nickelodeon motion picture company formed manufacture pictures camera patents owned controlled patents company incorporation announcement stated capital directors studio offices located southwest corner park new_york_city new_york according report purchased productions company lead actress employed staff produce stories fictional specifically child audiences seasoned child actress time productions credits working age records surrounding release suggest alice birth alice new year party released venture ultimately failed sued company treasurer unpaid taxes assessment said longer conducting business assessment case dismissed judge record trade publications announcements advertisements comes january issue announces films delayed days american_film_institute identifies films having released january provided best recognition company wrote company working minds interesting phase christmas sentiment making fairy pictures young people fully expect makers follow suit realize real christmas sentiment advertisements productions great desire company produce films december season interest christmas new year productions waned mid january productions released ultimately represents early attempt cater film productions children christmas season films birth published synopsis nickelodeon reads follows old fairy realizing span life rapidly drawing close brings life new race people called governed new fairy appear old fairy informs duties perform acts kindness people world old fairy disappears start career beautiful acts kindness performed course travels wonderful scenery strange places scene discover old man fate transform youth great beauty acts kindness performed great interest finally band discover balloon fairy queen helped basket seen flying away watched subjects film billed feet length having set release december announcement stated release delayed christmas week release confirmed trade publication delayed january alice published synopsis nickelodeon reads follows night christmas alice child wealth going usual form hanging bed maid alice falls asleep dreams enter tell alice follow alice follows little people special protection policeman foot high little party seen beautiful reach tells good girl animals toys alice touches come life bear steps dance alice alice removes cover doll box doll dances little king gives magical entertainment clown active animals dolls interesting act surprise delight little alice tired alice falls asleep shoulders bear little bed christmas morning maid awakens dresses great event takes drawing room welcomed parents find dream come true originally film billed released december later claimed december release attributed issue nickelodeon film released december advertisement moving picture world january said release delayed days unknown unlikely film actually released publications ads materials surrounding followed alice new year party unlike productions subject published alice new year party subject detail trade publications production given exact release date later affirmed set christmas week release american_film_institute cites sources ending advertisement moving picture world january says releases delayed days film appear released | Gnome Motion Picture Company | Media and drama | Film | Cinema |
1733_500euronote | euro note euro note highest value euro introduction euro cash form highest value circulating world worth usd note countries euro sole currency legally adopting population million largest note measuring purple colour scheme euro depict bridges arches modern architecture late 20th century euro note contains complex security features invisible ink difficult initially high notes introduced rapidly years euro circulation subsequently rate increase radically slowed january circulation announced phase euro note end authorities increasingly suspect notes illegal purposes argument longer ignore according high ranking bank official history euro founded january currency million people europe years existence invisible currency euro cash introduced january replaced national coins countries joined cyprus malta slovakia estonia lithuania joined january period period notes coins exchanged euro lasted months going january february official date national ceased legal tender varied member state member state earliest date germany mark officially ceased legal tender december exchange period lasted months old ceased legal tender continued accepted national central banks periods ranging years forever changes notes printed november bear signature president replaced november signature appears issues november march notes issued march bear signature president incumbent june current issues reflect expansion european_union cyprus depicted current notes map extend far east malta missing meet current series minimum size depiction currently introducing new series euro euro included new series decided phase issuance euro design euro note measures millimetres millimetres purple colour scheme bank notes depict bridges arches different historical european style euro note shows modern architecture 20th century original designs intended real monuments political reasons bridge art merely hypothetical examples architectural era like euro notes contains flag signature president initials said bank different languages depiction territories overseas stars flag security features listed security features euro note protected colour changing ink located note appears change colour purple brown note number printed corner note sides appear combine perfectly form value held light glossy stripe situated note showing value euro symbol note appears image change value window doorway background appears rainbow coloured concentric circles micro letters moving centre edges patch pattern symbols found number designs worldwide added help software detect presence digital image appear held light raised printing main image lettering value raised ink paper glow embedded paper appear coloured red blue green flag green orange stars president currently signature turns green large stars small circles glow european map bridge value appear yellow areas example inside euro greek characters micro text sharp blurred security thread embedded paper thread appear dark stripe held light word euro value embedded tiny letters thread form euro symbol small numbers showing value surface note paper pure cotton feels crisp firm serial number crime value note times greater largest circulating notes major united_states dollar bill large monetary value concentrated small volume notes crimes deal cash including money drug dealing tax calls withdraw note reason euro replaced widely high value notes including belgian austrian dutch exceed value note exceptions equivalent value equivalent value national currency similar face value numbers circulated considerably smaller instance million german circulating year far fewer million euro circulating years euro introduced particular spain quarter high value bills borders concentration notes far greater expected economy spain size prior euro conversion largest spanish worth notes rarely seen day commerce nicknamed populace presence appearance notes known notes difficult find british spanish police bills track money april money exchange offices united_kingdom stopped selling notes use money claimed notes sold hands organised crime revealed month analysis note worth region depending exchange rates times value largest publicly circulated note currency choice gangs hide profits fact historical higher values note civil hands circulation case dollars generally lower value notes doesn prevent money case mexico_city cash total million found bank accounts modern money schemes removing cash market guarantee stopping crime altogether directive prevention use financial system purpose money terrorist financing tries prevent crime requiring banks real estate agents companies investigate report usage cash excess circulation december approximately circulation second circulated approximately worth closely monitors stock circulation euro notes coins task ensure efficient smooth supply euro notes maintain integrity legal information legally central banks countries right issue different euro practice national central banks zone physically issue withdraw euro cash office involved cash operations tracking communities people european level hobby keeps track euro pass hands track know travel travelled aim record notes possible know details spread like travel general follow like ticket seen particular generate statistics rankings example countries tickets registered million notes worth billion | 500 euro note | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
2146_BanknotesofZimbabwe | paper money physical forms incarnations dollar dollar replaced dollar par following proclamation independence issued types currency notes history including bearer short agricultural circulated september december issued emergency main illustration regular emergency bearer rocks emblem appeared reverse dollar notes illustrate culture landmarks second dollar replaced august dollar phased fourth dollar short notice february rapidly lost value economic trade sanctions imposed government difficult incorporate modern security features issued september originally planned dollar june dollar suspended april implying fourth dollar legal tender history issued dollar coincide independence notes replaced circulating par series ranged carried signature governor issued new series notes ranging withdrawn replaced coin rising inflation started affect purchasing power issued enhanced anti measures issued special traveller denominations ranging short lived general public identification required issue bearer usual banks levied commission fee september issued special bearer denominations ranging subsequent issues second dollars time limited lacked sophisticated anti measures heavily modern swiss half new denominations issued million planned september subsequently issued time limits ignored extended multiple meaning notes issues remained legal tender practice august august second dollar elaborate designs replaced dollar ratio operation sunrise heavily publicised banner zero hero rapid resulted people unable convert old bearer new issues lapse date governor said dollars denominations ranging million issued period august cent quickly second quarter special issued denominations ranging billion billion currency exchange rate floated functions similar bearer regular use prices continue rise carried time limits limited security features final months second dollar lowest legal tender decree despite having date extended twice lowest legal tender circulation dates currency enforced extension billion highest note legal tender munich based security ceased providing paper july response official request german government widespread calls sanctions software end user licence issued state owned terminated july similar reasons official press statement quoted facto impossible prevent software august dollar printed abandoned second phase replaced second dollar ratio billion bearer second dollar phased smaller denominations dollar january despite reform reserve bank issued high value denominations period september january merely kept similar pace cash rate instead black market rates february fourth dollar introduced replace dollar ratio originally envisaged dollar remain legal tender june withdrawn circulation following suspension dollar april paper money dollar near main artwork sides designs dollar notes design feature major landmarks landscapes fauna took hold end 20th century quality notes deteriorated printing plates previous issues printing emergency notes notes design gradually phased remaining notes dollar forcibly august series series series carried signature governor dated issued note issued notes bear salisbury capital changed april denominations series designs extensive use technique heavily relied 1980s dated issues differed little earlier took account renaming country capital salisbury error early runs pick bears salisbury capital city instead type issues rare later runs note pick corrected error dated second run taken governor series series refers series carried signature appointed governor august series bears new capital indifferent series date signature series august replaced governor carried signature referred series issued signature runs original designs dated run consisted denominations original profile angle short neck whilst second run consisted denominations bearing bird longer neck profile angle general design reviewed advancing technologies resulted release new denominations counter effects consumer price inflation peaked rocks retained features including imaging letters seen horizontally eye level identification marks visually impaired added design neck bird longer revised new designs whilst replaced coin year undergoing process august issued red main colour dated versions brown followed october sole difference variants notes pick serial number series series carried signature incumbent governor consisted dollar series regular dollar forced regular series use remaining legal tender theoretically august standard chartered series standard chartered series series emergency bearer issued title authorised legitimate issues valid months date issue currency notes dollar time limit carry signature company finance director operations director bearer series bearer series series emergency currency notes dollar circulation september withdrawal dollar august denominations issued september whilst denominations depicting reverse introduced october following august bearer originally scheduled december early bearer dated september bear signature acting governor remainder series bear signature appointed governor november paper money second dollar dollar august currency reform campaign operation sunrise involving motto zero hero new style bearer second dollar introduced replaced dollar ratio change process given short notice rapid issues prior august series rendered worthless august poor communications meant civilians unable convert old bearer new ones deadline bearer series bearer series circulation august initially consisted denominations ranging signed set july initially december later extended july issued despite widely publicised campaign variations issued denominations recognised standard catalog world paper money difference use digit grouping expressed bear serial numbers scarce prefix notes onwards expressed bearer series issued march introduction act denominations respectively inflation intensified bearer introduced august followed joint introduction denominations december bearer date lapse extended twice december use technique value positioned right december series note second dollar bear strip printed paper prepared notes pick circulation bearer series commenced january denominations ranging million million concluded issue million bearer denominations series remained legal tender ratio december variants million primary difference size serial number slightly larger serial numbers bear prefix million larger dimension rest series series issued agricultural july different design intention use farmers found way regular use parallel functions bearer rise food prices following currency reform bearer phased january denominations series dimensions billion note different paper billion largest second dollar sharing record number depicted yugoslav billion note january paper money dollar series prepared october abandoned second phase reinstated main feature whilst use continued additional security features opposed previous issues included security threads register marks recognition marks partially sighted security threads notes august occurred notes circulation dollar august december series circulated september april series demonstrated intensity period highest increased january largest issued issues series denominations followed following denominations large number denominations issued suspension paper supply affected ability maintain quality later denominations copied design features original series lacked modern security features major relied notes million onwards non paper whilst million notes printed pure cotton silhouette variable ink notes compensate strip dropped higher denominations notes reused paper notes pick carrying embedded thread types paper regular lined paper money fourth dollar dollar reformed february fourth dollar replaced dollar ratio original intention july series issued fourth dollar circulated february suspension dollar april series consisted denominations ranging notes revised design registration devices variable ink strip parts design recycled designs past issues plain space existed areas normally positioned replacement special allocated replacement follows collecting ability gained considerable interest community buyers general design examples notes sold excess true face value price value depend factors rarity based factors capital city long printed type condition national situation time issue shortages common designs variants note pick usually valued apiece rare varieties salisbury error note pick standard chartered issues valued usually sold dealers counter internet valued types theoretically qualify inclusion auction circulating fiscal emergency hard currency particularly united_states dollar long served parallel currency black market prices shops posted dollars periods illegal possess foreign currency business dollars unique form circulating fuel issued known denominations include litres petrol gasoline diesel translate roughly local petrol price pound sterling late businesses including reported paying employees currency currency printing standards crude rampant widespread use | Banknotes of Zimbabwe | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
2595_20euronote | euro note euro note lowest value euro introduction euro cash form note countries sole currency legally adopting population million smallest note measuring blue colour scheme euro depict bridges arches gothic architecture 13th 14th century euro note contains complex security features invisible ink document authenticity october approximately euro circulation design series euro revealed february launched november history euro founded january currency million people europe years existence invisible currency euro cash introduced january replaced national coins countries belgian greek joined cyprus malta slovakia estonia joined january period period notes coins exchanged euro lasted months going january february official date national ceased legal tender varied member state member state earliest date germany mark officially ceased legal tender december exchange period lasted months old ceased legal tender continued accepted national central banks periods ranging years forever changes notes printed november bear signature president replaced november signature appears issues november march notes issued march bear signature president incumbent complete series euro notes new series similar current released time announce series lose legal tender status june current issues reflect expansion european_union member states cyprus depicted current notes map extend far east malta missing meet current series minimum size depiction plans redesign notes seven years issue second series preparation new production anti techniques employed new notes design theme colours identical current series bridges arches new series design euro note smallest euro note millimetres millimetres blue colour scheme bank notes depict bridges arches different historical european style euro note shows gothic era 13th 14th century original designs intended real monuments political reasons bridge art merely hypothetical examples architectural era like euro notes contains flag signature president initials said bank different languages depiction territories overseas stars flag thirteen security features listed released game february discover new security features embedded new note significant new anti measure transparent window containing shows portrait number series design euro note officially revealed february security features series lower value note security features euro note high denominations protected tilt note image change value window doorway background rainbow coloured concentric circles micro letters moving centre edges patch special printing processes euro notes unique feel glossy stripe tilt note glossy stripe showing value euro symbol appear appears light raised printing special methods printing makes ink feel raised thicker main image lettering value feel raised print run finger scratch gently ink light paper glow embedded paper appear coloured red blue green european_union flag looks green orange stars president signature turns green large stars small circles glow european map bridge value appear yellow numerous areas example inside euro greek characters need glass tiny text sharp blurred security thread security thread embedded paper hold light thread appear dark stripe word euro value seen tiny letters stripe hold light form symbol small numbers showing value surface note paper pure cotton feels crisp firm serial number series note held normal light source portrait appear portrait window note held light window transparent reveals portrait visible sides note portrait note silver coloured stripe right note reveals portrait symbol main image value number note number left corner note displays effect light moves number changes colour green deep blue security thread note held light security thread appears dark line symbol value note seen tiny white lettering stripe areas feature series tiny letters read glass letters sharp blurred circulation approximately circulation approximately worth closely monitoring circulation stock euro coins task ensure efficient smooth supply euro notes maintain integrity legal information legally central banks countries right issue seven different euro practice national central banks zone physically issue withdraw euro cash office involved cash operations tracking communities people european level hobby keeps track euro pass hands track know travel travelled aim record notes possible know details spread like travel general follow like ticket seen particular generate statistics rankings example countries tickets registered million notes worth billion | 20 euro note | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
6951_Castaingmachine | machine machine device add lettering decoration edge coin lettering necessitated edge common problem resulting uneven irregular introduced france developed method marking edges lettering possible detect metal shaved edge method involved collar metal flowed pressure press technique slower costly later methods france abandoned favour england experimented briefly wasn brought method coins mid seventeenth century began earnest country invented different method marking edge according faster costly method pioneered exact method secretive asserted likely resembled later device invented machine marked edges means steel rulers blank forced legends designs edge device found favour france eventually adopted nations including britain united_states eventually phased techniques background prior introduction resulted relatively crude product irregular shape size european named created new technique striking coins included use rolling mills presses cut press learning invention french ambassador king henry_ii dispatched master mint observe machinery press turned weighted wooden handle exerted pressure blank creating precise strike requested send engineer capable creating similar machine sent engineer viewed machine introduced version france later added collar allowed expanding metal fill collar creating designs edge lettering time reverse images struck coin segments collar removed coin ejected lettering aid detecting coins metal edges problem frequently encountered method striking coins considered costly relative previously utilised method upper die came contact collar downward descent causing expensive damage abandoned favour introduced england production ceased august house_of_commons opted summon engineer london operations tower mint mint officials opposed techniques subjected series trials quality product compared mint according pamphlet published process described new invention handsome shall stamped flat sides shall marked letters thickness intended prevent described proposition presumably meant different ways pieces marked edge men according man mint selected create competition mint pieces way tedious time stamps engines money referring type collar added early presses time consuming use caused significant damage dies engines went touching new way ready based money inventor know experiences pleasure state argued methods prevent machinery required complex criminals following swearing lord protector proponent method find favour nation establishment government placed charge planned mint ireland heavily fraudulent means proposed mint came existence given official appointment strike worth coins bearing portrait captured spanish silver superintendent believed edge lettering created means steel strip coin metal flowed striking creating raised designs wording suggested technique costly older method involving split collar steel strip replaced economically determined era struck collar suggests machine edge lettering prior striking returned france following death summoned return london following order king charles_ii operations mint received contract mint fulfilled death work engineer tools conduct edge lettering process diary member parliament samuel remarked secrecy maintained process stating mint mark letters edges kept great secret invention production ceased france edge lettering wasn immediately reintroduced nation point prior french engineer invented machine apply edge lettering coins approached french government proposal use machine nation king favoured invention financial minister believed economically viable pay expenses required use objection entered contract nation gold silver include edge lettering created machine years later response raise money support years war proposed method existing coins ultimately accepted edge lettering machine coins supervisor individual undertook process pay use dismissed found stolen mint reformation appointed perform edge lettering place second reform took place imprisoned charges inaccurate scales weigh coins according wife née allegations false originating opponents lost money result machine introduction resulting monetary reforms according engineer machine likely similar england improvements machine worthy called invention operation account described operation machine machine purpose consists plates steel form rulers engraved half half plates strongly bound screws copper plate board table copper plate means handle wheel iron teeth catch teeth surface sliding plate placed horizontally plates carried motion time half turn found marked round according entry machine capable applying edge lettering coins daily machine came use world way improve existing machinery edge lettering copy machine use director newly established philadelphia ordered presses england added modified version machine obsolete following introduction steam powered equipment mint machine replaced paris mint mint engineers created version | Castaing machine | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
11299_Euro | euro euro sign code official currency consists member states european_union austria belgium cyprus estonia finland france germany greece ireland italy lithuania malta netherlands portugal slovakia spain currency officially institutions european_union european countries consequently daily million europeans outside europe number overseas territories members use euro currency additionally million people worldwide use euro euro second largest reserve currency second traded currency world united_states dollar august circulation euro highest combined value coins circulation world having surpassed dollar based estimates purchasing power second largest economy world euro officially adopted december euro introduced world financial markets accounting currency january replacing ratio physical euro coins entered circulation january making day day operating currency original members euro dropped subsequently years october traded dollar end peaking july late euro immersed european sovereign debt crisis led creation reforms aimed currency july euro fell time years following concerns raised greek debt spain troubled banking sector euro dollar exchange rate stands administration euro managed administered frankfurt based composed central banks countries independent central bank sole authority set monetary policy printing distribution notes coins member states operation payment systems member states adopt euro meeting certain monetary budgetary convergence criteria states united_kingdom denmark negotiated sweden joined signed turned euro referendum obligation adopt euro meeting monetary budgetary requirements nations joined pledged adopt euro course issuing january national central banks issued euro joint basis euro central bank issued required accept euro circulation members repatriated issues total value issued practice circulation matching carry interest main rate euro issued proportion respective shares capital key calculated national share european_union population national share european_union equally weighted characteristics coins euro divided cents referred euro cents especially distinguishing referred common cent coins community legislative acts forms euro cent spelled notwithstanding normal english usage normal english local variations france circulating coins common showing value map background linguistic europe latin alphabet version euro opposed common greek arabic text national sides national languages text common avoided denominations cent coins map showed member states members euro introduced beginning depending country old map replaced map europe showing countries outside union like norway cent coins old design showing geographical map europe member states raised somewhat rest map common sides designed coins national showing image specifically chosen country issued coin euro coins member state freely nation adopted euro coins issued denominations avoid use smallest coins cash transactions rounded nearest cents netherlands ireland voluntary agreement finland law practice discouraged commission practice certain shops refuse accept high value euro notes commemorative coins face value issued changes design national coin include commonly issued coins commemorative coin anniversary signing treaty rome nationally issued coins coin commemorate summer olympics issued greece coins legal tender collector coins denominations issued intended general circulation legal tender member state issued design euro common designs sides design created austrian designer notes issued colour dedicated artistic period european architecture note features windows bridges links countries future designs supposed devoid identifiable characteristics initial designs specific bridges including subsequently rendered generic final designs bear close similarities specific prototypes truly generic monuments looked similar different national monuments payments clearing electronic funds transfer capital transferred country transfers euro treated domestic transactions bear corresponding domestic transfer costs includes member states outside providing transactions carried euro credit card charging treated domestic transactions paper based payment orders like domestic based set clearing system target large euro transactions currency sign special euro currency sign designed public survey narrowed original proposals chose design created inspiration symbol came greek reference cradle european letter word europe crossed parallel lines stability euro specified euro logo exact proportions foreground background colour tones commission intended logo prescribed shape font designers clear intended design variants instead lacking euro sign create capital equal sign placement currency sign relative varies nation nation texts english symbol standard official symbol cent history introduction euro established provisions treaty participate currency member states meant meet strict criteria budget deficit percent debt ratio percent ultimately widely introduction low inflation interest rates close average treaty united_kingdom denmark granted request moving stage monetary union result introduction euro helped create contributed euro include theory euro officially adopted madrid december teacher french history credited naming new currency sending letter president suggesting euro august differences national conventions rounding significant conversion national carried process euro definitive values euro terms exchange rates currency entered euro shown right rates determined based recommendation based market rates december set equal euro accounting unit based member states currency right set earlier depended closing exchange rate non euro principally pound sterling day procedure fix conversion rate greek euro different euro years old conversion rates initial determined hours euro introduced conversion rate greek fixed months currency introduced non physical form traveller electronic transfers banking etc midnight january national participating countries ceased exist independently exchange rates locked fixed rates euro successor notes coins old continued legal tender new euro notes coins introduced january period notes coins exchanged euro lasted months february official date national ceased legal tender varied member state member state earliest date germany mark officially ceased legal tender december exchange period lasted months old ceased legal tender continued accepted national central banks periods ranging years forever austria germany ireland estonia coins belgium slovakia accept forever coins earliest coins non portuguese ceased monetary value december remain crisis following financial crisis fears sovereign debt crisis developed conservative investors concerning european states situation particularly tense early included members greece ireland portugal countries outside area iceland country experienced largest crisis entire international banking system collapsed emerged affected sovereign debt crisis government unable bail banks especially countries sovereign debts increased sharply bank crisis confidence emerged widening bond yield spreads risk insurance credit default countries members importantly germany included countries certain convergence criteria criteria diminished fact enforced degree country country according economist intelligence unit euro area treated single entity economic fiscal position looks worse respects better budget deficit euro area lower euro area government debt ratio level united_states write private sector euro area markedly lower highly anglo saxon economies authors conclude crisis political economic result fact euro area lacks support institutional mutual bonds solidarity state crisis continued euro area countries including france entire fund socialist elected president france month later french socialist legislative position strengthened german leader appeared badly let advisers recent months commentator said french german monetary decision makers comparable height crisis forerunner relatively dormant signs euro skepticism german public opinion industry recent months making proposals increasingly broad german opinion considerable controversy continue greece spain real battle lines future euro drawn germany france commentary concluded historical parallel germany debt unemployment france united_states relatively strong creditors gained attention summer germany received debt rating warning direct indirect usage direct usage euro sole currency member states austria belgium cyprus estonia finland france germany greece ireland italy lithuania malta netherlands portugal slovakia spain countries constitute million people total remaining members obliged join future members set continue outside euro sole currency montenegro european overseas territories members lands direct usage euro outside affects nearly million people euro trading currency cuba syria euro abandoned local currency major instead including euro united_states dollar use reserve currency introduction euro second widely held international reserve currency dollar share euro reserve currency increased period share dollar fell fell euro inherited built status mark second important reserve currency euro remains reserve currency advanced economies overweight emerging developing economies according total euro held reserve world end equal billion share currency reserves advanced economies total currency reserves emerging developing economies possibility euro international reserve currency widely debated chairman gave opinion september absolutely euro replace dollar reserve currency traded equally important reserve currency contrast assessment euro increase share worldwide currency reserve basket slowed considerably beginning worldwide credit related recession european sovereign debt crisis euro outside total countries territories belong directly euro including countries mainland africa african island countries cape territories balkan countries bosnia mark bulgaria bulgarian macedonia july signed agreement portugal eventually tie currency euro additionally tied basket including euro dollar euro given highest exception bosnia bulgaria macedonia mark cape_verde portuguese non countries currency french euro country currency major currency regarded safety measure especially areas weak economies euro seen stable currency prevents runaway inflation encourages foreign investment stability euro instances joining bulgarian mark member state direct danish total million people africa use currency euro million people outside europe people pacific islands stamps issued order official currency remains euro recognised legal tender order economics optimal currency area economics currency area region geographical region economic efficiency entire region share single currency models proposed stationary expectations model international risk sharing model advocates international risk sharing model concludes favour euro creation single currency concerns economies recession chances state leaving euro chances zone collapse considered extremely slim greek government debt crisis led british foreign secretary claiming current form problem rules created euro set writing new_yorker explains guiding principle currency opened business supposed set rules limit country annual deficit cent gross domestic product total accumulated debt cent nice idea biggest economies euro zone germany france broken rules years row transaction costs risks obvious benefit adopting single currency remove cost exchanging currency theoretically allowing businesses individuals previously trades consumers banks charge member cross border transactions purely domestic transactions electronic payments credit cards cards cash machine absence distinct theoretically removes exchange rate risks transfer restrictions financial crisis means situation simple risk exchange rate movement added additional risk uncertainty companies individuals invest trade outside currency zones companies risk longer need shoulder additional cost particularly important countries traditionally fluctuated great deal particularly mediterranean nations financial markets continent expected far liquid flexible past reduction cross border transaction costs allow larger banking firms provide wider array banking services compete transaction costs reduced studies shown risk increased years price effect common european currency differences prices particular price levels decrease law price differences prices trigger speculative trade borders purely exploit price differential prices commonly traded goods likely converge causing inflation regions transition evidence observed specific markets stability low levels inflation stable modern economies high level inflation acts tax theoretically investment generally viewed undesirable spite countries unable unwilling deal pressures countries successfully contained establishing largely independent central banks bank germany modelled independent pressures national governments mandate inflation low member countries join euro hope enjoy stability associated low levels inflation unlike united_states_of_america second objective sustain growth employment national corporate bonds euro significantly liquid lower interest rates historically case national increased lower nominal interest rate bond bond currency low levels inflation arguably plays larger role credible commitment low levels inflation stable debt reduces risk value debt eroded higher levels inflation default future allowing debt issued lower nominal interest rate unfortunately cost structurally keeping inflation lower united_states china result seen countries euro expensive making european products increasingly expensive largest export euro zone difficult main reasons economic growth inside euro zone growth large economies effect strongest european countries weak economy general europe large amounts served high stability low inflation need earn including countries need pay interest large debts likely better served slightly strong euro leading export lower euro investors better chances companies southern european countries grow crisis result investing risky push interest rates southern countries line european average contradiction high stability form ongoing historically low inflation time leads economic problems creating higher interest rates political economic instability weaker partners trade consensus studies introduction euro concluded increased trade study suggested increase estimated analysis available studies suggests prevalence positive estimates caused publication bias underlying effect furthermore studies accounting time trend reflecting general policies europe started continue implementing common currency find effect trade results suggest policies aimed european integration source observed increase trade investment physical investment increased introduction foreign direct investment study found stocks increased years concerning effect corporate investment evidence introduction euro resulted increase investment rates easier firms access financing europe euro specifically stimulated investment companies come countries previously weak study found introduction euro accounts investment rate countries previously weak currency inflation introduction euro led extensive discussion possible effect inflation short term widespread impression population introduction euro led increase prices impression confirmed general inflation studies study found effect introduction euro prices effect goods effect cheap goods seen price round introduction euro study found consumers based beliefs inflation cheap goods frequently purchased suggested jump small prices prior introduction retailers fewer upward adjustments waited introduction euro exchange rate risk advantages adoption common currency reduction risk associated changes currency exchange rates found introduction euro created significant reductions market risk firms outside europe reductions market risk concentrated firms non euro firms high fraction foreign sales assets europe financial integration introduction euro strong effect european financial integration according study question significantly european financial system especially respect markets real policy barriers integration retail corporate banking sectors remain significant wholesale end banking largely integrated specifically euro significantly decreased cost trade bonds equity banking assets global level evidence introduction euro led integration terms investment bond countries lending borrowing countries effect interest rates january introduction euro interest rates members countries particularly weak currency decreased countries interest rates fell result adoption euro greece ireland portugal spain italy countries sovereign financing problems effect declining interest rates combined excess continually provided easier banks countries interest rates fell linked borrow significant amounts budget deficit imposed initially significantly public private debt levels following financial crisis governments countries found necessary bail privately held banks prevent failure banking system underlying hard financial asset values found inflated near worthless liquid market increased high levels public debt level markets began consider increasing government bond interest rates producing ongoing european sovereign debt crisis price convergence evidence convergence prices introduction euro mixed studies failed find evidence convergence following introduction euro phase convergence early 1990s studies found evidence price convergence particular cars possible reason divergence different studies processes convergence linear slowing substantially suggested recent study tourism study suggests introduction euro positive effect tourist travel increase exchange rates flexible exchange rates targets interest rates exchange rates general intervene foreign exchange rate markets implications model implies central bank capital controls maintain interest rate exchange rate targets simultaneously increasing money supply results currency years following single european act capital markets chosen monetary autonomy exchange rate regime euro flexible floating result maintaining historically low interest rates restricting money supply decade euro expensive relative currency europe main trading partners euro started sharp decline starting dropping despite seeing decline value usd seen growth euro major euro second widely held reserve currency dollar introduction january exchange rate major fell reaching lowest exchange rates october dollar october regained exchange rate reached historical highest point july dollar july december advent global financial crisis euro initially fell regain later despite pressure european sovereign debt crisis euro remained stable november euro exchange rate index measured major trading partners trading percent higher year approximately level crisis kicked current historical exchange rates current dollar euro exchange rates bbc historical exchange rate linguistic issues formal titles currency euro major unit cent minor unit official use languages according languages use spelling singular normal rules word formation languages bulgaria negotiated exception euro bulgarian alphabet spelled euro official documents greek script term greek cent coins official practice english language legislation use words euro cent singular states forms cents english criticism unemployment nobel memorial prize winning economist thought central bank price stability objective aggregate demand management prices likely pushed increase indirect taxes adverse terms trade surge prices cancelled decline domestic money wage costs long price stability policy adopted unemployment industrial sectors price policy suggesting short run demand labour low price policy people difficulty finding job unemployment rate spain percent economic forecast says figure decrease percent statistics agency greece shows greece unemployment rate percent june forecasts greece unemployment rate remain percent long term unemployment skills persons motivation finding jobs lost causes country level unemployment remain high spain youth unemployment rate percent july highest figure figure comparable percent greek youth unemployment july averaged unemployment rate percent slight decrease percent likewise argued existence single shared currency entire combination tight money policies motivated insistence germany low inflation placed state permanent high unemployment according period creation euro financial crisis countries experienced high rates wage growth high influx investor money unit labor costs actually declined slightly germany rose spain greece created countries competitive disadvantage relative returning employment point requires labor costs gap cancelled spain greece easily happened exchange rate adjustment don happen decrease nominal wages spain greece known internal extremely difficult slow process nominal wages general exhibit downward equal increase nominal wages inflation happen active resistance germany | Euro | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
11668_50euronote | euro note euro note middle value euro introduction euro cash form note daily million europeans countries euro sole currency legally adopting fourth smallest note measuring orange colour scheme note depicts bridges arches renaissance era 15th 16th centuries note contains complex security features invisible ink document authenticity january euro circulation far widely circulated total design series revealed july launched april history euro founded january currency million people europe years existence invisible currency accounting euro cash introduced january replaced national coins countries dutch portuguese today note daily million europeans countries sole currency legally adopting joined cyprus malta slovakia estonia lithuania period period notes coins exchanged euro lasted months january february official date national ceased legal tender varied member state member state earliest date germany mark officially ceased legal tender december exchange period lasted months old ceased legal tender continue accepted national central banks periods ranging years forever changes notes printed november bear signature president succeeded november signature appears issues november march notes issued march bear signature president incumbent series euro notes new series similar current planned released announce series lose legal tender status june current issues reflect expansion european_union cyprus depicted current notes map extend far east malta missing meet current series minimum size depiction plans redesign notes seven years issue second series preparation new production anti techniques employed new notes design theme bridges arches use colours identical previous series new series design euro note fourth smallest note measuring millimetres millimetres orange colour scheme euro depicts bridges arches different historical european style note shows renaissance era 15th 16th centuries original designs intended real monuments political reasons bridge window merely hypothetical examples architectural era like euro notes note shows flag signature president initials different languages depiction territories overseas stars flag security features security features series euro note contains following security features colour changing ink located note appears change colour purple brown note number printed corner note sides appear combine perfectly form value held light note appears image change value window doorway background appears rainbow coloured concentric circles micro letters moving centre edges patch pattern symbols found number designs worldwide added help software detect presence digital image appear held light raised printing main image lettering value raised ink paper glow embedded paper appear coloured red blue green flag green orange stars president currently signature turns green large stars small circles glow european map bridge value appear yellow areas example inside euro greek characters micro text sharp blurred security thread embedded paper thread appear dark stripe held light word euro value embedded tiny letters thread form euro symbol small numbers showing value surface note paper pure cotton feels crisp firm serial number security features series note held normal light source portrait appear portrait window note held light window transparent reveals portrait visible sides note portrait note silver colored stripe right note reveals portrait symbol main image value number note number left corner note displays effect light moves number changes color green deep blue security thread note held light security thread appears dark line symbol value note seen tiny white lettering stripe areas feature series tiny letters read glass letters sharp blurred circulation approximately circulation euro note commonly total value notes circulation approximately monitors circulation stock euro coins tasked ensuring efficient smooth supply euro notes legal information legally central banks countries right issue different euro practice national central banks zone physically issue withdraw euro cash office involved cash operations tracking communities people european level hobby keeps track euro pass hands track know travel traveled aim record notes possible order know details spread like travel general follow like ticket seen particular generate statistics rankings example countries tickets registered million notes worth billion | 50 euro note | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
12568_10euronote | euro note euro note second lowest value euro introduction euro cash form note countries sole currency legally adopting population million second smallest note measuring red colour scheme euro depict bridges arches architecture 11th 12th centuries euro note contains complex security features invisible ink document authenticity september approximately euro circulation history euro founded january currency million people europe years existence invisible currency euro cash introduced january replaced national coins countries italian german mark joined cyprus malta slovakia estonia joined january lithuania joined january period period notes coins exchanged euro lasted months going january february official date national ceased legal tender varied member state member state earliest date germany mark officially ceased legal tender december exchange period lasted months old ceased legal tender continued accepted national central banks periods ranging years forever changes notes printed november bear signature president replaced november signature appears issues november notes issued march bear signature president incumbent new series similar current released september time announce series lose legal tender status series issues reflect expansion depicted notes map extend far east malta missing meet series minimum size depiction plans redesign notes seven years issue second series series preparation new production anti techniques employed new notes design theme similar colours current series bridges arches new series design euro note second smallest millimetres millimetres red colour scheme bank notes depict bridges arches different historical european style euro note shows era 11th 12th centuries original designs intended real monuments political reasons bridge art merely hypothetical examples architectural era like euro notes contains flag signature president initials said bank different languages depiction territories overseas stars flag security features listed security features series lower value note security features euro note high denominations protected tilt note image change value window doorway background rainbow coloured concentric circles micro letters moving centre edges patch special printing processes euro notes unique feel glossy stripe tilt note glossy stripe showing value euro symbol appear appears light raised printing special methods printing makes ink feel raised thicker main image lettering value feel raised print run finger scratch gently ink light paper glow embedded paper appear coloured red blue green european_union flag looks green orange stars president signature turns green large stars small circles glow european map bridge value appear yellow numerous areas example inside euro greek characters need glass tiny text sharp blurred security thread security thread embedded paper hold light thread appear dark stripe word euro value seen tiny letters stripe hold light form symbol small numbers showing value surface note paper pure cotton feels crisp firm serial number security features series note held normal light source portrait appear portrait note silver coloured stripe reveals portrait stripe reveals window value number note number note displays effect light moves number changes color green deep blue raised printing note series short raised lines left right edges main edge lettering large value feel thicker security thread note held light security thread appears dark line euro symbol value seen tiny white lettering thread tiny letters read glass letters sharp blurred ink parts shine light stars flag small circles large stars areas quarter circle centre areas glow green horizontal serial number stripe appear red infrared light infrared light number right main image stripe visible reverse horizontal serial number visible circulation june approximately million circulation million series closely monitoring circulation stock euro coins task ensure efficient smooth supply euro notes maintain integrity euro area legal information legally central banks countries right issue different euro practice national central banks zone physically issue withdraw euro cash office involved cash operations tracking communities people european level hobby keeps track euro pass hands track know travel travelled aim record notes possible know details spread like travel general follow like ticket seen particular generate statistics rankings example countries tickets registered million notes worth billion | 10 euro note | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
15836_ClevelandCentennialhalfdollar | half dollar half dollar commemorative united_states half dollar struck bear earlier date known cleveland centennial great lakes exposition half dollar issued mark 100th anniversary cleveland ohio incorporated city commemoration great lakes exposition held cleveland mid-1930s commemorative coins quickly increasing value cincinnati businessman coin collector sought congress authorize new issues sole distributor successful half dollar greatly cleveland piece designed coin approved suggestions sculptor distributed cleveland coins sales exposition local banks mail order office cincinnati sales good authorized struck congress inserted legislation prevent repetition past abuses coins change date meaning collectors purchase piece complete set thousands remained dealer years coins remain inexpensive standards commemorative coins era background area known eastern ohio subject dispute states american revolutionary war claimed territory political rights area given federal government connecticut kept land ownership holdings homes destroyed british war remainder sold moses surveyor lawyer company directors set came bear newspaper called begun editor found character long fit printing form dropped change adopted public town cleveland city prominent cincinnati businessman inherited coin collector came idea commemorative coin control time sold government congress authorizing legislation designated organization exclusive right purchase coins face value public premium result cincinnati music center half dollar issue controlled issued commemorate anniversary exist sold coins issue price high keeping later sale drove price higher market commemorative coins according hot volcano congress gave permission commemorative coins charge public liked friends congress early tried authorize commemorative issues control came fruition cleveland centennial half dollar legislation bill cleveland centennial half dollar introduced united_states senate ohio march referred bill honor 100th anniversary cleveland incorporation city held original bill provided pieces purchased mint time struck operation bill reported committee chairman colorado march drastically amended adams held hearings commemorative coins march heard abuses sought collectors buy coins included getting additional designs authorized case arkansas centennial half dollar having coins struck law required coins bear year striking successive years multiple created varieties coin enthusiasts buy collections complete committee heard oregon trail memorial half dollar authorized struck commemorative coins created intentionally low way prices legislation cleveland half dollar came committee adams struck entire bill clause substituted new version original legislation given cleveland centennial commemorative coin committee controlled discretion new piece struck time course years authorized limit adams new text kept total limit set minimum issued adams amendment required coins single design struck single mint selected director mint provided coins dated struck later cleveland committee purchase time separate report senator adams noted original bill contains certain provisions committee recommends eliminated bill subsequent bills relating issuance commemorative coins bill amended passed senate recorded vote march house_of_representatives received bill april referred weights measures reported house april having amended require cleveland committee purchase coins time eliminating possibility committee order initial fail purchase house considered bill april bill reported missouri emergency measure asked unanimous consent pass amended bill pennsylvania asked bills going considered possible consolidate dozen bill replied consulted ohio informed authority print coins useless following day moved senate house amendments bill signed law president preparation known sculptor engaged design coin roosevelt signed legislation director mint sent sketches submitted commission charged executive order president rendering advisory opinions designs public artworks including coins commission chairman responded ross giving preliminary approval stating members work prepared necessary plaster models representative suggested use stars represent cities region placed map reverse sketches buildings represent sites chicago detroit cleveland buffalo toronto wrote moore report progress moore joked coin having enlarged star cleveland hear read scriptures effect star glory suppose miss big star cleveland refers glory size city voter detroit don mind probably chicago person coins convinced movement coin collector going country models approved commission june new_york reduced models half dollar sized dies prepared design features moses depiction based known portrait unknown artist lines inscription united states america half dollar moses liberty designer initials beneath head reverse shows map region stars represent cities cleveland buffalo chicago detroit milwaukee rochester toronto cleveland gets largest star compass book stated found documentation suspect compass intended cleveland center industry radius approximately miles encompassing authors suggested great lakes cities represented new_york boston washington inscriptions required law appear upper right reverse great lakes exposition surround map early work stated design issue pleasing reverse alike sharply defined interesting crowded art historian work coins medals wrote half dollar manages combine faults found better designs complaining flat design large lettering sides bust moses described commonplace view great lakes large compass short suggested best squeeze required text half dollar better fewer words place production distribution collecting capacity treasurer cleveland committee ordered pieces july shipped struck july addition pieces coins struck set aside inspection testing meeting annual commission arranged place struck individual numbered later placed special cardboard holders statement opened june closed october million people passed gates located acre site shores artistic industrial exhibits usual half dollars sold ohio banks mail order office cincinnati editor commented strange living cincinnati distributor cleveland issue coin quickly sold pieces allowed market times cleveland piece sales strategy different coins aimed exposition visitors general public sent form letters collectors warning committee received offers buy entire issue suggesting act quickly orders end july wrote pieces distributed remaining thousand soon sales good february ordered pieces remained authorized quantity addition coins pieces struck intended commission legislation new pieces resembled old exactly including bearing date produced thousands coin dealers offered half dollars prominent dealer advance face value death auction coin collection declined celebrated 20th anniversary half dollars special design objected destroyed club similar markings 50th 75th government interference coin common commemorative different designs struck guide book united states coins published lists issue depending condition exceptional specimen sold auction | Cleveland Centennial half dollar | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
18314_CurrenciesofPuertoRico | puerto_rico closely follow historic development puerto_rico colony spain united_states puerto_rico granted use foreign provincial following spanish colonization puerto_rico important port supply gold mineral reserves ran century archipelago economy suffered spanish crown issued meant semi regular shipment gold sent island way provide economic support philip spain imposed tax paid revenue stamp inspired puerto_rico began producing colony print real spanish government approval subsequent issues discontinued 19th century creating economic crisis result mexico gaining independence spain colonial governor office ordered issue provincial creating puerto rican printing ceased following decades foreign coins widespread currency 1860s 1870s february inaugurated began issuing bank designed series placed circulation spanish rule royal decree ordered production provincial coins august spanish american war ended spain puerto_rico united_states renamed issued bills equivalent united_states dollar creating dollar issued parallel manner series issued puerto_rico economy monetary system fully integrated economic monetary system dollars issued dollar followed contemporary issues including commemorative private currency quarter coin designed fort san del face early licenses issued juan began colonization process puerto_rico archipelago strategic military location spain protect colonies possessions america vessels main point attempting long trading key economy mines rivers main island puerto_rico known depleted puerto_rico began suffering shortage gold income reduced drastically recession beginning 16th century spanish crown forced issue monetary support decree archipelago known supplied royal banks central_america particularly mexico aid failed arrive contributing economical instability exacerbated factors including costs running efficient military lack commercial prosperity natural conditions disasters contributed costs maintaining fortresses hurricanes damaged destroying crops shortening laborers municipalities suffered forced implement taxes including del lit wind tax imposed foreign suppliers taxes barely helped receive royal certification bureaucratic procedure usually lasted years reached established deadline process repeated taking extended time january december philip spain imposed payment puerto_rico debt paid currency papers bearing royal seal researchers believe use documents impact production puerto_rico time documents short supply arrival cases government officials stamp current date old papers claim research puerto_rico place america print real establishing date achievement putting puerto_rico ahead decades cuba hispaniola spain researchers divided types issued varieties classified issued printed manufactured method referred printed bore stamps listing numbers letters spanish crown approved subsequent issues conditioning collected shipped lacking paper money widespread manner main island requirements met possible example reclaimed authorities birth puerto rican 19th century issuing concluded deliveries brought forth critical economical crisis puerto_rico moment colonial governor office ordered production provincial paper money decree officially enacted august equivalent spanish produced hand featured quantities thousands worth mechanical printing arrived puerto_rico years earlier issued notes produced hand stamped tradition collecting paper money continued reduced surviving drastically notes printed featured combination printed types stamps printing puerto_rico featured patterns prevent production featuring denominations adorned spain royal seal color varying depending date issue real featured lamb security measures ineffective eventually copies denominations circulating widespread manner forcing cities outside san_juan use decided way prevent asking spain produce sealed paper printing issue bore signatures dropped subsequent year end constitution february arrived puerto_rico immediately named office eventually establishing control trade puerto_rico originally guatemala served political positions member newspaper specialized archipelago economy noted time denominations forged large quantities publication claimed likely produced locations caribbean based fact royal press existed puerto_rico modern researchers maintain copies produced locally clandestine manner based report emphasizes designs false real notes crude ink spread touched wouldn possible produced particularly ink dry voyage countries time paper notes began disappearing stated old pieces ferdinand vii refused renew spanish constitution returning empire method government consequently contacted allies philadelphia commissioned production denominations issues printed murray featured signatures treasurer designs featured spanish crown ferdinand vii profile varieties numbered manually official documentation letter decree spanish crown related creation notes surfaced issues collected destroyed extreme leaving dozen intact paper money negative perception created issue paper money brought production halt coins circulated archipelago spanish civil code imposed puerto_rico founded san_juan small bank provided annual interest subscribers institution business model followed banks founded southern region puerto_rico lit founded continued business institution issued notes denominations printed firm bills printed signed members bank board directors composed eminent puerto rican citizens existed issued local business entities puerto_rico founded group organized expeditions cuba offering supplies movements supported independence puerto_rico cuba founded puerto rican revolutionary friend group connections wealthy sugar industry larger bonds quantities printed june november order cover expenses planned revolutions august board issued notes denominations produced establish affordable alternative bonds issues circulated caribbean widespread spanish use kept clandestine avoid imprisonment royal authorities failure years war little war cuba december austria signed decree authorized railroad puerto_rico engineer received concession project march madrid established los lit decade east produced england circulated receiving signatures unidentified associate provincial coin strategic location countries began circulating puerto_rico trade government ordered collection coins exchange exchange notes took place royal decree ordered gathering coins arrived puerto_rico originally produced spain venezuela spanish manufacture exchange notes issued featured left significant deficit government budget decade later coins brought consequently distribution foreign coins received authorization circulation mexican silver approved government official entities eventually allowing public distribution saw opportunity profit bought mexican outside puerto_rico process gaining profit number different coins circulation puerto_rico spanish cents quarters halves dollars coins circulating puerto_rico mexican silver creating shortage currency resolve spain issued stating mexican coins replaced ones madrid special coins created exclusively puerto_rico execute exchange notes created exchange concluded provincial coin circulation silver coins introduced followed silver coins bore exchanges heavily affected government economy years later commercial firm san_juan obtained obsolete converted offered gifts clients austria spain overseas minister signed royal decree proposing creation royal bank puerto_rico waiting period months imposed interested pursuing project present business proposal dictated order proposals formally presented taken consideration presented lit represented serving group directors presented coalition french spanish proposal bore signature acted representatives ultimately accepted second royal decree issue creation received charter validity years grant authority awarded members composing partnership bank wasn established immediately currency puerto_rico mexican silver created problems delayed establishment date early point puerto_rico continued service disappearing april produced featuring lamb puerto_rico official emblem bank inaugurated february governor vice governor respectively permitted issuing paper money denominations manufactured original bank located san_juan second established institution issued series apparently production didn spanish control series began distribution december time lamb continued days puerto_rico replaced profile austria issued notes american invasion decline august spain ceded puerto_rico united_states treaty paris bringing end transferred invading investors terms signed armistice stated united_states respect charters previously granted spain colonies certified united_states congress june bank continued issuing provincial currency puerto_rico renamed capital currency changed dollars giving birth dollar proposal print dollar suggested refused citing bring dangerous results series bills issued release date bold red letters bore signatures new bank governor marked time currency dollars issued outside united_states series introduced subsequently issue bilingual featuring bank spanish english early specimens series produced reached circulation bills issue featured profiles colonial government intended eliminate spanish notes intending accelerate failed process puerto_rico series ultimately entered circulation july featuring bilingual exhibiting higher degree technical quality charter granted spain expired bank closed assets date puerto_rico economy fully integrated currency system dollars united_states dollars millions continued circulation collect ordered held january remaining bills estimated value taken circulation years later parallel american investors saw opportunity establish banks puerto_rico opened establishment national banks proposed charters eventually established june requirements establishing bank grant authority demanded board directors lived puerto_rico year took group years meet regulations inaugurated san_juan serving president bank began issuing notes denominations dollars manufactured october requirements met collection value study remaining puerto rican currency gathered significant value years particularly united_states value collectors country special nature issues issued spanish provincial charter printing territorial currency unit exchange kind recognized treasury objects puerto_rico constantly featured specialized magazines national international distribution dollars collected government burned january drastically reducing surviving notes great depression reduced numbers necessity prevented collection large denominations known exist issued dollars series bills published similarly notes issued banks range scarce rare particularly scarce institution issues didn reach quantities bills known survive similarly issue left acquired death carter known exhibit piece didn available sale dozen survived seldom appearing extremely rare include real notes denominations issued contrast paper money known appear occasionally market outside clandestine bills issued puerto_rico range scarce bill extremely rare notes puerto_rico lit society puerto founded society usually composed members focuses collecting distributing coins puerto_rico interested collectors annual exhibition lit society puerto_rico held plaza las commercial center inauguration outside activity puerto rican currency found locally markets known surpass bid dollars collection cardboard samples given banks merchants noted enthusiasts issued currency issued limited commemorating series included denominations including bills designs feature adorned flags puerto_rico names found july puerto_rico created silver began circulating october marking time silver coin distributed century intervention parent company concluded assets confiscated leading process resulted indictment conviction founder continued coins august indicted charges faced found guilty june subsequently sentenced years prison december united_states congress approved measure included non autonomous territories including guam program territories excluded original program approved followed years lobbying included design coins expected feature george_washington image found original issues reverse depict illustrations characteristic location secretary treasury approved design july coins issued proof coins silver special issues puerto_rico coin second release initiative release quarter commemorating inclusion | Currencies of Puerto Rico | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
18893_5euronote | euro note euro note lowest value euro introduction euro cash form note countries sole currency legally adopting population million measuring smallest euro notes grey colour scheme euro depict bridges arches classical architecture fifth century euro note contains complex security features invisible ink document authenticity november approximately euro circulation november announced series notes replaced starting euro note history euro founded january currency million people europe years existence invisible currency euro cash introduced january replaced national coins countries irish pound austrian joined cyprus malta slovakia estonia january period period notes coins exchanged euro lasted months going january february official date national ceased legal tender varied member state member state earliest date germany mark officially ceased legal tender december exchange period lasted months old ceased legal tender continued accepted national central banks periods ranging years forever changes notes printed november bear signature president replaced november signature appears issues november march notes issued march bear signature president incumbent series euro notes new series similar planned released bank notes going replaced ascending order new note euro note circulation new design public january germany broadly similar current notes minor design changes include updated map new notes reflect expansion european_union current issues include recent members cyprus malta cyprus map east malta small depicted time bulgarian alphabet going result bulgaria joining european_union new series euro include bulgarian spelling euro short bulgarian time announce series lose legal tender status design euro note smallest millimetres grey colour scheme bank notes depict bridges arches different historical european style euro note shows classical era fifth century original designs intended real monuments political reasons bridge art merely hypothetical examples architectural era like euro notes contains flag signature president initials said bank different languages depiction territories overseas stars flag security features listed security features series lower value note security features euro note high denominations protected tilt note image change value window doorway background rainbow coloured concentric circles micro letters moving centre edges patch special printing processes euro notes unique feel glossy stripe tilt note glossy stripe showing value euro symbol appear appears light raised printing special methods printing makes ink feel raised thicker main image lettering value feel raised print run finger scratch gently ink light paper glow embedded paper appear coloured red blue green european_union flag looks green orange stars president signature turns green large stars small circles glow european map bridge value appear yellow numerous areas example inside euro greek characters need glass tiny text sharp blurred security thread security thread embedded paper hold light thread appear dark stripe word euro value seen tiny letters stripe hold light form symbol small numbers showing value surface note paper pure cotton feels crisp firm serial number series note held normal light source portrait appear portrait note silver coloured stripe reveals portrait stripe reveals window value number note number note displays effect light moves number changes color green deep blue raised printing note series short raised lines left right edges main edge lettering large value feel thicker security thread note held light security thread appears dark line euro symbol value seen tiny white lettering thread tiny letters read glass letters sharp blurred ink parts shine light stars flag small circles large stars areas quarter circle centre areas glow green horizontal serial number stripe appear red infrared light infrared light number right main image stripe visible reverse horizontal serial number visible circulation approximately circulation approximately worth closely monitoring circulation stock euro coins task ensure efficient smooth supply euro notes maintain integrity euro area legal information legally central banks countries right issue different euro practice national central banks zone physically issue withdraw euro cash office involved cash operations tracking communities people european level hobby keeps track euro pass hands track know travel travelled aim record notes possible know details spread like travel general follow like ticket seen particular generate statistics rankings example countries tickets registered million notes worth billion | 5 euro note | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
19073_200euronote | euro note euro note second highest value euro introduction euro cash form note countries sole currency legally adopting population million second largest note measuring yellow colour scheme euro depict bridges arches style 19th 20th centuries note contains complex security features invisible ink document authenticity september circulation history euro founded january currency million people europe years existence invisible currency euro cash introduced january replaced national coins countries finnish joined cyprus malta slovakia estonia joined january lithuania joined january period period notes coins exchanged euro lasted months january february official date national ceased legal tender varied member state member state earliest date germany mark officially ceased legal tender december exchange period lasted months old ceased legal tender continued accepted national central banks years changes notes printed november bear signature president replaced november signature appears issues november march notes issued march bear signature president incumbent series euro notes new series similar current planned released course announce series lose legal tender status june current issues reflect expansion depicted current notes map extend far east malta missing meet current series minimum size depiction plans redesign notes seven years second series preparation new production anti techniques employed new notes design theme colours identical current series bridges arches new series design note measures millimetres millimetres yellow colour scheme euro depict bridges arches different historical european style note shows era 19th 20th centuries original designs intended real monuments political reasons bridge art merely hypothetical examples architectural era like euro notes contains flag signature president initials bank different languages depiction territories overseas stars flag security features listed security features note protected colour changing ink located note appears change colour purple brown note number printed corner note sides appears combine perfectly form value held light glossy stripe note showing value euro symbol image changes value window doorway background rainbow coloured concentric circles micro letters appear moving centre edges patch pattern symbols found number designs worldwide added help software detect presence digital image appear held light raised printing main image lettering value raised ink paper glow embedded paper appear coloured red blue green flag green orange stars president currently signature turns green large stars small circles glow european map bridge value appear yellow areas example inside euro greek characters micro text sharp blurred security thread embedded paper thread appear dark stripe held light word euro value embedded tiny letters thread form euro symbol small numbers showing value surface note paper pure cotton feels crisp firm serial number circulation december circulation billion worth closely monitoring circulation stock euro coins task ensure efficient smooth supply euro notes maintain integrity euro area legal information legally central banks countries right issue seven different euro practice national central banks zone physically issue withdraw euro cash office involved cash operations tracking communities people europe particular hobby track euro pass hands recording travel aim record notes possible know details spread notes travel generate statistics rankings example countries tickets registered million notes worth billion | 200 euro note | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
20394_100euronote | euro note euro note higher value euro introduction euro cash form note daily million europeans countries sole currency legally adopting largest note measuring millimetres millimetres green colour scheme euro notes depict bridges arches baroque style 17th 18th century euro note contains complex security features invisible ink document authenticity approximately euro circulation history euro founded january currency million people europe years existence invisible currency euro cash introduced january replaced national coins countries french spanish joined cyprus malta slovakia estonia joined january period period notes coins exchanged euro lasted months going january february official date national ceased legal tender varied member state member state earliest date germany mark officially ceased legal tender december exchange period lasted months old ceased legal tender continued accepted national central banks periods ranging years forever changes notes printed november bear signature president replaced november signature appears issues november march notes issued march bear signature president incumbent series euro notes new series similar current planned released time announce series lose legal tender status june current issues reflect expansion european_union cyprus depicted current notes map extend far east malta missing meet current series minimum size depiction plans redesign notes seven years issue second series preparation new production anti techniques employed new notes design theme colours identical current series bridges arches new series design euro note measures millimetres millimetres green colour scheme bank notes depict bridges arches different historical european style euro note shows baroque style 17th 18th century original designs intended real monuments political reasons bridge art merely hypothetical examples architectural era like euro notes contains flag signature president initials said bank different languages depiction territories overseas stars flag security features listed security features euro note protected colour changing ink located note appears change colour purple brown note number printed corner note sides appear combine perfectly form value held light glossy stripe situated note showing value euro symbol note appears image change value window doorway background appears rainbow coloured concentric circles micro letters moving centre edges patch pattern symbols found number designs worldwide added help software detect presence digital image appear held light raised printing main image lettering value raised ink paper glow embedded paper appear coloured red blue green flag green orange stars president currently signature turns green large stars small circles glow european map bridge value appear yellow areas example inside euro greek characters micro text sharp blurred security thread embedded paper thread appear dark stripe held light word euro value embedded tiny letters thread form euro symbol small numbers showing value surface note paper pure cotton feels crisp firm serial number euro notes pure cotton improves making distinctive feel printer code positioned right clock star circulation approximately circulation approximately worth closely monitoring circulation stock euro coins task ensure efficient smooth supply euro notes maintain integrity euro area legal information legally central banks countries right issue different euro practice national central banks zone physically issue withdraw euro cash office involved cash operations tracking communities people european level hobby keeps track euro pass hands track know travel traveled aim record notes possible order know details spread like travel general follow like ticket seen particular generate statistics rankings example countries tickets registered million notes worth billion | 100 euro note | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
27658_HawaiiSesquicentennialhalfdollar | hawaii half dollar hawaii half dollar struck mint honor anniversary captain landing hawaii european reach coin depicts captain cook hawaiian reverse struck public making rare valuable legislature territory hawaii passed resolution calling government produce commemorative coin anniversary cook arrival hawaii treasury secretary thought occasion important unusually oppose issue bill hawaii half dollar passed congress opposition amendment act march signature president sculptor plaster models coins sketches beach trouble gaining approval designs issues raised mint victor stewart houston delegate congress concerns eventually addressed coin went production issue price highest commemorative half dollar point coins sold quickly risen value thousand dollars inception hawaii half dollar proposed anniversary captain european reach termed discovery planners decided date celebrations august midway cook landing january death islands february resolution passed legislature territory hawaii celebrations official status ask federal government armed forces participate resolution requested washington invite united_kingdom cook allegiance nations asked federal government issue half dollar postage stamps honor anniversary time sold government congress authorizing legislation designated organization exclusive right purchase coins face value public premium case hawaii half dollar designated group charge choosing coin design cook commission civic minded person arranged meet local artist prepared cartoon style drawings portrait cook based plaque owned showing explorer facing right days produced sketches november chairman wrote assistant director mint mary reilly sketches excellent translate coin met suggestion sculptor member decided ask buffalo designer relation suitable turn sketches plaster models mint dies suggested peace dollar designer sculptor engaged instead legislation historian thought likely members weights measures agreed support hawaii half dollar prior bill submitted preparations begun legislation introduced house_of_representatives territory delegate congress victor stewart december referred committee new_jersey congressman chair held hearings bill january delegate houston appeared support bill surprise committee members gotten statement treasury secretary stating oppose bill usually commemorative coin proposed argued medal issued instead case medal years previously sponsor committee member minnesota scuttled plans coin opposition congressman interested learning powers exercised gentleman hawaii bring favorable report asked discrimination half million people united_states come favor whites territory houston stated lobbied treasury coin promising find information speculated coins issued far continental united_states houston told committee coin kept attend celebration memorial available foreigners come people celebrate occasion stated vote bill mississippi noted said vote coin bill agreed position clear issued report february history proposed coin indicating committee support bill passed objection house_of_representatives february bill received senate following day referred february reported bill senate amendment included report letter secretary dated february expanded reasons opposing hawaii coin legislation stated token number pieces issued celebration sponsored territorial government national significance bill passed senate march recorded opposition enacted march signature president provided issuance half dollars honor commission profits coin establishing captain collection territorial archives preparation beach accepted commission march sketches april sent completed models mint photographs mint houston responded criticism relief coin high difficult reduce coin sized april mint chief wrote memorandum coin hard produce area greatest relief design beach agreed lower high points cause mint difficulty delegate houston long list coin design example beach placed chief leg houston felt item worn beach defended choices removed houston insisted promised comply remainder satisfy houston unhappy shape palm tree coin beach modified design beach final models indicating consider making changes mint requested wrote moore think proper thing houston sculptor family hawaii let live sic trees absorb atmosphere paradise coin endorsed reilly wrote beach design received secretary approval design depicts captain faces compass needle words hawaii gaze westward god trust right country words half dollar flanked represent largest volcanic islands hawaii hawaii designer initials found right base bust reverse based statue king hawaii designed intended symbolize past future glory kingdom hawaii sculpture stands downtown honolulu replacement sank transported germany original later salvaged stands island hawaii coin features hawaiian ceremonial dress hill arm extended represents hawaii rising obscurity palm tree rises intended romance hawaiian village nearby seen representing history antiquity design free lettering seen visible latin motto houston wanted plants removed beach insisted retaining balance design number sketches basic design elements poses different positions art historian volume coins medals wrote crowded despite large flat clothed bust elements reverse design small coin deemed coin honoring hawaii credit lexington concord coin production distribution collecting coined hawaii half dollars june pieces authorized reserved inspection testing meeting annual commission thousand specially finished proof pieces presented individuals institutions members cook commission president british admiralty remainder half sold half reserved orders took charge distribution behalf cook commission price coin highest half dollar commemorative point sales began october supplies quickly exhausted book write scandal coins unconfirmed rumors coins totaling taken allocation kept market grouping pieces comprised coins sale employees coin bank display stolen bank president took sale remained sold auction hawaii half dollars purchased non collectors display effects poor handling captain cook memorial collection purchased funds raised coins honolulu hawaii coin commemorative half dollar design according guide book united states coins published lists depending condition listed recently sold auction exceptional specimen regular type went hammer different known | Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar | Social sciences and society | Economics and business | Numismatics and currencies |
1784_BelgianshipA4 | belgian ship patrol vessel french small class naval operated belgium second world war originally built british_royal_navy ship notable role evacuating belgian gold reserves england battle belgium success operation allowed belgian government exile fund operations deprived german important asset support war effort belgian surrender vessel crew interned neutral spain vessel crew released ship scrapped soon background later renamed purchased having previously served british_royal_navy world war hms john vessel class naval built launched october displacing long tons vessel feet long draught metres fitted engines capable producing horsepower travel knots complement armed ship maxim machine guns bridge gun stern waiting scrapped deteriorating international situation caused german led belgium neutral status early stages second world war large belgian painted hull word dutch belgium white prevent mistaken ship belgium invaded german forces evacuation belgian gold interwar period belgium created gold based currency called ran parallel belgian intended international trading meant amassed considerable gold reserves amounting tonnes escalating international tensions 1930s belgian government began moving large amounts gold united_states great_britain canada forced retain gold country maintain value time germans invaded belgium tonnes gold left belgium held bank offices port ship available area commanded vessel loaded gold avoiding bombed luftwaffe headed british coast accompanied ship carrying refugees transferred port port concerns safety cargo unloading gold landed plymouth days belgian surrender gold finally deposited carried civil servant charged overseeing evacuation gold england future governor fact belgian gold rescued german occupation allowed belgian government exile finance operations unlike exiled governments rely british financial support aftermath belgium officially surrendered official belgian government existed england crew took ship neutral spain avoid having return belgium german prisoners war arrived spain june spent rest war interned control ship returned belgium scrapped role evacuation gold awarded order | Belgian ship A4 | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of Belgium |
1801_ATriptotheMoon | trip moon trip moon french voyage french silent film directed inspired wide variety sources including novels earth moon moon film follows group travel moon cannon propelled capsule explore moon surface escape underground group lunar inhabitants return earth captive features ensemble cast french theatrical performers led main role filmed overtly theatrical style famous film internationally popular success release extensively studios especially united_states unusual length lavish production values innovative special effects emphasis storytelling markedly influential film makers ultimately development narrative film scholars commented film extensive use anti satire wide influence later film makers artistic significance french theatrical tradition film disappeared obscurity retirement film industry rediscovered importance history cinema beginning recognized film original hand colored print discovered restored trip moon named greatest films 20th century village_voice ranked film remains best known hundreds films moment capsule lands moon eye remains iconic frequently referenced images history cinema widely regarded earliest example science fiction film genre generally influential films cinema history plot meeting president professor proposes trip moon addressing dissent brave agree plan build space capsule shape bullet huge cannon shoot space embark capsule fired cannon help marines played young women sailors outfits man moon watches capsule approaches hits eye landing safely moon capsule need space suits watch earth rise distance exhausted journey blankets sleep sleep passes appears human faces star old saturn window planet goddess moon appears seated crescent moon swing causes snowfall awakens seek shelter discover giant mushrooms opens umbrella promptly takes root turns giant mushroom point alien moon named greek moon appears killed easily creatures explode hit force appear increasingly difficult destroy surrounded capture palace king lifts king throne throws ground causing explode run capsule continuing hit pursuing inside sixth uses rope tip capsule moon space tries seize capsule minute capsule fall space land ocean earth rescued ship towed ashore final sequence missing prints film depicts celebratory parade honor travelers return including display captive unveiling commemorative statue bearing motto labor cast trip moon film actors performed anonymously credits given practice supplying opening closing credits films later innovation nonetheless following cast details reconstructed available evidence professor pioneering french film maker generally regarded person recognize potential narrative film achieved considerable success film versions extensive involvement films director producer writer designer technician publicist editor actor makes cinematic speaking work late life commented greatest difficulty realising ideas forced play leading role films star knowing term exist told took acting role films woman crescent moon discovered 1890s performing singer appeared adaption officer marines camera operators captain rocket parade leader performed theater stage robert paris worked singers french music halls ballet stars cannon production inspiration asked inspired trip moon credited novels earth moon moon cinema historians mid-20th century french writer frequently suggested men moon french translation published months film likely influence argued half film shooting derived second half travelers adventures moon derived wells addition literary sources film scholars suggested heavily influenced works especially voyage unauthorized parody novels trip moon attraction buffalo new_york french film historian drew works different ways appears taken structure film trip moon moon landing encounter underground trek interview man moon brutal return reality earth directly attraction incorporated plot elements including presence pseudo scientific names transform cannon mounted ground scene moon appears approach viewer lunar scene umbrella wielding travelers mention tone film filming science writer notes trip moon complex films employed trick learned invented longest film time budget filming duration unusually lavish costing taking months complete camera operators worked daily basis employees addition work operators odd jobs company developing film helping set scenery operator appeared onscreen marine officer contrast hired actors film film basis drawing talented individuals theatrical world connections paid louis day considerably higher salary offered competitors free meal noon film studio built saint greenhouse like building glass walls glass ceiling let sunlight possible concept photography studios 1860s onward built dimensions film career worked strict schedule planning films morning filming scenes hours day tending film laboratory robert late afternoon attending performances theaters evening according unusual cost trip moon operated scenery costumes particular film cardboard canvas sculpted prototypes heads feet pieces created plaster specialist mask making produce cardboard versions actors wear backdrops film showing inside glass workshop space capsule built painted look like actual glass studio film special effects trip moon numerous films created technique camera operator stopped filming long onscreen altered added taken away carefully resulting shots create apparently magical effects transformation disappearance exploding smoke effects created theatrical means stage machinery film features transitional pseudo tracking shot camera appears approach man moon accomplished effect invented previous year film man rubber head attempting camera actor set operated chair rail fitted ramp placed actor covered neck black velvet chair pulled camera addition technical technique allowed control placement face frame greater degree moving camera allowed allowed model capsule suddenly appear eye actor playing moon completing shot notable sequence film capsule real ocean waves filmed location created multiple exposure shot capsule falling black background superimposed footage ocean shot followed underwater glimpse capsule floating surface created combining moving cardboard capsule containing air jets descent rocket moon covered shots taking seconds film time coloring output including major films impossible voyage barber prints trip moon individually hand colored coloring lab paris glass products directed studio people painting directly film stock colors chose specified worker assigned different color assembly line style separate colors single film average lab produced hand colored copies film music films course silent intended seen narrator explain story screen accompanied sound effects live music took considerable interest musical accompaniment films prepared special film scores including required specific musical score film allowing freedom choose accompaniment felt suitable film screened music hall paris original film score reportedly written english composer published piano piece called trip moon comic descriptive follows film scene scene score film commissioned likely met read trips england recent composers recorded scores trip moon include air restoration hand colored version section great great grandson print featured prologue film world days style film style like films deliberately theatrical highly stylized recalling traditions 19th century stage filmed stationary camera placed evoke perspective audience member sitting theatre stylistic choice biggest innovations initially followed popular trend time making mainly films short slice life documentary films capturing actual scenes events camera years filming gradually moved far common genre fictional narrative films called artificially arranged scenes new genre extensively influenced experience theatre magic especially familiarity popular french stage tradition advertisement described difference innovative films contemporaries fantastic artistic films reproduce stage scenes create new genre entirely different ordinary views real people real streets trip moon preceded development narrative film editing filmmakers use cinematic vocabulary american european audiences later accustomed vocabulary built use techniques varied camera angles shots ideas camera setup film designed distinct dramatic scene visible editing approach fitting theatrical style film designed similarly film scholars noted famous moment trip moon plays temporal continuity showing event twice capsule shown suddenly appearing eye anthropomorphic moon closer shot landing occurs differently capsule actually believable lunar terrain kind storytelling time space treated flexible linear highly unconventional standards followers development continuity editing filmmakers performed similar experiments time porter instance temporal repetition extensively film life american later twentieth century sports television development instant replay temporal repetition familiar device screen audiences use modern cinematic vocabulary film scholars created thought assess films example recent necessarily denying influence film argued works better understood spectacular theatrical creations rooted 19th century stage tradition similarly argued fault intimate cinematic storytelling style purpose films view decade film history considered cinema attractions filmmakers experimented style based spectacle direct address intricate editing attraction style filmmaking declined popularity favor integrated story film approach remains important component certain types cinema including science fiction films musicals avant garde films themes pioneering use themes scientific ambition discovery trip moon described science fiction film short history film argues codified basic generic situations science fiction films today genre designations possible advertised film grand spectacle term referring type spectacular stage popularized second half nineteenth century describes film belonging genre described simply trick film catch term popular early film genre innovative special effects filled shorts genre codified popularized earlier works trip moon highly satirical tone fun nineteenth century science format adventure story film makes whatsoever scientifically plausible real waves scene concession realism film scholar calls trip moon earliest examples film saying aims logical thinking portrayed scientists anthropomorphic moon face impossible laws physics film historian believes aimed film values modern french society hold ridicule riot similarly literary film scholar described film work professors scientific societies simultaneously appealing man sense wonder face universe strong anti vein film satire film scholar notes film parade commemoration sequence missing prints especially forceful regard argues previously worked anti political cartoonist domination film presenting colonial attack alien meet return captive amid self statue shown film final shot resembles bullying political cartoons film scholar agrees accounts conquest culture adds film social home patterns moon shown bear curious resemblance earth release begun trip moon finished film august year began selling prints french distributors month september december hand colored print trip moon screened paris film shown saturday thursday performances colleague fellow appeared leader parade final scenes sold black white color prints film film assigned catalogue number given descriptive subtitle grand spectacle france black white prints sold hand colored prints sold film indirectly london circumstances surrounding film including unusual budget length production time similarities new_york attraction indicate especially keen release film united_states rampant film piracy received profits popular film account reports sold print film paris photographer use theatre strict stipulation print shown algeria sold print films employee sent directly laboratories sold copies print spread firms print film offered hand colored version available higher price uncredited altogether months film distribution american credit advertisements film chose film inaugural presentation order combat problem film piracy clear release trip moon opened american branch directed brother new_york office designed sell films directly protect registering united_states copyright introduction english language edition catalog announced opening factory office new_york prepared determined pursue pirates speak twice act addition opening american branch trade arrangements film companies including american studio negotiations print sale price foot standardized american market proved useful later price financial ruin films expensive new standards addition years following films suffered time magic films longer vogue reception according memoirs initial attempts sell trip moon french met failure film unusually high price finally offered let borrow print film screen free applause showing enthusiastic kept theater packed midnight bought film immediately reminded initial reluctance offered add compensate film pronounced success france running music hall paris months trip moon met especially large enthusiasm united_states piracy gave wide distribution new_york_city cleveland detroit new_orleans kansas_city reported film great success theaters film countries including germany canada italy featured headline attraction trip moon popular films years twentieth century small handful similarly spectacular films impossible voyage late life remarked trip moon surely best acknowledged widely considered masterpiece left trace kind film humanity ages historical drama presumed lost black white print financial difficulties decline copies prints lost offices occupied french military melted films gather traces silver film stock boot heels robert demolished prints kept sold weight second hand film finally year moment anger burned remaining garden began selling toys candy stand paris trip moon largely forgotten history went unseen years thanks efforts film history especially work rediscovered late 1920s held paris december celebration filmmaker awarded renaissance interest cinema manager early film set independently locate surviving print trip moon obtained copy paris october london prints incomplete lacked scenes missing entire final sequence featuring parade commemorative statue prints occasionally screened including gala avant garde cinema special occasions presentations following death film collection bought museum acquisition subsequent screenings trip moon direction film curator opened film wide audience americans canadians established definitively landmark history cinema incomplete print commonly seen version film source print copies including print complete version film including entire celebration sequence finally reconstructed sources foundation set family hand colored print hand colored prints trip moon known survive given anonymous donor collection silent films unknown version hand colored print struck second generation negative colored lab imply copy flag launching scene copy colored resemble flag spain indicating hand colored copy spanish mentioned existence print believed state total french film company offered trade recently rediscovered film hand colored print accepted consulted specialist laboratories attempt restore film reel film apparently rigid mass believed restoration possible consequently set work separating film frames discovering edges film stock frames efforts allowed fragments images print saved complete restoration hand colored print launched cinema fragments hand colored print restored missing frames recreated help black white print possession family time converted run authentic silent film speed frames second restoration completed laboratories los_angeles restored version premiered eighteen years discovery years original release cannes film festival new soundtrack french band air restoration released disc dvd edition including extraordinary voyage feature length documentary film restoration new_york_times called restoration surely cinematic highlight year maybe century legacy short history film notes trip moon combined spectacle sensation technical create cosmic fantasy international sensation profoundly influential later filmmakers bringing creativity cinematic medium offering fantasy pure entertainment rare goal film time addition innovative editing special effects techniques widely imitated important elements medium film spurred development cinematic science fiction fantasy demonstrating scientific themes worked screen reality transformed camera interview said seeing trip moon films came conclusion picture telling story draw customers theatres set work direction similarly said simply owe american directors widely credited developing modern film narrative technique literary film scholar summed importance film history commenting profoundly influenced porter course american film making remains famous film classic example early cinema image capsule stuck man moon eye particularly known film evoked creative works times ranging unauthorized remake excursion moon extensive tribute film novel invention hugo film adaptation hugo film scholar includes trip moon pivotal moments history film saying changed way movies produced essay film movies die places trip moon entry argues film directly reflects personality director film deserves legitimate place world cinema history | A Trip to the Moon | Media and drama | Film | Pre-1910s films |
14272_RescuedbyRover | rescued british short silent drama film directed dog leads master kidnapped baby feature family starring role following release dog household considered dog film star film according marks key stage medium development amusing novelty seventh art possibly point film history british cinema led world advance filming techniques editing production story telling prints sold wore twice requiring film shot time professional actors paid appear film cited film paid actors style shooting editing bridge gap styles directors prints preserved united_states united_kingdom plot film opens playing child fireplace later day baby taken nurse nurse refuses aid woman distracted meeting soldier talking soldier pays attention baby woman approaches sleeping child scene nurse confesses mother child lost sitting room jumping window racing street going corner river dog makes way barges door finds right enters attic woman removing clothing child dog enters driven dog leaves house river street master mistress home study child father sitting enters pleads follow leave man following dog river boat enter room child hidden father quickly takes child woman leaves dog return home child placed arms mother happily production rescued predominantly family affair cecil wife margaret wrote scenario played role mother screen directed painted scenery acted father child baby screen played family dog blair professional actors paid appear soldier wife old woman stole baby actors paid half guinea recall couldn film cited film paid actors completing cast previously played alice version alice wonderland child nurse clark cutting room assistant movie successful shoot entire film twice wore meeting demand prints release rescued considered united_kingdom major fiction film prints sold price circulated years character dog played family household considered world film star appearance dog narrative based film caused uncommon popular dogs legacy previous films company considered continuation cinema attractions years 20th century period film makers began placing higher emphasis portraying narrative story lesser image ability film considered step forward film grammar structure contemporary audiences find scholar noted format familiar fans dog character gave rise number chase films centred animals including later film dumb rescued parallels debut film adventures rescued contains shots considerable advance compared feels run contains single shot film longer demonstrated advances film language editing shooting additionally editing rescued notable use time journeys considerably time portrayal reality linking shots attempted avoid confusion earlier multi shot films great train robbery shots set plot baby stolen woman nearly following shots tracking child dog returns home shots settings repeated reverse dog travels shown original order time dog brings father fourth repetition radically time spared showing return room followed shot reunited family form structure consideration rescued shows growing understanding directors stories told film belief audience need family return home instead assume occurred woman returning duration shot correspond time necessary father family dog travel affect sense realistic screen representation improvements modern viewers find relatively minor noted day attic scenes instance use arc lights celebrated early use harsh lighting conditions create indicate dangerous setting prints saved library congress film archive | Rescued by Rover | Media and drama | Film | Pre-1910s films |
18713_AnAdventurousAutomobileTrip | adventurous automobile trip adventurous automobile trip french raid paris automobile raid paris french short silent comedy film directed film spoof devil care exploits king belgium features king engaging fast automobile ride paris singer comedian stars king supported large cast stage performers venues cameo appearances working collaboration stage director designed adventurous automobile trip innovative act combining stage performance film live prologue epilogue frame filmed sequence version premiered december adapted film standalone release general distribution lavish film available black white hand colored versions popular critical success france america film high production values expensive factors sent career decline plot king holiday paris wants visit time seventeen hour express train ride cities happens automobile maker claims car distance hours king agrees sets car auto maker acting large crowd sees outside paris opera house including celebrities paris theatre world stopping fill car gas king starts inexperience accidentally runs backward policeman flat king starts pump save time lets finish job drives set work policeman ends exploding car speeds french countryside alps mountains knocking goes gates town officials try stop car enforce tax car keeps course runs officials explodes turn car way mediterranean coast fruit stand crashing greenhouse tar wagon explosion ensuing finally arriving spectators awaiting car going speed stopping stairs crashes earth king unharmed adventurous race greeted warmly production revue director approached height fame filmmaker idea combining theatre cinema presenting short film fourteen segments stage production directors worked scenario parody adventures king belgium famous driving crashing fast cars stage screen amalgamation devised segment began sketch live performers continuing film end film actor playing king actors playing cheering spectators returned stage finish sketch live drew cast film sources london born singer comedian stars time played lead role king paris singer comedian worked revue scene celebrities assembled include singer opera house short actor persona close imitation better known british comedian acted films tall actor known giant popular music hall paris 1880s acted films entertainer popular appeared films impossible voyage english channel conquest pole played lady scene appearances plays roles film gets knocked car official explodes cast extras film usual staging layered arrangements visual clarity letting create disorganized addition parody king scenario film features element scene tar wagon based experiments spread tar small gravel road experiment widely reported press successfully eliminated dust clouds kicked cars gravel sand roads film special effects created stage machinery miniature models editing technique known long shots showing car filmed miniature car landscape rolling past creating effect scenes including detailed faithful recreation outside painted studio sets custom scene showing arrival filmed studio outdoors garden release reception adventurous automobile trip premiered gala opening night revue december ran months lasting performances intended film shown outside context revue run released standalone item numbered advertised course percent output film available black white individually hand colored prints sold higher price film released united_states new_york branch company summer showed rooftop american release scenes slightly rearranged second scenes switched order sixth seventh addition renumbering advertised instead french catalogue scenes removed prints film surviving family archive use french ordering scenes french american occurs political reasons american catalog protagonist french keeps identity anonymous belgian audiences similarly alps film named american catalog unnamed french adventurous automobile trip successful films ran acclaim months notice said film clever keeps audience continuous good humor morning telegraph concurred reporting film scored instant success funnier seen day thing scream venture profitable expected high costs lavish hand colored film reach financial difficulties continued similarly spectacular film merry following year helped decline career portions prints film survive complete print car painted red given granddaughter american collector incomplete hand colored print bought belgian collector fragments book length study film historian spoke highly film noting careful use continuity direction comparing comedies automobile film film similar vein raid new york paris automobile received success | An Adventurous Automobile Trip | Media and drama | Film | Pre-1910s films |
1877_HMCSProtecteur(AOR509) | majesty canadian ship lead ship class service british_columbia built dry docks new_brunswick commissioned august canadian naval unit carry units including base named protector known humanitarian efforts served times war including operation apollo region multi national naval exercises operation apollo largest deployment korean war months logged nautical miles delivering barrels fuel dry goods deployed coalition ships sister ship scheduled paid damage engine fire aboard ship forced prematurely paid decommissioned farewell ceremony canadian naval unit carry australian seven british naval units named protector canadian base named protector construction authorized constructed dry docks new_brunswick starting october launched july officially commissioned august general characteristics ships class service ship metres long metres wide displacement tonnes long tons depending load draught given ice rating boilers feed single general_electric steam turbine rated shaft horsepower drives single propeller allowing ship reach maximum speed knots mph knots mph range limited nautical miles kilometres miles range extended nautical miles traveling knots mph primary role deliver supplies deployed ships fully loaded store long tons fuel long tons aviation fuel long tons dry cargo long tons ammunition fuel transferred rate long tons hour dry cargo hour transferred traveling speed armament systems mark launchers towed ship primary defenses originally launched fitted twin caliber gun mounted bow guns replaced mounts bow astern august upgrades received deploying region guns temporarily fitted guns inch machine guns gulf war mounts retained war gun removed returning war originally fitted mark nato sea delays system installed helicopters board provided weapons support carrying mark torpedoes machine gun crew men women served officers aboard ship total crew members air detachment flew helicopters ship crew officially allowing men women serve board equipped small dental clinic provided dental care deployed service polish yacht left went missing august second pleasure craft attempt traverse turned regulations passage journey north south american continents crew initiated thousand equivalent million search lost ship completed journey operating coast portugal commanding officer captain hoisted flag ship mast biggest floating gas station neighbourhood served coast puerto_rico canadian destroyers helicopters performed nighttime rescue crew disabled norwegian chemical tanker june norwegian crew forced abandon ship fire broken 75th anniversary hosted dinner captains ships including ships belgium brazil denmark france great_britain italy netherlands norway portugal united_states governor general canadian contingent sent operation later operation friction canadian operations gulf war ship vessel force class destroyer class destroyer saw extensive service ship honoured gulf kuwait medal award service war sent help hurricane andrew florida tasks including repairing schools community centres hospitals region small pool built providing relief hurricane ravaged homes churches senior centre repaired bahamas changed hurricane relief efforts frigate vancouver participated multi national coast hawaii june deployed australian led october january crew helped reconstruct police academy deployment support newly reconstructed academy set training school participated operation apollo months logging nautical miles delivering barrels fuel dry goods returning november operation apollo largest canadian deployment korean war participated regina september departed month deployment southern california uss lincoln carrier strike group joined destroyer frigate ottawa fleet week activities san_diego california september august ship involved collision exercises injuries personnel sustained damage bow damage repaired time participate task group exercise united_states_navy mid october february suffered engine room fire breakdown nautical miles northeast pearl harbor hawaii moving limited speeds united_states navy destroyer class cruiser operated class fleet ocean dispatched assist attempted tow line broke members ship crew injured result fire engines badly damaged preliminary assessment decided vessel repaired pearl harbor left pearl harbor tow operated safeguard class rescue salvage ship expected week journey home port delivered retirement replacement decommissioned farewell ceremony plans replacing sister ship brought lack spare parts ship boiler fact single skinned tanker main driving points replacing planned ship continued operate completed years later leaving gap ability refuel resupply ships deployed following extensive damage result fire february brought forward repairs expensive navy consider given retired september vice admiral announced retirement sister ship class destroyers looking options fill supply gap arrival class auxiliary vessels earliest sold scrapping november nova scotia towed nova scotia work liverpool october container ship acquired converted auxiliary vessel leased temporary bridge class class available contract signed | HMCS Protecteur (AOR 509) | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of Canada |
27965_HMCSFredericton(K245) | halifax class frigate flower class corvette ordered quebec laid march launched september commissioned december named community new_brunswick design slightly revised earlier flower class ships built behaved poorly heavy seas length weight increased outfitted water tube boiler powerful stable earlier models armament limited inch gun forward pound gun aft gun depth charge throwers suited escort duties anti submarine capabilities later outfitted improved device manned crew included officers unofficial emblem badge flying tiger dropping depth charge boat served battle atlantic escorted oil caribbean new_york_city escorted convoys later atlantic northern_ireland decommissioned july question final disposition lies possible error sold scrap ended japanese advent world war greatly desired build naval class warships canadian ship building yards capable building vessels time impossible buy ships britain capacity taken entirely defence needs decided modified whale catcher design built canadian yards later traded britain tribal class destroyers scheme eventually failed ordered whale ships originally ordered built basis corvette fleet initially expected corvette fleet superseded line larger frigates destroyers montreal prevented larger ships getting atlantic_ocean shipyards corvette fleet stayed eventually built largest class ships dubbed flower class similar british design british gave names flowers decided ships canadian towns called town class line american destroyers term flower retained canadian construction laid march completed months days later september total cost construction commissioned active duty december design class built ships class including calgary improvements original design included lengthened forecastle foremast moved main bridge improve forward vision sheer bow increased improve performance heavy seas earlier flowers twin inches machine guns proved ineffective revised flowers built single cannon mounted bridge built water tube boiler ships built marine boiler revised design water tube boiler available earlier boilers subsequently standard future ships smaller safer easier maintain marine produced reliable supply steam feet inches long feet longer earlier designs allowed longer forecastle added living space dry quarters wide draught forward aft driven single screw triple expansion engine ihp gave speed knots like installed type detection system technology designed armed royal_navy system outdated best system available time type detect distance underwater sounds determine depth armament armed inch gun forward pound gun mounted aft cannon mounted bridge wings air defence depth charges rolled stern ports thrown launchers aft anti submarine warfare later war outfitted effective depth bomb throwers crew built crew including commanding officer officers december july commanded acting lieutenant commander commanded july july lieutenant commanded july decommissioned july served february december march april badge canadian naval ships world war adopted unofficial coat arms exception badge displayed bridge flying tiger dropping depth charge boat war duty served battle atlantic december end war launched spent short time undergoing sea trials january july escorted convoys halifax new_york_city boston increased boat threat caribbean oil shipments halifax started experiencing oil shortages tanker convoys organized caribbean ports halifax new_york_city july assigned escort convoy halifax insufficient ships convoys canadian temporarily transferred american naval operational command convoy escort new_york_city participated oil convoy escorts september february caribbean duty transferred duty new_york_city newfoundland came close seeing action assigned convoy march turned march days later convoy attacked nearly boats resulted sinking ships major refit reassigned october escorting convoys northern_ireland spent months capacity undergoing second refit september remainder war served ocean escort time fired cause use weapons anger earned reputation ship convoy record summary disputed disposition sources lynch july transferred sydney nova scotia decommissioned disposal scrapping sources claim mistake switched records alternative information shows sold registered flag los renamed olympic fighter use subsequent names included | HMCS Fredericton (K245) | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of Canada |
1901_HastalaRaíz | spanish pronunciation root sixth studio album mexican recording artist released march sony success previous album tribute mexican singer songwriter decided record album original recordings spent years writing songs searching inspiration different cities resulting songs express personal feelings love record produced assistance musician mexican artist release received favorable reviews music critics critics expressing skepticism songwriting saying stayed comfort zone praising evolution musician naming album best pop releases year record peaked number billboard latin albums number mexico certified platinum copies shipped country received nomination album year won best alternative music album 16th latin grammy awards album won best urban alternative album annual grammy awards promote album singles released launched latin american countries united_states europe album singles title track reached mexico background joined mexican orchestra conductor musical project album created celebration conducting research find songs album studied mexican singer songwriter catalog decided record tribute album songs released earned accolades best alternative music album 14th latin grammy awards years later traveled veracruz mexico colombia cuba search musical inspiration balance heart mind body said composition new music closely woven experience singing music sixth studio album album original material seven years produced musician mexican singer songwriter record producer expensive afford famous producer fees figures won decided refuge friends songs understood writing recording completing album experienced writer block felt songs writing similar previous albums new work sought inspiration repertoire native country mexico things wanted happen record find connection mexico people said mexican proud positive parts musically wanted simplicity songs forced write judgement recording voice phone writing process inspired works latin american songwriters recording demos realized songs direct emotional previous work writing took years resulting approximately songs album personal life selected felt strongest ones saying making album wanted songs stand title track written mexican singer songwriter previously collaborated album album idea song wrote music referred collaboration magical saying song anthem human strength roots played riff started singing producer recorded final result session songs falling love arranged emulate emotional difficult finish singer hard time trying find right place album tribute latin american roots started writing colombia finished cuba song favorites tried create musical landscape instruments textures harmonies sad hopeful song letting things love according obscure folk pop song finding relationship anymore written concert tour song right wrote song short time problems chorus asked lead singer help arrangements deals emotions dysfunctional relationship wanting composed intended performed mexican artist wanted write songs artists finishing decided song use project album according village_voice song resembles life pursuit treatment era pop inspirations allmusic compared track work spanish singer song decided album title songs written las_vegas trip grammy awards love story filled metaphors love mexico connection universe self preservation song modified arrangement chords order create balance wrote simple song wanting track written inspired music 1970s including chorus answering voices musical theatre lyrics deals decision leave going separate ways ballad ready worked track spare time taking year finish track written family reunion father sister chile wrote love mourning search stability forgiveness healing live performances singer track mexico send hope music help people deal situations mass kidnapping feel important acknowledge social look inward work aspects address deliver positive world musical arrangements explained felt arrangements function perfect embrace songs song distinct personality like creating ideal musical surroundings visual music try create images kind like creating photographs music stated album sequence selected create cycle beginning ending said songs crafted expansive cinematic lend mood song critical reception release received positive reactions music critics village_voice stated album casts spell deep feeling melodies lyrics mind adorned subtle strings production kind warmth people saying hear old vinyl records predicted release recognized future singer profound enduring statement positive review magazine referred album fresh honest pop reflection musical maturity album continues place important composer performer latin_america allmusic gave album stars ranking review stated extremely written songs spirit great latin_america romantic tradition founding father infused contemporary perspective website coffee saturday said album best pop releases year praising evolution musician critical having extended comfort zone early career settled type music proof best album tracks helped editor wrote mixed review commenting album listened twice fall love song comparing positively title track work previous album songs album creating mix sounds shows things learned working catalog stated despite moments darkness heartfelt sadness sense adventure optimism noted influence chilean songwriter track eclectic noted singer drew album earned accolades best alternative music album nominated album year 16th annual latin grammy awards nominations said newspaper grateful people album allowed reach closer way create feel happy high expectations regardless latin grammy billboard columnist reviewing nominees latin grammy award album year stated breakthrough album singer going roots commercial territory stay close origins won grammy award best latin rock urban alternative album album ranked number list best albums mexico newspaper according reviewer album naked raw lyrics voice draw heartbreak american edition rolling_stone_magazine placed number list best latin albums year arguing album ambitions tempered songwriting remains cross pass editors billboard magazine ranked album number list best latin albums stating singer manages retro futuristic time sound unexpected coupled sweet vocals arresting website allmusic included album list best favorite latin world albums explaining delivers intimate poignant quietly powerful collection heartbreak songs gem album singles title track released lead single january peaked number mexico monitor latino pop chart number billboard latin pop songs chart won record year song year best alternative song latin grammy awards music video directed mexico_city gathering fans responded published social networks released promo single january music video released march directed features actors video presents couples different stages love relationship peaked number monitor latino pop chart mexico track selected single music video directed september december announced track fourth single album commercial reception united_states album available march digital download debuted number billboard latin albums chart selling digital units april album available september physical released following performance latin grammy awards sales album increased entered pop albums chart number matching initial peak number album entered latin albums chart week january achieve highest peak number reached highest position latin pop album chart number week april reached peak number latin pop album chart mexico peaked number mexico chart certified platinum shipment copies peaked number spanish album chart italian album charts spending week record charts track listing tour launched promotional tour mexico performed theaters years old village_voice reporting interview noted grand old structures country possible according better maintained tour opened april visited cities united_states san_francisco washington new_york_city hollywood participated theatre dates argentina chile italy spain announced record label announced illness performance spain set june canceled september performed festival madrid spain singer visited colombia october performing royal center november fulfilled long held dream performing time mexico_city reminded opened years ago years old ran away home best friend come christina_aguilera wanted stage longing opportunity years work reality promote album mexican female singer songwriter record acoustic session music streaming service titled live includes tracks title track cover version performed latin grammy awards presented tour sold held chile november charts weekly charts album certification release history credits personnel following credits album liner notes performance credits song performance credits technical credits | Hasta la Raíz | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
5231_MoogforLove | love love seventh extended play recorded british electronic music duo disclosure consisting brothers howard track record released june labels island year duo developing skills writing material road title named song material produce length album wanted record released summer year regardless featuring collaborations eats album garnered generally mixed positive reviews music critics calling significant improvement duo second studio release album landed number australian_singles_chart production disclosure developed skills writing songs tour time produce material length album regardless duo wanted release record summer reasoning felt strange issuing material public season created distributed track extended play went start love disclosure record feature writing contributions howard said feels strange disclosure wanted use different track development making previous records settle reasoning making music kept making tracks way songs similar way settle material members work song finished members duo decide track ready release inclusion album composition love opening cut boss written arranged los_angeles hotel room days road mixed mastered home song disclosure worked track driven harsh drum loop song features singing vocal track pitch shifted filtered effects second track feel like remix song love guy found song listening batch vinyl records disclosure asked green track label permission use samples recording green label enjoyed track duo worked gave stems original song cleaner sound samples track vocals sped feel like strings horns electric guitar green recording remain addition electronic drums effects rolling_stone described feel like track resemble sound settle slow tempo feel closing tropical house title track analyzed nme reviewer borrow rich sound dominated having tempo tracks settle noted elements garage house boss title song similar present tracks settle fire starts burn synthesizers pounding bass drum song ends sample track sung recorded cover title track named song melody derived improvised solo jazz cappella group written lyrics melody recording sampled track sings melody lyrics bassline track generated synthesizer release promotion june disclosure premiered boss united kingdom wildlife festival leading reception audience according nme june love world record premiere beats songs hottest record world june available streaming june released love digital download day garnered generally positive reviews distribution reviewers calling significantly better praising grown dance release nme wrote love disclosure club belong better wired magazine called new albums demand listen immediately feel like calling song best song didn sun kissed track need life right wrote review pitchfork_media mixed opinion writing release expert blend pop big warm happy house hooks 90s settle like good disclosure debut given songs immediate necessary magazine disappointed writing songs old sound indistinct addition previous sound track listing credits tracks written mixed produced mastered additional writing production credits noted additional credits engineer boss charts release history | Moog for Love | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
7472_StarWarsHeadspace | star wars star wars electronic music compilation album produced electronic dance tracks acts including featured sound effects samples star wars films contain sample soundtrack series american recordings released star wars digital forms february physical forms march decent commercial performance beginning number albums chart second artists compilation chart garnered mixed response music critics praise going eccentric concept criticism likely enjoyed fans film series composition star wars compilation album electronic dance music featuring sound effects samples star wars films musicians produced album gave producers files sounds instructed sample score films flying lotus said proud project felt concept sense given sounds star wars precursor come electronic music felt close sounds reflect universe films critic analyzed beginning half star wars consists producers sampling movie making music common style making feel like obvious tribute material track plight represents star wars humor melodramatic character aspect featuring sounds shots weapon house remix flow composition star wars force awakens fifth track compilation followed knows featuring vocals described review pitchfork_media silly anthem similar releases track samples playing driving floor instrumental dazzling jet stream synthesizers wrote later songs track list focus artists making music typical trend score great consequence sound noted norwegian duo bounty hunters bright song dark track usual material producer signed label melody reminiscent theme cinematic atmosphere previous work record closes star french producer funk song featuring orchestration reflecting neo romantic aspect williams soundtrack promotion release february release date cover art star wars announced pre ordering record began day beats radio producer promoted compilation interview involvement tracks boys song world record premiere help released beats day later february channel premiered force shortly album midnight release issued album digital form february followed physical release march selling copies united_states billboard chart week star wars topped chart artists compilation chart high school musical landed number nation billboard number magazine compilation albums chart united_kingdom album landed official_charts_company dance albums charts number number official_charts_company soundtrack albums chart critical reception critical response star wars mixed holding weighted mean site metacritic based seven reviews reviewed thing love today daily column hitfix meant highlight certain aspects modern day popular culture honored compilation concept star wars tribute funny sure long listen end hour delightful soundtrack busy weekend small surprises built star wars fan able easily enjoy correspondent boston_globe wrote better expected giving credit producers contributed compilation los_angeles_times critic distinguishing characteristic song wrote review pitchfork_media scored release highlighting record goal simple fun tribute sloppy time disliked nostalgic style seemingly way avoiding risk album garnered numerous mixed reviews felt enjoyed fans franchise staples described tracks musical fan fiction ready dance floors distant forgotten landscapes reviewing rolling_stone_magazine rated half stars feeling producers involved project didn experiment concept hard reverence review came album major contributing factor nasty details facts world truly corrupt collective sense hope regards star wars franchise marketed track listing credits tracks mastered assistance notes signifies additional producer credited main artist charts | Star Wars Headspace | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
7572_4Walls | walls fourth studio album south_korea based girl group released october president served executive producer album marked group release member group member left group august promote album appeared performed music programs including music core group embarked concert tour dimension docking station visited south_korea japan january february title track walls released single conjunction release album record musical styles diverse incorporating group signature electropop sound elements genres including house garage album received favorable reviews music critics noted members opportunity showcase vocal abilities following departure release peaked atop south_korea sold physical copies country january addition walls topped charted number thirty japanese oricon albums chart single walls peaked numbers digital chart background south_korea based girl group known member girl group original lineup consisting members amber victoria group release member group red light released july promotion red light member participate live performances suffering continual negative comments false rumors according group parent company official statement july promotional activities involved members took career hiatus august announced officially withdrawn group focus acting career continue promote member group release promotion announced working forthcoming studio album september group traveled film music video album titled walls released digitally worldwide october south_korea album distributed digitally physically music video title track walls released simultaneously song impacted pop connection radio october following release album appeared performed music programs televised appearance july group performed walls diamond group subsequently appeared music core following days respectively promote album embarked concert tour dimension docking station concert tour debut tour kicked seoul south_korea olympic park january included shows cities japan tokyo osaka tour lasted february musical styles album words pitchfork_media keeps signature electropop styles group cultivated previous albums red light billboard noted emphasis house dance genres album opening track walls described tropical house song synthesizers hooks star characterized update garage spin billboard detailed having deep house sound song number mixes industrial beats pop sounds draws influences 1980s funk 1990s disco rude love described piano house song dance fusion diamond electropop song traveler features retro styled melodies smooth rap verses track synthesizers latin music styles cash song incorporates elements american electropop album closer track initially written canadian singer recording sessions studio album emotion inclusion withdrawn rights later purchased critical reception walls subject favorable reviews music critics billboard shared despite fact album arguably worse previous albums red light allowed members showcase vocal abilities following departure praised rarity pop finding right appreciated house dance production benjamin subsequently named second best pop album writing known crafting best length pop albums long awaited walls comeback behalf pitchfork_media labeled record superficial rebirth following lineup change commented members chance express talents particularly amber alto harmonies rude love reviewing album spin disliked songs cash nonetheless labeled minor complimented walls featuring sophisticated innovative musical styles signal surprise second life world greatest living pop group echoing viewpoint star impressed inclusion derivative tracks cash expressed admiration solid edgy album cohesive sound polished beats commercial performance walls commercial success south_korea charted japan united_states debuted atop south_korea chart issue dated october fourth best selling physical album october south_korea sales figures standing copies album additionally eighteenth highest selling album november units sold overall ranked number thirty year end album chart accumulated sales copies walls debuted number thirty japan november peaked number billboard world albums chart november second number chart following pink tape walls group best charting album albums_chart charted number seven single walls debuted number south_korea week october sixth best selling single october digital units sold twelfth best selling single november digital units sold south_korea track debuted number highest charting song chart track listing chart performance release history | 4 Walls | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
7598_ChineseNüYr | chinese chinese extended play irish producer known stage released label october containing elements bass step garage sound represented worm goes lands chinese designed cover art developed songs structures sound fit artwork release garnered generally favorable reviews critics common praise unique style composition chinese album elements bass step garage explained chinese story gelatinous worm wears witch hat voiced pitch shifted recordings dad little sister colorful lands having dodge things floating fruit pink colored fog mountains growing ground forced visit alien worlds fears future lands extreme speed travels december interview stated fate worm occur length album synth sound representing worm moving worlds tracks pitch shifted recordings dad screaming signifies worm hole world according given member punk group described writing story scoring film making cover art coming structures sounds songs fit said interview marrying music pictures thing elements play looking mega sick picture song sound awesome art incredible way enhancing music tracks chinese tracks compared journalist works labels reason comparison song vocals sounds commonly found trance music hip hop uptempo vocals reminiscent song hard english producer hard ends rap verse japanese singer producer said amazing taste melodies work sounds wide eyed introspective like genius baby gold coat frantic tracks called favorite songs strength comes ideas gold coat tempo diversion feels like peach rift heaviest sounding longest cut minutes described cube heavy synths vocals line end release reception gold coat chinese lead single released october days later label announced release october days release music blog premiered said record came looking sky flying home gig rome sky looked weird reason word chinese new year came head happy super cool life warm nice think word chinese new year sounds warm cool imagine fireworks red colours chinese distribution chinese garnered positive reviews reviewing synthesis garage hip hop sub genres makes watch critic praised making unique record fitting works acts label track listing | Chinese Nü Yr | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
11777_Morning/Evening | morning evening morning evening eighth length solo album british electronic musician released alias online music store child inherited collection hindu music late grandfather listen maternal grandmother died making album beautiful sampling voice indian singer inspired record similar structure indian music particularly mode decided break album morning evening alongside sampled vocals morning evening contains complex drum programming electronic sounds manipulated found sounds morning evening announced expected release date july available stream download page june celebrate summer music critics praised continuing release challenging unique electronic music physical release morning evening second highest charting album peaking number albums_chart recording composition indian descent acquired collection hindu music late grandfather years old listened maternal grandmother died making album beautiful played records began experimenting vocal sample indian singer days deciding base album wanted record similar structure indian music particularly mode decided divide album morning evening relate certain times day drew influences english electronic music group early electronic music including american electronic composer composition silver moon wanted album production sound like low fidelity recording maintaining moments high fidelity morning evening contains tracks electronic sounds drum programming total running time minutes morning features prominent vocal samples performance main recorded feature film coupled complex drum programming synthesizers evening features sample music begins guitar sparse keyboards contains conclusion features garage rhythm wanting end album feature emphasise evening relationship song fades music went infinity recorded album august february running digital audio control synthesizers manipulate found sounds release announced morning evening release date july marketing campaign performed album time manchester june decided issue album early making available stream download page online music store june celebrate summer thought lovely day included tracks live set electric forest festival michigan released compact disc vinyl july label text records morning evening entered albums_chart week commencing july second highest charting album peaking number reception metacritic assigns rating reviews mainstream critics morning evening received average score based reviews indicating generally favorable reviews reviewer called gorgeous daring album saying spins intricate sonic gold subtly exploring range moods moments complex constantly compositions writing observer said low key treat contained pitchfork_media reviewer called album daring expansive said scope ambition profound hopefully inspire producers bigger chances satisfied club friendly lengths nme called morning moving pieces music said album ranked alongside best work critic said best create atmosphere encompassing lose sight listening spin called album ambitious beautiful right patient review popmatters called album classic step new direction veteran producer felt vocal sample morning prominent mix saying evening shines praised continuing release challenging unique music electronica landscape increasingly devoid said album narrative morning evening immediate record lent morning evening near infinite replay value allmusic andy_kellman said album isn substantive albums reward repeated casual listening angus reviewing album called album record time said best moments morning evening perfectly paced highlighted record disparate material concluded faults brought refreshing addition discography track listing songs written composed personnel credits adapted album liner notes music production additional personnel design photography design charts | Morning/Evening | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
14063_CrimeCutz | crime second extended play american duo holy ghost consisting title came person offered drum break title track included final mix containing 1980s style atmosphere noted reviewer duo cleaning sounding release far extended play influenced russian disco records found released title track single february distributed april generally positive reviews production composition described radar strongly showcases disco duo music influenced records russian jazz musicians released 1970s 1980s distributed duo home country musicians attempted copy disco style american french acts sent files tracks russian record dealer said failure mimic style popular songs wanted recreate different synthesizer sounds songs unique guess kind nick find sound like try fail process new rhythm track developed writing melodies lyrics given main goal instantly member described addition disco element features exaggerated arrangements vocals gives 1980s esque atmosphere consequence sound noted holy ghost sounding release date lyrical content wanted songs seductive lyrics fun disco records tracks starting title track derived title person gave holy ghost drum break song included final mix begins synthesizers acoustic drum beat kicks minute song halfway song diva vocals group join literally found internet met day awesome moving hear sing general tried bit recording recently minute addition mixing song synth super dry guitars falsetto lead vocals present arrangement stereotype band self awareness pride known musical genre singing tone know stereotype don critical let track draft drum parts chord progression developed holy ghost traveled los_angeles work production duo oliver song little success making type track holy ghost wanted oliver created bassline duo holy ghost reworked arrangement song final mix ended title compass point song wrote minutes reference numerous popular musicians style mixture funk reggae pays tribute recorded music working title earth song written included second studio album dynamics explains thing went song intention like know matter recording vocals piano course case ended basically keeping drums line song making totally different song essentially called closer footsteps rhythmic tracks original title favorite band footsteps described coming going night friends people saying thought playing happens time people favorite band turns set thought kind funny kind sad funny way version officially released consists tracks holy ghost said january announcement fifth track included lot demos year half want finish release promotion holy ghost announced january interview boston_globe extended play titled released late spring year title track premiered worldwide beats february label released digital download single day later popmatters feature multiple writers reviewed track release vinyl single song includes instrumental version song copy limited edition official directed video song depicted lights flashing beat starring dancer april released crime remix featuring cuts song project neon indian producer released april critical reception generally positive holding aggregate website metacritic based critics wrote review holy ghost sculpted production sharply defined quadruple hit writing praised band returning little effort approach making self titled debut album dynamics fell short convinced sense tracks like crime highlight compassion points confidence sounds fully restored pitchfork_media honored bright tight tense mini epic holy ghost pillars mid- disco resurgence major criticism lack stylistic variety spend lot record hoping edge continue pull end group lack musical risk criticized mixed review compass point set memorable track best decent release talented group clearly potential great retro records lowest points filled clumsy lyrics tracks track listing notes official page track | Crime Cutz | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
14333_LoMejorde...Selena | english best double disc compilation album american singer released posthumously united_states march emi latin album released commercial chart success featured latin music acts lending voices remix album recording features number united states billboard hot latin songs chart singles singer billboard latin pop airplay chart single fall love album debuted peaked number latin albums year release recording peaked number latin pop albums chart giving number album years debuted peaked number billboard chart highest charting album hits album charting latin pop albums chart weeks release earning singer award latin albums artist year female nomination billboard latin music awards background march music singer shot killed friend manager singer impact singer death negative impact latin music genre mainstream market suffered popularity waned following death continued remaining recording artist appear united_states billboard chart fall chilean record producer capitol latin senior vice president idea turning songs popular music genres mexican singers american singers named spanish singer lent voices duet remix style album project named released april debuted peaked number latin albums latin pop albums chart followed commercial success released twentieth anniversary death available digital download released double disc songs contains chart number singles singer fall love peaked number pop airplay chart signature song originally launched latin music scene according journalists song acclaimed music critics credited solo number single popular culture despite billboard official record single peaking number lead single live album cut boston_globe called signature songs popular song peaked number chart del failed gain chart success techno peaked number billboard latin charts second disc contains english language tracks beginning love written duet god child english version called dreaming originally posthumous planned crossover album dreaming song singer highest charting billboard hot single peaking number chart remains best selling single musical career selling digital units contemporary ballad missing baby remix version love called don throw away love movie soundtrack songs beat added second disc album commercial reception mexican newspaper called album singer chile called album way remember honor legacy said departure lives hearts fans newspaper called addition having new voice classics survive radio album debuted peaked number latin albums latin pop albums chart week ending april set debuted peaked number billboard chart fifteenth album appear chart highest charting album hits latin albums chart fifteenth album chart selling units week availability anniversary death total albums sold units increase previous week digital songs grew copies sold week seven songs charted simultaneously latin digital songs chart placed billboard began monitoring digital sales latin singles march continued chart latin pop albums chart total consecutive weeks finished fourteenth best selling latin album eighth best selling latin pop album mexico album peaked numbers mexican albums chart mexican spanish albums chart respectively week ending april following anniversary death peaked number latin pop albums chart album vol album number album singer years posthumously nominated latin albums female artist year latin pop albums solo artist year result chart success billboard latin music awards nominations announced spanish language channel called role model voice continues echo touch hearts audiences regardless gender track listing charts books killers ghosts legends lore texas isbn lisa pop culture latin_america media arts lifestyle isbn san proud twentieth century isbn | Lo Mejor de...Selena | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
16396_A+NoPoder | english max fourteenth studio album mexican recording artist released september sony success previous live album promotional tour recorded album original songs composed produced musician release received favorable reviews music critics expressing appreciation balance ballads rock songs record peaked number billboard latin pop albums number mexico promote album singles released featuring performer peaked number pop songs chart background released fourth live album titled selling units mexico launching tour included dates cities united_states los_angeles las_vegas houston miami puerto_rico years later entered recording studio record studio album years album songs written musician singer stated album reflects maturity growth regains rock essence studio album critically acclaimed effort commercial unsuccessful lack promotion according content dedicated daughter album includes tracks written additional writers written reyes written written track entirely written singer songwriter features puerto rican performer ballad story country music harmonica resembles mexican band rock roll rock songs reminds album released singer pop funk track reggae influences sexual lyrics stated brings memories produced pop rock song heavy metal track rock ballad recalls greatest hits error songs included stated recent years spent good bad things thought transform songs began shape new album think intelligent mature planned previous work reception critical reception album met positive reviews music critics stated album shows despite rocker heart problem recording genre experiment ing new rhythms praised rock song arguing heard song believe performs rock genre said wants reclaim place music market reminded keeps trying incorporate new alternative rhythms music results commercially successful albums produced spanish musician helmed american artist exception queen rock mexico includes songs era harder songs guitars drums voice come musical chords hey referred album balance rock pop shows opted rock album ballads new rhythms commercial reception peaked number pop albums component chart united_states worst chart reached lower numbers respectively mexico album peaked number singles promote album released singles lead single released june features guest vocals track peaked number latin charts respectively united_states chart according hey song success good compete songs far ballads hits music video second single filmed iceland released september promote album track main theme mexican later released single music video filmed mexico track listing charts | A + No Poder | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
16971_Repentless | twelfth studio album american metal band slayer released september slayer album feature guitarist exodus feature drummer god hates slayer album following death founding member band album released singles released album comes cast stone album debuted number billboard highest charting debut band native country topped chart germany featured charts world received mixed positive reviews critics background asked slayer going follow slayer drummer replied written definitely plans early guitarist contracted reports linked illness spider bite claimed received friend hot asked new record bassist stated work wait recovered february announced slayer australia tour contractual disputes place taken drummer interviewed late february guitarist elaborated personnel status album expressed doubt produce album saying producer additionally continued absence contributed uncertainty permanent replacement later announced previously band drummer appearing albums died liver failure los_angeles hospital week later official cause death announced alcohol related family apparently unaware extent condition shortly death king announced desire band continue uncertain stating years literally like starting expressing doubts slayer fanbase approve change march revealed band recorded song prior passing song appear album writing production album writing process started november announced twitter king later said working music prior holidays completed songs addition previous record initially hoped album ready release summer come fruition frontman later said album pushed release idea fell addition king noted new songs fully recorded possibility released idea later dismissed king announced songs titles chasing death announced band start writing new album completion festival ended august year recorded songs needed mixed king announced late august interview day window band able production album band songs missing lead guitar parts vocals recorded demos addition king said band record demos february interview king declared involved album band waiting label issues resolved recording king stated songs working asked exodus guitarist filling live shows play record king denied saying handle guitars lead parts king said offer material album later contradicted king statement stated working material album shortly death revealed gone far send music working later said material including album prior death king expressed doubt play album stated work album june hoped album following september october passing asked featured album replied probably playing solos album rest guitar work king king later confirmed sentiment explained participating writing noting fans aren ready according recording album expected commence end king later stated plans begin recording january king revealed drummer recorded songs demo working additional tracks seven complete lyrics april slayer offered free download song years recording feature guitar additionally recording feature drums god hates day announced slayer signed release eleventh studio album early music lyrics interview king described chasing death alcoholism like people drink don help chasing death explained end world album feature material written prior passing explained songs submitted rest band song said working melody lyrics additionally said plans personal audio files material find way new album form song mentioned king interview piano wire unfinished track working previous album king mentioned songs holding years released october band revealed plans release new song entitled comes house record label lifestyle marketing division toyota brand song released record store day april june slayer title track available streaming youtube august slayer released cast stone track album adult swim singles program september scenes look making music video album title track released reception april band released free rolling_stone said song plays like classic slayer lyrics described expect subject matter consequences sound called song assault metal music january album titled time mentioned anticipated rock metal albums alongside expected albums bands like sold copies week debuted number billboard band highest position native country album fell number billboard second week selling copies seven weeks released sold copies received mixed positive reviews critics writing said isn going classic slayer albums plenty good found journalist spectrum culture wrote truth easy dismiss slayer years nostalgic metal act mistake slayer new new way allmusic writer gave album stars calling retro effort band determined soldier fine hardcore want favorite bands change given slayer points pulling guardian stated slayer model consistency band fans vicious vein heavy metal rely writing spin enthusiastic calling album stating falls flat track listing songs written composed noted personnel credits adapted album liner notes slayer bass vocals guitars guitars drums production production engineering mixing additional engineering assistant engineering mastering charts | Repentless | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
17706_NoStairway | debut studio album musical project released online later issued cassette worldwide label april august respectively title reference line film album garnered significant attention music journalists production technique guitar center stores tapped people playing instruments iphone low quality loops synth patches playing effects track machines environment guitar center shops desire record budget new_york_city inspired idea use samples recordings people playing instruments build compositions fact year end list best releases came number background raised columbia maryland went guitar center store age buy electric guitar rarely went shop instead bought equipment local stores like maryland life disliked guitar center unpleasant environment major parts influenced wanted able extract beauty wanted environment float cloud wanted inspect little capture paint living new_york_city point bankrupt wanted create great sounding tracks budget whatsoever need samples digital audio computer software waiting train went guitar center shop near store heard playing song electric guitar noticed instrument poor tone remember thinking like feed weird home sound different sort hit don record people playing sort use paint production composition tried control sounds expensive synthesizers guitar center selling recording samples unimpressed results later visit shop recorded sound featured album taped guy going drum kit lowering speed sample drum recording singer described felt editing sample started hear kind place started recording album guitar center brooklyn shop baltimore instead looking record instruments specifically planned song taped sound thought better quality editing later ended hours iphone recordings work home played track tape recorder old looped synthesizer patches recordings mixed mastered planning recordings edited tried connect things seemingly end result album featured ambient dub new age experimental post styles release reception self released official page april year august record label distributed album cassette title album reference line denied comedy film live guitar center album musician wall guitar center recordings released slightly album april patient sounds accidentally found wall record didn want release feeling album identical concept project label wall aware release excited album support got motivated distribute record sent company despite suggestion relatives journalist praised album style post produced faux melodic music level field recording nostalgic level listening completely paired idea samples genre created potentially person critic featured column rest obsessed suggesting listeners wanted repeated hearings album unlike live guitar center scoring review pitchfork called album wall record slight commercial success 1990s pre internet period contrast current time chain retailers shut quickly extreme financial decrease called editing low quality sound recordings impressive little knowledge proves unnecessary fact magazine honored record favorite releases month april year end list best releases ranked number reasons guitar center number live guitar center topped list track listing length following source | No Stairway | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
18370_SpiritoftheAmericanRange | spirit spirit classical music album artistic direction released dutch record label february album recorded concert hall portland oregon april january contains works american 20th century composers ballet suite jazz symphony aaron symphony recording orchestra leadership following highly successful music time war england spirit american range received grammy award nomination producer nominated producer year classical background composition spirit american range released dutch record label february following pre release january album contains compositions 20th century american composers ballet suite jazz symphony symphony aaron works recorded live concert hall portland oregon suite recorded april jazz symphony recorded april symphony recorded january album recording orchestra tenure following highly successful music time war england like albums spirit american range recorded hybrid surround sound super audio format recording engineers served mixing mastering engineer album liner notes credited german translations cover photography taken features designs served product manager artistic director said album origins day operation music director magical quality orchestra program ideas attracted attention large group music lovers outside pleasant meeting chicago airport years ago idea new album discussed believe table liked everybody hear pieces composers different styles fit perfectly program course symphony best pieces written american composer said recording great pleasure share important american works greatest fondness appreciation aren widely performed certainly deserve enjoyed wider public spirit american range funded broadcast recording works composition stage received premiere symphony hall performance featured work dancer choreographer ballet company ballet residents small village enchanted affiliated traveling circus jazz symphony composed premiered hall april written soprano saxophone alto saxophone tenor saxophone percussion drum set doubling guitar strings solo piano according work symphonic expressions attempted american jazz legitimate symphonic expression symphony composed september premiered conducting october written english horn flat bass horns piano strings variety percussion instruments including bass drum tenor drum wood block snare drum triangle tubular bells said work reflect spirit country time broadcasts reception classical portland broadcast album january available stream website station offered album thank gift donors fundraising campaign said album contents unrelated title early days american west complimented orchestra performances praised excellent flute called performance symphony careful inspired noted vast dynamic range created label sound technology compared interpretation symphony available recordings impressive create challenge established choices minute shorter opening movement fanfare finale overall interpretation similar orchestra expert handling work suggests record furthermore wrote engineering excellent individual tracks help music critic new_york_times called recording exciting said piece received colorful performance complimented jazz symphony said emerges score ended review best urgent played account symphony praised recording lesser known works album received grammy award nomination best orchestral performance annual grammy awards marking orchestra addition nominated producer year classical said recognition think confirmation excellent quality orchestra offering mind important nominated grammy components executive director salem said quality great honor grammy nominated orchestra play salem track listing suite jazz symphony symphony aaron simple expression quasi motto fanfare track listing adapted album liner notes note includes introduction hours marketplace entrance vendors dance vendors entrance customers daughters arrival circus dance widow merchant dance merchant daughter finale personnel orchestra roster credits adapted album liner notes denotes acting musicians denotes denotes guest musicians | Spirit of the American Range | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
22304_TheAstonishing | astonishing astonishing thirteenth studio album american progressive metal band released january band second concept album story conceived guitarist music written keyboardist composer assisted album strings album recorded cove city sound studios long_island new_york exception vocals recorded canada mixing sound engineering performed band longtime collaborator producing astonishing set future united_states follows efforts great northern empire americas magical power music inspired contemporary fantasy science fiction franchises star wars observations technological modern day society effort match album narrative wrote songs wide variety styles ranging mellow ballads conventional progressive metal sound leading astonishing release band marketed album website fan lists trailer debuted different countries album reach number billboard rock chart received generally favorable reviews music critics band toured support album july background guitarist began writing story concept album presenting rest year later band record label receptive idea recalling everybody mentality meeting presented said title percent board involvement everybody absolutely unbelievable supportive kind ignited secret loves sort stuff fun different conception envisioned story eventually worked film play video game keyboardist wrote album music independently rest getting everyday going ideas morning working music day night finishing initial drafts presented rest band worked writing parts instruments interview drummer reflected biggest challenge interpreting initial music given drums like right need listen piece understand kind let loose lay lot cause don wanna play try fit doesn belong felt album needed real string lines organic sounds enlisted help veteran composer assist aspects orchestration handle logistics recording necessary musicians reflecting process explained initial thought let rock instruments let david arrange wasn thinking ahead terms studio tend work things pretty polished got called pre use sound disposal place strings wanted hear strings choir wanted choir forth getting overly specific certain patch instrument library knew going replaced real players album arrangements complete performed recorded studios world campbell conducting leading sessions los_angeles began recording album bass drums guitars keyboards january cove city sound studios long_island new_york recorded previous albums dramatic turn events longtime collaborator described sixth member band brought album sound engineer served producer july took break studio play shows europe writing road august began recording vocals canada singing multiple characters took create unique interpretations offering sporadic advice feedback recording completed late september mixing beginning month mastering concluding mid december synopsis following based astonishing official synopsis published album release act northeastern region united_states turned ruled oppressive americas resemblance entertainment exists electronic noise noise machines empire ruled princess distant village called man named possesses natural ability music sing gift music older brother commander son deceased wife better life hears rumor people family travel lord town square performing people royal family shows continues playing emperor request square nearly bringing tears time come plays remembers found music player child kept secret life fall love act briefly moved song sees threat rule gives people town days deliver destroy town days hides brother refuses brother hear emperor palace decides begins travel knowing daughter intentions instructs follow protect feels overlooked father favor sister travels town intentions life left arrives town finds leads father convinces help brings hideout embrace tells believes convince father hunt tells meet emperor inspire restore peace land gift music chosen finds home takes captive promises guarantee safety wealth return bringing hoping gain respect father offer forced agree deal remembering promise protect son aspect travels father palace learns music player belonged father bows pleas daughter new beginning agrees meet abandoned called heaven cove road revolution act informs heaven cove night moment betrayal meeting time approached heaven cove decides wants use power royal status change world good begin changes mind deal shows start fight kills path divides unaware followed saw scene runs father dead body sees silhouette approaching assuming attempts kill realising late actually walking shadow arrives scene sees dead brother dying covering ears scream causes deaf heard entire town farewell arrive use gift save losing unable sing screaming loudly wind people attracted scream start singing giving hope finds ability sing brings life hymn thousand voices realising decides end conflict good actions raise family new world promises govern empire fair leader new world music appreciated astonishing composition astonishing dream theater second concept album scenes memory described honest god rock opera rolling_stone compared tommy rush wall operation revolves music achieve freedom futuristic setting album story inspired love fantasy science fiction franchises game lord rings star wars observations role technology modern day society interview billboard explained thinking things people don anymore automated robots lots jobs self driving cars coming right corner thought happen music artificial hours length containing tracks astonishing planned experience best enjoyed album opposed collection singles album plays similarly film observing enormous music absorb sitting think movies hours length astonishing like movie way delivers storyline certain songs square new world themes stand order plot writing music match astonishing narrative ended playing wide variety styles cinematic mellow ballads band conventional progressive metal compared previous albums acoustic playing terms guitar piano interview specifically mentioned song life left recalling starts acoustic kind riff yes sort feel songs introduced new elements band music aspect dream theater song use days features saloon style swing section written aspects album story album tracks short electronic songs represent music release began marketing campaign astonishing october prompting visitors visit official website choose lists great northern empire notified updates twitter page occurred early november band announced thirteenth studio album titled astonishing launched promotional website suggested concept album website slowly revealed key elements album story including characters map track listing december astonishing given official january release date multiple special editions available pre sale including deluxe set model leading album release band released single gift music december premiered song moment betrayal january official trailer available youtube release astonishing debuted album charts including norway hungary italy sweden portugal netherlands germany austria canada united_states entered peaked billboard number overall number debut february band released music video gift music mixed live performance footage cgi animation filmed new_jersey later month band announced partnered create video game adaptation album story mac ios android music video released new world followed video tour visuals hymn thousand voices june critical reception astonishing received generally favorable reviews metacritic assigns normalized rating reviews mainstream publications album holds average score based reviews critics especially complimentary band willingness write long unconventional album allmusic commenting invested album concept listeners attention spans music doubles notion long players merely hold singles rolling_stone echoed sentiments concluding results won partisan convert skeptical hard heart deny composer keyboardist mates credit aspirations assurance achieve supportive band unique approach warned album fans reviewers critical astonishing concept including described silly ultimately gave album overall positive review contrast described storytelling seamless write advised park pressing play button astonishing makes recent minute double book souls look like record great fun mental elbow required wouldn way vocals astonishing singled critics particularly strong review elaborated concept album different characters puts lot pressure vocalist lives challenge mellow broadway singing utilizes style arsenal delivers class performance band praised allmusic observed bassist weren featured prominently usual supporting tour november announced european tour dates early month announced north american tour dates beginning april ending band felt astonishing lend live performance decided play album hired production company help presentation point book historical concert halls theaters track listing track information taken astonishing liner notes lyrics written music composed personnel credits taken astonishing liner notes lead vocals guitar production story concept keyboards bass drums percussion additional musicians aspect city prague orchestra production engineering mixing cover art orchestral choir arrangements engineering charts | The Astonishing | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
28162_Number1toInfinity | number infinity infinity sixth compilation album american singer songwriter mariah carey released features carey eighteen number singles billboard hot new recording called infinity released single april january singer announced signed residency deal perform hotel las_vegas july perform number ones result decided release compilation updated list subsequent chart carey promoted album mariah carey residency live performances live kelly michael background following release mariah carey fourteenth studio album mariah parted ways record label publicist manager signed new record contract epic records produced carey tenth album emancipation sought new publicist hired new managers writers billboard attributed carey decision seek new new label management low sales mariah total units release carey lowest selling album united_states carey secured multi album record deal epic january subsidiary meaning infinity album seventh studio album rainbow released sony following release rainbow carey left sony signed million album contract emi wishing severe ties sony chairman husband believe following prolonged period absence sony signing positive situation carey current chairman ceo brought carey island jam running head oversaw powered comeback collaborator carey making times platinum emancipation executive furthermore carey released seven studio albums live compilation greatest hits albums sony sold total million units combined note carey legacy undisputed recent gone unnoticed regard divorce low sales mariah failure garner single billboard hot hiring firing managers carey kept consultant result record labels reluctant offer carey contract according billboard critics felt reuniting carey best chance establishing charts content january carey announced release updated version featuring songs meantime reached number featuring jay-z thank god found featuring joe degrees belong don forget touch body north american track listing infinity features carey eighteen number singles billboard hot new recording called infinity instead including original studio version number someday live recording features instead carey explains liner notes infinity felt studio version remix ninth number fantasy featuring dirty included instead original solo version carey describes remix turning point career someday don thank god found omitted international track listing replaced carey cover song number new_zealand united_kingdom european territories endless love duet number new_zealand odds featuring number united_kingdom thank god found omitted japanese track listing replaced want christmas album artwork carey launched social media campaign april fans share link website order reveal cover concealed curtain shares link received quicker cover revealed fans unlocked final image day later april singles infinity released single album new recording included track list mid tempo song written carey lyrically song carey freeing emancipation critics speculated lyrics specifically separation second husband response carey said song reflection personal life publicly confirm written critical response song positive critics praising carey vocals comical songwriting specifically regard reference infinity reached number billboard hot seventh entry debut promotion january carey appeared ellen degeneres announce signed contract residency hotel las_vegas july called mariah carey interview carey confirmed going residency special event hope fans enjoy cause gon performing kind inspired album updated version eighteen hopefully people enjoy confirmation carey residency came canadian singer announced postponed dates residency care husband suffering cancer aside singing infinity residency carey performed medley debut single vision love followed infinity performance ceremony seventeen years billboard described performance octave memorable night promotional appearances included live kelly michael carey wore aurora inspired dress disney film sleeping beauty performed main street chart performance infinity debuted number billboard chart june twentieth album chart eponymous album debuted number years prior later number albums infinity peaked number chart albums chart respectively united_kingdom album debuted number remaining chart weeks albums_chart compilation reached number similarly album peaked number australian albums_chart reached number urban albums chart track listing notes featuring cover originally performed jackson cover originally performed cover originally performed odds cover originally performed sample credits fantasy version contains sample song genius love written honey contains samples hey performed world famous supreme team written body rock performed written contains sample attack game performed written belong contains samples think lonely written occasions written charts release history | Number 1 to Infinity | Music | Albums | 2015 to 2019 albums |
1905_TheoryofLiterature | theory literature theory literature book literary scholarship prague school self described old new critic met late 1930s begun writing book wrote single voice period years contents based shared literature originally consisting chapters cut later editions theory literature describes aspects literary theory criticism history defining aspects relationships literature general warren divide analysis literature based approaches relating factors outside work author society relating factors rhythm meter stress need focus elements work best way truly understand adapt published company december theory literature received mixed reviews academic community teach literary theory beginning soon publication remained common use 1960s success credited introducing european literary scholarship movement literary criticism theory literature saw editions translated languages background austrian born scholar prague school studying training classical literature fluent european languages theoretical training included work psychologically influenced nazi_germany occupied prague fled london teaching united_states teaching met american literary scholar considered old new critic written extensively literary criticism raised later saw limitations new views promoted warren soon agreement aspects literature begun considering collaboration book years european american literature theory discussions extensive reading contemporary european writings writing owing academic commitments work theory literature begin warren received period summers warren began dividing responsibilities evenly work warren dealt illness later loss wife eleanor period writing transferred yale_university warren university_of_michigan collaboration continued title according warren difficult choose titles literary study dismissed review review literary scholar wrote better title theory literary study considered book lacking theory implied chosen title original publication consists chapters set sections based thematic similarities chapter section removed later editions contributed thirteen book chapters warren wrote final chapter written chapters credited work man work times entire sentences suggested references use expanding chapter writing warren attempted present single voice despite dominance individuals success presenting voice debated later recalled people told difficult tell written chapter consulting book introduction literary scholar notes influences prevalent chapters authored warren review second edition wrote immediately senses change hand chapters different authors contents section definitions section entitled definitions consists chapters details warren define literature section contrasts warren definition views literature print accepted literary canon define literary scholarship personal super personal contrasted literary arts scientific approach warren suggest purely objective purely approach able properly describe literature note literary scholarship examine makes work author unique general characteristics allow compared works warren limit definition literature pieces imaginative literature gain artistic merit complexity language literary works contrasted scientific language use non literal language expressive content studies literature literary systematic treating literature literature field warren discuss proposed functions literature beginning proclamation literature sweet useful aesthetic functional role extending literature substitute travel experience vehicle truth relieve emotion function ultimately describe main function literature loyal nature systematic integrated study literature uniting literary theory outlines basic principles literature criticism critiques individual works history outlines development literature aspects clear relationship separated example theory literature impossible referring works literature reject approaches literary history find reduce literary history series finally fragments emphasize author intent greatly instead warren argue work seen point view period subsequent periods work historical meaning derived history criticism readers ages criticism limited classical medieval literature include works living authors warren describe term comparative literature troublesome noting study oral literature study countries study general universal world literature use according authors issues present term understanding literature trace development art unlimited differences languages comparative literature based language families schools apparent national possibly language thematic worthy study section preliminary operations section consists single chapter treatment classification aspects working manuscripts related documentation warren describe tasks manuscripts establishing author date important ones critical analysis historical understanding handicapped tasks preliminary ultimate task scholarship analysis goal warren note importance identifying task completed numerous ways history involved spark investigation literary debates result better understanding period writer writer authors identify levels operations dealing manuscripts assembly preparation materials establishment aspects chronology authorship level locate identify materials study written printed oral task difficult depend factors outside literature completion written printed works edited task requires lucky parts material classifying identifying possible changes bringing material closer author second level require greater initiative studying work involves things selection published best arranged collection establishment chronology authorship internal external evidence provision proper commentary section approach section consists chapters discussing elements works literature biography psychology social ideas arts opposed elements work explored section write research elements results attempt establish elements work deny light thrown literature proper knowledge conditions produced studies dispose problems description analysis evaluation object work literary art warren describe views biographical approach biographical aspects relating production work use use limited reject views works accurately reflect author life author life understood order understand particular work according warren works reflect author experiences reflect author hopes dreams literary tradition convention document biography likewise understanding personal style makes work rely knowledge author life conclude dangerous biography real critical importance approaches undertaken sense outlined warren consider analysis characters legitimate application psychological analysis literary study analysis find lacking merits individual characters fit psychological theories time written works true certain psychological theories necessarily better question value looking psychological truth work presented additionally outline critique psychological theories analyze authors creative process warren write literature ultimately social institution aspects created influenced social conventions norms reject specific understanding social realities literature author example social raised shaped society relationship audience audience provides recognition income author shapes audiences tastes behavior elements work realization certain aesthetic values reflect contemporary society attitudes literature correctly reflect society life exhibit little connection social truth artistic value right literature thought substitute politics warren note arguments literature form philosophy alternatively devoid ideas reject extreme versions arguments write knowledge history philosophy general ideas valuable researcher note philosophical ideas consciously included work instead agree german scholar literature expresses general attitude life poets usually answer questions themes philosophy manner differs time outline attempts classifying ideas including world view time spirit showing shortcomings systems write students literature art need parallel philosophical development focus ideas enter work warren argue work necessarily better philosophical content warren write relationship literature forms art architecture sculpture music visual art highly complex example literature inspire art forms vice versa work literature attempt effect art techniques literature remains separate art form effects found conveyed emotions triggered work intentions theories likewise completely parallel art form individual forms art evolved differently instead warren suggest works art like literature truly understood looking works art aspects comparison literature art form secondary establishing outlines strictly literary evolution section section twice size consists chapters elements works literature warren write starting analysis elements work natural sensible given works justify interest issues outline different definitions literature including artifacts sequences sounds pronounced reading experiences reader author sum past possible experiences alternatively experience common experiences related work find lacking instead suggest literature potential cause experiences consisting system norms implicit work partially realized reader purely material mental ideal static value warren consider patterns sound inherent text analyzed keeping meaning general emotional tone mind suggest different aspects sound systems sounds isolation sounds relations sounds isolation work establish orchestration sound aesthetic pleasing harsh aspect basis rhythm meter warren discuss issues classification rhyme sounds orchestration rhythm explore varying definitions applications artistic value discuss theories meter shortcomings noting metric foundation differs languages stressing meaning divorced meter language describe literally material literary artist work influenced language writer style use language influence language use work study linguistic history recommend examining works literature define study work art group works described terms aesthetic function meaning studies search total meaning sum individual traits study establish principle general aesthetic work genre difficult reject stylistic studies focus mainly style linked elements meaning warren suggest look sequence image metaphor symbol myth consider making central poetic structure work turns outline historical definitions terms times overlap writing theories treated sequence parts works appear warren refuse instead arguing meaning function literature centrally present metaphor myth dominant form language shifts time metaphor finally discuss aspects practical criticism based poetic language underlying assumptions reject approaches attempt understand author words attempt understand language instead studied isolation element integrity literary work views relationship reality literature warren write narrative fiction takes place worlds consisting elements narrative structure characters setting world view tone discussed following chapter define narrative structure built pattern dialog description concepts related narrative include time work narrative points view voices major types plot devices pacing followed discussion characterization involving modes types setting environment work world serve basis analysis judgment work focus world narrative fiction drama shares similar aspects warren consider genres influencing critical study works literature classified genres presumably fixed outlining brief history ultimate genres understood aristotle poetry prose drama understanding scarcely promising objective results overly reject alternative theories genre instead suggest genres understood based outer form meter structure inner form attitude tone purpose outer form emphasized warren consider genres continually shifting good writers ultimately expanding according warren evaluation literary work based work nature divorced author practical scientific intent reject evaluation based extra literary content writing instead literature like fine art provide aesthetic experience judged note criteria identify good literature rejecting russian criterion similar based diversity materials amalgamated work reject static hierarchy understanding literary instead suggest work rank changes new work introduced values potentially present art object note relationship evaluating critically analyzing literature ties genre theory history literature warren contemporary histories literature history literature possible based elements works history describe development process interpretation criticism appreciation trace development works small large groups tying universal literature historical evolution related individual events tie variable schemes values history suggest numerous ways accomplished including identifying development values traits forms themes motifs write based chronological boundaries time section dominated system literary norms standards conventions introduction spread integration disappearance traced extracted history boundaries marked internal external changes close chapter stating existing methods clumsy new ideal methods literary history necessary section academic situation final section book removed later editions consists single chapter study literature warren literary students offered wider choice historical method supporting instead critically oriented literary scholarship finding faults literary scholarship england germany france russia warren suggest start new era scholarship note opportunity lost conflict advocating change including persons defending status quo american literary studies institutions maintain system having scholars specialized certain time periods authors warren push scholars mastered certain approaches thought patterns literary background recommend distinction teacher scholar allowing individuals devote careers research teaching emphasize need modern languages understanding classical ones urge establish departments teaching comparative literature recommend teaching literary methods theories combination periods authors doctoral procedures theoretical theory literature influenced russian school thought sought examine literature precisely turned termed autonomous body likewise denied external influences book borrowed concepts aesthetic function dominance different elements language unlike russian warren theory recognized possibility factors outside work studied warren continued emphasize aspects work unlike warren saw aesthetic value mundane interaction strata derived work sound level base meaning world created literature strata divided qualities level reader accept teachings writing analyze work art reference values system found warren concept aesthetics borrowed writings implying specific aesthetic realm autonomous work required certain perspective properly understand emphasize quote neo philosopher literary critic beauty character things present thing endowed capacity training perceived depiction dynamic scale values opposed warren define ing poetry literature comparable ages developing changing possibilities explicitly publication theory literature published company december copyright notice dated notes quoted year publication europe fact article mode existence literary work art published article reused chapter leading inclusion year works warren adapted translations theory literature began soon published work translated languages including spanish korean hebrew hindi new editions issued new editions included updated clarified points chapter study literature graduate school removed beginning second edition warren considered reforms suggested accomplished places opinion book required asked master astonishing literature theory produced countries noted warren busy projects reception academic reception mixed reviewing shortly book release described theory literature radical viewpoint rich ideas material judgment approaches literature landmark literary studies agreed warren main points thought lacking references theories literature romance languages concrete interpretations writing hudson review echoed sentiment stating book unusually difficult read felt agreement main position expected book succeed birth elements group believed comprised majority teaching literature writing scrutiny praised book summary wrote way impressive tour force usher new era felt book lacked controlling purpose neglected emphasize need differentiate cheap commercial appeal genuine literature reviewing found treatment lacking major terms left book providing writers theories conceded convincingly showed intellectual study literature literature begun wrote book discussion relation literary criticism scholarship leaves desired providing balanced look major points found work existed english time opined warren lacked single non contradictory theory use base conclusions reviewing discussed chapters elements literature related considered provide food thought suggested professor literature despite terms common discipline writing found theory literature excessively expressed concern idea literary history gone benjamin found book new final assertion dominance new criticism literary theory dominance considered emphasize theory found theory literature ninety parts good offense slain buried foes exceptionally authoritative discussions literary problems opined theory literature plain language introduced numerous inconsistencies theoretical framework stated book led readers believe approaching understanding literature reaching core essence subject believed theories basis warren arguments considered credited took offense ideas pure stated views translation literary work art suggested instrumental spreading ideas legacy time publication warren considered theory literature english language publications attempt unite literary theory criticism history scholarship noted similarity existing german russian works authors considered earlier works eclectic respectively writes theory literature published time increasing focus art literature underlying philosophy academic biography writes established reputation literary scholar decades book proved book length scholarly manifesto format credits warren influence works essays literary theory criticism bound single volume provide single coherent manifesto continue use theories contained late 1980s book teach literary theory universities beginning long publication remained dominant mid-1960s time increasingly questioned universal value literature literary theorist finds 1960s longer possible granted literature read social functions serve describes american movement literary criticism dominated new criticism credits book text oriented interpretation writes importance american general literary studies writing described book excellent introductory study despite studies having dominant literary criticism found book invoked literary debates early 21st century obituary credited theory literature ing european scholarship united_states establishing framework comparative literature studies united_states theoretical positions generally criticized later writers example considers warren distinction aspects literature sharply drawn leading aspects notes distinction proceeds different understanding literature writes school thought considered literature unified subject definite boundaries mastered recent scholarship rendered identity literature object study longer clear | Theory of Literature | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
2291_HugoAward | hugo awards set awards given annually best science fiction fantasy works achievements previous year awards named founder pioneering science fiction magazine officially named organized overseen awards given year annual world science fiction convention central focus event given 11th world science fiction convention awarded year years award given categories presented changed currently hugo awards given dozen categories include written dramatic works types prestigious science fiction awards hugo awards termed highest honors bestowed science fiction fantasy writing works won published special collections official logo hugo awards placed winning books cover promotional tool awards presented united_states august presented kansas_city united_states august lists winners nominees category list award categories award gives hugo awards year best science fiction fantasy works achievements previous year award named founded pioneering science fiction magazine considered fathers science fiction genre works eligible award published english prior calendar year written rules works qualify science fiction fantasy decision eligibility regard left voters organizing committee nominees winners chosen supporting attending members annual world science fiction convention presentation evening constitutes central event selection process defined constitution instant runoff voting nominees category case tie awards split dozen categories include written dramatic works category hugo voter rank award choices voters instructed feel nominees worthy award feel category abolished entirely vote award choice signifies voter believes nominee ranked higher award worthy hugo category ranked lower works ballot category nominated members year limit number stories nominated awards include recognition runner novels candidates recorded initial nominations members january march voting ballot nominations performed roughly april july subject change depending year held generally held near start september place different city world year idea giving awards proposed convention idea based academy_awards hugo given award created based design hood ornaments 1950s cars consisted rocket ship wooden base subsequent award exception award similar original design rocket trophy formally redesigned base trophy changed year monetary associated hugo trophy retrospective hugo awards added mid-1990s awards given held years awarded conventions given works eligible year process regular given times years prior years prior eligible chose award opportunity history 1950s hugo awards presented 11th philadelphia awarded seven categories awards presented year initially conceived event organizers hoped subsequent conventions present time completely run respective committees independent events oversight years mandate future conventions repeat awards set rules chose awards reinstated traditional award called hugo award unofficial better known nickname accepted official alternative awards nickname adopted official award formal guidelines governing awards rules traditional included having ballot works earlier year separate voting ballot defining eligibility include works published prior calendar year previous rule preceding year allowing voters select award option won year categories dramatic presentation best new author eligibility change additionally sparked separate rule prohibiting nomination works nominated awards time periods overlapped 1960s formation oversee committee formal rules set constitution presenting awards responsibilities organizing committee rules restricted voting members convention awards given allowing nominate works nominations restricted members convention previous year convention guidelines specified categories awarded changed board categories short stories broadly defined best fan magazine second year award won category dramatic presentation guidelines changed allow individual conventions create additional categories codified categories year additional awards officially designated hugo awards required repeated future conventions later adjusted allow additional category extra hugo awards given categories awarded year categories fan artist added category added following year new categories effect providing definition word count qualified work category previously left voters awarded prior rules fan awards initially conceived separate hugo awards award best losing status instead absorbed regular hugo awards convention committee 1970s traditionally works selected nomination category proposed nominees set formal rule barring ties removed category editor award replacement order recognize increasing importance original year guidelines changed remove mandated awards instead allow categories chosen convention expected similar presented year despite change new awards added previous awards removed guidelines changed listing specific categories saw award win dramatic presentation category fourth time award win categories 1980s 90s category later renamed added followed category semi professional magazine members encouraged people nominate written organization founder best novel award final ballot campaign followed nominate final ballot finished award saw work withdrawn authors final ballot fan bought numerous false names sent day order work ballot best original art work award given extra listed actually awarded established afterward official removed status awarded created mid-1990s awarded dramatic presentation award split categories short form repeated editor category saw addition category recent change hugo awards award added groups science fiction writers led led forward similar slate suggested nominations came dominate ballot sad campaign run years prior smaller scale limited success leaders campaigns characterized reaction niche academic overtly leftist nominees winners opposition action award preferred female non white authors characters response nominees declined nomination time ballot published multiple hugo winner declined present awards characterized journalists right wing orchestrated backlash group white guys linked controversy multiple hugo winner characterized campaigns response socio economic changes minority authors gaining prominence economic best dramatic presentation category award placed nominees slate won categories contained slate nominees categories discontinued awards constitution permanent categories best original art work hugo awards committees special awards hugo ceremony voted unlike additional hugo categories present awards officially hugo awards use trophy additional award best new writer presented hugo award ceremony voted process formally hugo award recognition hugo award highly regarded observers los_angeles_times termed highest honors bestowed science fiction fantasy writing claim echoed wired said premier award science fiction genre battle sexes science fiction referred awards best known prestigious science fiction awards writing said undoubtedly science fiction premier award guardian similarly acknowledged fine showcase speculative fiction democratic international science fiction awards existence echoed guardian statement award democratic nature saying broad electorate awards representative reader popularity science fiction culture said time fewer people voted final ballot held representative sample readership large given number winning novels remain print decades notable outside science fiction genre demolished man left hand darkness awards saw nomination submissions voters final slate awards received votes awards saw ballots votes book year history science fiction claimed hugo award reader popularity artistic merit contrasted panel selected provided literary judgment note winners awards overlapped hugo award considered premier awards science fiction science fiction prestigious award official logo hugo awards placed winning books cover promotional tool claimed noting book won hugo award cover increased sales novel said book write science fiction fantasy award larger effect foreign sales united_states claimed publishers interested authors won hugo award awards literary agent said mastering business writing having term cover nominee powerful science fiction fans buy novel claimed hugo science fiction award actually affects sales book collecting hugo winning short fiction series hugo winners edited started collection short story winners previous year concluded volume edited originally later finally volumes collecting stories recent anthology hugo award showcase edited contains short stories nominated award | Hugo Award | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
3986_SilverAgeofComicBooks | silver age comic books silver age comic books period artistic advancement commercial success mainstream american comic books predominantly superhero genre following golden age comic books early mid-1950s considered cover period circa succeeded bronze modern ages number important comics writers artists contributed early era including writers artists end silver age new generation talent entered field including writers artists popularity circulation comic books declined following world war comic books horror crime romance took larger shares market controversy arose alleged links comic books juvenile focusing particular crime horror titles publishers implemented regulate comic content wake changes publishers began introducing superhero stories change began introduction new version flash showcase response strong demand began publishing superhero titles including prompted follow suit beginning fantastic silver age comics copy debut selling million origin term comics historian movie producer traces origin silver age term letters column went sale december letter writer connecticut wrote guys bringing heroes golden age people years calling decade silver according natural hierarchy gold silver bronze olympic medals took hold fans immediately directly silver age version golden age soon vernacular replacing expressions second heroic age comics modern age comics wasn long dealers golden age comic sale silver age comic sale history background spanning world war american comics provided cheap entertainment read discarded troops golden age comic books covered late 1930s late 1940s number major created period including superman batman captain marvel subsequent years comics blamed rise juvenile crime statistics rise shown direct proportion population growth juvenile offenders admitted reading comics seized common notable critic author book innocent attempted shift blame juvenile parents children comic books read result decline comics industry address public concerns created regulate curb violence comics marking start new era comics silver age began publication showcase introduced modern version flash time superman batman published titles according comics writer superman available great quantity little quality batman better comics lackluster comparison earlier atmospheric adventures 1940s having lost original writer artist longer interesting describes arrival showcase begging bought cover featured film strip depicting flash running fast escaped frame editor writer artist people flash wrote stories revived flash writer earliest stories success showcase 1940s reworked tenure including artists responsible included characters names remained costumes identities altered imaginative scientific explanations generally took place magic stories lifelong science fiction fan inspiration imagined golden age character railroad engineer possessed ring powered magical replacement test pilot ring powered alien battery created police force mid-1960s established characters appearing comics published prior silver age lived parallel earth company dubbed earth characters introduced silver age onward lived earth established realities separated field crossed storyline involve different worlds teaming flash generally regarded superhero introduction detective comics showcase year historian considers character silver age superhero comics historian author guide column ask silver age noting debuted detective alien abilities solve crimes quirky detective vein contemporaneous characters detectives indian detectives supernatural detectives animal detectives feels superhero received secret identity superhero saying flash come doubt led charge backup position detective new super hero age unsuccessful attempts revive superhero popularity include captain debuted june revival title jet created captain america team captain flash feature year revival phantom lady published nature boy introduced march revival blue beetle previous year short lived beginning cartoon animal super heroes longer lived published continuously titles end golden age beginning silver age given title lasting years later named published england series published golden silver ages british captain marvel stories stopped publishing character adventures marvel comics sparked superhero revival publications marvel comics capitalized revived interest superhero storytelling sophisticated stories characterization contrast previous eras characters flawed self added momentum introduction team consisting company popular superhero characters publishing trend follower 1950s line note time called mentioned noticed titles published selling better book called sic composed team marvel editor recalled directed lee likewise produce superhero team book resulting fantastic guidance writer editor artists marvel began rise prominence innovation changed comic book industry fantastic initiated style human fears inner demons worried likes rent money contrast time revolution dynamic artwork lee colorful catchy prose new style popular college students identify angst nature characters men hulk time period social rise youth comic book readers silver age scientifically inclined previous generations comic books silver age explained superhero origins science opposed golden age commonly relied magic comics historian compares 1960s large hollywood studio argues having superhero decade suffering creative drought audience comics longer children sees 1960s marvel comic equivalent french new wave developing new methods storytelling drew retained readers teens older influencing comics writers artists future publishers american comics publishers discontinued horror comics comics code implemented sought new target audience harvey focus shifted children years age especially girls characters friendly ghost little dot company comics featured young girls defied stereotypes sent message acceptance different characters inspired number nostalgic movies ranges merchandise harvey comics period sought collectors market marvel titles publishers publishers comic books avoid signatories comics code found ways continue publishing horror themed comics addition types extensive line adapted literary classics likes alongside reprinted comic book versions children classics late 1950s 1960s published comics offered licensed series comic books numerous titles successor founded started label packaging content business partner continued licensed series movie adaptations comics starring characters comic strip properties popularity batman television publishers specialized forms began adding superhero titles lines new publishers sprang creative talent golden age harvey comics imprint released starring new characters bee man magic master published superhero versions gold key licensed versions live action animated superhero television shows continued adventures character gave established character secret superhero identity introduced characters nemesis magic man iconic teens acquired superhero identities comedic titles captain hero launched adventure line subsequently titled included fly jaguar golden age hero shield addition individual titles teamed group series mighty joined join characters titles stories blended typical superhero fare 1960s camp straightforward silver age publishers marvel offered short lived superhero line characters included captain question mercury man members superhero espionage group agents doctor solar man underground according new_york_times traditional comic book historians feel golden age deserves study noteworthy aspect advent underground comics commentator suggested reasons underground comics come considered legitimate art fact work artists truly embodies public believes true newspaper strips written drawn signed single person large number mainstream comics professionals wrote drew material silver age start american comic books work distinct historian describes raw paper published black white glossy color cover distributed head shops underground comics targeted adults reflected movement time end aftermath silver age comic books followed clearly defined number possibilities suggests ended april man started handed starring revived heroes era new guard team response reduced sales connects end silver age observes character embodied optimism era world weary days gone gone forever days confident certain young sure couldn mistake young changed older maybe lot happy writes silver age went comics scholar places end silver age june girlfriend killed story arc later dubbed night gwen died saying era innocence ended snap heard round comic book world startling snap bone heralded death gwen silver age historian disputes saying gwen death shocked readers tragedy makes strong symbolic ending theory gained adherents miniseries ended gwen death buying late new directions especially sword trend begun character conan monsters wake comics code allowing vampires like firm ground time dismisses end cent comic book went cents industry standard early noting cents cents bearing regard line comes fantastic regular run issue artist left join combines superman editor retiring according historian neo silver movement began superman happened man tomorrow backlash return silver age principles opinion comics generation rebels previous movement response crisis infinite attack silver age neo silver comics creators comics recognized sophisticated aspects legacy silver age marked decline prominence american comics genres horror romance teen animal humor popular superhero adventures late 1940s mid-1950s fans genres decline earlier era important feature period development character makeup young children girls targeted silver age certain publishers particular attracted group titles adult oriented underground comics began silver age critics historians argue characteristic science fiction aliens replaced magic gods argue magic important element golden age silver age characters golden age writers artists science fiction fans professional science fiction writers incorporated elements comic book stories science common explanation origin heroes silver age silver age coincided rise pop art artistic movement popular cultural artifacts advertising packaging source material fine gallery exhibited art best known pop art painters specifically chose individual panels comic books images modifying extent process including painting word thought balloons enlarged scale color dots imitating coloring process comic books exhibition comic strip art held books soon published contained discussions art comics nature medium january live action batman television debuted high ratings like pop art took comic book envisioned context different medium narration episode articulated words comic book fight scenes sound effects like appear visual effects screen spelled large cartoon letters circulation comic books general batman merchandise particular masked appeared television screen american winter appeared consist little live action animated cartoon comic book heroes living colour existing comic book publishers began creating superhero titles new publishers end 1960s faded best selling comic book united_states superhero series teen humor book artists author singles flash embodiment design era streamlined fins detroit sporting models notable artists era include artists changed comics industry dramatically late 1960s considered country greatest artists expressed cinematic approach times occasionally altered conventional panel based format commonplace decades adams breakthrough based layout rendering best known returning batman somber roots success batman television depictions anatomy faces gestures changed comics style way sees reflected modern graphic novels writer artists time use cinematic style storytelling credits marvel strongest creative forces late 1960s art owing large debt started details artwork agent beginning charge writing drawing fury adventures exaggerated spy stories introducing vortex beam lifts objects bomb explodes miniature electronic protected fury electricity ray machine molecular page story near mint copy appearance sold million unnamed collector march | Silver Age of Comic Books | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
4654_DeathofEdgarAllanPoe | death death october remained mysterious circumstances leading uncertain cause death disputed october found streets baltimore maryland great distress need immediate assistance according man found taken died sunday october coherent explain came condition extant information days life comes attending physician credibility questionable buried small funeral westminster hall burying ground remains moved new grave larger monument newer monument marks burial place wife virginia mother law maria theories caused death include suicide murder cholera victim evidence influence alcohol strongly disputed death wrote obituary pseudonym literary estate actually rival later published biography depicting drunk drug evidence image believed forged friends denounced interpretation lasting impact chronology september left richmond virginia way home new_york reliable evidence exists whereabouts week later october found streets baltimore outside referred gunner hall printer named sent letter requesting help acquaintance letter reads later claimed note said state original letter proves hand account describes appearance hair face vacant eyes clothing said included dirty shirt vest shoes worn fit attending physician gives detailed account appearance day stained faded old coat similar character pair worn shoes run heels old straw hat coherent long explain came condition believed clothes wearing wearing clothes character cared profit broadway street denied visitors confined prison like room barred windows section building reserved drunk people said repeatedly called night death able identify person referred possibility recalling encounter newspaper editor explorer inspired novel narrative arthur gordon possibility judges overseeing fourth ward polls ryan tavern met election day instead calling herring author uncle law baltimore named later avoided reference mentioned visit misses herring claimed attempted cheer times awake told patient soon enjoying company friends allegedly replied best thing friend blow brains pistol distressed state reference wife richmond thinking wife virginia alive referring recently proposed know happened trunk belongings left swan tavern richmond reported final words lord help poor soul dying october credibility visitors probably person author days credibility questioned repeatedly considered altogether years death story changed wrote topic claimed example immediately contacted aunt mother law let know death fact wrote requested november month event claimed said prepared draw breath arched heavens encompass god decree written created human demons goal waves blank despair editor published version story admitted imagine constructing sentences biographer attributes claim convention assigning pious words console accounts altered dates different points claimed brought hospital october october october day died clock afternoon published account claimed hospital records reference search hospital records century later specifically official death certificate found critics claim inconsistencies errors lapse memory innocent desire time wrote published account cause death medical records documents including death certificate lost existed precise cause death disputed theories exist biographers addressed issue reached different conclusions ranging assertion murder plot theory suggested death resulted suicide related depression nearly died readily available pain killer unclear true suicide attempt lead death year later convinced died alcoholism great deal idea supporter movement found useful example work writings topic proven contradicted stating account die effect claimed odor liquor breath person newspapers time reported death congestion brain cerebral deaths causes alcoholism study psychologist suggested characterization alcoholic disputed drinking companion time admitted engaged wild went innocent acknowledging speak truly believe severe alcohol drunk glass wine drank difficult periods life went months time alcohol adding confusion frequency use alcohol membership time death administered pledge wrote years later community reason believe violated pledge richmond suggestions drug proven reported admitted enemy trained doctor insisted drug user wrote habit knew physician man observation discovered frequent visits rooms visits house meetings saw signs believe charge numerous causes death proposed years including forms rare brain disease brain diabetes types doctor named examined believed heart disease later denied test sample hair provides evidence possibility lead poisoning mercury poisoning similar toxic heavy metal cholera suggested passed philadelphia early cholera epidemic got sick time city wrote letter aunt saying cholera bad found day election suggested early victim ballot box victims vote political party multiple locations standard explanation death biographies decades status baltimore recognizable worked recently analysis suggesting death resulted presented funeral funeral simple held monday october people attended ceremony uncle provided simple coffin cousin supplied wife funeral presided reverend cousin wife virginia attendance baltimore lawyer classmate cousin husband entire ceremony lasted minutes cold damp weather reverend decided bother sermon crowd small wrote weather dark day kind raw threatening buried cheap coffin lacked handles cloth lining head october received second funeral baltimore actors portrayed contemporaries long dead writers artists paid respects read adapted writings funeral included replica wax burial buried grounds burying ground baltimore death created controversy mystery originally buried rear corner churchyard near grandfather white italian marble paid cousin destroyed reached grave train monument yard kept instead marked sand stone block read southern poet visited grave published newspaper article describing poor condition suggesting appropriate monument teacher baltimore public schools took advantage renewed interest grave site personally funds students public performances raise money baltimore united_states contributed final came philadelphia publisher philanthropist new monument designed architect built colonel included artist men baltimore total cost monument amounted slightly dollars october new location close church celebration held dedication new tomb november original burial spot marked large stone donated originally placed wrong spot attendees included gave speech called cousin best hearted men lived leading poets invited ceremony attend contributed poem read ceremony probably unknown crew graves previously facing east turned face crew digging remains difficulty finding right body year old maryland correctly located opened coffin witness noted skull excellent condition shape forehead striking features easily years later remains wife virginia moved spot cemetery lay destroyed claim remains early biographer gathered bones stored box hid bed virginia remains finally buried husband january anniversary husband birth nearly years present monument erected man served original burial attended rites brought body rest virginia virginia mother posthumous character assassination october day burial obituary appeared signed obituary alternated praising dead author abilities temperament ambition said literary art lost brilliant erratic stars claimed known walking streets claimed excessively arrogant assumed men villains quick anger later revealed colleague acquaintance alive engaged character assassination characterization obituary lifted fictitious obituary quickly standard characterization claimed asked literary served agent american authors unclear appointed trick mistake aunt mother law maria presented collaboration collection work included biographical article titled memoir author depicted drunk drug parts believed fabricated denounced known including account popularly accepted biography available widely reprinted remained popular readers assumed similar fictional characters thrilled thought reading works evil man accurate biography appear historians continued use depiction model biographies including tale alcohol drugs presented evidence forged written number letters included memoir author depiction entrenched mind public america world distorted image legend despite attempts | Death of Edgar Allan Poe | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
5892_InspirationsforJamesBond | inspirations james_bond number real life inspirations suggested james_bond fictional character created british author journalist officer bond appeared novels short stories number continuation novels films seven actors playing role bond stories characters fictional number elements real life background taken people knew events aware included spy took american james_bond code number referred breaking world war german diplomatic code aspects bond character tastes replicate origins morning february started writing book estate jamaica words morning directly experiences imagination finished work manuscript month completing march took character american james_bond caribbean bird expert author definitive field guide birds west indies keen copy bond guide later explained wife struck brief masculine needed second james_bond born occasion said wanted simplest sounding find better interesting like exotic things happen neutral figure anonymous blunt instrument government department met wife described charming couple joke referred film die day bond picking copy birds west indies posing character inspirations second world war personal assistant director admiral reached rank commander rank subsequently gave fictional creation special operations unit 30th bond tastes traits including sharing golf handicap taste eggs brand bond tastes taken behaviour bond love golf gambling creator experiences espionage career aspects life inspiration writing including names school friends acquaintances relatives lovers books bond cigarettes buying custom 1930s added gold bands filter war mirror naval commander rank average bond cigarettes day cut day visit health farm smoked eighty cigarettes day apart bond tastes based fictional creation number individuals came time intelligence admitting bond compound secret agents commando types met war literary inspirations real life individuals james_bond inspired characters secret agent based late friend inspiration number assigned james_bond influenced number sources films novels prefix indicates bond licence kill executing duties bond number assigned reference british naval intelligence key achievements world war breaking german diplomatic code german documents cracked read british telegram coded factors led entering war subsequently material graded meant highly classified journalist pointed intelligence history highest achievement british military intelligence | Inspirations for James Bond | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
7213_Villanelle | known nineteen line poetic form consisting followed repeating rhymes line repeated alternately stanza includes repeated lines example fixed verse form word derives latin italian related initial subject form pastoral form started simple ballad like song fixed form fixed quality come later poem point evolution fixed form present day debated despite french origins majority written english trend began late nineteenth century noted form frequently treats subject appeals outsiders defining feature repetition prevents having conventional tone etymology word derives italian referring song dance comes meaning peasant derives medieval latin meaning etymology word relates fact form initial distinguishing feature pastoral subject history originated simple ballad like song imitation peasant songs oral tradition fixed poetic form poems pastoral subject matter contained prior nineteenth century term simply meant country song particular form implied meaning retains vocabulary early music according refrain stanza indicates form descended choral dance song vocal frequently female semi improvised unique lyrics stanza ring dancers female male female mixed repetitive words refrain danced circle fixed form containing nineteen line dual refrain derives poem published suggests standard based definitions form poem conclusion refuted kane argues instead additions fixed form followed century later poet creation parody lead think antique form despite classification origin french poetic form far majority written english subsequent publication treatise form england english practitioners theirs works published chants royal selected contained thirty english language composed nineteen poets associated formal 1890s movement england novel portrait artist young man includes written protagonist revived seriously 1930s contemporaries friends picked form gentle good night renowned wrote 1950s 1960s wrote particularly famous influential art reached unprecedented level popularity 1980s 1990s rise new contemporary poets written varied form innovative ways anthology devote section entitled variations innovations form consists lines followed single stanza lines total nineteen lines structured repeating rhymes line stanza serves line second fourth line stanza serves line fifth rhyme refrain pattern letters indicate rhyme sounds upper case indicates refrain indicate pattern set gentle good night established meter 19th century 20th century slight alteration refrain line effect reference form repetition lines suggests properly deal degree obsession citing mad girl love song examples notes possibility form evoke relationship repeated lines feeling repetition lines considered prevent possessing conventional tone instead closer form song lyric poetry form appeal outsiders cause consider having playful suits ironic pain spite light verse instance relationship form content notes introduction poem middle way point use strict form help concentrate technical difficulties mastering form allow content poem unconscious release introduction form entitled missing dates suggests rigid form nonetheless long poem sea mirror sound absolutely natural like innocent girl talking examples gentle good night probably best known english waking love song art tell poem house hill published globe september written protagonist novel portrait artist young man subject critical analyses hate song giants performed howard june | Villanelle | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
8884_Fu(poetry) | poetry chinese variously translated poetic exposition form chinese prose dominant literary form han dynasty pieces poetry prose place object feeling subject described detail angles possible classical composers attempted use wide vocabulary included great numbers rare archaic terms compositions poems employ alternating rhyme prose varying line length close loose extensive topics unlike songs verses meant recited aloud sung genre came 3rd 2nd centuries continued regularly song dynasty grand praises imperial courts palaces cities write things place object feeling detail largest collections historical book han han new songs official histories counterpart similar form genre western literature large twentieth century poetry harshly criticized chinese scholars excessively ornate lacking real emotion ambiguous moral messages historical associations scholarship poetry china ceased entirely end cultural revolution study gradually returned previous level history origins term applied chinese literature appears dynasty meant present poetic literary devices traditionally assigned songs course late 1st millennium poetic author composer created comprehensive exposition performed han dynasty historian monograph arts letters defined singing poetry viewed descendant verses songs combined states golden age 2nd century greatest composers southwestern area modern province chapter containing series earliest known earliest preserved definitely owl composed surviving writings mention earlier wrote exile modeled encountering sorrow survived present han dynasty surviving han poetry survives dynasty sources quotations embedded works western han achieved greatest prominence early han dynasty owl written composed following year exile uses style songs verses owl earliest known unusual author extended use philosophical reflection situation life emperor han ascended throne year reign considered golden age grand chinese pinyin emperor summoned famous writers imperial court composed presented entire court earliest grand emperor reign seven seven acts states style travelling tries cure prince illness caused sensual pleasures pushing senses limits descriptions authors golden age grand composition generally considered greatest native traditionally said summoned imperial court emperor happened personally read sir certainly story added later arriving capital expanded sir imperial park generally considered famous work original title probably excursion hunt son heaven grand celebration emperor personal hunting park east famed rich number rare difficult words characters survival chinese scholar early 4th century imperial park ancient terminology grand western han dynasty read recited celebrations pure poetic delight pieces chinese literature fuse entertainment moral single works reign emperor court culture began criticized having placed emphasis language having missed opportunities encourage moral restraint prominent critic grand great writer han dynasty youth yang admirer later came grand yang believed original purpose indirectly extended arguments complex vocabulary grand caused readers marvel aesthetic beauty missing moral messages yang early han dynasty like saying poetry provided moral standards han poets led excess known masters han dynasty yang generally known focus readers listeners uphold moral values eastern han famous writers eastern han period large corpus writings significant number poems written shorter style typical post han earliest known hot springs describes hot springs modern famously later favorite dynasty considered masterpiece spent years gathering material response earlier poetic comparison capitals han dynasty highly satirical aspects period including emperor piece contains long passages describing life capitals great detail including entertainment areas like prolific writer addition mathematical astronomical musical interests summoned perform chinese imperial court ill shortly arriving returned home composed poetic record journey journey known journey cites examples rulers officials chinese history criticizes capital similar crimes number writers late 2nd early 3rd centuries considered great poets noted descriptions chaos destruction following collapse han dynasty lived refugee following assassination wrote famous entitled climbing tower describes climbing tower near direction home poets subjects descriptive poems symbolize uses scholar talents inability control tongue results captivity kingdoms period court sons famous literary salon number poems court survived modern times period remained major contemporary poetry poetry gradually increasing popularity generally shorter extravagant han dynasty likely tradition composing works entirely parallel arose period lyrical things different forms han dynasty 2nd century distinction disappeared extravagant style han disappeared things continued widely written best known poets entire period second contrast older contemporary known difficult language dense allusions frequent poetry greatest dwelling mountains han style grand describing personal estate style famous imperial park like classical han poem uses large number obscure rare characters dwelling mountains unique included poem poem nearly dynasty continued popular form literature began merge popular seven poetry forms completely eclipsed dynasty pieces dwelling suburbs homage dwelling mountains followed traditional forms subjects classical increasing number lotus picking later emperor short lyrical mixes freely popular lyric poetry portrayed southern china romantic land pleasure lotus picking activity traditionally associated peasant women early 5th century popular topic poetry generally considered great poet chinese history like born south forced relocate northern china south defeat spent rest career writing loss south loss entire culture way life famous piece south describes life experiences context larger context destruction south culture song genre changed rapidly dynasty early new form called regulated supplanted original form regulated strict rules form expression required use consistent rhymes piece additionally rules created govern arrangement tones poem introduction buddhist texts written sanskrit stimulated chinese study language identification tones middle chinese beginning dynasty regulated required composition sections imperial examinations writers added new topics traditional subjects purely moral topics scenes chinese antiquity parallel variant developed compositions poet poem palace laid foundation new form called prose prose freely form dominant form late song dynasty 9th 10th centuries traditional mainly historical pursuits largely read copied inclusion imperial examinations topics things emperor greatly expanded china territory northern vietnam series military campaigns invasions expansion progressed large number foreign plants animals goods brought imperial capital han dynasty court officials poets composed special called things new unusual things described extensively things major genre poetry cover vast number instruments objects phenomena famous female poets chinese history wrote known reign emperor han entitled great bird believed description brought han court scholar wrote known ancient board games chinese believed actually invented departed west china chess earliest known descriptions game han dynasty librarian best known received version verses wrote object description early 2nd century earliest known poetic description fruit literary salon court produced number notable things group poets known period composed version period presented large unusual quality men composed occasion object description court bowl bowl shell like substance near india known western regions poet known history chinese cuisine description wide variety based foods including steamed traditional chinese foods modern times western poet paper known early description writing paper invented years earlier protest legacy associated use form protest theme loyal minister exiled ruler power court receiving promotion respect truly deserves verses works attributed earliest known works tradition ancestral incorporation political criticism theme poetry theme exile related development poetry poetry thematically based exile poet directly use persona friend historical figure safer course case poet official punished blatant criticism current emperor han dynasty development idea incorporate political criticism developed historian author book han refers literary example use theme loyal minister exiled receiving promotion respect truly deserves puts han easily classified limited number types types feature common exception interpreted voicing criticism ruler ruler behavior certain political acts plans ruler court officials ruler favorites generally lack discrimination employment officials examples positive tone recommend authors peers employment contain specific political suggestions short political addition deal relationship ruler officials seen context discussion style point actual evolutionary path point main purpose political social criticism poetic fantastic descriptions rhetoric reduced restraint criticism key constrained subtle indirect occasional mode collections pieces comprise main category selections refined literature early chinese literary anthology extant selections collects known pieces early han dynasty compilation 6th century dynasty traditional source studying classical late 17th early 18th centuries reign scholar compiled collection known extant day publishing collection collection ages collection total contains | Fu (poetry) | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
8979_Comics | comics comics medium express ideas images combined text visual information comics frequently takes form sequences panels images devices speech balloons indicate dialogue narration sound effects information size arrangement panels contribute narrative pacing similar forms illustration common image making means comics form uses photographic images common forms comics include comic strips editorial gag cartoons comic books late 20th century bound volumes graphic novels comic albums increasingly common online 21st century history comics followed different paths different cultures scholars pre history far cave paintings mid-20th century comics flourished particularly united_states western europe especially france belgium japan history european comics traced cartoon strips 1830s popular following success 1930s strips books american comics emerged mass medium early 20th century advent newspaper comic strips magazine style comic books followed 1930s superhero genre prominent superman appeared histories japanese comics manga propose origins early 12th century modern comic strips emerged japan early 20th century output comics magazines books rapidly expanded post world war era popularity comics reputation history end 20th century began find greater acceptance public english term comics singular refers medium referring particular instances individual strips comic books term derives humorous comic work early american newspaper comic strips standard non humorous works common english refer comics different cultures terms original languages manga japanese comics french language comics consensus historians definition comics emphasize combination images text image relations historical aspects mass reproduction use recurring characters increasing cross concepts different comics cultures eras definition difficult origins traditions examples early comics european american japanese comics traditions followed different paths europeans seen tradition beginning swiss early americans seen origin theirs 1890s newspaper strip americans come recognize precedence japan long satirical cartoons comics leading world war era artist popularized japanese term comics manga early 19th century post war era modern japanese comics began flourish produced prolific body work close 20th century traditions trend book length comics comic album europe japan graphic novel english speaking countries outside comics historians seen comics cave paintings france appear chronological sequences images egyptian rome 11th century 15th century block books judgment chapel 17th century english language comics illustrated humour periodicals popular 19th century britain earliest short lived glasgow looking glass popular punch popularized term cartoon humorous occasion cartoons magazines appeared sequences character featured earliest serialized comic strip character began feature weekly magazine american comics developed magazines judge life success illustrated humour later particularly yellow kid led development newspaper comic strips early sunday strips page colour experimented movement speech balloons shorter black white daily strips began appear early 20th century established newspapers success jeff humour strips 1920s 1930s strips continuing stories genres adventure drama popular thin periodicals called comic books appeared 1930s newspaper comic strips end decade original content began dominate success action comics lead hero superman marked beginning golden age comic books superhero genre prominent popularity superhero comic books declined following world war comic book sales continued increase genres romance crime horror humour following sales peak early 1950s content comic books particularly crime horror subjected scrutiny parent groups government agencies culminated senate hearings led establishment self body code blamed growth american comics maintaining low status american society remainder century established prominent comic book genre early 1960s underground challenged code readers adult content late 1960s early 1970s underground gave birth alternative comics movement 1980s mature experimental content non superhero genres comics reputation stemming roots mass culture cultural saw popular culture threatening culture society half 20th century popular culture won greater acceptance lines high low culture began comics continued medium seen entertainment children graphic novel book length comics began gain attention popularized term book contract god term widely known public commercial success dark knight returns mid-1980s 21st century graphic novels established mainstream libraries common franco belgian european comics swiss produced comic strips beginning published theories form cartoons appeared widely newspapers magazines 19th century success popularized use speech balloons european comics comics began dominate signature clear line style serialized newspaper comics beginning icon comics following success dedicated comics magazines colour comic albums primary outlet comics mid-20th century time comics seen threat culture literacy commentators stated bear analysis comics sabotage art literature 1960s term drawn strips came wide use french denote medium began creating comics mature audiences term ninth art coined comics began attract public academic attention group including founded magazine artists greater freedom work appeared went best selling french language comics series satirical taboo breaking defied censorship laws spirit led events frustration censorship editorial interference led group found adults des adult oriented experimental comics flourished 1970s experimental science fiction mainstream publishers took publishing prestige format adult comics 1980s mainstream common number comics magazines decreased comics began published directly albums smaller publishers published longer works non traditional formats creators common 1990s resulted fewer large publishers smaller publishers sales overall continued grow despite trend print market japanese comics japanese comics manga history seen far anthropomorphic characters 12th century 17th century picture books prints popular 17th 20th centuries contained examples images movement lines sound effects illustrated magazines western introduced western style satirical cartoons japan late 19th century new publications western japanese styles popular end 1890s american style newspaper comics began appear japan american comic strips saw debut manga newspaper use word manga modern sense began modern japanese comic strip 1930s comic strips serialized large circulation monthly girls boys magazine collected volumes modern era comics japan began world war propelled success serialized comics prolific comic strip san genres audiences following decades stories usually serialized magazines hundreds pages thick contain dozen stories later compiled format books turn 20th 21st centuries nearly quarter printed material japan comics translations extremely popular foreign markets cases surpassing sales domestic comics forms formats comic strips generally short comics traditionally commonly appeared newspapers daily strips normally occupied single tier sunday strips given multiple tiers early 20th century daily strips typically black white sundays usually colour occupied page specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly different cultures comic books primarily american format thin periodicals usually published colour european japanese comics frequently serialized magazines monthly weekly europe usually black white weekly japan japanese comics magazine typically run hundreds pages book length comics different forms different cultures european comic albums commonly printed size colour volumes english speaking countries bound volumes comics called graphic novels available formats despite incorporating term novel term normally associated fiction graphic novel refers non fiction collections short works japanese comics collected volumes called following magazine gag editorial cartoons usually consist single panel incorporating speech balloon definitions comics emphasize sequence usually exclude gag editorial single panel cartoons included definitions emphasize combination word image gag cartoons began published europe 18th 19th centuries term cartoon describe british humour magazine punch comics available internet able reach large audiences new readers usually access archived installments use infinite canvas meaning constrained size dimensions page consider novels comics film studios especially animation use sequences images guides film sequences intended end product rarely seen public novels books use sequences images deliver narrative comics studies similar problems defining literature film consensus reached definition comics medium attempted definitions descriptions fallen prey numerous exceptions emphasize combination text images prominent examples comics history critics emphasized sequences images close 20th century different cultures discoveries comics traditions forgotten early comics forms rise new forms defining comics complicated task european comics studies began theories work 1840s emphasized panel transitions visual verbal combination progress 1970s took approach study comics analyzing text image relations page level image relations image later dubbed closure introduced term refer comics page unit 1990s turned attention artists creative choices held views definition comics medium taken equally valid forms history morgan sees comics les drawn french theory come special attention page distinction american theories focus panel panel transitions begun analyzing comics understood tools science extending theory actual psychological experiments work argued images page use separate rule bound understood extend panel panel transitions types brain comics similar domains language music historical narratives manga tend focus recent post history attempts demonstrates deep roots past picture 12th 13th centuries early 19th century historical overview japanese comics early post war japanese criticism left wing political nature publication modern manga emphasized politics favour formal aspects structure grammar comics field manga studies increased rapidly numerous books subject appearing 1990s formal theories manga focused developing manga expression theory emphasis spatial relationships structure images page distinguishing medium film literature flow time basic organizing element comics studies courses japanese universities cartoon comics established promote comics scholarship publication manga manga world japanese comics led spread use word manga outside japan mean japanese comics japanese style comics attempted comprehensive history american comics comics comics understanding comics early attempts english study comics length treatment comics philosophical perspective prominent american attempts definitions comics include harvey described called art arrangement pictures images words story idea defined comics images deliberate sequence intended convey information produce aesthetic response viewer strictly formal definition detached comics historical cultural defined comics narratives words picture area speech balloons usually contribute meaning pictures vice versa definition detractors harvey saw definition excluding single panel cartoons objected emphasizing verbal elements insisting essential characteristic comics incorporation verbal content aaron saw theories artificial attempt place comics art history cross cultural study comics complicated great difference meaning scope words comics different languages french term comics drawn strip emphasizes drawn images defining factor imply exclusion photographic comics term manga japanese indicate forms comics caricature terminology term comics refers comics medium takes singular comics medium comics medium comic appears refers instances medium individual comic strips comic books tom comics basement panels individual images containing segment action surrounded border prime moments narrative broken panels process called reader puts pieces process closure background knowledge understanding panel relations combine panels mentally events size shape arrangement panels affect timing pacing narrative contents panel events depicted image necessarily occurring time text frequently incorporated comics speech balloons sound effects speech balloons indicate dialogue thought case thought balloons tails pointing respective speakers voice narrator convey characters dialogue thoughts indicate place time speech balloons strongly associated comics addition image sufficient turn image comics sound effects mimic non vocal sounds sound words frequently making comics traditionally ink especially india ink dip ink mixed media digital technology common techniques motion lines abstract symbols employed comics work single creator labour making frequently divided number specialists separate writers artists artists parts artwork characters backgrounds common japan particularly american superhero comic books art divided lays artwork pencil finishes artwork ink adds speech balloons etymology english term comics derives humorous comic work early american newspaper comic strips usage term standard non humorous works term comic book similarly confusing history humorous regular books periodicals common english refer comics different cultures terms original languages manga japanese comics french language comics cultures taken words comics english including russian russian german comic similarly chinese term korean derive chinese characters japanese term manga written books academic journals web | Comics | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
9723_LatinAmericanBoom | latin american boom latin american boom literature poetry criticism latin_america 1960s 1970s writers region explored new ideas came international renown way happened previously major figures boom include background 1960s 1970s decades political turmoil latin_america political diplomatic climate strongly influenced dynamics cold war climate formed background work writers latin american boom defined context radical ideas operate cuban revolution subsequent usa attempt seen start period cuba vulnerability led closer ties ussr resulting cuban missile crisis ussr came dangerously close nuclear war 1960s 1970s military authoritarian regimes ruled argentina brazil chile peru example september elected president overthrown chile replaced general rule end 1980s chile infamous human rights abuses torture techniques argentina 1970s brought dirty war notorious human rights violations argentine citizens governments supported terms eliminating political opponents bodies called period saw major changes way history literature approached terms interpretation writing produced change self perception spanish american development cities coming age large middle class cuban revolution increase communication countries latin_america greater importance mass media greater attention latin_america europe united_states contributed change important political events period cuban revolution chilean coup état fall argentina protracted violent struggle urban brutally argentina violence colombia affected writers generated explanations provided background work greater attention paid spanish american international success 1960s phenomenon called boom affected writers readers period mainly brought writers focused attention world triumph cuban revolution promised new age period considered closed cuban government hardened party line poet forced reject public document called views case brought end affinity spanish american intellectuals cuban inspirational myth affair thought signalled beginning end boom significant sense boom ended writers associated boom continued publish books read audiences far larger enjoyed latin american writers prior boom books writers widely distributed translated major european asian languages greater extent significant writers literary influences rise latin american literature began writings modernist departures european literary canon european modernist writers like influenced writers boom latin american writers movement argues writers true boom writing innovative challenging novels conventionally thought main latin american inspirations mid-20th century movement spanish american tolerated marginal literary landscape paris new_york representing center literary world celebrated central figures publishing phenomenon boom introduced series novel aesthetic stylistic features world literature general considering countries hundreds important authors start period realism novels tinged rounded characters straightforward narrative line 1960s language gets hip pop characters complex chronology intricate making reader active participant text late period political adventure goes sour linguistic reaches new height turn reflection writing fiction fiction characters story lines power society equally available insignificant success boom work previous generation writers gained access new expanded public include origins critics agree boom started time 1960s disagreement work considered boom novel start spanish prefer time hero los spanish won considers inaugural work boom notes published far novel variation articulated story boom start published started starting points movements 1920s writers boom declared orphaned model caught admiration european writers need spanish american voice rejected respected spanish american writers major representatives boom claimed orphan literary generation latin american father influence owe stylistic innovation writes refusal identified rural narratives boom novels essentially modernist novels treat time use perspective narrative voice feature great number new words phrases pope writes reference style boom relied different points view time progress questionable technically complex self assured vernacular notable characteristics boom include treatment rural urban settings emphasis historical political questioning regional national identity awareness worldwide economic ideological issues boom literature breaks barriers mundane transforming mixture new reality boom writers closely associated use magical realism credited bringing vogue publishing years magical realism ends literature writes magical realism key aesthetic mode recent latin american fiction latin american history reveals incapable accounting origin traditionally represents demand myth means explain beginnings escape history narrative writings indies depicted exotic new world accounts conquering strange new lands accepted history stories helped bring new aesthetic magical realism conceived realism real according aesthetic things treated realistic mundane mundane things plots based real experiences incorporate strange fantastic legendary elements mythical peoples speculative settings characters plausible combine true imaginary way difficult separate historical fiction interest history characteristic novels boom period dictator novel historical figures events portrayed way connections contemporary events latin_america doubted example supreme depicts 19th century dictatorship published height regime writes boom sophisticated grasp genre ability depict parallel alternative history actively participated cultural political debates region questioned meaning worth history major representatives included boom widely debated settled hand writers exerted wide undisputed influence names writers added list following omitted born belgium parents lived switzerland moving buenos_aires age like boom writers grew question politics country public opposition caused leave position ultimately led exile moved france spent professional life french citizen like publicly supported cuban government leftist chilean president left wing movements like nicaragua fiction political elements generally muted absent publication explicitly political novel influenced radically experimental boom authors important work propelled international recognition highly experimental novel consists chapters read multiple orders according reader works include short story collections final del las los wrote novels los day eighty worlds died paris france born november began publish 1950s son mexican diplomat lived cities buenos_aires rio_de_janeiro washington experiences anti mexican discrimination united_states led examine mexican culture closely novel death spanish employs innovative changes narrative point view describes life mexican revolutionary deathbed important works include air clear wrote important novels period critic publicist founded journal introduced latin americans works european ideas published important critical work held position professor latin american literature columbia_university harvard recently associated said called boom reality result centuries reached moment urgency fiction way organize lessons past died undoubtedly internationally renowned boom writers started journalist written acclaimed non fiction short stories earliest published writings short stories appeared newspaper 1940s best known novels years autumn patriarch writes colonel work love achieved significant critical acclaim widespread commercial success notably introducing labeled magical realism literary world experimented traditional approaches reality unusual things told expression commonly cited example physical spiritual ascending heaven character hanging laundry dry years considered significant authors 20th century attested winning nobel prize literature died april novelist short story writer playwright journalist literary political critic attended subsequently attained doctorate latin american literature spain fact thesis shot fame novel time hero scathing indictment cruelty corruption military academy society wrote epic conversation cathedral captain novels returned following resignation president won election beating awarded nobel prize literature important living representative boom figures writers associated boom author books novel acknowledged master incorporated writer social concern verbal experimentation unique style wrote considered novel boom highly experimental supreme compared highly regarded works fictional history come south_america argentine central figure publishing world cuban novelist widely known english language publishing world regarded major figure basis major novel chilean writer boom book personal del boom mentions writers associated movement examples began writing novels 1930s brazil venezuela argentina publishing latin american boom publishing played crucial role advent boom major publishing houses based havana mexico_city buenos_aires responsible publishing boom novels cities strong centers cultural innovation chile presided criticism older generation quietly superseded writers large national readership cuba lively cultural center group colombia rural novels displaced followed mexico continues tradition strong regional writers diverse schools writing popular refined writer better known mexico abroad noted period saw publishing boom novels barcelona reflecting new interest spanish publishing houses spanish american market notes revenue generated publishing novels gave boost spanish economy works subjected franco published novels include time hero captain betrayed crucial figure promotion latin american literature spain super agent referred big mama latin american novel critique common criticism boom experimental tendency study writes critical boom writers like view represent privileged class access universal culture utterly average people latin_america article break boom philip critique new novel boom novel essentially reaction perceived conventional realism formal experiments innovations modern fiction standardized features modern writing leading form set stereotypes replaced criticized boom emphasis fact movement representatives male treatment female characters novels boom fiction emphasis history fantastic subject criticism claimed removed realities latin american political situations criticized impact boom immediate impact changed way latin american culture viewed world commercial success boom writers effect rock star status latin_america course translation played major role success boom writers gave larger audience authors continued produce best sellers decades addition boom opened door new latin american writers terms international scene testimony boom global impact fact coming international writers look likes 1980s common speak writers born 1940s 1950s 1960s post boom spanish language writer greatest impact world literature difficult clearly writers active end boom writers like said belong movements novel bird night considered notes classics boom later work fits comfortably considered writers works transition boom important note fact major writers continued writing end boom distinct boom respects notably presence female authors active writers case boom period considered product boom identifies writers writers challenge perceived boom simpler style going realism | Latin American Boom | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
15090_TheMagicalWorldsofHarryPotter | magical worlds harry potter treasury myths legends guide fictional universe written explores references history legends literature novels conceived idea magical worlds harry potter nephew mythological references novels later wrote book teaching self publishing graduate students book published march approval received positive reviews critics updated version published content magical worlds explores references history legends literature novels author book told harry potter novels literary treasure hunts readers like funny sounding names places fantasy basis history myth legend added thinks able turn elements concluded couple times generation writer gets exactly right makes pages long book features chapters writes connections novels folklore greek mythology cultures example explains got character latin word dragon connections folklore find fascinating evil wizard family named latin word evil medieval times describe addition chapter book explains origins names spells featured harry potter series example spell opponent comes latin words mean drive weapon explains introduction book reasons enjoys reading references hides novels comments believes inserted books encourage readers learn mythology folklore said somebody asked chat source featured books said look little investigation good person background received idea magical worlds harry potter summer young nephew spent vacation home north_carolina half children vacation noticed excitement novel fire released nephew received book read remainder vacation historian head writer television wants millionaire interested books bought novel series philosopher stone story reading began notice mythological references book commented laughed loud came headed dog instantly knew reference beast believed guarded gates underworld inspired continued search book references noticed characters names based personality magic creature reference mythology folklore excited discoveries began nephew references featured books started asking knew based revealing answer gave blank soon children thought cool hero harry encountering creatures mythology felt knowing origins character creatures increased books magic harry potter universe feeling wanted share spent year researching references novels collected discoveries magical world publication reception wrote magical worlds harry potter teaching self publishing graduate students self published march hired company care accounting marketing promotion selling met book approved owner film rights harry potter novels given permission publish long noted cover approved book met positive reactions critics new zealand herald commented interesting light smart kids truly curious happy occupied time sacramento bee positive saying comes smart fun begging game great way spend time harry waiting novel times said book gently draws children works reference glorious tribute work despite book having approved suspected definitely approve wonderfully researched book traces characters creatures terms book classic literature ancient history added book fun dip reading potter stories illustrates clever pieces literature magical worlds harry potter praised teaching children literature history commented grown ups like book shakespeare addition said parents actually appreciate book realize children receiving subtle history lessons read books actually enjoying sunday noted understanding derivatives language actual french vocabulary children following success magical worlds harry potter released book magical worlds lord rings amazing myths legends facts masterpiece guide lord rings novels late updated version published film prisoner released wrote published magical worlds guide fictional universe | The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
19057_LGBTthemesincomics | lgbt themes comics lgbt themes comics relatively new concept lesbian gay bisexual lgbt themes characters historically omitted intentionally content comic books comic strip predecessors censorship perception comics children mention homosexuality mainstream united_states comics forbidden earlier attempts exploring issues took form subtle hints character sexual orientation lgbt themes tackled earlier underground early 1970s onward independently published comic books series produced gay creators featuring autobiographical storylines tackled political issues interest lgbt readers 1990s lgbt themes common mainstream comics including number titles gay character star european comics inclusive earlier date lack censorship greater acceptance comics medium adult entertainment led controversy representation lgbt characters popular japanese manga tradition included genres girls comics feature homosexual relationships 1970s form works extremely romantic include characters identify gay lesbian japanese gay boom 1990s body manga creators aimed lgbt customers established including manga gay men aimed realistic autobiographical themes pornographic manga includes depictions people noted lgbt characters mainstream comic books usually shown society alternative comics diversity lgbt culture emphasized comic strips dealt wide distribution newspapers limiting inclusion controversial material openly gay characters appeared prominent strips late 1970s representation lgbt issues titles causes reaction praise condemnation present day comic strips aimed lgbt audiences syndicated lesbian targeted magazines comics created educate people lgbt related issues influence real world politics format distribution allowing transmit messages subtle complex positive typical education material portrayal lgbt themes comics recognized notable awards including outstanding comic book comic strip comic strips early comic strips avoided overt treatment gay issues examples homosexual identified edition terry pirates features primary villain interpreted lesbian designs hero girlfriend widely distributed comic strip tackle lgbt themes include gay character strip introduced character diagnosis hiv aids related death representation issue comic strips storyline led pulitzer prize nomination newspapers carrying strip refused publish bad taste years later long standing character revealed gay continuing reputation controversial content liberal continues feature strip focus relationship politically conservative partner chase including marriage separation july installment strip main characters staying run gay couple better worse explored coming character provoked vigorous reaction conservative groups readers opposed homosexuality threatened cancel newspaper received hate mail death threats family newspapers ran replacement strips canceled comic result storyline jury selected nominated finalist pulitzer prize editorial pulitzer board said strip depicted youth disclosure homosexuality effect family friends subsequent appearances character focused sexuality creator said continue widely circulated strips lgbt characters remained supporting figures 21st century including featuring occasional appearances gay characters conservative strip occasionally approached gay issues critical perspective storylines described insulting lgbt people openly gay lesbian comic creators self publish work online giving greater editorial freedom strips printed collections example kyle bed breakfast series focusing group gay friends live face realistic problems associated including relationship troubles late 1980s specifically gay publications included comic strips lgbt themes local lgbt newspapers carry strips like new_orleans paper impact strips including larry syndicated national gay magazines like advocate best known longest running lgbt comic strips watch written dubbed elder lgbt comics watch known social political commentary depictions characters walks life graphic memoir family lauded media outlets best books year noted lgbt themed comic strips included boys social life green adapted live action feature film underground alternative comics lgbt themes found underground alternative comics published small independent presses self published comics frequently advocated political positions included depictions sex usually intended solely cause included exploration themes including gender sexuality captain pirates featured explicit sexual homosexual acts instrumental making underground approach taboo subjects gay characters rarely featured underground comics usually comic instalment stands attacking sex manual wanted know sex afraid ask featuring explicit mutual gay sex acts promoting eventually comics appeared aimed gay audience documented example widely circulated underground gay comic produced issues mid-1970s struggled find audience notable publications included created featured work gay lesbian artists close ties gay liberation movement early content autobiographical diverse themes explored later editions autobiographical themes included falling love coming repression sex served source information non mainstream lgbt themed comics events artists producing work included creator lesbian book come created lesbian underground serial comic book character tackled issues homosexuality regular basis issue venue comic strip featuring lesbian called sandy comes excerpts included anthology earliest histories subject anthology gay male comics sequels collect works range artists work gay cartoonist note appeared series including works stylized pornography contents generally explicit mainstream oriented tom finland prolific artist specializing images men exaggerated primary secondary sex traits extreme large drawings frequently feature men immediately preceding explicit sexual activity described important gay cartoonist work explores pop gay culture lgbt themed work adults addition featured syndicated publications raw village_voice creators comics medium educate readers lgbt related issues including safe sex examples strip aids influence real world politics british comics book artists rampant government produced british american canadian artists response law promoting homosexuality illegal british government comic book format humour described giving works positive message typical education material comic strip style educational material aids dates chart french magazine liberation simple figures explain unsafe practices fiction comics produced specifically foster aids prevention include widely distributed french language created prevention series aimed young audience humour subject hiv status indicated little green monster graphic novel latin american writer based hiv activist educator published aids novel narrated english spanish commenting themes gender identity sexual experiences hiv aids awareness life highlighted graphic novel particularly transition political uprising cuba vibrant lgbt community san_francisco hiv aids epidemic work commenting hiv aids prevention collaborated educational comics criticised ignoring special relevance subject lgbt community homosexuality favour depicting hiv threat conventional relationships blamed continuing perception comics young people targeting specific groups failing provide characters lgbt young people identify educational comic books exclude explicit reference homosexuality drug taking prostitution spite target audience older mainstream american comic books mainstream comics historically excluded gay characters superhero comics particular publishing houses marvel largest publishers genre criticized lack characters likewise represented common storyline superhero having sex changed magical technological means regarded oblique reference issues british comics author said included characters works response lack realistic representation people comics theory analyses noted lgbt characters mainstream comic books shown society alternative comics diversity lgbt culture forefront mainstream comics labelled comparison alternative comics censorship criticism 20th century creators strongly discouraged depicting gay relationships comic books regarded medium children imposed facto censorship comics sold united_states forbade suggestion homosexuality lgbt characters excluded comics bearing seal came response innocent comic book creators accused attempting negatively influence children images violence sexuality including homosexuality claimed strength independence lesbian stated batman type story stimulate children homosexual fantasies subsequently drop subtle hints stating directly character orientation overt gay lesbian themes found later underground alternative titles carry seal approval recent years number lgbt characters mainstream superhero comics increased greatly gay characters appeared supporting roles roles increasingly prominent trend prompted praise lgbt community organizations like criticism conservative groups critics accusations comics attempting readers gay lifestyle trying lure young american boys web homosexuality aids encyclopedia cultures notes gay found publications early golden age comic books readers homosexuality sex women introduction mystery theatre discusses case replacement sandy golden boy serial batman relationship robin famously come scrutiny spite majority creators associated character denying character gay psychologist innocent asserted batman stories psychologically homosexual claimed find subtle atmosphere adventures mature batman young friend robin claimed batman interesting gay audiences fictional characters attacked grounds presumed homosexuality 1960s series remains camp described nightmare views character sexual urges crime fighting remarked interpretation autobiography noting relationship interpreted sexual appearance fat man closet homosexual gay repeatedly calls pie hair grabs girlfriend saying gon hit purse friends start hitting chair obviously gay character man means strange spanish created appeared millennium new guardians new guardians successful short run featured team member jet contracting aids series controversial characters team infected hiv scratch character called angry letters printed response hiv transmission gay readers stereotypical official aftermath millennium vol depicted male gay aids rally characters including describing men police helicopter pilot named screaming influenced attempting crush rally seven headed spirit thanks actions doctor fate later revealed bisexual men saved annual brother diana late publicist shows reading saying member family didn hate gay mechanic task force gay dad organization head psychiatrist refers choice sexuality wonders son adjusting tells homosexuality natural conflict christian scripture early 1990s saw lgbt minor characters portrayed titles dealt gay issue constantine having jumped train end found gay weakened state severely beaten rescued constantine gay bisexual sexually active women gay friends beaten hospitalized tried protect case gay working behest demon run story arcs ones arc featured elderly gay men themes explored game story storyline notable storylines featuring lgbt themes include coming assistant arc gay stories earned writer title awards spectrum awards nomination lesbian couple lee supporting characters example gay character starring role violent superhero appears comic books published imprint batman like revealed relationship superman like apollo time members superhero team authority comic book focused female lawyer hunting super villains trial notable featuring gay supporting character adjusted gay lawyer later starts dating superhero drew widespread media attention announcing new lesbian incarnation known character number minor characters identified lgbt continues increase includes bisexual reformed villain introduced batman animated series stated sexual preference eventually introduced comic books lesbian considerably main character launched new program introduced number new titles addition new series released featured african american bisexual woman title character additionally new introduced bunker openly gay superhero featured teen ongoing series changes brought reboot classic character gay man depicting longtime gay man stories set parallel world marvel marvel comics incorporation lgbt themes compared use gay characters described prolific deliberate marvel reportedly marvel universe policy 1980s tenure marvel policy 1990s stated series emphasizing solo gay characters carry adults label response conservative protests policies stop creators slipping gay characters themes introduced childhood friend comes cap seeking help rescuing roommate michael later captured forced dress flamboyant clothes stage speech love michael false unnatural cap rescues love michael genuine cap love girlfriend story appears gone radar purely use word gay subsequent official character biographies confirmed gay policies longer enforced lgbt characters appear regularly marvel comics sex couples depicted occasionally kissing intimate sexual scenes shown marvel adult imprint use discrimination face men comics seen metaphor real world discrimination directed minority groups including lgbt people member original alpha flight superhero team major gay character created said planned gay inception character finally revealed gay alpha flight issue comic book issue inducted storylines involving alpha flight limited series generally ignored sexuality criticism fact years shown kissing man finally kissed boyfriend kyle issue series eventually member time team mentor gay teenage later young men member gay teen lgbt members marvel teams men new deaths villains destiny latest incarnation written longtime friend ambiguous relationship shown panel kiss issue published confirmed blog expressed desire develop relationship shortly creators expressed disapproval decision stated chance despite complaints marvel editor chief defended development story likely planned david went win media award outstanding comic book work writer previously written adult underground reintroduced closely pages portrayed related said issue shown doctor strange initially brought howard issue exists doctor strange meet vol howard series concluded issue january depicted having vision life relationship woman marie years boyfriend shown fear april november vol point broken shown sharing bed boyfriend named october written creator later writer award nominated hard time thought making related ghost riders bad writing saying marvel change comics read issues question told newfound presents attitude having slept women makes bad girl direct character foil good girl match earlier portrayals ugly calls girlfriend ironic entry official handbook marvel universe states bisexual marvel revived marvel max imprint introducing openly gay comic book character star magazine edition kid gay saga called character sexuality conveyed indirectly comic style conservative groups protested gay character claimed corrupt children covers carried adults label young series debuted featured gay teenager major characters inception characters sexuality criticised readers defended writers extended series letters title letters page earned marvel award best comic book award young won second award awarded artist series revealed nearly entire team form lgbt including non race shape award winning series created author artist debuted vol appeared masculine form changed feminine form sake lesbian hero marry series switches forms april marvel comics announced men character gay new men comic book storyline mind reading asks bobby calls women hot knows gay september introduced openly gay character published canada story quickly falls new boy town sweet smile good looks kevin kevin beats eating contest tells interested gay unbeknownst kevin score settle requests kevin tell sexuality kevin willingly agrees bulk story widely considered traditional predictable publishers degree generations open recognition homosexuality addition came surprise readers recognizes long standing sexuality gay character gay doesn sex kevin went star mini series star digest size series guest starred life married life series issue depicting wedding fastest selling comics decades publishers 1990s saw creation number independent publishing houses output competed giants mainstream comics publishing marvel companies included morning later companies gave greater artistic freedom writers artists chose comics code allowing exploration mature themes result comics companies included greater relative number lgbt characters storylines traditional competitors lgbt superhero characters include comics created taken dating black white independent movement 1980s published image featured openly gay characters romantic leads gained series spectrum award nomination vampire slayer related comics feature lesbian characters willow kennedy character andrew television series season comics attracted media attention title character night stand girl fallen love encounter repeated character creators denied gay saying going gay going issues explaining young experimenting mention open minded awards visibility lgbt comic book creators characters increased comic book taken notice panels discussing lgbt topics occur regularly comic book lgbt conventions conventions feature stands dedicated lgbt comics event chair comics said sixth year exhibiting comic con presenting larger booth panels events number websites dedicated lgbt comic book featuring content staff writers exist award best comic book awarded flash number awards awarded mainstream titles including authority titles marvel young according lgbt fans creators debated awards mainstream comics media hype actual content comic stories spectrum awards given works science fiction fantasy horror works category allows nomination comic book series individual issues comic book winners include issues authority nominations given titles marvel force season european comics comics continental europe described having greater range themes narratives forms visual impact english language comics superseded popularity american comics mid-1980s french comics matching popularity japanese american comics lack comics code equivalent system incorporation lgbt themes controversial exemplified graphic novels created drake american chose publish france limited censorship write draw wanted included episodes title character dresses boy lure gay villain ambush gay secondary character ran strip club beginning 20th century french belgian comic strips regarded medium children restricted inclusion adult sexual themes lasted 1960s early franco belgian comics children sexual lgbt readers readers books speculated sexuality leading spokesperson saying homosexual male friends comics prominent historical comics text concerns restoration moral order homosexual invisible original readers includes portrayal close relationship companion frontal depiction teenage male bodies martin disputed gay readings central friendship books article palace called heroes notre strips 1960s break censored law passed assumed comics children prevented inclusion explicit sexual themes album remove nudity late 1960s saw greater acceptance comic strips mature use social commentary satire established mainstream newspapers 1970s continued banned pornographic works french comic book creator described ambitious autobiographical comics project published include series ongoing journal self published volume year works chronicle day day experiences place framework examines representation self identity sexual minorities creative process volumes focus author homosexuality status struggling gay artist french small town life story arc covered love male friend works pointed examples comics literature elevated regard autobiographical works comics retrospective nature works leads significant emotional events afforded greater coverage result issues sexuality interactions author men highlighted reflecting importance sexuality identity led critic character dismiss works trivial criticisms attributed bias autobiography comics inability identify gay character famous strips follow lives working class men centered character suburban rocker occasionally feature lgbt themes characters assumptions stereotypes characters dress gay character tries chat remains oblivious attempt occurrences noted comparison non masculine gay stereotypes depictions relationship social class sexual orientation explored character arrested vice police park number gay couples police officers insults character finds assumption gay close male friendship benefit fashionable literary groups seen interesting spanish comics described conventional diverse american comics creator bizarre noir thriller starring gay detective widely celebrated foremost subversive comics challenges sexuality gender openly gay writes underground comic says subversive impact underground comics expect comparison mainstream government comics readers underground comics unlikely shocked content appears socialist government sanctioned greater impact germany openly gay cartoonist created popular comics taking ironic view gay straight relationships began creating comic strips appeared munich underground magazine gay periodical comics das comic book published berlin wrote comic continuous story comics large gay fan base despite initial skepticism broader comics audiences work consistent gay culture setting gained great popularity readers comics adapted films work sold million copies translated languages british comics significant parts 20th century regarded aimed children avoiding adult themes exception mature violent comic book introduced openly gay hero story swimming blood form camp vampire created writer artist character homosexuality frequently referenced strip story attempts seduce men rescuing character deliberately created opposition characters judge men contrast camp flamboyant annual poll readers opinions character knock judge spot character seven years initial introduction production problems british small press launched claimed world gay superhero team japanese comics comics established art form japan biggest comic book industry world comics respected aimed child adult audiences sex violence common presence fictional manga regarded safety valve known boys love girls love respectively japanese genres incorporating homosexual romance themes media genres emerged 1970s branch manga aimed girls spread japan translated original available countries languages characters manga tend self identify homosexual bisexual famous works include angel came sun volume series beginning life buddhism japan volume series beginning chronicles relationship france manga anime science fiction fantasy environments common 1980s light novel series described boys love genre involves science fictional system described wonderful sci series rely content appeal audience male male female female denote level sexual work originated female targeted works today featured male targeted ones criticised stereotypical portrayals characters failing address gay issues presented issue plot device drama purity leads love suggested romance narrative strong political themes turn readers critics state genre challenges beautiful boys written japanese comfortable writing lgbt themes manga setting gender blurred straight manga gay comics exists gay manga called rose specifically targeted gay men gay characters writers fans distinguish gay manga calling prior early 2000s primary venue publication gay men manga gay men general interest magazines included manga inception typical manga story magazines page shot magazines notably men carry serialized stories surveying gay men magazines mid late 1990s indicates manga stories simply pornographic little attention character plot longer serialized stories generally developed characterizes containing crafted stories better described erotic pornographic manga men sexual attention characterization mood 1990s saw increased media focus lgbt people japan large increase production works written gay men called influential creator gay manga japan date work appeared gay magazines usually feature sexual abuse early work published magazine men founded cater gay men preferred fantasy opposed inspired styles popular 1980s like gay men general interest magazines men included manga prose stories editorial photographic material men encouraged steady readership presenting better defined fantasy image serialized continuing manga stories encouraged purchase issue depiction men muscular cited catalyst shift fashion gay men away clean slender stereotypes tendency work criticised notable gay manga writer lack complex storylines early works later moved gay manga works contain sex greater focus plot sex present form rape victim learns enjoy experience manga popularity continued increase major publishers manga today japan genres pornographic manga anime men frequently called west contains depictions male readers examples demon beast invasion twin angels common character types figures female mainstream non pornographic manga frequently contains gender sex roles usually purposes comedy realistic manner supporting characters cross dress series centred idea changing sex protagonist changes sex gender cold water manga characters won girls manga division class genre girl fiction tells stories female maria contemporary series includes manga adaptation described revival class genre | LGBT themes in comics | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
20993_WorldFantasyAward | world set awards given year best fantasy fiction published previous calendar year organized overseen awards given year eponymous annual convention central focus event given world fantasy convention awarded annually years award given categories presented changed currently given written categories category artists special categories individuals honor general work field fantasy awards described book critics guardian prestigious fantasy prize prestigious speculative fiction awards hugo cover fantasy science fiction world nominees winners decided attendees convention panel judges typically fantasy authors winners receive small trophy awards bust designed cartoonist bust retired following year amid complaints history racism replacement announced awards presented 41st world fantasy convention new_york november awards presented 42nd world fantasy convention columbus ohio october history established world fantasy convention annual convention professionals collectors interested field fantasy winners presented trophy form bust elongated caricature designed cartoonist nicknamed howard matched theme convention circle stated wilson anthology fantastic point awards hopefully shall visible potentially usable sign appreciation writers working area fantastic literature area distinguished low financial indifference start awards seven categories presented best short fiction best collection best artist special award professional special award non professional categories changed changes rules saw addition convention award special award given general contributions genre award given year beginning short fiction award split awards multi author previously eligible collection award split best anthology category changes winners presented bust awards ceremony announced future ceremonies longer use trophy controversy arisen recent years history racism explicit reason given change replacement announced administration world fantasy award nominees winners decided judges attendees ballot posted june attendees current previous conferences determine finalists nominated selected panel judges adds nominees voting overall winner panel judges typically fantasy authors fantasy professionals chosen year power break ties judges awards administration sites upcoming board judges panel largely professionals field fantasy judges awards example authors editor nominees announced july final results presented end october list nominees instead winner announced categories nominees life achievement winner decided judges panel convention award winner given year selected convention organizers multi day event attendees taking place different city year usually united_states canada united_kingdom addition awards ceremony conventions include art dealer room numerous panels discussions categories split categories including awards written works professionals field eligibility requirements loosely defined works published prior calendar year professionals living types fantasy works accepted regardless style given work considered fantasy left discretion judges categories nominations wins nominee wins nominations primarily followed mainly editing highest number wins nominations tied highest number fiction awards recognition awards described book critics guardian prestigious fantasy prize prestigious speculative fiction awards hugo cover fantasy science fiction multiple winner described winning hugo prestigious world fantasy award triple crown noted award prestige field best anthology winner best new horror series said winning anthology award volume helped establish series readers publishers multiple countries winners best novel described award greatest honors writer editor noted consensus time community winning novel category effect sales help book print percent prior winners print compared percent winners time period drawn world fantasy award winners anthology fantastic edited covering stories initial award year volume edited stuart controversies graphic novels awards graphic novel issue scripted illustrated won award best short story common rumor rules subsequently changed prevent graphic novel winning awards administration later clarified comics graphic novels intended eligible category require rule change comics eligible category change rules person won nominated category work comic graphic novel controversy bust minor controversy trophy occurred refused life achievement award felt award bust caricature known personally rejected trophy later recycled given award winner larger controversy surrounding bust began 2010s authors began object author symbol awards given outspoken racism winners noted disliked honored bust man found winners nominees race authors editors argued trophy changed including petition author editorial editor arguing changed courtesy generations writers hopes honor best novel winner acceptance speech september administrators announced discussion future award trophy november awards announced bust longer beginning following year associate editor atlantic defended decision stating removal writer indictment entire scholar expressed anger decision returned world fantasy awards urged boycott convention | World Fantasy Award | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
21771_LGBTthemesinspeculativefiction | lgbt themes speculative fiction lgbt themes speculative fiction refer incorporation lesbian gay bisexual lgbt themes science fiction fantasy horror fiction related genres elements include lgbt character protagonist major character sexuality gender science fiction fantasy traditionally genres aimed male readership restricted non genre literature conventions characterisation effect conventions depictions sexuality gender speculative fiction gives authors readers freedom imagine societies different real life cultures freedom makes speculative fiction useful means examining sexual bias forcing reader reconsider cultural assumptions claimed critics lgbt readers identify strongly aliens outsider characters found speculative fiction 1960s explicit sexuality kind rare speculative fiction editors controlled published attempted protect perceived key market adolescent male readers readership possible include characters tended villains remained entirely 1960s science fiction fantasy began reflect changes prompted civil rights movement emergence new wave feminist science fiction authors realised cultures homosexuality variety gender models norm sympathetic depictions alternative sexuality commonplace 1980s onwards homosexuality gained wider mainstream acceptance incorporated conventional speculative fiction stories works emerged went simple representation homosexuality specific issues relevant lgbt community development helped growing number openly gay lesbian authors early acceptance speculative fiction specialist gay publishing presses number awards recognising lgbt achievements genre emerged century blatant longer considered acceptable readers speculative fiction concurrent increase representation homosexuality non literary forms speculative fiction inclusion lgbt themes comic books television film continues attract media attention controversy perceived lack sufficient representation unrealistic depictions criticism lgbt sources critical analysis genres popular literature science fiction fantasy constrained non genre literature conventions characterisation effects conventions depictions sexuality gender science fiction particular traditionally genre oriented male readership sex linked disgust horror plots based sexual relationships mainly avoided genre fantasy narratives hand science fiction fantasy provide freedom realistic literature imagine alternatives default assumptions cultures homosexuality accepted common feature science fiction fantasy literature prevalence influence lesbian feminist gay liberation movements speculative fiction allows writers focus way things non genre literature way things different provides science fiction quality science fiction critic called recognition reading world know world differences force reconsider outsider perspective involves sexuality gender force reader reconsider cultural assumptions freedom imagine societies different real life cultures makes effective tool examining sexual bias science fiction features include technologies significantly alter sex reproduction fantasy features include figures mythological deities heroic limited human sexuality gender allowing depicted alien methods reproduction sex viewed bisexual human gender lens spite freedom offered genres gay characters remain contrived stereotypical stories granted continuation institutions alternative usually approached including lgbt characters way mainstream society assumptions gender roles works feature gay characters likely written women writers viewed aimed women girls big male writers prone explore gay themes speculative fiction traditionally straight written science fiction community predominantly white male proportion minorities including gay people generally higher found literary group inclusion homosexuality described general population ahead written lgbt readers tend identify strongly outsider status aliens characters lead hidden double lives science fiction comparison claimed gay genre markets incompatible books marketed said denied focuses soft science fiction themes groups including gay real science fiction gay lesbian science fiction times grouped distinct tradition separate publishers awards literature true history greek writer called earliest surviving example science fiction gay science fiction story narrator suddenly typhoon swept moon inhabited society men war sun hero distinguishes combat king gives son prince marriage male society male children giving birth thigh growing child plant produced planting left moon soil works sex type base desires travels contrasts overtly sexual reserved intelligent frank treatment sexual topics pre nineteenth century literature abandoned speculative fiction written issues gender sexuality central inception ignored readers critics late twentieth century early works contained lgbt themes showed gay characters morally include lesbian vampire story shocked contemporary readers overtly homosexual characters novel themed novel openly portray lesbian romantic relationship pulp era pulp era explicit sexuality kind rare genre science fiction fantasy years editors controlled published felt protect adolescent male readership identified principal market covers 1930s pulp magazines showed clad women aliens covers magazines contents context writers like featured passionate male friendships work exceptional end careers including kiss implied disguised sexuality important openly revealed genre reflected social day paralleling common particularly true pulp fiction literary works time demographics readership possible include characters accordance attitudes times tended villains evil stereotypes popular role homosexual corrupt doomed overthrown young male hero period entirely heroes villains earliest examples genre science fiction involves challenging unconventional sexual activity early novel odd john john extraordinary mental abilities allow bound rules imposed ordinary british society time novel strongly implies older boy devoted suffers relationship creates morals golden age 50s golden age science fiction genre ignored subject homosexuality according readership science fiction fantasy began age 1950s writers like able introduce explicit sexuality work late 1960s writers depicted alternative sexuality revised gender roles openly investigated sexual questions majority lgbt characters depicted man attempts portraying non met hostility wrote stories golden age science fiction emphasised importance love regardless current social norms short story world lost published universe magazine homosexual alien taboo human homosexual love portrayed tagline universe cover daring story sensitive treatment homosexuality unusual science fiction published time regarded milestone science fiction portrayal homosexuality according related submitted story editor rejected editor knew urged reject later write affair examined social published venus plus single gender society depicted protagonist portrayed images homosexual male societies remained strongly negative eyes authors example drives world away short story man published playboy begin minority wanting seed homosexuality required official employment treats aspect unnatural state affairs includes violent warfare failing natural world usually identified genre writer produced works surreal narrative estranged action ordinary world science fiction fantasy published works wild boys linked drug use homosexuality anti authoritarian activities new wave era 70s late 1960s science fiction fantasy began reflect changes prompted civil rights movement emergence genres changes incorporated movement called new wave movement technology liberated socially interested stylistic experimentation writers likely claim interest inner space instead outer space shy explicit sexuality sympathetic gender roles social status sexual minorities influence editors authors editor influential sympathetic depictions alternative sexuality gender multiplied science fiction fantasy commonplace introduction gay imagery attributed influence lesbian feminist gay liberation movements 1960s 1970s gay men visible presence community writers notable gay authors included authors imagined cultures variety gender models norm female man award winning story changed showing female lesbian society flourished men enormously influential largely responsible introducing radical lesbian feminism science fiction stated openly lesbian bad career sales similar themes explored award winning houston houston read presents female society extinction men disease society lacks male problems war women reproduce consider men comical bisexual woman writing secretly male pseudonym explored sexual impulse main theme feminist include left hand darkness depicts trans species sexuality individuals male female male female sexual organs reproductive abilities making senses bisexual language night collection criticism admits having locked omission homosexual option implies sexuality regret explores alternative sexuality works subsequently written stories examine possibilities allows non traditional homosexuality bisexual bonding clones lives sexual themes fluid figure works came prominence 1970s stories contain mentions sex love gay lesbian characters worlds suite stories novels humanity achieved ability change sex shown initially technology story options drastic changes relationships eventually norm society trilogy features lesbian protagonists characters degree bisexual openly gay science fiction authors earliest stories gay sexual aspect appears sensibility overt sexual references stories sex love sex intercourse clearly implied given kind protective protagonist woman involved person marriage men affection characters share forefront sexual activity directly described famous science fiction novel peoples large canvas characters wide variety sexual activity focus novel explicitly described scenes gay sex depicts characters wide variety motivations winning short story development human depicts people sexually oriented imagining new gender resultant sexual orientation story allows readers reflect real world maintaining distance award winning stories featuring gay characters semi precious stones follow collected short story retrospective stories faced censorship book distribution companies treatment topics later works gay themes increasingly central works attracting controversy line science fiction gay pornography series return novel major publisher deal impact aids later won william memorial award lifetime achievement gay lesbian writing big authors approached lgbt themes individual works time love main character argues strongly future liberty homosexual sex sex purpose remains held ideal female stranger strange land described mere male homosexuality work pity use sexuality discussed essay entitled science fiction writer publicly gay came occasionally poetry particularly novel major novels contained bisexual characters mosaic novel gay people referred republicans contrast straight democrats try write particular community gay don write gay literature authors depict positive portrayals homosexual lesbian bisexual relationships sex novels example novel leading characters including central hero engage sex relationships multiple occasions sex relationships depicted entirely normal negative consequences case series fiction generally particularly dancers end time series sexuality seen fluid based fixed identities gender roles openly lesbian science fiction fantasy writer written numerous works featuring positive gay protagonists chronicles novels won world fantasy award fantasy novels gay relationships cultural background included explicit sympathetic depictions sex love novel particular lesbian interest novel different light featured sex relationship men inspired lgbt chain different light magical lesbian tale woman loved moon won world fantasy award title story woman loved moon collection containing gay speculative fiction stories post pushing boundaries 1960s 1970s homosexuality gained wider acceptance incorporated conventional stories little comment helped growing number openly gay lesbian authors writers author chronicled progress gender change pages 1980s blatant longer considered acceptable readers depictions unrealistic continue straight men genre works 1990s stories depicting alternative experienced resurgence compiled authoritative guide science fiction literature featuring gay lesbian related themes book covers science fiction literature published 2nd edition providing short review commentary piece titular unlikely hero gay single gender world dangerous adventure alongside woman met presents future society homosexuality norm lingering world genre arising mid-1980s seen masculine large extent feminist interpretations critics lesbian writer written works prominently feature lgbt characters including award winning trouble friends shadow man having inducted scott reported reviewers called works gay mixing clichés political themes scott works contain lgbt themes said chooses write gay themes genres allow explore situations lgbt people treated better worse reality gives distance readers themes feel accused similar practices books number lgbt themed speculative short fiction published 1980s science fiction themed spirits edited focus particular sexual identities series titles fantasy magical horror twilight areas grouped particular genres award winning bending landscape series edited volumes focus science fiction fantasy horror horror oriented edited gay characters common tough guide contains entry gay fantasy cliché characters found works award winning herald trilogy protagonists gay magical powers relationships integral story takes places fictional country extended series provides non role models younger readers openly gay science fiction writer number lgbt themed works examines love time traveler gay alternate versions including female lesbian versions multi award winning jumping planet book young adult series father kidnaps sons goes moon son gay rejected college ineligible scholarship available straight people agree sexual orientation changed prevent received award semi autobiographical short story child gay man adopts child story later expanded book length feature film produced protagonist straight causing criticism wrote award winning novels short stories prominently feature lgbt characters protagonist child garden outsider resistance genetic manipulation enters relationship similarly lesbian polar bear lust follows gay man finds sexual fantasies coming true includes gay actor aids mentally challenged abused child linked connection wizard books film magazine interview claimed gay genre markets incompatible asked worst thing labeled gay writer said gay kills stone dead market came gay section stuff gay magazines didn point realized science fiction writer worse gay 21st century novel girl depicts lesbian relationships context corporate future novel features asian canadian characters lesbian relationships incorporating racial ethnic identity understanding speculative fiction girl engages ideas regards bodies characters able birth sperm eating fruit james award carnival single gender world pair gay male ambassador spies attempt infiltrate lesbian civilization rulers enslaved men statement character gay caused controversy novel published title daughters north matter features primary characters novel won award arthur clarke award telling evolution public perception sex relationships relationships noted reviews novel love describes century usa world homosexual author describes inverted world mixed sex marriages forbidden conception occurs test tubes lesbian families women carries child gay male couples turn mothers bring children term netherlands country mixed sex marriages permitted world intimacy opposite sexes rejected world history classics world literature order support ideology homosexual world author situation underlying story idea society tolerant accepting respect right person reviewing field lesbian romance speculative fiction concluded remained niche uneven quality mentioned contributors note recently teen fantasy novel character romantic feelings protagonist terms gender identity novel depicts world fluid gender self images gender include feminine masculine bisexual gay lesbian homosexual spirit lesbian fantasy debut novel queen curse amazon best seller series main female character sexual falls love lesbian character supernatural paranormal sexual species realm tie speculative fiction increase lgbt representation particular onwards effort explore licensed star trek literature star trek deep space post series novels following end eponymous television series passing line series certain species marrying allowed exploration species partnered broadly male female species novel time suggested character followed subsequent novels particular novel crimson shadow original series star trek vanguard created main characters lesbian vulcan officer lesbian intelligence agent comics manga 20th century gay relationships discouraged shown comics seen mainly directed children imposed facto censorship comics sold news stands united_states forbade suggestion homosexuality artists drop subtle hints stating directly character orientation overt gay lesbian themes found underground alternative titles carry seal approval came response innocent comic book creators accused attempting negatively influence children images violence sexuality including homosexuality claimed strength independence lesbian stated batman type story stimulate children homosexual fantasies recent years number lgbt characters increased greatly mainstream superhero comics lgbt characters continue relegated supporting roles generate criticism treatment gay characters receive marvel alpha flight major gay character marvel universe remains famous gay character mainstream comics created member original alpha flight superhero team sexual identity hinted early history issues alpha flight openly stated apparent lack interest women obsessive drive win ski champion character finally revealed gay alpha flight issue outing national headlines revived kid marvel max imprint introducing openly gay comic book character star magazine edition kid gay saga called according cnn article character sexuality conveyed indirectly comic style conservative groups quickly protested gay character claimed children corrupted covers carried adults label marvel policy stated series emphasizing solo gay characters carry adults label response conservative protests marvel editor chief claimed policy longer force marvel received best comic book award superhero comic book young included gay characters published mainstream book warning label despite protests marvel published issue married partner kyle draws criticism use stereotypes lgbt characters superhero debuting thought early example pink transparent costume writer penned thought balloons suggested involved gay relationship sidekick bodyguard hints moved modern example violent superhero batman like shown relationship superman like apollo time members superhero team authority apollo married adopted daughter gone star title draw widespread media attention announcing new lesbian incarnation known character openly lesbian minor characters police officer existed franchise addition true lgbt characters controversy homosexual interpretations famous superhero comic book characters batman relationship robin famously come scrutiny spite majority creators associated creator denying character gay psychologist innocent asserted batman stories psychologically homosexual claimed find subtle atmosphere adventures mature batman young friend robin claimed batman interesting gay audiences fictional characters attacked grounds presumed homosexuality 1960s series remains camp described relationship batman nightmare views character sexual urges crime fighting continue play homosexual interpretations batman notable example occurred refused allow permission panels illustrate paper family 1950s happened summer painter displayed number depicting batman robin suggestive sexually explicit poses threatened artist gallery legal action cease selling works demanded remaining art profits derived gay characters changed essentially erased new reboot given far attention reboot announced iconic character gay new universe revealed original character led fan outcry status iconic actually exist mainstream universe effectively meant gay character exist child manga known boys love girls love respectively west japan japanese genres homosexual romance themes variety media spread japan translated original available countries languages characters tend self identify homosexual bisexual manga anime fantasy environments common example 1980s light novel series described boys love genre involves science fictional system described wonderful sci series rely content appeal audience criticised stereotypical portrayals characters failing address gay issues presented issue plot device drama purity leads love suggested romance narrative having strong political themes turn readers critics state genre challenges style manga called typically written gay men gay male adult audience realistic themes likely acknowledge taboo nature homosexuality japan western commentators group writers fans consider separate genres film television general speculative fiction television film literature portrayals homosexuality sexual relationships major speculative fiction franchises generally depicted nature inter species inter ethnic relationships commonly depicted homosexual relationships characters rare film lgbt characters films began appear regularly 1980s films late 1920s early 1930s reflected liberal attitudes day include sexual references homosexuality 1930s film industry followed production code code spelled morally acceptable public audience references sexual homosexuality forbidden virtually motion pictures produced united_states adhered code similar censorship common countries example early version lesbian vampire film daughter film described closet presenting homosexuality predatory weakness rejected said daughter require half dozen languages adequately express horror author named daughter direct inspiration vampire fiction naming bar novel queen damned daughter honor film films produced censorship introduce homosexuality disguised controversy cult horror film stringent rules post film industry allowed sexuality open cinema sexually explicit 1980s particular aimed purely entertain exploring underlying sexual dynamics sex speculative fiction film merely intended review fantasy films identified pornography remained rare gay characters speculative fiction films horror films sex major continued censored perception lightweight vampires particular described obvious erotic metaphors result numerous vampire films 1970s strongly imply explicitly following inspiration lesbian vampire story hollywood vampire shown openly gay spoof film gay genre films remain rare science fiction films inclusion gay characters continues supporting roles stereotypical frantic homosexual minor character blockbuster independence day film main theme described anxiety surrounding male friendships homosexual panic interesting note film director openly gay curious cases like horror thriller film based works main character gay isn main thing important development character psychology film plagued monsters disturbing secondary characters gay lesbian shown victims saw light epic tom blockbuster featuring stories couple gay characters television lgbt characters began appearing television increasing frequency 1990s television science fiction introduced bisexual character relationship fellow female revealed season advocate magazine called relationship closest franchise star trek clone called come gay creature gay human continued explore state sex relationships future introduction male male marriage subsequent honeymoon cover main characters covert mission mars colony season warrior princess fantasy television series introduced main characters close companions fan speculation lesbian overtones led lesbian icons lesbian content remained level series cited trail breaking barriers allowing production subsequent programming introduced number lgbt characters famous major character willow partners kennedy praised healthy relationship lesbian relationship major characters prime time television criticised use metaphor lesbian sex death directly sex willow caused outcry lgbt community saw cliché recurring villain eventual ally strongly implied gay series influential subsequent television speculative fiction including series won number lgbt themed awards regarded groundbreaking portrayal gay youth british science fiction drama television programme long running doctor franchise began airing bbc series explores themes narrative particular lgbt themes characters portrayed sexually fluid characters series examines homosexual bisexual relationships nature sexual flexibility explicitly discussed characters offer varying perspectives orientation sun describing characters bisexual series creator said hopes audience expectations characters making political dull going bisexual programme want knock barriers define characters gay need start mixing things thinking gay character men davies described hole jack doesn people inclusion significant lgbt characters modern speculative fiction television series universal example franchise lack sex relationships long sore spot lgbt organised franchise protest failure include lgbt characters point statements later life favourable acceptance homosexuality portrayal sex relationships star trek franchise coverage remained star trek canon officially recognized lgbt characters television spin offs ran feature entitled prisoners prejudice characters star trek deep space gender identity occasionally treated issue new star trek series dealt theme individual episodes star trek deep space episode rejoined episode feature sex relationship romantic sex kiss women subsequently star trek franchise portrayed sex kisses context evil mirror universe emperor new body possession comedic purposes characters interview star trek screenwriter suggested reason gay characters existed television franchise wanted way support fans cast crew going difference recent years star trek novels comics officially licensed considered canon featured direct sex relationships including portraying minor canon character gay television series cove premiered cable station series included gay lesbian couples dealing supernatural situations coastal town following year premiered series series fictional town oregon consisted entirely included town café owner vincent happened gay hbo brought new series true blood forefront gay genre television introducing variety characters small screen including played played played played played played played space based science fiction feature openly gay character primary cast played gay character franchise primary lesbian asian american character primetime television storyline featured committed long term relationship earth bound partner played portrayal positively received lesbian community press cancelled season run series warehouse premiered cable network series later introduced character named played actor gay government agent assigned assist bizarre artifacts cable series prequel introduced titled series highlighted world sex marriage common central characters named played husband named larry played cable station premiered series human version previously released british series lesbian character named played actress introduced sister main characters year cable series highlighted gay ghost couple patrick played hbo cable station premiered based book series series included gay couple played actors mtv premiered cable series year characters depicted gay high school player named played american series main characters married sex couple main characters portrayed questioning sexuality falls love best friend episode hear characters shared believed youngest lgbt kiss television history following kiss developed romantic relationship slash fiction close male relationships television film science fiction fans slash fiction earliest example slash commercially distributed copyright 1990s published advent internet slash fiction community fans writers began cluster sites websites dedicated popular speculative fiction franchises files star trek common use characters major franchises gay readings caused legal action sent cease orders prevent gay star wars characters notorious attempts stop production slash fiction based characters characters bisexual canon slash fiction described important lgbt community formation identities represents resistance expectation compulsory noted gay community medium express feminist according polls slash women college degree demographics older fans tend easily disturbed slash depicting sexuality true popularity slash fiction slash fiction focuses romantic sexual relationships female fictional characters typically characters featured canon universe similar fan fiction lesbian characters commonly labeled convenience slash based male couples suggested female slash authors generally write rare find sufficiently engaging female characters main star trek pairing screen relationship deep emotional connection conflict debate canon willow vampire slayer counts slash relationship storylines ones authors fill gaps known relationship storyline relatively recently male writers begun writing reaction speculative fiction community long history tolerance lgbt people presence gay members noted attendees early conventions generally discussed idea gay lesbian members seek recognition community accusation 1940s editor gay members caused scandal fan circles prominent fan regarded members openly support gay lesbian movements known writing early lesbian fiction aided publication ladder journal recently formed lesbian group daughters claims group named honorary lesbian support written earliest work lesbian vice versa lesbian edited number works featuring lgbt characters increased visibility lgbt fans early gatherings gay gay friendly members community including meetings necessarily indicate hearted acceptance fan community gay lesbian fans regarded unified interest group informal gatherings conferences attempted creation newsletter lgbt fans drew little notice networking gay fans continued finally plan action led science fiction convention held subsequently creation science fiction community gay themed discussions staple conventions example featured panel discussing women write gay men 38th world science fiction convention boston discussion panel entitled closed open mind science fiction fantasy stories authors criticised lgbt community works opinions described lesbian science fiction targeted specifically lesbian audience science fiction fans published small feminist lesbian fiction presses crest enterprises ink notable author writing science fiction published lesbian presses lgbt speculative fiction awards number awards exist recognise works intersection lgbt speculative fiction spectrum awards honour works science fiction fantasy horror include positive gay lesbian bisexual characters themes issues awards instituted given best novel short fiction works previous year works produced awards inception eligible entry hall_of_fame literary awards include awards science fiction fantasy horror awards presented separate categories speculative fiction gay men categories merged combined award undergone changes awards given based quality writing lgbt themes author sexual orientation factor james award honours works science fiction fantasy expand explore understanding gender goes works deal directly gay lesbian bisexual issues literary society awards given works containing lesbian themes depictions lesbian characters awards given numerous categories including speculative fiction fantasy horror paranormal romance | LGBT themes in speculative fiction | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
22251_Tornada(Occitanliteraryterm) | literary term old literature turned twisted refers final shorter stanza appears lyric poetry serves variety purposes poetic forms word derives feminine form past turn return derived latin turn round originating region present day france literature spread tradition high middle ages language lyric poetry tradition emerged region called comprises parts modern day france italy northeastern spain influence related movements sprang medieval europe germany northeastern spain portugal northern france concept embodied found romance language directly trace techniques lyric tradition appears old french literature portuguese literature italian literature developed poets renaissance continues invoked poetic forms originated lyrical tradition survived lyric tradition set generic concepts developed poets composed performed poetry majority poems love songs individual composed variable number lines individual known general poetic labels apply stanza length according instance comprising lines known example poetic form derived tradition serves short concluding stanza contain called rhyme words repeated form employed form traditionally taken pattern rhyme word pair occur line second iteration end line form developed end word order longer strictly enforced serve number purposes poems contain useful information poem composition able identify location date poem composition identity members circle serve friend patron poet additional purpose focus reflect theme poem commenting surrounding material poem act concluding stanza poem device create new narrative material instance trans day narrator attracted wit country men want country women places wisdom lacking reply painting wait real serves create tension introduce suddenly end original model stanza replicated second half preceding structural division poem containing varying length poems accompanied music music indicated end poem audience comparatively larger forming entire song ballad performed varied little terms theme typically poem request deliver instructions poet thirteenth century literary movement poetry deployed stanza form movement principal figures extended use entire poem opposed concluding stanza poem poem little messenger boy form developed purpose evolved purely stylistic device include emotional aspects developed italian lyric simple concluding formula sophisticated projection poet message medium human character primarily extension poet voice innovation movement provide autonomous human voice form unique character | Tornada (Occitan literary term) | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
22622_Sestina | old known fixed verse form consisting lines normally followed line words end line stanza line endings following rotated set pattern invention form usually attributed 12th century spreading continental europe appeared english rarely written britain end 19th century remains popular poetic form continue written contemporary poets history oldest known written origin refers meaning daniel generally considered form inventor suggested existing form original known best known eras built end words best known ben early written form started italian 13th century 15th portuguese involvement establishing form contributions country account classification italian verse form despite originating result imported france italy 16th century poet attempt form french prior 19th century introduced partial rhyme scheme english appearance english print comprising lines august shepherd calendar published order end words stanza non standard ending etc stanza promoting previous final end word line leaving order intact order scheme set appeared print later written earlier credited english published end book double variant standard end word pattern repeated ending line resulting poem lines published subsequent editions second sorrow standard form like gods written uses exclusively feminine endings reflecting italian farewell sun light english follows standard end word scheme rhymes stanza rhyme scheme necessarily changes subsequent stanza consequence 6th stanza uses structure published called copy form absence notable years noting single volumes oxford cover seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth centuries 1870s revival interest french forms led earliest period stanza stanza begins repeating previous end words following lines repeat remaining end words volume poems ballads second series introduces double complaint lisa unlike comprises lines stanza similar stanza repeats end words previous stanza rest 1930s revival form took place english speaking world led poets 1950s described age distinguished modern examples remains popular closed verse form continue written contemporary poets notable examples include guest ellen supper street people form subject revisions development remain features define form composed lines followed stanza lines rhyme instead structured pattern words end line technique known repetition original form composed daniel line syllables stanza seven established form developed changes line length relatively common variant written form exists today require expertise inherited meter pattern line ending words follow explained numbers allowed stand end words stanza successive stanza takes pattern based pairing lines preceding stanza second second given pattern stanza produces second stanza way pattern line ending words stanza procedure known rendered backward crossing second stanza seen formed sets pairs appears original order reversed superimposed pattern line ending words represented numerically following table sixth stanza followed known french term term reference size relation preceding half stanza consists lines include line endings words preceding pattern numbers relative stanza end word pair occur line second end line end word order longer strictly enforced subject variations changes size number individual line length double given sets line line envoy total lines line line envoy total lines examples variation rare notable example variation complaint lisa notable example variation variation original pattern line ending words stanza seventh stanza entire change pattern occurs twice second variation pattern line ending words returns starting sequence eleventh stanza unlike single allow end word occupy stanza ends end words fail couple lines line envoy order line ending words follows pattern appear envoy effect structure demands adherence strict arbitrary order produces effects poem notes served historically complaint harsh demands acting signs structure enhance subject matter orders reference miracle breakfast suggests form harshly arbitrary demands echo subject form structure criticised considers dubious structural composed english form gives structural pleasure highlights number corresponding levels tension resolution resulting structural form including structural aesthetic tensions believes aesthetic tension results conception mathematical perfection set experiences resolved harmony strength according repetition recycling elusive patterns held mind patterns easily newcomers form says unfamiliar form rules tell end second stanza going | Sestina | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
23346_OntheArtoftheCinema | art cinema art cinema korean lit film art theory treatise north korean leader considered authoritative work north korean filmmaking book sets forth original theories applied practices filmmaking arts theory literature seed theory important ones centers question good worthy life art emphasizes truly independent individuals capable transforming society seed theory essential north korean film theory seeks direct artistic creation single ideological foundation seed individual work seed synthesis subject matter idea basis propaganda message ideas complement themes form socialist content films ideas presented book creation propaganda supporting korea policies art cinema major political implications succession gained political cultural influence north korean society government book impact art cinema north korean filmmaking disputed films publication treatise similar style contemporary films breach rules laid treatise background graduating university devoted cultural ideological propaganda work guidance party kim known privately interested hollywood films forbade discussion foreign film concepts aesthetic review meeting important annual film conference ordered entire conference archive destroyed kim urged participants exclusively concerned teachings party creative work influence film literary administration grew resisted liberal artistic influence kim began work film adaptations plays originating 1930s kim personally guided production films parts fate self defence corps man han flower girl began producing revolutionary operas kim worked government arts administration years time wrote series essays based speeches given directors preceding years published art cinema april major work rest 1970s kim continued oversee cultural activities ideas treatise seeks apply principles ideology questions film literature art according kim cinema means art literature exposing society ideology building socialist literary theory thought described realism key aim kim employ heroic film fiction transform man socialist man type man book deals aspects cinema including film literary theory acting performance score music screen costumes props particular importance themes directing producing driving forces filmmaking ideas book drawing examples north korean films sea blood referred art cinema presents major theories theory literature seed theory considered party control artistic creation ideas developed treatise called modeling theory speed campaign compliance principles earns artwork title collective work films realistic possible filmmakers lived popular masses like ideal revolutionaries korean resistance realism worship leader making conventional types realism film like italian kim builds idea contemporary north_korea class conflict real conflicts exist portrayed cinema bar historical external ones seen negative people disagree party policies exist depicting conflicts north korean society film considered critical regime historical themes depicted traditions portrayed support present ideological needs feudal traditional tales legends literature theory literature developed establishes literature exists human domain key theme question good worthy life allowing art idea korean independent spirit prominent theory essence humans struggling oppression depends view free hero story particular embodies according kim literature gives emphasis development truly independent individuals called era brings transformation society north korean literature justification state control literary creation policy socialism country seed theory seed theory forms essence art cinema consequently north korean film theory general called strange concept method artists follow party line means individual creativity film living organism noting analogy seed idea artistic interpretation single ideological foundation seed resulting cinema makes members creative single goal spite differences personalities director task prevent foreign seed entering cinema seed fundamental consciousness underlying artistic creativity concrete terms seed basis propaganda message film strong convincing idea tell seed subject matter idea work providing form content capacity literary theory concepts material theme thought film contribute ruling ideology employ aesthetics storytelling support propaganda message example seed film fate self defence corps man revolves choice facing main character gap oppression sacrificing self revolution seed summarized gap revolutionary movement dies surplus value kim argues seed seed theory influential literary circles north_korea writers sought seeds classics preceding kim treatise addition questions art seed theory adopted wider range industrial economic activities modeling theory speed campaign according modeling theory liberation struggles portrayed combine national class struggle achieved portrayal north korean people producing role models speed campaign jon calls rapid production films according producing films fast possible overall revolutionary process origins speed campaign shooting fate self defence corps man days anticipated year practice carried publication art cinema instance film series heroes produced following speed campaign principle film took days produce subsequently speed campaigns carried art economic matters thought equally important remains influential concept associated leadership reception influence official biographies describe art cinema comprehensive original supported logic calls boring repetitive calls art cinema points work shows understanding elements literary text work considered authoritative guide filmmaking north_korea real extent influence doubted according work offers little new north korean cinema ideas presented obvious particularly specialist audience professional filmmakers kim writing films publication treatise remarkably similar suggesting little impact north korean film industry practice traits contemporary north korean cinema slow editing style old theatrical acting teachings art cinema change north korean cinema attributed political economic pressures instead contributing new work ideas importance film art propaganda tool theoretical breakthrough taught account personal experiences film industry attempt encountered kim considered treatise failure films contributed enjoyed home abroad ridiculed north korean cinema compete quality foreign particular south korean films directly prompted kidnap south_korea famous film director wife actress kept north_korea years cruel conditions studied art cinema kim film credits kim executive producer kim delighted film allowed travel vienna supposed negotiate deal sequel couple opportunity escape ended america politically treatise success time writing art cinema kim father systematically rallying support younger kim prepare succession work gained social political power secured father confidence making succession possible continued write arts 1990s published art drama art dance fine art architecture literature art cinema mandatory reading north korean students literature north korean filmmakers study work art cinema influenced south_korea oriented movement born work influence goes korea australian directed movie making propaganda film kim instructions danish red chapel shown continuously consulting treatise artistic guidance release details work included enlarged edition chapters art cinema published life literature cinema directing character actor respectively reprint english edition art cinema issued speeches included english editions problems arising creation let create revolutionary films based ideological artistic characteristics masterpiece fate man included korean edition translations art cinema include arabic chinese english french german russian spanish | On the Art of the Cinema | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
23423_LGBTthemesinAmericanmainstreamcomics | lgbt themes american mainstream comics lgbt themes american mainstream comics relatively new concept lesbian gay bisexual lgbt themes characters historically omitted intentionally content comic books formal censorship perception comics children lgbt themes inappropriate mention homosexuality mainstream united_states comics forbidden earlier attempts exploring issues took form subtle hints character sexual orientation lgbt themes tackled earlier underground early 1970s onward independently published comic books series produced gay creators featuring autobiographical storylines tackled political issues interest lgbt readers mainstream comics genre superhero comics published united_states late 1930s historically excluded gay characters superhero genre largest publishing houses criticised lack characters likewise represented common storyline superhero having sex changed magical technological means regarded oblique reference issues theory analyses noted lgbt characters mainstream comic books shown society alternative comics diversity lgbt culture forefront mainstream comics labelled comparison alternative comics 1990s lgbt themes common mainstream comics including number titles gay character star censorship criticism 20th century creators strongly discouraged depicting gay relationships comic books regarded medium children imposed facto censorship comics sold united_states forbade suggestion homosexuality lgbt characters excluded comics bearing seal came response innocent comic book creators accused attempting negatively influence children images violence sexuality including homosexuality claimed strength independence lesbian stated batman type story stimulate children homosexual fantasies subsequently drop subtle hints stating directly character orientation overt gay lesbian themes found later underground alternative titles carry seal approval recent years number lgbt characters mainstream superhero comics increased greatly gay characters appeared supporting roles roles increasingly prominent trend prompted praise lgbt community organizations like criticism conservative groups critics regular accusations comics attempting readers gay lifestyle trying lure young american boys web homosexuality aids according writer creative freedom allowed editors portrayal lgbt characters depends popular established character long standing characters require change sexuality likely shown lgbt newer characters changes character continuity fans particularly sexuality involved suggests creating new character claims fans editors stronger negative reaction lgbt issues moore notes probably fashionable odd gay character inclusion lgbt people continues improve mainstream comics characters continue limited stereotypes represent varied cross section lgbt people says scenes sex interactions rejected editors sexual content general lgbt content hand inclusion lgbt issues attract media attention hype makes fans creators uncomfortable points example gay marriage comic issue treated event series significant openly gay characters wondering attention media gives gay characters hopes near future news common encyclopedia cultures notes gay found publications early golden age comic books readers homosexuality sex women batman relationship robin famously come scrutiny spite majority creators associated character denying character gay psychologist innocent asserted batman stories psychologically homosexual claimed find subtle atmosphere adventures mature batman young friend robin claimed batman interesting gay audiences fictional characters attacked grounds presumed homosexuality 1960s series remains camp described nightmare views character sexual urges crime fighting remarked interpretation autobiography noting relationship interpreted sexual creating character teen considered making gay marked appearances gay character major super hero book ultimately passed idea concluding stereotypical sensitive artistic featured homosexual obviously gay character hispanic man means strange spanish created appeared millennium new guardians new guardians successful short run featured character dying aids official aftermath millennium vol depicted male gay aids rally characters including describing men police helicopter pilot named screaming influenced attempting crush rally seven headed spirit thanks actions doctor fate men saved previous hugely influential central characters referred possibly homosexual critics interpreted series strongly implied minor characters justice captain metropolis gay silhouette kicked superhero team publicly lesbian philosophy write gay relationships remain ambiguous lots particularly surprising challenges homosexuality true captain metropolis gay sure don act look like gay described writer gay friendly inclusion complex lgbt characters realistic treatment lgbt issues 1990s early 1990s saw lgbt minor characters portrayed titles themes explored storyline element finds woman love actually man taken sex change drug element subsequently reveals prefers male lesbian relationship implied lightning non characters reboot straight explored themes having sir body woman initial dismay notable storylines featuring lgbt themes include flash vol received award best comic book reformed villain revealed gay coming assistant arc gay written stories earned writer title awards spectrum awards nomination lesbian couple lee supporting characters 1990s title doom patrol introduced number lgbt characters explored themes doom patrol base operations later stories street named british female dresses drag hosting typically masculine shops gun shops bright patterns inclusion described increasingly absurd tone book twentieth issue member team bisexual dissolve created fantasy writer gains powers working prostitute customers radioactive gains powers having sex number including originally studio producing work noted greater proportion lgbt characters imprint produces comics mature audiences allowing sexual themes notes cultures encyclopedia substantive mainstream presentation gay themes future likely adult titles titles tackled lgbt themes include shade changing man game character creator said included characters works response lack realistic representation people comics title character shade changing man alien change surface form resulted people female remained essentially male implied relationships superhero genre title characters homosexuality playing large protagonist hinted bisexual confirmed television series constantine portrayed straight nbc guidelines brought criticism critics fans example gay character starring role violent superhero appears comic books published batman like revealed relationship superman like apollo time members superhero team authority portrayal relationship initially subtle writer informing artist intentions editorial board censored kiss characters described openly gay couple comics apollo married later issue adopted daughter starred solo title comic criticised ignoring protagonist relationship husband continual use insults villains criticism leveled storyline apollo raped critics saying straight subjected treatment pointed characters example comics strange attitude lgbt themes describing vicious muscle queens starting stars solo series published making gay male superhero series mainstream publisher 2000s created caused reaction fan community revealed boyfriend title character gay counsel long time member number failed member later struggled come terms sexuality wasn appearances character revealed gay accepted homosexuality said making character openly gay seen logical step character growth homosexual interpretations batman continued 21st century notable example occurred refused permission panels illustrate paper family 1950s summer painter displayed number depicting batman robin suggestive sexually explicit poses threatened artist gallery legal action cease selling works demanded surrender remaining art profits derived drew widespread media attention announcing new lesbian incarnation known character openly lesbian characters police officer existed revealed new_york comic con highest profile gay superhero appearing new comic book written taking lead character issue said editors problem writing lesbian media controversy sexuality positive effect industry forced character minor roles major crossover storylines gained title new comics makes lgbt character headline monthly series universe brought secret team villains new members lgbt including lesbian lover knockout bisexual bisexual secret december returning writer scandal savage return recurring characters team consists new members save 2010s green revealed gay issue scott revealed boyfriend named sam intends propose vacation china train couple travelling suddenly wrecked mysterious green flame protects scott voice informs crash caused force threatens world sam survive grief stricken scott told given power avenge love protect world alongside released series starring bisexual african american woman new introduced bunker openly gay latino superhero core cast new teen series brought shining knight previously appeared seven soldiers victory girl male knight new series says man woman makes possible hero number minor characters identified lgbt continues increase including bisexual major ones confirmed bisexual critics claim iconic famous characters universe furthermore officially stated poison ivy relationship fans speculated romantic sexual jealousy marvel 1990s marvel comics incorporation lgbt themes compared use gay characters described prolific deliberate marvel reportedly marvel universe policy 1980s tenure marvel policy 1990s stated series emphasizing solo gay characters carry adults label response conservative protests publisher claimed policy longer force sex couples depicted occasionally kissing intimate sexual scenes shown marvel adult imprint use discrimination face men comics seen metaphor real world discrimination directed minority groups including lgbt people alpha flight member original alpha flight superhero team major gay character created said planned gay inception hints sexual identity appeared issues alpha flight apparent lack interest women attributed obsessive drive win ski champion character finally revealed gay alpha flight issue comic book issue inducted storylines involving included illness seen readers metaphor aids cured revealed character actually fairy race non human beings adopts abandoned baby soon dies aids criticism fact years shown kissing man interactions gay characters shown shown gay member cancellation alpha flight appeared miniseries ignored sexuality eventually member time team mentor gay teenage later young men member gay teen notable tenure death separate month lgbt members marvel teams deaths villain having relationship character destiny explicitly revealed years relationship ended destiny murder 2000s freedom ring character depicted gay debut creator touted leading gay hero stories dedicated adventures despite character killed month later death general treatment met negative reactions including accusations particularly respect imagery death character killed spikes commented controversy stating freedom ring planned inexperienced hero beaten constantly probably die wanted comment fact powers okay life works working book noticing gay characters gay straight characters rounded characters like chicks wanted rounded character happened like decided combine ideas yeah killing gay character good best intentions mind later stated frankly small gay characters comics general unfortunate portrayals far intentional completely understand backlash death freedom ring regardless intentions wouldn kill regret time goes got rid gay characters marvel killing character took stuff consideration writing marvel revived marvel max imprint introducing openly gay comic book character star magazine edition kid gay saga called according article new series pairs original artist television writer making kid gay idea character sexuality conveyed indirectly comic style conservative groups protested gay character claimed corrupt children covers carried adults label young series debuted featured gay teenager major characters inception characters sexuality criticised readers defended writers extended series letters title letters page earned marvel date comic book award originally planned female character according originally pitched female character shape changing abilities pose man suspect close felt depicting openly gay relationship marvel comic got underway started second thoughts approached maintaining involved male characters latest incarnation written longtime friend ambiguous relationship shown panel kiss issue published confirmed blog expressed desire develop relationship shortly creators expressed disapproval decision despite complaints marvel editor chief defended development story likely planned 2010s astonishing men held long term partner wedding sex marriage featured superhero comics apollo married authority mainstream comics characters sexuality fans speculated writers director film accepts fan theory creators character stated twitter speculation sexuality invalid brain cells constant gay minute etc comment upset fans suggests sexuality linked mental disorder hercules previous works hercules fall men portrayed bisexual marvel editor chief stated hercules new series disappointed fans critics lgbt character recent major characters confirmed lgbt include came gay bisexual publishers image dark horse 1990s saw creation number independent publishing houses output competed giants mainstream comics publishing marvel companies included later companies gave greater artistic freedom writers artists chose comics code allowing exploration mature themes result comics companies included greater relative number lgbt characters storylines traditional competitors lgbt superhero characters include comics created taken image comic written depicts alien culture exotic gender sexual gay gained series spectrum award nomination vampire slayer related comics feature lesbian characters willow kennedy character andrew television series season comics attracted media attention title character night stand girl fallen love encounter repeated character creators denied gay saying going gay going issues explaining young experimenting mention open minded featured gay character spoke character issues containing sex romance popular sold resulting solo series awards visibility lgbt comic book creators characters increased comic book taken notice panels discussing lgbt topics occur regularly comic book lgbt conventions conventions feature stands dedicated lgbt comics event chair comics said sixth year exhibiting comic con presenting larger booth panels events number websites dedicated lgbt comic book featuring content staff writers exist awards award outstanding comic book awarded flash number awards awarded mainstream titles including authority titles marvel young according lgbt fans creators debated awards mainstream comics media hype actual content comic stories spectrum awards given works science fiction fantasy horror published united_states works category allows nomination comic book series individual issues comic book winners include issues authority nominations given titles marvel force season general encyclopedia isbn graphic novels guide book length comics isbn paul evolution american comic book isbn homosexuality comics iii july | LGBT themes in American mainstream comics | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
23469_Canadiancomics | canadian comics canadian comics refers comics citizens canada permanent residents canada regardless residence canada official languages distinct comics cultures developed english french canada english tends follow american trends french franco belgian ones little crossover cultures canadian comics run comics forms including editorial comic strips comic books graphic novels published newspapers magazines books online received attention international comics communities received support federal provincial governments including grants comics publishers country large small press self publishing communities english canada sought careers moving united_states late 20th century increasing numbers gained international attention staying canada world war trade restrictions led domestic comic book industry black white canadian whites contained original stories heroes american scripts canadian artists war end saw american imports domestic censorship lead death industry alternative small press communities grew 1970s end century comics gained international audiences critical acclaim drawn quarterly leader arts comics publishing 21st century comics gained wider audiences higher levels recognition especially form graphic novels french canada indigenous comics called french pronunciation cartoons speech balloons quebec date late alternately flourished quebec history small domestic market found difficult compete foreign imports quebec careers united_states 1970s native comics magazines comics albums common account total sales province turn 21st century team seen international success french speaking europe translation domestic publishers increasingly common history english canada early history 1910s brigadier general cartoons general recognized examples political canadian history cartoons regular forum canada short lived weekly punch canada montreal magazine canadian version britain humorous punch featured cartoons walker paved way number similar short lived publications success straight laced published beginning soon founded grip humour magazine style punch featured large number cartoons especially cartoons tended political prime minister rebel leader favourite targets early 1870s gave fodder raise reputation political according historian probably significant century canadian cartoonist likely accomplished published widely home abroad cartoons appeared periodicals gained employment time newspaper cartoonist canada canadian united_states time created popular widely phenomenon book collection sold million copies cox began comic strip earliest english language strips begun use speech balloons time ended age comic strips 1920s 1930s canadian found hard succeed field comic strips moving drinking journalist days toronto sold strip later retitled center longest running strip english canadian history brought strip montreal standard renamed artist single panel strip rural small town life way began syndicated newspapers peak new comic strips appeared day american newspapers fed public desire entertainment dawn great depression non humorous adventure strips adaptations halifax native worked illustrator moving late adventure strips soon followed paved way genre diversity seen comic strips 1930s foster began strip best known work foster realistic artwork struggling support toronto based publications pen regular new relocated pay opportunities better began run home grown adventure strip written drawn later penned strip company appearance comic books golden age canadian whites 1940s golden age comic books subsequent superhero boom began release june action comics cover story appearance superman drawn toronto born modeled superman metropolis memories toronto newspaper worked delivered child comics crossed border quickly gained canadian fans december passed restricted goods deemed non essential combat trade deficit canada neighbours south american comic books casualties act fill void number canadian comic book publishers sprang starting march toronto vancouver soon joined comics printed companies colour covers black white collectors collectors canadian whites stories prominent whites relied readers coming company anglo american titles hit stands tabloid sized comic strip reprint magazine better original material traditional comic book format said true canadian comic book included appearance canadian superhero pen responsible debut better spring fantasy adventure set far land canadian north success better led titles driving creative forces anglo american writer strips artist pair created number heroes names freelance red commander steel anglo american published stories based imported american scripts bought fresh artwork canadians bypass trade restrictions captain marvel characters canadian adaptations anglo american published large number titles including aces captain marvel relied canadian rival publishers employed number talented artists kept house style drawing vein captain marvel august unemployed artists formed publish work started star canada female superhero appeared months inspired tribal stories brought seven painter popular fur powerful mythological figure daughter mortal woman mighty king northern lights powers able ride speed light turn invisible melt metal march staff moved toronto based begun publishing comics september issue successful wow comics colour bell soon switched familiar white format bell prolific canadian comic book publishers comics drawn large pool artists including women canadian aside mounted second canadian national hero debuted bell february new canadian comics successful bell reached accumulated weekly sales time educational projects joined selling comics white format educational specialized different sort fare biographies prime ministers cases historical tales drawn accomplished artists including educational canadian heroes earned endorsements cabinet ministers appealed parents appealing kids aimed convinced publisher allow include fictional character hero battled nazis end world war canadian comic book publishing faced competition american publishers educational folded immediately tried compete switching colour trying break british market anglo american newcomer tried compete directly americans achieved distribution end clear remaining publishers compete time original comic book publishing came end canada publishers survived american books officially abolished insisted drawing living faced choices moved border attempt american publishers moved illustration work avenue route followed political comics titles canadian post war late 1940s early 1970s end original canadian comic book publishing canada disappeared country entered phase foreign comic book domination late 1940s crime comics scare hit country pair comic book readers british_columbia shot random car playing fatally wounding passenger authorities discovered taste comic books media attention focused emerging crime comics genre influence juvenile bill amend section criminal code drafted passed unanimously making offence print publish distribute sell magazine periodical book exclusively substantially comprises matter depicting commission crimes real fictitious december comics publishers canada banded create canadian industry self body similar american comics code authority formed years later response similar crime comics scare defied ban moving market turned heat distributor found guilty distributing superior titles found notorious influential influence comics juvenile innocent published united_states juvenile established public hearings months later called member parliament superior publisher outspoken enemies witness soon formed superior like fellow american publisher saw sales increased canada superior successfully defending supposedly comics related murder reported nova scotia superior shut doors 1970s english canadian comic book publishing number comics continued produced produced educational comics governments corporations aimed kids teens crackdown aimed comic strips notable new ones appeared like death taken canada best post war comic strip artists continue strip working family wright moved montreal ontario popular strip continued inaugurated honour cartoon appeared continuously magazine hugely popular canada today symbol express anger military nuclear tests english born artist produced novel called silent pages book depicts atomic testing military effects island inhabitants direct effect comics time come seen precursor canadian graphic novel early editorial lacked local flavour tending pale imitation american examples tended non supported good causes following war broke typical american clichés took savage bite especially compared tendencies american editorial cartoons cartoon particularly canadian organized cartoon montreal later followed toronto star vancouver sun frequently took political positions contrary papers published drew cartoon saying let eat cake response prime minister arrow project historian called beginning canadians government particular fought fiercely editorial independence challenging editors threatening quit star given way paved new path follow canada saw comic shop open doors toronto established inspired pioneering retailer open ontario newsletter times published early work young inaugural issue later employed late 1960s movement new form comic art appeared avant garde literary scenes underground comics aimed adult audience early examples appeared certain magazines early precursor canadian underground comic books special issue toronto avant garde literary magazine canada saw true underground comics drew inspiration american underground movement exploded release early produced early graphic novel elephant released underground movement paralleled peaked peak witnessed sharp decline afterward vancouver key figures holmes creator comic strip humour magazine named famous prime minister short lived attempt canadian mad style satirical magazine comic book canadian content available contributors soon bring canada time demise captain fan press grew period bolstered founders animation company published book length study comics touring related exhibition mounted comic art traditions canada served introduce english canadian comics creators fans lost heritage middle 1970s comics aimed children gradually disappeared new breed underground alternative independent comics aimed mature audience ran counter public perception legal restrictions wave alternative comics largely science fiction fantasy comics like gene day new wave mid-1970s 1980s mid-1970s saw beginning new wave canadian comics creators chose remain canada seeking fortunes south border captain appeared july appearance non satirical superhero canada 1940s 1950s 1960s idea native comics canadian kids appearance captain gave kids optimism followed professional distributed featured number talents later north american comics scene comics magazines showing canada time suffered promotion distribution problems getting support fan press california based comics distributor supportive underground alternative comics helped stores eventually distributors like emergence specialty comic shops form distribution network small press comics thrive independently traditional world comic strips saw number works pop debuted living began better worse noted following lives family grew older real time dealt real life issues strip based number storylines real life experiences family social issues crisis divorce coming gay character child abuse death female cartoonist win award added strip popular appearing newspapers countries editorial held considerable sway 1950s 1970s prime minister quoted lost votes election political cartoons experienced fear censorship courts libel subject libel suit criticized policies british columbia minister cartoon minister pulling wings flies courts ruled favour newspapers nation ran versions cartoon support reversed ruling deeming cartoon fair comment later acquired captain folded ontario december independent comic book debuted longest lived original canadian comic book distribution emerging comic shop market started howard duck like parody conan comics story eventually grew fit expanding ambitions content technique earth pig protagonist getting embroiled politics prime minister powerful city state pope moon projected issue run came conceive series self enclosed story divided novels graphic novels gaining prominence north american comic book world 1980s 1990s partner technical achievements impressed influenced peers spoke creators rights promoted peers coming creators fiercely promoted self publishing ideal americans bone strangers paradise took cue mark long running thieves kings took personal advice self publish collected hell turn century stirred considerable controversy content editorials personal interactions 1980s jump world began self publishing world scene started publishing anthology vortex toronto expanded publishing comics publisher gained publicity employed talents later notably marks picked taboo breaking series started self published generated buzz vortex started publishing professionally end stories mix genres improvised surreal straight adaptations revealing bare autobiographical stories brown major figure canadian comics content comics matured 1980s subject increasing scrutiny calgary comic shop comic legends raided charged response established help retailers distributors publishers creators fight charges raise funds published true north canadian talent time large numbers canadian artists making waves american comic book market gene day brother dan particularly popular work men originated team canadian 1990s montreal based publisher drawn quarterly began anthology title named drawn quarterly quickly picked number titles semi autobiographical bilingual like started illegal resident jump fifth issue time autobiographical comics trend took place brown matt particular thought toronto comics rat pack depicting comics interviews drawn quarterly forefront maturation comic books saw 1990s publishing promoting works adult oriented canadian international artists publisher avoided genres like publisher saw comics growth comics artistic aspirations graphic novels increasingly prominent brown autobiographical playboy liked faux autobiographical good life don weaken garnering considerable attention calgary making waves late 1980s illustrating comics fan favourite writer artist eventually left found creator owned comics publishing collective debuted enormously successful spawn spawn holds record copies sold independent comic financially successful comics franchise decade 21st century dawn 21st century comics industry changed considerably graphic novel come traditional comics sales dropped significantly major target early days confederation protagonist award winning best selling comic strip biography graphic novels book collections gained wider audience serial comic books abandoned serial comics entirely focus original graphic novels greater appreciation shown brown recipients grants completed planned year issue run foreign comics especially japanese successful canada stood gaining large numbers female fans traditionally stayed away comic books significant influence artists series differing social norms content comics censored ran canadian customs officials incidental nudity interpreted child pornography result jail terms drawn quarterly known house art comics translations non english works like paul series archive editions classic comics wright publisher earned reputation special attention book design played pivotal shaping comics rise artistic prominence getting comics mainstream book stores canada publisher lobbied include section graphic novels subdivided subject increasingly popular outlet canadian popularity work led published book form time magazine placing fiction books comics community canada grown grown talent celebrating awards events international toronto comic arts festival french canada comics known followed different path english canada newspapers tend funny pages syndicated american comic strips general comics followed comics particularly popular influential comics tend printed comic album format popular europe aside humorous parodies superhero tradition comics early history 1960s comics alternately flourished seeing brief periods intense activity followed long periods foreign content comics appeared humour pages newspapers 19th century following trends coming europe late 19th century published books political album journal number began increase newspapers montreal saw newspaper publication said french language comic feature speech balloons comic strip adaptation father debuted popular strip comic strip appear daily newspaper called pour christmas dinner created strip called new_york based brought french year soon moved animation innovative pioneer field propose number strips compete american strips dominated sundays native presence pages dominant introduction restricted import foreign strips created comical character strip longest run world war great darkness comics publication dominated religious comics imported native comics flourish brief period soon replaced american content facing competition new publications appeared colour mid-1960s local catholic publications business 1970s present revolutionary 1960s quiet revolution saw new called spring comics said begun creation group published particularly notable numerous short lived publications strange names appeared like comics longer focused younger audiences instead seeking confrontation experimenting graphics drawing influence french comics mature audiences like published magazine translations american translations published journal 1970s called establish long lived satirical published leading talents era able launch careers magazine help magazine dedicated comic strips mad like publication patterned french rose competition mid-1980s number professional comics publishers began flourish montreal 1980s 1990s parallel mainstream humour magazines healthy underground scene developed self published names discovered small press publications 21st century semi autobiographical paul series seen like sales levels books published english drawn quarterly turn century government mandated art 9th art foundation promote north_america emerged events festival art publication promotion distribution large canadian newspapers typically page comic strips daily editions colour sunday comics section saturdays sundays editorial common professional association founded promote interests number french language publishers active canadian comics drawn quarterly montreal based english language publisher arts comics translations classic comic founded drawn quarterly influential publishers alternative comics british_columbia publishes large number titles joined french les arm active publishers small press played important self publishing common means putting comics largely influenced success form remained popular 1980s got started distributing self published comics scene spurred magazine dedicated promoting number fan conventions held canada including fan expo canada paradise comics toronto modeled european festivals grown enjoyed support awards number awards canadian comics appeared especially beginning 21st century established category idea clearly apparent good drawing striking effect public interest award recipient globe_and_mail french awarded french language comics comes prix best book joe awards handed named toronto born creator superman open canadians including living abroad permanent residents comics language awards outstanding artist features joe hall fame named founder canada oldest surviving comic shop began awards given best book best emerging talent award non narrative nominally narrative comics character center giants north 1990s onward increasing literature canadian comics appeared official languages books guardians north invaders appeared comics historian senior ottawa american magazine ran special issue canadian comics french wrote book comics called des publications des nos writing comics academically professionally regularly articles public comics published newspapers boston_globe comics literary magazines canadian feminist scholars research anti crime comics campaigns late 1940s 1950s point view moral panic social legal history era sexuality english bell john guardians north canadian comic book art isbn bell john comics guide comic books published canada matrix books isbn peter terry history canadian political stewart isbn michael patrick isbn dan introduction canadian comic books canadian comic books french french french french montreal collection french programme des publications des nos french isbn french | Canadian comics | Language and literature | Language and literature | Genres and literary theory |
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