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16560_GennadyYanayev | russian august september soviet politician served vice president soviet_union political career spanned rules culminated years born years local politics rose prominence chairman held lesser posts deputy gained seat 28th secretary later year help elected vice president soviet_union having growing doubts reforms leading started working eventually formally leading gang group deposed august coup days coup collapsed popularity brief grip power acting president soviet_union arrested role coup pardoned spent rest life working russian tourism administration death september early life career born august town height repression soviet_union graduated graduation worked head agricultural unit later chief engineer applied officially member communist_party soviet_union held positions second subsequently secretary later chairman held years deputy chairman secretary deputy chairman trade unions april elected chairman chairman trade unions able quell growing labour discontent country position granted seat communist_party soviet_union 28th congress held alongside election secretary vice president december proposed vice president soviet_union choice post foreign minister president turned offer initially rejected finally approved reluctance replace candidate known oppose resigned office protest increasing numbers conservatives political offices beginning january headed committee working formation new cabinet later sent soviet city negotiate newly formed independent trade union making time russian government official negotiated trade union gaining attention soviet government withdrew plans strike august coup shortly taking office joined group conservative communist politicians hoped persuade declare state emergency led chairman announced proposal form reorganisation soviet_union new confederation went vacation believing new treaty lead ussr placed house arrest august day treaty signed day soviet_union issued coup decree stated owing conditions health longer capable carrying duties president ussr accordance article clause ussr constitution vice president assumed duties president ussr decree references growing problems facing country ethnic tensions political confrontations chaos according coup leaders threatened existence soviet life territorial integrity ussr claimed danger collapse imminent economic situation handled quickly soviet_union collapse addition rest state committee ordered alter current year plan relieve housing shortage city given acre combat winter food shortages growing fruit vegetables asked replied let vacation undergoing treatment country tired years need time better press conference hands shaking violently leading journalists focus apparent instead allegedly bad health interview said regretted making acting president claiming pressured conservative members sign documents declared presidency described events burden rest life admitted drunk signed decree acting president august citizens moscow gathered russia white_house began erect responded declaring state emergency moscow declared press conference resting said years tired needs time health said committed continuing reforms weak posture hands expressions words according historians visible powerful member described heart soul conspiracy agreed head august coup leaders instance dismissed vice president later jailed crimes soviet state later life death years dissolution soviet_union freed amnesty eventually head september fell ill hospitalised moscow diagnosed lung cancer died september communist_party expressed family leader said lived interesting complicated worthy life officially praised highly professional specialist dear statement time official website claimed acted decisively unified country preserved buried cemetery ceremony attended prominent members survived wife daughters decorations awards order twice order badge honour twice | Gennady Yanayev | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
17296_VazgenSargsyan | armenian pronounced march october armenian military commander politician defence minister armenia served armenia prime minister june assassination october year rose prominence mass movement unification armenia late 1980s led armenian volunteer groups early clashes forces appointed defence minister president soon armenia independence soviet_union late prominent commander armenian forces different positions regulated military operations war area reached ending war facto unification armenia post war years grip establishing virtual strongly supporting retain power forced president office support concessions settlement negotiations helped prime minister elected president relations deteriorated merged influential war veterans group republican_party joined forces armenia communist leader elections reform minded alliance secured comfortable majority prime minister emerging facto decision maker armenia effective control military legislature assassinated armenian parliament shooting october perpetrators sentenced life prison distrust trial process gave birth number conspiracy theories experts politicians argue assassination minister suspected possible involvement foreign powers shooting despite mixed legacy widely recognized national hero political spectrum public given significant contributions establishment armenia independent state ensuring security founder criticized human rights organizations especially role elections awarded highest titles armenia national hero armenia hero early life career born near turkish border march finishing secondary school village attended worked physical education teacher secondary school exempt conscription soviet army leader amateur writer developed literary active social life wrote novel member armenia headed publicity department spring literary monthly book published awarded number works published journals literary career long ended late 1980s conflict early stages independence armenia relative soviet regime policies mid-1980s gave rise nationalism soviet_union armenia movement gained widespread public support demanded soviet authorities unify armenian populated armenia february regional legislature requested transfer region jurisdiction armenian rejected tensions escalated groups clashes frequent especially disputed border areas soviet took command armenian volunteer groups fighting near armenian border far hometown january leadership elected armenian parliament election served head december initiative established september composed total men formal armenian military unit independent moscow main base armenian army following years armenia forced respective countries remaining homes nearly impossible armenia proclaimed independence soviet_union august september month failed august coup moscow overwhelming majority voted independence nationwide referendum leader head elected president armenia october active military involvement fact popular armenian volunteer units army officers appointed defense minister independent armenia president december january armenian government passed historical decree formally created rise hostilities march announced armenia needed strong army maintaining security armenian forces recorded major military success capture significant victory armenian forces recorded weeks later capture connects armenia proper summer situation turned critical armenian forces following launch operation took control northern half august called armenian men gather form volunteer unit fight advancing forces northern parts televised speech stated men district armenia come form battalion battalion fight dangerous areas chance survival fight difficult parts win reality changed enemy enemy escaping lost faith power need attack old guys stimulate army day tomorrow able establish battalion volunteers fight win battalion called named eagles sentenced death formed august command major general defeated forces near monastery village august september respectively according battalion activity stopped advancement forces turned course war favor armenian region armenian military victory october march served presidential adviser defence affairs armenia subsequently appointed state minister defence security positions major role advance armenian army key commanders regulated operations armenian forces particularly active semi independent detachments active war zone political chaos army resulted armenian forces taking control territories outside original soviet drawn borders founded led union war veterans great influence armenia domestic politics post war years main base rise power early april armenian forces captured city outside originally contested areas causing international attention conflict turkey closed border armenia united_nations passed resolution condemning act summer armenian forces gained territories august controlled early countries devastated war protocol signed heads armenia backed armenia established facto control lands known remains internationally facto unified armenia minister defence president change appointed minister defence july restructuring government remained position years armenian army highly regarded experts armenia described soviet state managed build combat capable army scratch comparable efficiency according army powerful institution armenia credited substantially armenian army showed strong confidence army stated strength doubled past years year response president statements ready solve problem force replied let ready term minister defence marked cooperation russia greece close connections russian military elite especially defense minister according pursued military diplomacy greece cyprus syria iran bulgaria pro russian alliance power minister elections key figure post war armenia fact supported army established institution armenia described armenian politics deciding personnel appointments aftermath war accompanied harsh economic crisis armenia president unpopular authoritarian rule banning major opposition party arrest leaders highly dependent power structures included headed interior july helped win parliamentary election pass constitutional referendum gave president powers appointing dismissing key judicial legislative officials marred major electoral violations impact presidency evident presidential election subsequent developments days election stated support stating armenia enter 21st century stable president according turned voters caused people according poll election held september largely criticized observation monitoring organizations found violations election law official results recorded victory round total vote favor denounced opposition candidate officially received vote began demonstrations claiming electoral fraud supporters protests culminated september led thousands supporters parliament building avenue located time later day protesters broke fence surrounding parliament entered building beat parliament speaker vice speaker response stated opposition win percent votes army recognize political leaders later criticized human rights organizations statement state security forces tanks troops deployed restore order enforce ban rallies demonstrations september minister announced respective agencies prevented attempted coup état leadership split resignation chaired russia united_states france pressured armenia agree final status september stated support step step proposal included return territories outside borders argued relations opening border turkey way significantly improve armenia economy plan publicized came strong opposition issue important historical psychological factors having losing territories centuries reluctant lose won war according political scientist calling major concessions forces supported rule army elite time popularity armenian society lowest republic leadership armenian opposition expressed opposition president support proposed settlement plan quickly denounced proposal facto leader opposing group government joined government prime minister interior national security minister politicians referred western media perceived stance argued armenia try improve economic performance insisted armenia achieve marginal improvements insufficient address fear relative decline economic exclusion cabinet leading figure called package deal involving single framework accord contentious issues october members parliament left faction shifted support parliament left majority seats despite great public political opposition voted favor foreign policy meeting january clear support continue reign president january peak crisis declared support blamed trying armenia guaranteed armenian army intervene political struggle announced resignation february according played ultimately principal role president resignation resignation statement referred known body power cited threat country reason resignation resignation followed resignation speaker deputies mayor foreign affairs minister significant change occurred dozens members parliamentary faction called joined making largest parliamentary members compared republic resignation prime minister acting president february denied claims coup état said resignation sad natural claimed president surprised seeking common grounds president past months added step achieved issue suggestion situation frozen year resignation stated republican_party convention respects described wise moral man politician insisted question political responsibility main reason resignation election president interior minister openly supported influence election march called man unity word action stated experience armenia shows capable solving economic problems main opponent leader praised struggle armenian people criticized candidate gained half votes round second round election held march won vote suggests ordinary turned mafia connections politics observation mission described round deeply flawed final report stated mission found flaws election meet standards didn officially dispute election results accepted election suggested appoint prime minister decrease tensions political scene president significant institutional support party control army source money remained fundamental sense outsider tough position settlement issue urged international community recognize armenian genocide predecessor place importance response turkey cooperation armenia regional projects pressure leadership territory supported allowed actively operate resignation month election rise power power throne faction war veterans loyal single largest faction armenian parliament following resignation february merged republican_party armenia minor party ideology similar summer taking party legal status chairman republican_party considered unofficial leader relations deteriorated presidential election casting partners unconnected downright opposed president months officials took place spread rumors armenia relations normal august armenia prosecutor general close friend murdered office circumstances december deputy minister defence murdered equally mysterious motives february deputy minister interior murdered interior minister close ally perceived odds alliance initially announced republican_party parliamentary election seek majority parliament goal electoral process surprisingly march runner presidential election armenia communist leader issued joint announcement forming alliance armenia republican_party came known unity referred claimed genuine alliance parties come lead armenia turning point progress asked reasons joined said way according obviously concluded better popular ally opponent forming unity overcame ideological differences said joined forces overcome difficult problems facing armenia promoting tolerance country political life analyst words odd mix admitted effectively electoral threat parties described unification new old wrote unity aimed appeal electorate things men suggested alliance created electoral purposes strategic political agreement reached overcoming ideological differences parliamentary election campaign pledged spare effort sure elections free fair emphasis campaign economy improvement life ordinary talking politically transformed said confident people gained victory battlefield gain victory economy expressed optimism saying sure jointly change find right course unity called broadly democratic society rule law economic reforms market economy state creating conditions normal functioning state enterprises ensuring decent living standards campaign unity widely considered favorite election opposition newspaper suggested political parties armenia opposite pole minister leadership parliamentary election took place months announcement decision form alliance unity won popular vote took seats alliance established effective majority group independent officially non affiliated members parliament sympathetic coalition electoral process generally showed improvement previous flawed elections said adequate basis comparison final report described election step compliance commitments claimed improvements electoral framework political environment issues remained suggested considerable improvement past elections report critical saying failed meet international standards proved continuation flawed parliamentary elections differing methods types manipulation prime ministry republican_party convention january stated desire remaining position minister defence election wanting combine positions defence minister prime minister impossible according armenian constitution june prime minister armenia unity chairman elected speaker experts suggest prime minister powerful politician armenia suggest armenia strongest politician long according activities began despite formal welcome alliance president effectively weakened sidelined political analysts suggested alliance ultimately bring resignation stated end like queen england despite longer minister defence remained facto leader army close ally replaced according analyst member armenian parliament despite mixed legacy armenia increasingly independent economic policy time armenia recovered economic effects dissolution soviet_union energy crisis armenia major issues faces emigration armenian started period decline soviet regime held international creditors responsible armenia economic hardships leave room manoeuvres armenian government shape policies strongly according economic social needs majority population russian financial crisis worsened situation showed decline human development address parliament prime minister june described armenia economic situation grave budget revenues lower government planned low level tax collection high level corruption armenian economy criticized post soviet government admitted armenia alternative government enormous work speech july described economic situation armenia extremely difficult hopeless according half saw million revenues planned government said tax played role budget deficit despite criticized opposition especially unity voted favor mps measures cabinet august allowing armenia loans loaned billion armenia finance budget cabinet wanted million budget funds order able repay internal debts purpose tax raised cigarettes gasoline seriously hitting middle class described painful right steps getting necessary money foreign pledged tougher crackdown shadow economy efficient governance speaker called greater role state economy ensure stability president developments notable events prime ministry helped organize major events august began armenian athletes countries participated games closing ceremony took place september president attendance games involved thousands armenian youth preparations eighth anniversary armenia independence began september anniversary day voted favor leaving soviet_union referendum military parade held republic square visibly excited government leaders standing specially built pedestal short briefing parade enthusiastically stated touched piece hardware seen continued wanted armenian people days september held conference brought armenian political elite organizations political parties religious leaders writers representatives armenian communities countries unprecedented number opened second day conference speech report economic social situation armenia conference closed assassination shooting funeral october men brother karen uncle armed rifles hidden long coats broke building government holding question answer session shot dead speaker deputy speakers minister urgent affairs parliament members gunmen injured people parliament group claimed carrying coup état described act patriotic needed nation regain senses said wanted punish authorities nation described government drinking blood people claimed armenia catastrophic situation corrupt officials provide way main target group deaths said according reporters witnessed shooting men went said drinking blood responded future children hit times eyewitness journalist stated shots fired directly distance meters words impossible survived body taken parliament building evening october policemen army troops armed surrounding building president gave speech announcing situation control gunmen released hostages overnight negotiations president gave morning october lasted hours october president declared day mourning period state funeral ceremony victims parliament shooting took place october october bodies victims including placed inside number high ranking officials countries including russian prime minister georgian president attended funeral holy gave prayers investigation conspiracy theories men charged terrorism aimed authority october investigation led chief military prosecutor armenia claimed team looking shooting trial begun according investigating team considered dozen theories january investigators considered connection circle parliament shooting figures close arrested including deputy presidential adviser deputy director armenia summer year released eventually failed find evidence linking shooting trial began february eventually main perpetrators shooting younger brother uncle sentenced life prison december possible motives attack gave birth number conspiracy theories son stated authorities prevent crime conversely cover crime march younger brother stated questions governments claimed judicial process october deepened public distrust authorities questions remain unanswered today according disclosure shooting vital armenia conclusion insisted accused authorities responsible october accused fully october event april interview widow suggested shooting ordered outside armenia attempt coup assassination investigation find considerable evidence linking group armenian politicians analysts believe president minister assassination leading politicians stated come conclusion crime aimed making power unlimited physically eliminating organizers wanted create victory future presidential elections accused criminal system real perpetrators parliament shooting leader armed group member according expelled party misconduct association involvement stated worried number party leaders acting interest american foreign policy allegations foreign involvement analysts suggested foreign powers including russia shooting pointed fact armenia close signing kind agreement istanbul summit russia interest russian secret service accused general staff having organised armenian parliament shooting ostensibly peace process resolved conflict offered evidence support accusation russian armenian officials denied claims french based armenian political refugee priest known religious gave interview armenian media network claimed russian secret services october shooting claimed shooting deputy minister defense national security minister insisted shooting assisted russian secret services order bring neo criminal clan power suggested best interest west remove political scene close ties russia leading members minister national security adviser close ally stated october armenian officials warned foreign country declared western special services involved october events words special services france acting destroy armenia context likely involved realization terrorist acts armenia claimed shooting planned order rid major rivals plan involving territorial concessions aftermath shooting interior national security ministers resigned result pressure led ally time early june late october political system armenia based tandem controlled military legislative executive branches disrupted political balance country political arena armenia left disarray months facto dual command transferred president claims called clan kept check military security apparatus parliament shooting came sole influential group able successfully political scene armenia leaders unity assassinated parties alliance republican_party armenia armenia gradually lost edges collaboration late unity collapsed republican_party effectively lost influence personal life brothers married according friend promised december marry march year movement started february claimed popular movement interview revealed favorite historical military figure asked kind armenia like years said independent self sufficient country strong culture school army younger brothers appointed prime minister president november week death largely political gesture admitted armenia concept state security fact led assassination brother served position prime minister months dismissed inability work cabinet television statement claimed relieved end disarray armenian leadership blamed involved political games founded party april influential members mayor defence minister founder stated party bearer political heritage try realize programs aborted october crime consequences party backed presidential elections interview talked past years brother death brother supported presidential election march asked brother political stance responded like ask question don know answered don know answers questions unfortunately friends relatives way want history world examples starting bible legacy tribute awarded hero title highest award december months parliament shooting posthumously given armenia title widely recognized founder armenian army presidential decree issued december named military academy honor named decree numerous streets armenia including district park named statues erected honor locations october declared day remembrance armenian government created medal awarded services military education improvements service life year march birthday october day assassination commemorated armenia comrades high state officials visit cemetery buried armenian military figures museum opened hometown march decision armenian government notable attendees opening ceremony museum included premier minister speaker defence minister high ranking military diplomatic representatives russian minister defence revealed speech ceremony student referred military rank existed ancient kingdom armenia phrase literally meaning commander engraved memorial cemetery song dedicated memory public image recognition armenia lesser extent armenian recognized national hero survey conducted inc revealed topped list national heroes public perception respondents giving left prominent early 20th century military commanders widely considered charismatic leader generally perceived man tremendous power charisma known brutality temper attitude law contributions acknowledged colleagues comrades president stated deserves title added members government worked live perfect state armenia second president said speech funeral history provide assessment politician stood birth armenian state role creation national army life commitment immense contribution establishment powerful country giving speech occasion 15th anniversary defence minister incumbent president noted soldier dedicated cause revered strength armenia strength armenian soldier staunch belief future success leader recognized contributions stating strong individual greatness felt war nation building years war according presence foreign leaders director wrote shortly assassination west generally described strong nationalist british journalist wrote fierce nationalist preferred action force words diplomacy describes armenian nationalist devoted life armenian fight control political scientist expressed opinion significant nationalist politician commitment armenia doubted criticized particularly influence pre determining election results suggested record inspire confidence commitment democracy book religious freedom world described held responsible assaults religious minorities armenia especially discourage military service carried allegedly describes feudal baron claims controlled large areas economy | Vazgen Sargsyan | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
18301_AndrewFisher | august october australian politician served prime minister australia separate occasions fisher second government completed vast legislative programme founder statutory structure new nation fisher government legacy reforms national development lasted divisions later occur world war conscription push fisher second prime resulting federal election represented number australia elected federal majority government australia elected senate majority world labour_party majority government national level minority governments world labour_party government national level time labour_party controlled house legislature time party controlled houses legislature time represented culmination labour involvement politics passing acts government period reform commonwealth 1940s serving collective total years months fisher second australia longest serving labor prime minister labour changed labor early life fisher born mining village near scotland second children fisher education consisted primary schooling night schooling reading books library cooperative father helped establish age began work coal worked days week hours day trek night school elected secretary local branch step road politics union called strike demand cent increase wages prove ultimately unsuccessful fisher lost job result finding employment led miners strike higher wages time sacked unable find work fisher brother migrated queensland despite leaving homeland fisher said retained distinctive scottish accent rest life fisher worked engine driver role involving operation machinery raise lower shaft attaining necessary qualifications year elected president engine drivers union active president branch member parliament fisher elected president branch labour_party elected labour member following year labour deputy leader maiden speech pushed cent cut military spending declared support federation policy area captured attention term employment workers sugar plantations practice fisher labour strongly opposed lost seat campaign charged opponent dangerous revolutionary anti catholic accusations propagated newspaper establishment newspaper response intended medium broadcast labour message newspaper played vital role fisher return parliament time scare campaign conservative candidate consistently painted supporter black labour alleged economic social accompanied year secretary seven day government parliamentary labour government world state labour parties mps mixed support fisher firm supporting union australian colonies campaigned yes vote queensland referendum fisher stood electorate wide bay inaugural federal election won seat held continuously rest political career end fisher married previous daughter labour improved position election gaining seats par legislative time colloquially known government resigned declined office resulting labour taking power labour prime minister month period fisher established demonstrated ministerial capabilities minister trade customs fourth labour member ministry watson hughes fisher promoted deputy leader party adopted strategy trying party system labour non labour lines prior election renamed envisaged spectrum running socialist anti socialist middle attempt struck chord politicians westminster tradition regarded party system norm election remained prime minister labour gained considerably seats watson resigned fisher succeeded labour leader hughes stood position fisher considered better understanding economic matters better handling caucus better relations party organisation unions touch party opinion share hughes passion free trade watson hughes defence later conscription political terms radical left party strong sense labour british working class history fisher argued female representation parliament majority seats government labour caucus early future minority government ministry trouble talked fisher watson possible coalition following report agreed providing labour majority cabinet immediate legislation old age carried following election government promise progressive land tax coalition formed pressure labour brought productive change agreed royal commission post office old age provided surplus revenue fund set aside ships declared invalid high_court june fisher found proposals unsatisfactory caucus dissatisfied old age pension proposals labour support government fell november prime government fisher formed minority government government amended seat government act providing new federal capital area passed manufacturers encouragement act provide iron steel manufacturers paid fair reasonable wages ordered torpedo boat destroyers assumed local naval defence responsibility placed disposal royal_navy wartime fisher government saw passage provided payment compensation seamen engaged australian registered ships trading certain cases british foreign ships engaged trade killed injured course occupation fisher committed labour constitution commonwealth power labour wages prices expanding navy providing compulsory military training youths extending land tax construction railway replacement pound sterling australian currency protect sugar industry conservative merged form liberal joined labour majority seats led ousted labour office fisher failing persuade governor general lord dissolve parliament second government election labour gained sixteen additional seats hold total seventy seats eighteen senate seats election hold total thirty seats gave labour control houses enabled fisher form australia elected federal majority government australia elected senate majority world labour_party majority government acts passed years second fisher government exceeded output second government similar period fisher government represented culmination labour involvement politics period reform commonwealth 1940s fisher carried reforms defence constitutional matters finance transport communications social security achieving vast majority aims government establishing old age disability workers compensation issuing australia paper currency forming commencement construction trans australian railway expanding bench founding canberra establishing government owned fisher second government introduced uniform postal charges australia carried measures break land forward proposals regulation working hours wages employment conditions amended arbitration act provide greater authority court president allow commonwealth employees industrial unions registered land tax aimed breaking big estates provide wider scope small scale farming introduced coverage arbitration system extended agricultural workers federal public servants addition age women entitled old age pension lowered introduction particularly major reform enabled attended doctors leading reductions infant mortality compulsory preference trade federal employment introduced compensation act navigation act enacted improve conditions working sea arrangements seamen eligibility widened december onwards residents longer wait years eligible pension year value home excluded consideration assessing value property fisher wanted additional commonwealth power certain areas referendum asked questions defeated cent voting additional questions asked referendum defeated cent voting election led defeated single seat government labor retained control senate cook frustrated labor controlled senate blocking legislation recommended new governor general sir houses parliament dissolved elections called australia double dissolution election election world war broken middle election campaign sides committing australia british_empire fisher campaigned labor record support independent australian defence force pledged australia stand mother country help defend man labor won election absolute majority houses fisher formed fisher party immediately underway organising urgent defence measures planning implementing australia war effort fisher visited new_zealand time saw acting prime minister months fisher labor continued implement promised peacetime legislation including river murray waters act freight arrangements act sugar purchase act acts wartime legislation included acts giving governor general power regulations national security trading enemy act acts crimes act belgium grant act enemy contracts act december war act passed provide grant death members members residents australia death resulted employment connection operations october journalist reported situation gallipoli fisher request advised fears justified described dardanelles expedition series disastrous terrible chapters history concluding fisher passed report hughes defence minister ultimately leading evacuation australian troops december report fisher served high commissioner london fisher resigned prime parliament october absent parliament explanation sitting days days later unanimously elected leader fisher seat narrowly won percent margin wide bay election high commissioner united_kingdom fisher served australia second high commissioner united_kingdom january january fisher opposed conscription dealings difficult hughes asked fisher support cable weeks referendum fisher unable sign appeal position subsequently refused publicly comment issue hughes referendum conscription vote cent referendum vote cent fisher visited australian troops serving belgium france later presented album battlefield photos showing conditions experienced troops including fisher interviewed witnesses issued final report issued concluded expedition poorly planned executed difficulties problems exacerbated supply shortages personality clashes high levels allied troops dedicated failed campaign half casualties report conclusions regarded figures political military heavily report commission information gathered inquiry remain key source documents campaign final years death fisher wanted continue serve high commissioner london term expired hughes permit return australia attempts secure fisher seat parliament lead interested returned london lived retirement remainder life final years fisher gradually succumbed effects ultimately lose ability sign caught severe bout september died month later buried west honours end world war france awarded declined like decorations kind adhered view life federal electorate fisher named canberra suburb fisher created memory streets reflecting mining theme honour fisher occupation entering public life britain labour prime minister unveiled memorial fisher cemetery memorial garden dedicated fisher birthplace late 1970s honoured postage stamp bearing portrait issued home listed labor prime minister launched biography titled written turn presented item belonged fisher slightly battered gold pen engraved fisher signature held years | Andrew Fisher | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
18643_Suharto | pronunciation june january second president indonesia holding office years resignation born small village area near city dutch colonial era grew humble circumstances muslim parents divorced long birth passed foster parents childhood japanese occupation indonesia served japanese organised indonesian security forces indonesia independence struggle saw joining newly formed indonesian army rose rank following indonesian independence attempted coup september countered led troops blamed army subsequently led anti communist purge cia described worst mass murders 20th century power indonesia founding president appointed acting president president following year mounted social propaganda campaign known effort reduce president influence prestige support presidency strong 1970s 1980s eroded following severe financial crisis led widespread unrest resignation died legacy year rule debated indonesia abroad new order administration constructed strong military dominated government ability maintain stability diverse indonesia anti communist stance won economic diplomatic support west cold war presidency indonesia experienced significant economic growth dramatically improving health education living standards indonesia invasion occupation presidency resulted deaths 1990s widespread corruption source discontent according corrupt leader modern history having alleged billion rule years presidency attempts try charges corruption genocide failed poor health lack support indonesia moves bring charges early life born june dutch_east_indies era bamboo walled house hamlet larger village village kilometres west cultural born ethnic parents child father second marriage father children previous marriage village irrigation official mother local woman related weeks birth mother suffered nervous breakdown placed care paternal great aunt divorced early life later remarried age returned mother married local farmer helped rice father took live sister married agricultural supervisor town poor low yielding farming area near following years taken mother stepfather father took raising boy provided father figure stable home moved town attend primary school living son later father relative living guru mystical arts faith healing experience deeply affected later president surrounded powerful symbolic language difficulties paying fees education resulted father continued studying lower fee middle school city like religious contexts recent years called names formal generally spelling reflects modern indonesian spelling general approach indonesia rely spelling preferred person concerned time birth standard preferred original spelling international english language press generally uses spelling indonesian government media use upbringing contrasts leading indonesian nationalists believed little interest anti political concerns immediate surroundings unlike circle little contact european consequently learn speak dutch european languages youth learned speak dutch induction dutch military military career world war japanese occupation finished middle school age took clerical job bank forced resign bicycle tore working clothes following spell unemployment joined june undertook basic training near netherlands german occupation japanese pressing access indonesian oil supplies dutch opened large previously excluded assigned graduated short training course sergeant posted reserve battalion following dutch surrender invading japanese forces march abandoned uniform went months unemployment thousands took opportunity join japanese organised security forces joining police force october transferred police force newly formed japanese sponsored militia defenders served officers training serve rank platoon commander encountered version japanese way warrior troops training encouraged anti dutch pro nationalist thought aims imperial japanese encounter ideology believed profoundly influenced way thinking posted coastal defence battalion south admitted training company commander april august company commander conducted training new recruits japanese surrender august occurred posted remote area slopes mount train new replace executed japanese aftermath failed rebellion february led days japanese surrender pacific independence leaders declared indonesian independence appointed president vice president respectively new republic disbanded regiment accordance orders japanese command returned republican groups rose assert indonesian independence joined new unit newly formed indonesian army basis experience appointed deputy commander subsequently battalion commander republican forces formally organised october involved fighting allied troops subsequently appointed head brigade lieutenant colonel having earned respect field commander early years war organised local armed forces promoted major leader arrival allies mandate return situation status quo quickly led clashes indonesian republicans allied forces returning dutch assisting british forces led troops halt advance dutch tiger brigade earned respect invited draft working guidelines battle leadership headquarters body created organise unify command structure indonesian nationalist forces military forces infant republic indonesia constantly restructuring august head 22nd regiment division iii division stationed late assumed responsibility defence west southwest dutch forces conditions time reported dutch sources miserable reported assisting smuggling transport territory controlled generate income september dispatched meet chairman unsuccessful attempt peaceful reconciliation communist uprising december dutch launched operation crow resulted capture capital appointed lead iii consisting battalions waged warfare dutch hills south dawn raids march forces local militia recaptured city holding noon later accounts lone sources division ordered attack general said took great care preparing general offensive indonesian civilians sympathetic republican cause city force proved dutch failed win guerrilla war internationally pressured dutch cease military offensive negotiations eventually led dutch withdrawal area june complete transfer sovereignty december responsible takeover withdrawing dutch june revolution married known daughter minor noble royal house solo arranged marriage enduring supportive lasting death couple children born born born born tommy born born upper class considered acceptable wife pursue commerce supplement family budget allowing husband dignity official role commercial dealings children grandchildren extensive ultimately undermined presidency post independence military career years following indonesian independence served primarily java colonel led suppressing rebellion colonial soldiers supported dutch established state east indonesia federal entity united_states indonesia year acquainted neighbours family eldest son later vice president went succeed president led troops defeating islamic inspired rebellion battalion area appointed lead battalions early organised participation battling islam insurgents northwestern anti operations area sought stem leftist sympathies troops experience period left deep islamic communist served important position commander based responsible central java provinces relationship prominent businessmen extended presidency began involved series profit generating enterprises conducted primarily poorly funded military unit functioning army anti corruption investigations implicated smuggling scandal relieved position transferred army staff city promoted brigadier general late promoted army deputy chief staff given additional command head army new strategic reserve later ready reaction air mobile force based january promoted rank major general appointed lead joint army navy air force command based formed military campaign win western new_guinea dutch preparing independence separate indonesia assigned operational command newly formed malaysia fearful leave java covered army hand control million strong authorised intelligence officer open secret contacts british overthrow background tensions military communists increased april endorsed immediate implementation proposal fifth armed force consisting armed peasants workers idea rejected army leadership establishing armed forces aroused fear military plot overthrow fear mentioned repeatedly months independence day speech august declared intention commit indonesia anti alliance china communist regimes warned army interfere devoted energy domestic international politics economy indonesia deteriorated rapidly widespread poverty hunger foreign debt obligations infrastructure guided democracy stood fragile grounds inherent conflict underlying support pillars military communists military nationalists islamic groups shocked rapid growth communist party protection feared imminent establishment communist state indonesia million members particularly strong strongest political party indonesia abortive coup anti communist purge dawn october army generals kidnapped executed soldiers soldiers occupied including areas national radio station telecommunications centre announced radio september movement coup attempt cia backed power mad generals internal army affair september movement attempt life army hospital evening year old son tommy injury visited colonel key member close family friend according later testimony conspirators assumed loyalist went inform impending kidnapping plan save generals offer neutrality told killings went headquarters dawn soldiers occupying mobilized special forces seize control centre capturing key strategic sites including radio station resistance announced radio generals kidnapped counter revolutionaries september movement actually intended overthrow said control army crush september movement safeguard issued ultimatum based air force commander chairman gathered causing disperse soldiers occupied air base october short fighting failure poorly organised coup having secured authority president restore order security faction firmly control army october officially appointed army commander october october led dramatic public ceremony bury generals bodies complicated partisan theories continue day identity attempted coup organisers aims army version subsequently new order solely responsible propaganda campaign army islamic catholic student groups convinced indonesian international audiences communist coup attempt killings atrocities indonesian heroes army alliance religious civilian groups led campaign purge indonesian society government armed forces communist party leftist organisations purge spread rest country indonesian killings widely accepted estimates half million killed million imprisoned stage result purge pillars support effectively eliminated military political islam power struggle continued command loyalty large sections armed forces general population careful seen seizing power coup eighteen months following september movement complicated process political manoeuvres including student parliament media propaganda military threats january university students banner begin demonstrations government voicing demands disbandment control students received support protection army engaging coordination meetings student leaders street fights broke students pro loyalists pro students prevailing army protection february promoted lieutenant general general july killing student order disbandment february public opinion president march appearance unidentified troops palace cabinet meeting attended forced flee palace away helicopter generals went meet secured presidential decree gave authority action necessary maintain security letter ordered banning following day proceeded purge pro elements parliament government military accusing communist army arrested cabinet ministers forced appoint new cabinet consisting supporters army arrested pro pro communist members parliament replaced chiefs navy air force police force supporters began extensive purge services june parliament passed resolutions including banning stripping title president life wishes government ended malaysia rejoined united_nations removed indonesia previous year seek outright removal session remaining support president elements armed forces january felt confident removed significant support armed forces decided hold session february announced resign presidency march session stripped remaining power named acting president placed house arrest palace little heard died june march appointed year terms president new order ideology promoted new order opposed old order society based ideology initially careful islamic scholars feared develop quasi religious cult secured parliamentary resolution obliged organisations indonesia adhere basic principle instituted mandatory training programs primary school students office workers practice exploited government justify actions condemn opponents anti implemented dual function policy enabled military active role levels indonesian government economy society consolidation power having appointed president needed share power elements including indonesian generals considered mere inter islamic student groups participated anti communist purge aided military officers days commander particularly began systematically cement hold power subtly potential rivals rewarding loyalists political position monetary incentives having successfully stood chairman attempt introduce bill severely curtailed presidential authority removed position chairman forced early retirement military generals dubbed new order opposed decision allow participation existing political parties elections favour non ideological party system similar found western countries proceeded send overseas ambassador sent distant south regional commanders previously strong relationship student movement increasing corruption regime original leaders student movement successfully opted regime faced large student demonstrations challenging legitimacy elections movement costly construction indonesia theme park domination foreign lack term limits presidency regime responded student activists future national figures sending army units occupy university campus january march april moved decisively issuing decree campus life prohibited political activities campus related academic pursuits january faced significant challenge violent riots broke visit japanese prime minister students demonstrating increasing dominance japanese investors encouraged general deputy commander armed forces ambitious general disliked strong influence inner circle reported riots engineered wished regime utilizing student unrest resulting dismissal forced retirement incident referred disaster january disbanded popular dissent prominent political figures signed petition criticised use silence critics refused address concerns imprisoned having restrictions imposed movements domestic politics security demands civilian politicians holding elections manifested resolutions government formulated series laws elections structure duties parliament passed november protracted negotiations law provided parliament power elect presidents consisting lower house regional representatives members directly appointed government remaining seats allocated political parties based results general election mechanism ensures significant government control legislative affairs particularly appointment presidents participate elections realized need align political party initially considering alignment old party decided control obscure military run federation called functional group transform electoral vehicle coordination right hand man general election held july participants consisting islamic parties nationalist christian parties campaigning non ideological platform development aided official government support subtle intimidation tactics managed secure popular vote march general session newly elected promptly appointed second term office vice president military strength communists ideology principal element strength consider country area needs ideology counter communists national ideology people improved supports national ideology january allow better control government forced islamic parties merge non islamic parties fused indonesia government ensured parties developed effective opposition controlling leadership establishing system remove outspoken legislators positions system dubbed democracy elected unopposed won landslide election ensuring able pass agenda virtually opposition purposes held governing power nation proceeded social engineering projects designed transform indonesian society floating mass supportive national mission development concept similar government formed civil society groups unite populace support government programs instance government created indonesia november union civil servants ensure loyalty organized indonesia legal labour union february established control islamic promote influential chinese government passed laws called basic policy solution chinese problem chinese language publication controlled army allowed continue chinese cultural religious expressions including display chinese characters prohibited public space chinese schools phased ethnic chinese encouraged indonesian sounding names commenced successful family planning program stem huge population growth rate increasing capita income lasting legacy period spelling reform indonesian language decreed august relied military maintain domestic security organized maintain strict control country expanded army territorial system village level military officers appointed regional heads dual function military indonesia provincial governors half district chiefs active military officers authorized destroyed remnants trying organize base area ordered military operations ended communist attacks oil workers incarnation led dispatch small special forces detachments quickly killed forced movement members flee abroad notably march authorised successful special forces mission end indonesia flight islamic don airport comply required integration indonesia end government begin organizing called act free choice scheduled july august government sent special forces secured surrender bands dutch organized militia large indonesian takeover sending catholic volunteers distribute consumer goods promote pro indonesian sentiments march agreed tribal chiefs citing logistical challenge political ignorance population strategy produced unanimous decision integration indonesia duly noted november economy stabilize economy ensure long term support administration enlisted group american educated indonesian dubbed berkeley mafia significant changes economic policy cutting subsidies decreasing government debt reforming exchange rate mechanism inflation lowered threat famine influx rice aid shipments lack domestic capital required economic growth new order reversed economic self policies opened selected economic sectors country foreign investment travelled western_europe japan promote investment indonesia foreign investors enter indonesia included mining companies following government regulatory domestic chinese emerged late 1960s early 1970s import light manufacturing sector government secured low interest foreign aid countries grouped indonesia cover budget deficit funds later jump oil export revenue oil crisis government invested infrastructure series year plans dubbed outside formal economy created network charitable organizations run military family members extracted donations domestic foreign enterprises exchange necessary government support permits proceeds charitable purposes money fund reward political allies maintain support state owned oil company foreign loans result corruption leadership close ally government bail company nearly doubled national debt foreign policy assuming power government adopted policy neutrality cold war quietly aligned including japan south_korea objective securing support indonesia economic recovery western countries impressed strong anti communist credentials quick offer support diplomatic relations china suspended october suspicion chinese involvement september movement diplomatic relations restored destruction soviet_union military sales indonesia foreign minister managed secure agreements massive debts incurred soviet_union eastern european communist states having ended confrontation malaysia august indonesia founding member august organization designed establish peaceful relationship southeast asian countries free conflicts ongoing vietnam war neighbouring colony descended civil war withdrawal portuguese authority following revolution left wing populist emerged triumphant approval western countries including president australian prime minister visits indonesia decided intervene claiming prevent establishment communist state unsuccessful attempt covert support groups authorized scale invasion colony december followed official annexation indonesia 27th province july campaigns broke control continuing resistance caused government maintain strong military force half island estimated minimum maximum conflict related deaths occurred indonesian rule killings excess deaths hunger illness indonesian forces responsible violent killings socio economic progress growing corruption real socio economic progress sustained support regime decades indonesia poverty rate dropped compared indonesia recorded real growth pushing real capita upwards manufacturing sector industries related oil agriculture manufacturing risen exports consisted manufactured products government invested massive infrastructure development notably launching series satellites consequently indonesian infrastructure mid-1990s considered par china keen capitalize achievements justify regime resolution granted title father development government health care programs program increased life years years cutting infant mortality rate government program launched resulted primary school enrollment ratio reaching eliminating education gap boys girls sustained support agriculture resulted indonesia reaching rice self unprecedented achievement earns gold medal november early 1980s government responded fall oil exports 1980s oil successfully shifting pillar economy export oriented labour intensive manufacturing globally competitive indonesia low wages series currency undertaken ethnic chinese companies evolved immense dominating nation economy largest led led led han led led led decided support growth small number chinese indonesian pose political challenge ethnic minority status past experience deemed possess skills capital needed create real growth country exchange patronage provided vital financing regime maintenance activities late 1980s government decided regulate banking sector encourage savings providing domestic source financing required growth decreed october package eased requirements establishing banks extending credit resulting increase number banks promote savings government introduced program populace opened recorded bull run domestic influx foreign funds sudden availability credit fueled strong economic growth early 1990s weak regulatory environment financial sector seeds catastrophic crisis eventually destroyed regime growth economy coincided rapid expansion corruption dan early 1980s children particularly tommy grown adults companies given lucrative government contracts protected market competition examples include toll expressway market national car project tommy cinema market owned cousin family said control real estate indonesia including prime office space nearly land additionally family members received free shares indonesia lucrative domestic companies run ethnic chinese foreign owned companies encouraged establish strategic partnerships family companies run family grew larger millions dollars donations public private sectors year early german anti corruption transparency international released list believes self leaders past decades order allegedly stolen usd highest ranking family alleged billion billion 1980s 1990s 1980s grip power maintained civil society engineered elections use military powers retirement military june undertook organisation armed forces concentrated power away commanders president march appointed general head armed forces adopted elements challenged administration roman catholic political threat army squads killed suspected criminals response spike crime rate killings sole ideology caused protests conservative islamic groups considered islamic law massacre saw army kill conservative muslim protesters september series small bombings including bombing led arrests hundreds conservative islamic activists including future parliamentary leader later leader attacks police led military operation killed people ended government sought increased control press issuing law requiring media possess press operating license revoked time western concern communism waned end cold war human rights record came greater international scrutiny particularly following santa massacre elected head indonesia founding member host domestically business dealings family created discontent military lost access power lucrative rent seeking opportunities march session military legislators attempted pressure unsuccessfully seeking block nomination loyalist vice president criticism family corruption saw president dismiss position military chief proceeded slowly regime dissolved powerful september ensured key military positions held loyalists attempt power base away military begin support islamic elements undertook publicised pilgrimage took promoted islamic values careers islamic oriented generals win support nascent muslim business community resented dominance chinese indonesian formed indonesian islamic intellectuals association november led protégé minister research technology period race riots ethnic chinese begin occur regularly beginning april riot 1990s government came dominated civilian politicians owed position solely sign growing prominent indonesian magazines criticised purchase entire fleet disbanded east german navy vessels scrap value ordered publications closed june 1990s elements growing indonesian middle class created economic development restless corruption children demands reform year old government daughter normally rallying point growing discontent response backed opted faction led removed chair july attack soldiers hired led lieutenant general demonstrating supporters resulted fatal riots looting incident followed arrest democracy activists kidnapped killed army squads led son law economic crisis resignation indonesia country hardest hit asian financial crisis large capital dollar poor bank lending practices indonesian companies borrowed cheaper dollar loans income mainly indonesian weakening spurred panic buying dollar companies causing indonesian drop pre crisis level low point early consequently companies economy leading sharp increases unemployment poverty country efforts central bank defend proved futile drained country dollar reserves exchange billion aid october following april signed letters intent economic reform process january government forced provide emergency assistance issue blanket guarantees bank deposits set management troubled banks order prevent collapse financial system steps taken recommendation government raised interest rate february worsened economy december time attend presidents summit later revealed minor stroke creating speculation health immediate future presidency mid december crisis swept indonesia estimated billion capital withdrawn country appeared press conference assert authority urge people trust government collapsing attempts confidence little effect evidence suggested family associates spared toughest requirements reform process confidence economy leadership economic accompanied increasing political tension anti chinese riots occurred violent ethnic clashes broke settlers won rigged elections march voted unanimously year term appointed protégé vice president cabinet family business associates daughter minister appointments government budget created currency instability rumours panic led run stores pushed prices government increase fuel prices triggered riots increasingly seen source country mounting economic political crises prominent political figures including muslim politician spoke presidency january university students began organising nationwide demonstrations crisis state visit egypt security forces killed rioting looting cities following days destroyed thousands buildings killed people ethnic chinese businesses particular targets violence theories origin violence include rivalry military chief general suggestion deliberate divert blame crisis ethnic chinese discredit student movement tens thousands university students demanding resignation occupied grounds roof parliament building return offered resign cabinet efforts failed political allies deserted refusing join proposed new cabinet according issued decree provided authority measures restore security decided enforce decree prevent conflict population announced resignation vice president assumed presidency accordance constitution post presidency resigning presidency family compound area protected soldiers rarely making public appearances family spend time corruption investigations protected prosecution politicians owed positions president indicated leaked telephone conversation president attorney general february estimated family fortune billion cash shares corporate assets real estate jewelry fine art sued magazine seeking billion damages libel article september indonesia supreme_court awarded damages magazine ordering pay million high_court reversed judgment court district court placed highest list corrupt leaders alleged billion year presidency placed house arrest indonesian authorities began investigate corruption presidency july announced accused million government donations number foundations control money finance family investments september court appointed doctors announced stand trial declining health state prosecutors tried doctors cited unspecified brain disease march civil court judge acquitted corruption ordered charitable foundation pay son tommy sentenced years jail convicted ordering killing judge sentenced months jail corruption illegal weapons possession freed release half brother tried convicted corruption loss million indonesian state sentenced years jail later won reduction sentence years initiating probe alleged scandal judicial mafia uncovered offers judges confessed scheme october leading arrest lawyers year term reinstated brief hospital reportedly protected group police officers arrested november july indonesian prosecutors filed civil lawsuit president recover state funds allegedly disappeared scholarship fund billion damages health crises resigning presidency hospitalised repeatedly stroke heart problems declining health hindered attempts prosecute lawyers successfully claimed condition rendered unfit trial little support indonesia attempts prosecute attorney general announced team doctors asked evaluate health fitness trial physician brigadier general stated doubts noting permanent cerebral defects later report attorney general discussed examination called opportunity prosecute attorney general left open possibility filing suit estate death january taken hospital complications arising weak heart swelling limbs stomach partial failure health fluctuated weeks progressively worsened low blood pressure heart kidney complications internal bleeding fluid lungs blood caused drop january health worsened infection spread body family removal life support machines died january body taken complex near city solo buried alongside late wife state military funeral honours elite forces honour guard commander group colonel attendance incumbent president ceremony inspector vice president government ministers armed forces chiefs staff tens thousands people lined streets convoy offered regional heads state indonesia president declared week official mourning tenure flags indonesia flown half mast | Suharto | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
20421_AnastasMikoyan | russian armenian english pronunciation november november october old soviet statesman soviet politician managed remain highest levels power communist_party soviet_union power days rule eras peaceful retirement months rule early convert cause strong supporter immediate years rule held high governmental posts including minister foreign trade end rule began lose favour lost long standing post foreign trade minister 19th party attacked died took leading role policy making backed policy deputy premier position second powerful figure soviet_union time key trips communist cuba united_states acquiring important stature international diplomatic scene especially skill exercising soft power soviet interests forced step coup brought power served chairman nominal head state forced retirement early life career born armenian parents village russian_empire presently armenia father worked carpenter mother younger brother founder aviation design bureau primary design fast jets soviet military aviation received education seminary religion played increasingly insignificant role life later remark continued studies theology drew closer clear feeling didn believe god fact received certificate uncertainty studied religious subjects believed god active politics study socialism age formed workers soviet formally joined faction later known leader revolutionary movement interactions soviet revolutionaries led editor armenian language newspaper later russian language paper time said robbed bank tnt nose broken street fighting russian revolution february revolution toppled government fought elements newly formed continued fight forces wounded fighting noted saving life fellow party member continued party work founders lasted fled captured known executed sole exception circumstances survival mystery february returned resumed activities helping establish member supported met power struggle followed death member people external imported ideas west manufacture goods elected soviet leaders pay goodwill trips united_states order boost economic cooperation spent months united_states learned food industry met spoke inspected new_york returned introduced number popular american consumer products soviet_union including american ice cream corn juice corn spearheaded project produce home encourage return domestic kitchen result book published edition sold million copies helped initiate production ice cream ussr kept quality ice cream personal control dismissed joke stating care ice cream communism contributed development meat production ussr particularly called soviet era factories named late 1930s embarked great purge series campaigns political repression persecution soviet_union orchestrated members communist_party persons assessing role historian states enjoyed reputation decent leaders certainly helped victims later worked hard rule leader death tried save close companions executed faults enthusiastically supported execution claiming verdict leading officials signed death lists given accomplished officials close giving assignment largely way test loyalty regime september dispatched list names capital oversee communist_party armenia largely tried failed save executed trip armenia person arrested speeches thousand people arrested seven members sacked office instances intervened behalf colleagues persecuted reason selected oversee world war september nazi_germany soviet_union carved spheres influence poland eastern_europe pact soviets arrested polish officers eastern portion poland march members included signed order execution nationalists germany invaded soviet_union june placed charge organizing transportation food supplies son pilot died combat plane shot main assignment war supplying materials food special representative orders point member believed better use government administration decorated hero efforts vice premier shortly death considered launching new purge party leaders gradually began fall favor instance accused plotting plans came fruition died motion originally argued favor keeping right hand man punishment later gave popular support party members arrest remained government death post minister trade supported power struggle succeed deputy premier recognition services helped organize secret speech delivered 20th party congress denounced personality cult anti speech 20th congress helped roll restrictions nationalism culture imposed time visited native armenia gave speech encouraged works writer refused attempt remove power secured position closest allies backed strong support belief triumph given way similar ones 1930s foreign diplomacy hungary october sent gather information developing crisis caused revolution communist government traveled armored personnel carrier view shooting streets sent telegram moscow reporting impressions situation impression especially comrades strength opponent strength wrote strongly opposed decision use soviet troops believing destroy soviet_union international reputation instead arguing application military intimidation economic pressure crushing revolution soviet forces nearly led resignation united_states hard line policies led improvement relations soviet_union united_states late 1950s primary visited united_states times despite cold war americans received including minnesota democrat characterized showed flexibility attitude new_york governor described rigid soviet politician november unsuccessful attempt turn berlin independent free city giving united_states great_britain france month ultimatum withdraw troops sectors occupied transfer control western access rights disapproved actions claiming violated party principle proposed ultimatum west discussing historian believed angry didn consult proposal asked ease tension united_states responded started eventually left washington time senior governing member ussr visited united_states diplomatic mission leadership furthermore approached mission unprecedented beginning request embassy fortnight holiday visit friend soviet ambassador united_states white_house taken guard seemingly impromptu diplomatic mission invited speak numerous elite american organizations professed hopes ussr peaceful relationship addition received engagements informal opportunities meet public having breakfast restaurant visiting department store new_york_city meeting celebrities hollywood like having audience president secretary state failed alter berlin policy hailed international tensions innovative emphasis soft diplomacy largely went american public disapproved crisis believed kept tension cold war high years time remained closest ally upper soviet leadership later noted engaged november asked represent ussr president funeral funeral ceremony appeared visibly shaken president death approached took hand conveyed following message tell chairman know husband worked peaceful world carry husband work cuba missile crisis soviet government welcomed overthrow cuban president pro socialist rebels realized potential soviet ally caribbean dispatched diplomats latin_america soviet official soviet intelligence officers visit cuba revolution secured important trade agreements new government left cuba positive impression saying atmosphere feel returned childhood told idea shipping soviet missiles cuba opposed idea opposed giving control soviet missiles early november height cuban missile crisis soviet leadership dispatched havana help persuade cooperate removal nuclear missiles bombers soviet_union placed island prior beginning negotiations informed death wife moscow return funeral opted stay sent son instead adamant missiles remain seeking avoid fledged confrontation united_states attempted convince told know letters today hold position weapons military specialists exception offensive weapons associated service personnel promised withdrawn letter october idea concessions removal bombers tactical nuclear weapons left cuba tense weeks negotiations finally relented missiles bombers removed december year head state coup involvement july appointed chairman replacing received promotion party new position largely ceremonial noted declining health old age considered historians convinced believed turned liability party involved october coup brought power disputes member time defend vote force retirement traditional soviet style vote unanimous colleagues wished leader retirement spoke laid sent letter funeral partial defense lost high standing new soviet leadership forced retire seat old age quickly lost post head state succeeded post december retirement awarding order death personality legacy companions days wrote frank selective memoirs political career rule died october age natural causes buried cemetery moscow received description slim described intelligent man understanding english having learned german translating german version das russian unlike afraid come heated argument bored notes called true warned fox east close conversation referred politics noted took shot improve children boys sons late leader wife faced economic problems wife borrow money wives fewer children discovered according children furious proud armenian identity pointing russian russian said share hell russians post soviet armenia divisive controversial figure like soviet era armenian officials critics argue loyal servant responsible deaths thousands 1930s armenian intellectuals assassinated according evil mass murders atmosphere fear supporters argue major figure global political stage usually point role cuban missile crisis dubbed vicar politics known survivor time old spared able retire comfortably political life highlighted number popular russian including heart attack stroke veteran soviet official described political career following manner able walk red square rainy day umbrella getting wet dodge decorations awards hero times order october revolution order | Anastas Mikoyan | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
21553_ValentinPavlov | russian september march soviet official russian banker following dissolution soviet_union born city moscow began political career later head appointed post chairman later minister finance second government went succeed head government newly established post prime minister soviet_union prime minister january august initiated soviet monetary reform commonly referred reform early early told media reform initiated halt flow soviet transported soviet_union abroad ridiculed time statement later proven true june year called transfer power president soviet_union prime minister failed joined plot august participated soviet coup état attempt tried prevent soviet_union arrested involvement coup went work banking sector post soviet russia succeeded premier early life career born moscow september graduated started bureaucratic career government economist started working official member communist_party soviet_union early career worked socialist republic started working member board held office head department oversaw aspects country planned economy served deputy minister finance ministry january august appointed chairman august retained post june period later minister finance supported price reform proposal chairman succeeded minister finance government time post considered deputy chairman elected post chairman advocacy backed plans centrally administered price reform minister government member soviet foreign minister nominee second government overwhelmingly elected soviet_union minister finance supportive soviet economy having overseen rapid increase soviet money supply increase inflation caused set exchange rate american dollar soviet black market admitted tenure minister finance later prime minister western banks creditors lying soviet_union gold reserves gathered information errors future soviet premier russian premier weaken position deputy premier relations grew soviet premier prime minister following resignation second government elected new position prime minister compromise candidate chairman deputy prime ministers approved soviet_union january approval majority ministers followed weeks considered conservative election prime minister soviet press described bold complex man believed soviet_union oppressive workers advanced capitalist societies actions prime minister headquarters moscow headquarters strengthen position monetary reform soviet monetary reform commonly referred reform monetary reform prior dissolution soviet_union initiated january intended withdraw money circulation production consumer goods short supply speech stated reason withdrawal government belief money sent soviet_union abroad inflation ridiculed soviet press time years later truth statement verified signed presidential decree ordering soviet financial system stop accepting exchanging issued directive included issued january government began restricting monthly bank deposit official explanation freeze income corrupt officials criminals orders government freed percent prices january introduced sales tax prices consumer goods particular considered free sense negotiation possible producers distributor according book rise fall soviet economy economic history ussr reform undermined failed follow orders widespread existence local tended definition luxury goods result imposed higher prices items soviet citizens days january exchange old new currency exchange postponed specialised government commissions short exchange window long formed soviet savings banks possible exchange money post offices reform dealt blow soviet citizens saved money fast exchanged lost overnight end reform proved unsuccessful government managed withdraw billion circulation country money supply intended target billion result reform end inflation prices items including food transport rose percent soviet standard living decreased sharply state budget deficit increased estimated percent aftermath reform inflation exceeded percent mark month coup attempt june discovered planned replace prime minister response arrived soviet_union visibly nervous report forced tell delegates state soviet economy blamed ongoing war laws soviet_union socialist republic argued resolved introducing state emergency entire soviet_union certain economic sectors according union problems remained long retained power limited time address important issues break called transfer power president soviet_union prime minister creating point resolution end legislature consider received support idea parliamentary faction leader called immediate vote issue members demanded statement comment proposal retrospect notes resolution coup état consulted earlier according historian program directed afternoon majority members favoured immediate vote chairman soviet_union departed constitutional negotiations promised tell vote place stood reformer trust tried stall vote demanding statement according mood vote taken won time soviet secret police military establishment general wanted strengthen authority supported program vote able increase powers gave institution right legislative initiative shortly united_states ambassador soviet_union told possibility coup attempt soviet leader worried informed mysterious troop movements outside moscow june days speech addressed told delegates differences opinion able secure position power system succeeded getting enhanced powers previously given reversed power struggle promising minister defence chairman removed posts following signing ratification august coup soviet coup état attempt commonly referred prompted slow soviet_union resulted reform policy drive independent russia prepared called power weakened government hold economy received draft august meeting managed published moscow news august opposing stance taken treaty key players establishment august inclusion committee demonstrate revert policies committee main goal ensure soviet_union continued highly union state led vice president soviet_union interior minister defence minister determined action chairman told coup august day began asked meet moscow august conspirators appeared live television told soviet people day wore soon apparent drinking issued contradictory orders repeated retrospect admitted drinking son day day fellow decided sending wife took care arrested following collapse coup shortly hospitalised whilst remaining custody released bail january granted amnesty later life death release custody director commercial bank resigned request bank informed decided provide indefinite leave absence february shortly resignation bank license revoked violating banking laws set worked advisor vice president american firm worked vice president later headed department died moscow march buried april cemetery decorations order labour order badge honour | Valentin Pavlov | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
22865_SibylHathaway | dame née january july dame death year tenure spanned reigns george elizabeth_ii financially troubled widow children succeeded eccentric father feudal lord small immediately set reinforcing feudal rights promoting tourism island called remarried second husband legally senior ruler kept control government tenure dame saw german occupation second world war refused evacuate convinced stay eldest son heir apparent killed husband deported nazi concentration camp remains best known conduct occupation war continued publicity campaign strengthening island tourism industry having widowed went rule dame commander order british empire described british government official lady unusual personality referred dictator died age succeeded grandson early life mary born house belonged great great grandfather business dealings brought daughter parents montreal born wife née born years father inherited father sibling sister named treated heir boy lame unequal leg length prevent father insisting teaching shoot sail climb cliffs allowed daughters complain pain sadness later grateful able live life free self pity future ruler island situated france united_kingdom learned standard french local dialect norman language marriage age fell love british painter shoot climb cliffs father considered clear opposed relationship continued seeing enraged father dragged bedroom midnight threw residence remained alerted mother found boarded boat neighbouring island stormed aboard looking hidden captain travelled house relative london soon married james church contact father birth child sent telegram child female saying sorry found children boring went daughters born father death sons died infancy family moved years mother death wrote extensively relationship autobiography served british army officer world war died november spanish flu death left pregnant widow deprived income father father law army officer willing financial support surviving children learned german started working cologne worked british_army rhine raised prize cattle accession died june succeeded widowed daughter end life stopped requesting inhabitants payment wheat feudal tax chickens accession immediately feudal rights noted oldest chickens complained remnant europe maintained agriculture encouraged island self sufficient island unique feudal system draw tourists refused allow deter banned motor vehicles holiday camps chief pleas refused pass ordinance selling alcohol known drunk like eldest son francis heir apparent fascinated film production appointment venus shot dame allow car ashore ostensibly believing land sort senior autumn dame way holiday united_states met american born army aviator november following return united_states day long courtship married parish church robert aware marriage wife ruler set foot island strong personality ensured final matters government husband attended government meetings accompanied advice lecture tours united_states aided second husband connections efforts promote tourism bring revenue island second world war tenure interrupted german occupation second world war july inhabitants evacuated declared leave island prevailed native born remain appears believed germans come island stay brief tenants resented decision remain ensuing years occupation thanked war saw total evacuation destroyed neighbouring island dame senior official meet german officers harbour escort residence maid announced guests respected germans language spoke perfectly leadership gave period british home secretary observed remained wholly mistress situation occupation friendly terms german commander stationed indicated warm correspondence wrote charming man noted friends common german officers charge noble extraction exploited stiff german making clear expected treated rigid accustomed country insisted officers come way expected bow kiss hand bow allowed seat influence prince able german army physician stationed treat sick tenants germans ordered instructed german dame offered room residence classroom children island eldest son francis wife mary killed son michael line inherit island husband deported vii bavaria february remained rest war sign document authority meant legality issued period best questionable refused sign orders issued germans arguing simply sign insulted order prohibited sexual relations tenants german troops grounds disease outbreak order implied women germans hand appears voice objection series orders previously issued concerned czech jewish friend struggled food shortage months occupation organised raid german grain stocks saved families starvation secret potato liberated british officers arrived explaining british troops available asked dame command men belonging defeated german garrison sure garrison cleared island land mines concerned legal status decisions issued war sailed soon island liberated experience german occupation inspired play dame manner receiving germans described impressive overly postwar years following war continued promote tourist trade advocated building new harbour husband welcomed edinburgh later queen elizabeth_ii duke edinburgh opened new harbour year officer order british empire happy marriage ended death years death eldest child widow regained complete authority island queen elizabeth_ii duke edinburgh returned time reigning monarch come island rendered homage queen occasion time ceremony performed autobiography dame published anniversary grant charter signed dame commander order british empire buckingham palace jokingly referred double dame soon daughter died having struggled alcoholism long time increasingly worried constitution intrusion affairs time sharp dispute chief pleas claiming members violated laws passed misconduct threatened tourism campaign futile shocked announcing intention resign charter island crown somewhat way hereditary family recommend government taken threat effective regulations suddenly enforced strictly beginning year retracted announcement having persuaded enormous number letters requests death died fifth child dame early year year old gave approval stage presentation play dame inspired experiences second world war looked forward meeting play title role died suddenly heart attack july passed dictator referred lady unusual personality british government official grandson remained universal suffrage democratic leadership established | Sibyl Hathaway | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
23223_RaúlAlfonsín | march march argentine lawyer politician statesman served president argentina december july born province began studies law graduate affiliated joining faction party split elected deputy legislature buenos_aires province presidency national deputy presidency opposed sides dirty war times filed writ corpus requesting freedom victims forced denounced crimes military dictatorship countries opposed actions sides war leader death radical candidate presidency elections won president sent bill congress self amnesty law established military established investigate crimes committed military led trial resulted sentencing heads regime discontent military led leading stop law law obedience conflicts unions controlled opposing resolved conflict increased trade brazil proposed creation support group united_states passed divorce law argentina initiated plan improve national economy plan spring plan failed resulting riots led party defeat presidential elections won continued leader opposed presidency initiated pact order negotiate terms amendment argentine constitution led faction opposed pact eventually president resigned december riots faction provided support needed appointed president congress died lung cancer march age given large state funeral early life career born march city south buenos_aires parents father german descent mother daughter welsh immigrant ford following elementary schooling enrolled general san military graduating years second lieutenant pursue military career began studying law instead began studies completed graduating age married met 1940s ball moved returned sons follow political career bought local newspaper joined member faction party opposed incorporation coalition appointed president party committee elected city council detained brief time reaction government bombing plaza ousted national government briefly detained forced leave office city council broke parties radical civic union led led like split opted follow elected deputy legislature buenos_aires province ticket reelected moved capital province tenure president ousted military coup march closed provincial legislature returned prevailed following year leading presidency elected national deputy vice president congress appointed president party committee province buenos_aires deposed new military coup june argentine revolution detained trying hold political rally second time tried open committee forced resign deputy november detained time political rally wrote opinion articles newspapers dirty war began time guerrilla groups rejected right wing military dictatorship civil governments preferring instead left wing dictatorship aligned soviet_union cuban revolution clarified articles rejected military dictatorship asking instead free elections turned created challenge leadership party military dictatorship finally called free elections allowing banned defeated primary elections lost main ones elected deputy invited diplomatic mission soviet_union declined proposed instead return founding members served defense lawyer leader carry process law genuine desire support argentine coup état president started national reorganization process filed corpus motions requesting freedom victims forced visited countries denouncing violations human rights established magazine control magazines criticized military dictatorship early stages magazine published editorials collected book argentina support war criticized argentine attack british counterattack argentine defeat war marked decline military dictatorship main political parties united issuing joint request dictatorship elections proposed appointment head state transition government similar greece took control died previous year presidential campaign appointed candidate general elections candidate vice presidency run primary elections declined candidacy huge popularity publicity managed created slogan spanish gesture shaking hands campaign non approach stark contrast candidate governorship buenos_aires province burned coffin seals live television generated political scandal candidate presidency saw decrease public image result campaign parties similar proposals reduce political influence military maintain argentine claim islands sovereignty dispute denounced pact military unions sought amnesty military maintained armed forced subject civilian government unions regulated proposed investigation actions military dirty war closed campaign reading constitution argentina rally plaza attended people elections held october ticket won vote followed time rise party defeated elections electoral fraud won seats assembly forming majority seats senate minority provinces elected radical governors elected governors local parties took office december gave speech presidency days presidential inauguration attended despite internal defeat party agreed support president prevent return military time left wing terrorism longer menace factions military ambitious authoritarian government groups mothers plaza seeking actions military dirty war days taking office sent bill congress self amnesty law established military possible judiciary investigate crimes committed dirty war campaign promised non ordered initiation judicial cases guerrilla leaders military leaders requested guerrilla leaders living abroad cabinet organised composed trusted colleagues appointed minister labour belonged faction sought reduce influence labour unions promptly sent bill congress designed promote independent unions facing economic crisis appointed minister economy appointed minister health minister foreign relations minister interior affairs minister public works minister education minister defense led chamber deputies provisional president senate presidential negotiations took place official residence president aftermath dirty war priority consolidate democracy incorporate armed forces standard role civilian government prevent military tried reduce political power military budget cuts reductions military personnel changing political tasks crimes committed dirty war willing respect command responsibility accept superior orders defense military lower ranks long leaders sentenced military justice project resisted human rights organisations mothers plaza public opinion expected defendants acquitted receive low sentences military considered dirty war legally sanctioned war considered established composed known personalities document cases forced human rights violations abduction children sent military code bill congress military use report spanish revealed wide scope crimes committed dirty war military supported military actions result sponsored time leaders military coup argentina trial hearings began supreme_court april lasted remainder year december tribunal handed life sentences navy chief year sentences president acquitted charges related repression court war received year sentence trials focus military captured brazil argentina miami links military supported families victims group created counter mothers plaza group placed blame dirty war followers trials followed bomb attacks rumors military protests possible coup sought military raising budget proposed stop law set deadline dirty war related congress approved law despite strong opposition public prosecutors rushed start cases deadline filing charges officers active service major refused appear court started mutiny lieutenant colonel started mutiny supporting rebels called spanish painted faces use military camouflage called general strike support large masses rallied plaza support government negotiated directly rebels secured surrender announced end crisis balcony eventually surrendered government proceeded law obedience regulate trials timing events exploited military opposition parties described outcome surrender escaped prison january started new mutiny distant regiment northeast time military support mutiny public outcry minimal army attacked surrendered brief combat colonel launched new mutiny late defeated jailed military reluctant open fire goal military civil population failed rejected military complaints military focused internal issues small guerrilla army led staged attack army killed members quickly defeated uprising relation unions controlled labor unions powerful ones latin_america biggest sought reduce influence unions fearing force fledgling democracy rejected custom holding single candidate internal elections deemed genuine representatives workforce proposal change laws internal elections remove union leaders appointed dictatorship elect new ones new laws rejected proposal prompted politicians vote law approved failed pass senate vote second bill proposed simply elections supervision government approved result unions remained internal factions time close ties led organisations faction politicians eventually appointed secretary general lack political ties allowed work union factions led faction closer named unions government sought internal divisions unions appointing minister labour promoting legislation benefit faction removed defeat elections government stayed good terms faction kept regulation dictatorship allowed regulate level wages authorized wage increases months inflation rate rejected proposed instead wages determined free negotiations allowed strike actions forbidden dictatorship gave unions way expand influence thirteen general strikes thousands minor labor conflicts unlike similar situations past sided military rebellions support removal non president conflicts caused high inflation unions requested higher wages response unions got support non church left wing factions popular support government allowed endure spite opposition unions social policies end military dictatorship pursued cultural educational policies aimed reducing authoritarian customs institutions groups promoted freedom press intellectuals scientists left country previous decade returned benefited universities returned quality levels 1960s intellectuals involved politics providing cultural perspective political discourse benefited divorce law passed church opposed huge popular support included catholic factions reasoned marital separation existed divorce simply explicit church opposed point church successfully exerted pressure prevent abolition religious education line teachings pope church criticized perceived increase drugs terrorism abortion pornography foreign policy argentina tense relationship united_kingdom recently ended war british government banned foreign ships exclusion zone islands argentina organised air marine patrols military maneuvers military hard liners argentina proposed sovereignty discussions instead negotiating cease hostilities reduction number military forces argentina united_kingdom relations united_kingdom trust proposal cover sovereignty discussions conflict unresolved problem chile despite papal military troubled trial called rejection proposed agreement continuation country claim islands called referendum settle dispute despite opposition military party called support resolution referendum reached bill passed senate single vote majority maintained resistance treaty peace friendship chile argentina signed following year ending conflict human rights violations committed chilean president remained contentious issue revelation chilean help british forces war argentine church invited pope second visit argentina celebrate successful celebrated world youth day gave mass lady argentina allied brazil peru countries recently ended local military conflict united_states created support group support group south_america groups negotiated ultimately failed reluctance nicaragua united_states change positions group changed scope later discuss foreign debt diplomacy united_kingdom relation initially refused foster diplomatic relations brazilian military government dictatorship ended president initial concerns increase argentine brazilian trade presidents met issued joint declaration peaceful use nuclear power second meeting buenos_aires strengthened trade agreements argentina brazil signed countries agreed create common market led treaty created economic policy began term economic problems foreign debt nearly billion dollars end year country narrowly prevented sovereign default year gross domestic product fell manufacturing profits unemployment nearly inflation nearly appeared unlikely country receive needed foreign investment country deficit billion possible solutions currency industry restrictions imports probably proven unpopular minister economy arranged increase wages reaching levels caused inflation reach tried negotiate favourable terms country foreign debt negotiations failed default negotiated requested spending cuts international credits prevented default end resigned march debt reached billion denied credits succeeded designed plan plan prices wages stopped printing money arranged spending cuts established new currency plan success short term inflation inflation rose end year opposed wage freeze business community opposed price freeze thought state assets economy work proposals opposed party support government tried new measures including increase taxes decrease government spending measures enforced government lost elections unions earlier supported government distanced business community unable suggest clear course action aiming victory presidential elections opposed measures believed negative social impact spring plan sought economy stable elections freezing prices wages reducing federal deficit plan worse reception plan parties supported refused extend credits argentina big refused sell dollars depleted reserves february high inflation turned presidential elections took place crisis new president elections actions taken military contributed strong showing november legislative elections gained seat congress meant control seats lost seats leaving smaller provincial parties difference surprised observers april announcing creation panel entrusted plan transfer nation capital small coastal city south buenos_aires proposals called constitutional amendments creating parliamentary system including prime minister received encountered strong opposition senate government suffered big setback legislative election lost majority chamber deputies provinces elected governors exception negro city buenos_aires federal district time districts prevailed result government forward legislative agenda supported minor projects strengthened presidential elections sought propose governor candidate rival party later years amid rampant inflation heavily defeated candidate election winter inflation grown severe transferred power july months earlier scheduled stayed president leaving party defeat legislative elections suffering damage image lost districts president party supported creation special budget province buenos_aires led governor radical legislator supported new budget parties informal alliance province supported amendment constitution buenos_aires allowed run election president sought constitutional amendment allow election opposed victory elections strengthened approved bill senate proposed referendum amendment force radical deputies support proposed bill law allow constitutional amendment simple majority congress result pact agreement support proposal amendments reduce presidential power reduced influence executive power judiciary city buenos_aires autonomous territory allowed elect mayor presidential term office reduced years presidential elections include round system electoral college abolished elected constituent assembly worked amendment argentine constitution faction led opposed pact party supported got vote elections attaining position presidential elections elected resigned presidency party year united political coalition justice education led coalition won legislative elections agree fixed exchange rate thought good measure past detrimental argentine economy supported suffered car crash province campaign governor route ejected car wearing seat belt hospitalized days president elections defeating governor buenos_aires elected senator province october resigned december riots congress appointed resigned instructed radical legislators support new president gave ministers defense justice radical support helped overcome ambitions ambitions appointed president health problems later year led step replaced supported faction favoured idea carrying independent candidate presidential elections instead fielding candidate endorsed center left economist presided dramatic recovery argentine economy parted ways president december unable sway supporters garnered place honoured president bust likeness october public appearance death died home march age diagnosed year lung cancer streets house avenue filled hundreds people started radical vice president acting president moment ordered days national mourning ceremony congress body displayed blue hall attended thousand people widow attend funeral poor health attended presidents members mayor governor president politicians coffin moved placed graves important historical figures international level set day national mourning set days governments brazil chile colombia france mexico peru spain united_states sent messages addition brazil attended ceremony legacy historians praise role aftermath dirty war restoration democracy considers effective president set example state personal gain points delicate time period mistake endangered newly founded democracy led coup aforementioned historians agree view pact considers necessary evil prevent chaos generated managed proceed constitutional amendment negotiating instead believe biggest mistake political career received princess international cooperation role ending dispute work democracy argentina months death named citizen province award granted posthumously received son | Raúl Alfonsín | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
23414_HafizullahAmin | persian born august december politician statesman cold war born educated started career teacher years occupation went united_states study visit united_states second time moving permanently afghanistan starting career radical politics ran candidate parliamentary election failed secure seat elected parliament parliamentary election increasing standing party leading organisers revolution government short lived presidency marked controversies beginning end came power ordering death predecessor muhammad revolt communist rule begun worsened problem government unable solve soviet_union alleged agent cia intervened afghanistan year treaty friendship afghanistan soviet_union assassinated soviets december operation having ruled slightly longer months early life career born family august father civil servant died young thanks brother primary school teacher able attend primary secondary school turn allowed attend studying mathematics graduated teacher later vice principal principal prestigious left afghanistan columbia_university new_york_city earned education columbia attracted member university returned afghanistan teacher later second time principal period acquainted communist time quit position principal order principal alleged second stay united_states enrolled work study group studied doctoral programme started neglect studies favour politics head students association college returned afghanistan mid-1960s route flew afghanistan way moscow met ambassador soviet_union old friend previous minister education short stay people instance believe travelled moscow west_germany lebanon time returned afghanistan held founding congress ran candidate parliamentary election lost margin votes expanded elected non voting member spring gained membership standing faction increased elected parliament parliamentary election split lines led led joined member parliament tried win support people armed forces according biography position member parliament fight tendencies fought rotten regime monarchy said membership parliament pursue class struggle relations deteriorated period member parliament member parliament cooperate later short stint power mention events bitterness following arrest fellow members party leading members pre eminent party member time release era unification second ruled afghanistan relationship referred disciple following mentor official portrayal situation misleading relationship work oriented needed tactical strategic talents motivations uncertain commonly believed associated protect position attracted enemies career notable according official version events protected party members wanted hurt country ousted monarchy established offered support new regime established national presumably included established alliance beginning regime called dissolution dissolution worsened relations lucky alliance actually hurt standing politics communists armed forces disillusioned government turned apparent independence association government indirectly led led coup popularly referred revolution coup responsible organising party work armed forces according official version met patriotic liaison officers day night desert mountains fields forests basis principles working class ideology success recruiting military officers lay fact betrayed left soon taking power began recruiting military officers difficult find military officers meantime relations deteriorated rumoured major head planned assassinate entire leadership plan true failed found assassination attempt proved blow relations deny planned assassinate leadership historian argues subsequent activities view events assassination attempt pressed seize power majority leadership voted following year officially reconciled unified separate general central committees structures officially unified summer reason unification international communist movement represented called party unification revolution april chief faction killed commonly believed assassinated government assassination initiated chain events led taking power days later april assassin caught believed ordered assassination funeral evolved large anti government demonstration understand significance events began mass arrest members seven days funeral organised subsequent revolution members arrested authorities late arrest considered proof regime lack information leading revolutionary party government lack awareness proven arrest arrest pre arranged signal revolution commence found arrested ordered revolution begin april contrast imprisoned instead house arrest son allowed freedom movement revolution successful thanks overwhelming support military instance supported defence minister commander ground forces chief staff rule break revolution appointed chairman chairman retained post general secretary initially formed government consisted deputy chairman minister foreign affairs deputy prime minister deputy prime minister minister national defence minister public works respectively according appointment deputy prime ministers led establishment military officers conflict arose wanted membership military officers participated revolution previously opposed appointment military officers leadership switched sides supported elevation voted favour giving membership military officers portrayed implying ridden revolutionary wave actually participated revolution matters worse term according word synonymous june months revolution managed meeting meeting decided exclusive rights decide policy policy left exiled able establish network remaining government coup overthrow planned september leading members afghanistan defence minister army chief staff general coup planned september festival soldiers officers duty conspiracy failed ambassador india told leadership plan purge initiated ambassadors recalled returned example stayed assigned countries break people revolted government government introduced socialist reforms including land reforms early afghanistan provinces unsafe armed resistance government march uprising began uprising turned revolt open war government period shortly uprising crushed convened new year plan soviet friendship treaty vote cabinet enhance power executive chairman official version events said issues voted meeting held meeting following day new year plan discuss reorganisation cabinet soviet ambassador afghanistan able persuade conspiracy men pressure time believed great leader sack office unknown knew conspiracy cabinet reorganisation talked dissatisfaction march approved extension powers executive branch establishment handle security matters analysts day regarded appointment prime minister increase powers expense reorganisation cabinet strengthening position chairman reduced authority prime minister prime minister strengthening executive appointed chairman appoint dismiss new ministers needed consent actually problem responsible chairman individual ministers responsible prime minister responsible planning finance budgetary matters conduct foreign policy order security order security responsibilities taken chaired deputy chairman majority members members anti faction instance membership included minister national defence interior minister president chief general staff commander head secret police order precedence responsible defence responsible assisting defence related matters position given blow decision making process allowed members contribute problem office deputy chairman specific functions powers appointment new defence minister opposed drastically weakened control reorganisation ministers blow position lost control defence ministry interior ministry allies strategically important positions instance brother law security chief later appointed ordinary member april succeeded appointing allies important positions minister planning minister information culture appointed deputy prime minister april political position secure head navy visited met personally april met soviets increasingly worried control military visit position actually strengthened appointed aide camp soon cabinet meetings strengthening executive powers chairman proven prime minister chaired meetings instead presence meetings mentioned clear office chairman chaired problem facing policy tried powers party state decision making organ situation deteriorated personally warned prestige popularity leaders people common aspect personality cult ill prepared handle intensified counter revolutionary activities country tried win support communist government depicting devout muslim blamed different countries helping counter revolutionaries attacked united_kingdom bbc played american chinese involvement blamed american iran pakistan supporting uprising criticism united_kingdom bbc fed traditional anti british sentiments held rural contrast bent backwards avoid making hostile reference china united_states foreign governments cautious behavior deep contrast soviet_union official stance situation according soviet leadership tried force confrontation afghanistan enemies tried communities meeting leaders despite section leadership called continuation resistance subsequently revolt broke populated district sign unrest revolution add government problems ability lead country questioned heavy good health hand characterised period portrayals strong self discipline summer began june member leading decision making body afghanistan rise power mid july soviets view official wrote article situation afghanistan soviets wish leader afghanistan triggered political crisis afghanistan initiated policy extreme repression main reasons soviet intervention later year july vote approved proposal creating collective leadership collective decision making blow supporters replaced members commander soviet visited mid august study situation afghanistan speech days arrival said wanted closer relations afghanistan speech hinted reservations soviet afghanistan likened soviet assistance afghanistan assistance delegate conference held havana met personally soviet minister discuss afghanistan situation september minister foreign affairs supporter participate meeting according suggested plot preparation hours return september convened cabinet ostensibly report instead reporting summit tried dismiss prime minister gang consisting supported retaining prime minister sought power influence requesting serve overseas ambassador turned proposal shouting quit drink old age taken leave senses following day invited presidential palace lunch gang turned offer stating prefer resignation soviet ambassador persuaded visit chief police intelligence officer arriving palace unknown individuals building opened fire visitors killed ali sustained injury escaped unharmed shortly afterward returned palace contingent army officers placed arrest gang disappeared whereabouts remain unknown duration day rule arrest reportedly discussed incident indirectly asked permission kill replied choice believed support soviets ordered death subsequently media report ailing died mention murder presidency domestic policies following fall power elected chairman general secretary election general secretary removal party posts unanimous members cabinet replaced took power gang male saw clear indication ministers support rise power followed policy attempts persuade people regime anti islamic government began invest reconstruction promised people freedom religion religious groups given copies began refer speeches claimed revolution totally based principles islam campaign proved unsuccessful held responsible regime behavior rise power officially endorsed september endorsement led official announcement pious muslim scored point counter revolutionary propaganda claimed communist regime tried increase popularity tribal groups feat unable unwilling achieve speech tribal elders defensive western way dressed official biography published depicted traditional clothes short stay power committed establishing collective leadership ousted promised man government attempting population released list people executed blamed executions total number arrested combined reign number liked people rule opposition communist regime increased government lost control countryside state military deteriorated number military personnel army decreased immediate aftermath revolution problem faced penetration military government bureaucracy position afghanistan day enemies exiled soviet_union removal leader met leading figures period wanted exact revenge foreign policy leader tried reduce afghanistan dependence soviet_union accomplish aimed balance afghanistan relations soviet_union strengthening relations pakistan iran soviets concerned received reports met personally leading anti communists afghanistan general difficult find new foreign patrons involvement death american ambassador afghanistan strained relations united_states tried improve relations contact met different american interviewed american correspondent improve afghanistan standing eyes meeting american ambassador afghanistan believed thing maintain low profile trying avoid issues waiting happens early december proposed joint summit meeting president pakistan accepting modified version offer agreed send pakistani foreign minister talks pakistani secret police continued train fighters opposed communist regime soviet relations contrary popular belief soviet leadership headed eager send troops afghanistan soviet decisions guided afghanistan consisted chairman minister foreign affairs defence minister head opposed removal subsequent murder according general secretary communist_party soviet_union events developed swiftly afghanistan essentially little opportunity interfere right mission determine actions preserve position afghanistan secure influence soviet relations deteriorated short stint power invited official visit moscow soviet ambassador afghanistan soviet leadership satisfaction party state building policy went planned talked undesirable turn events taking place afghanistan rule brought ongoing political shift afghanistan soviets afraid afghanistan foreign policy pro soviet position position early mid december soviet leadership established alliance turned relationship broke started campaign discredit turn led assassination attempt participated situation worsened accusing soviet position afghanistan noted increase anti soviet government rule harassment soviet citizens increased group senior politicians reported necessary possible prevent change political orientation afghanistan soviet leadership advocate intervention time instead called increasing influence leadership expose true intentions soviet assessment referred power hungry leader distinguished brutality sins alleged dealing soviet_union creating fictitious accusations members opposed policy tendency conduct balanced policy world countries end october afghanistan consisted wanted end impression soviet government supported leadership policy orders afghanistan personnel assembled deal task fought hard soviet intervention saying policies destroyed military government capabilities handle crisis use mass repression plan according assemble small force intervene remove power replace soviet_union declared plan intervene afghanistan december soviet leadership initiated operation phase intervention december death trusted soviet_union end despite deterioration official relations intelligence service handed report soviet_union invade country claimed report product view explained fact soviet_union months finally gave demands sent troops afghanistan secure government contrary common western belief informed soviet decision send troops afghanistan general commander met talk soviet troop movements soviet army intervention december issued formal order stating state frontier crossed ground air forces air_force december formal beginning soviet intervention afghanistan concerned safety moved centre palace previously headquarters military palace formidable walls strong withstand artillery fire according defences carefully organised roads palace mined exception heavy machine guns artillery positioned defend matters worse soviets established second line defence consisted seven posts manned armed machine gun mortar automatic rifles external defences palace handled consisted troops tanks soviet commanders involved assassination thought plan attack palace crazy soldiers claiming contradiction commanders told turn informed soviet leadership strange leader government american accused cia agent soviets betrayed revolution despite objections plan assassinate went ahead killing force soviets tried poison nearly killed nephew instead kill sniper shot way work proved impossible improved security measures tried poison hours assault organised lunch party members guests palace celebrate return moscow return improved mood boasted soviet divisions crossed border kept contact meal guests lost consciousness poisoned unfortunately soviets survived encounter death agent given responsibility assault palace began shortly afterward attack believed soviet_union told adjutant soviets help adjutant replied soviets attacking initially replied lie tried failed contact chief general staff true accounts died exact details confirmed killed deliberate attack died random burst fire son fatally wounded died shortly daughter wounded survived given orders kill later confirmed death | Hafizullah Amin | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
23439_ZacharyTaylor | november july 12th president united_states serving march death july presidency taylor career officer united_states_army rising rank major general taylor status national hero result victories won election white_house despite vague political beliefs priority president preserving union died seventeen months term making progress status slavery tensions congress taylor born prominent family migrated westward virginia kentucky youth taylor commissioned officer captain war climbed ranks establishing military forts mississippi_river entered colonel success second war attracted national attention earned nickname old rough ready annexation texas underway president dispatched taylor area anticipation potential battle mexico disputed texas mexico border mexican broke april taylor defeated mexican troops commanded general battles managed drive troops texas taylor subsequently led troops mexico defeated mexican troops commanded battle september taylor subsequently defied orders moving troops south despite severely outnumbered dealt crushing blow mexican forces february battle taylor troops transferred command taylor popularity remained significant convinced reluctant taylor lead ticket despite unclear platform lack interest politics won election alongside new_york politician defeating democratic candidates party effort led president president taylor kept distance congress cabinet partisan tensions threatened divide union debate slave status large territories claimed war led threats despite taylor push expansion slavery avoid question urged settlers new_mexico california bypass territorial stage draft setting stage compromise taylor died suddenly stomach related illness july little impact divide led civil war decade later early life born november plantation virginia prominent family english ancestry believed born home maternal grandfather surviving sons family sixth died infancy younger sisters mother taylor father served lieutenant colonel american revolution taylor descendant elder leader plymouth colony immigrant compact colonial merchant colonel son fear taylor second cousin line fourth president leaving exhausted lands family joined westward migration virginia settled near developed louisville kentucky taylor grew small woodland cabin family moved brick house increased prosperity rapid growth louisville taylor father came acres km2 kentucky start 19th century held slaves developed portion holdings formal schools kentucky frontier taylor sporadic formal education recalled taylor quick early letters weak grasp spelling grammar later described near marriage family june taylor married met previous autumn louisville smith came prominent family maryland daughter major served revolutionary war couple children married surgeon met living married met father end died malaria louisiana shortly marriage taylor died early childhood died infancy taylor family stricken fever married died married taylor general married military career initial commissions taylor joined receiving commission lieutenant new officers commissioned congress response leopard affair american frigate boarded crew british warship sparking calls war taylor spent dilapidated camps new_orleans nearby promoted captain november army duties limited time attended personal finances years began purchase slaves good deal bank stock louisville bought plantation louisville slaves attached near mississippi bringing total number slaves july called assumed control commandant fled weeks able restore order garrison lauded governor war war forces battled british_empire indian allies taylor successfully defended indian attack commanded chief taylor gained recognition received temporary promotion rank major later year joined general aide expeditions illinois territory second battle site forced retreat taylor moved growing family violence subsided spring called action brigadier general october supervised construction near present day warsaw illinois upper howard death weeks later taylor ordered abandon fort retreat reduced rank captain war ended resigned army entered year later gaining commission major commanded fort howard years taylor commanded settlement returned louisville family april promoted rank lieutenant colonel president late taylor took 7th infantry louisiana orders general set locate new post convenient frontier following march taylor established shield spring site southwest november transferred remained february spent years recruiting duty late called washington work army committee consolidate improve military organization meantime acquired louisiana plantation decided family home black hawk war taylor called action commanding minnesota northern mississippi_river year nearby fort year time expanded taylor promoted colonel 1st infantry regiment april time beginning west taylor campaigned general pursue later defend chief forces summer end war august signaled end indian resistance expansion area following years relatively quiet period taylor resisted courtship year old daughter lieutenant future president respected davis approve daughter military wife knew hard life families davis married june died months later malaria contracted summer visit davis sister louisiana second war underway taylor directed florida defeated indians christmas day battle lake largest indian battles nineteenth century promoted brigadier general recognition success brig stepped placed taylor command american troops florida position held years reputation military leader growing began known old rough ready taylor criticized order track long requested relief granted taylor spent comfortable year touring nation family meeting military leaders period began interested politics corresponded president commander sizable territory ran mississippi_river westward south 37th parallel north stationed arkansas taylor enjoyed uneventful years spending time attending land speculation military matters mexican american war anticipation annexation established independence taylor sent april louisiana ordered guard attempts mexico reclaim territory served july annexation imminent president directed deploy disputed territory texas near near mexico taylor chose spot corpus following spring anticipation mexican attack taylor men advanced march attempts negotiate mexico failed war appeared imminent violence broke weeks later captain men attacked mexican forces north river learning told congress war mexico begun month taylor commanded american forces battle alto nearby greatly outnumbered defeated mexican force consisted army north commanded general forced troops victories popular hero weeks received promotion major general formal congress national press compared george_washington generals ascended presidency taylor denied interest running office idea entered head remarked letter likely enter head person september taylor crossing inflicted heavy casualties mexican defenders battle city considered captured days forcing mexican forces retreat taylor criticized signing liberal truce pressing large scale surrender half taylor army ordered join general soldiers besieged veracruz mexican general discovered intercepted letter scott taylor contributed men effort remaining force included regular army soldiers resolved advantage situation attacked taylor men battle february leaving americans dead wounded cost mexican mexican forces retreated ensuring far reaching victory americans recognition victory taylor elected honorary member cincinnati july taylor father original member cincinnati unfortunately younger taylor virginia society disbanded shortly elder taylor death prevented succeeding father seat society taylor member military society mexican war taylor remained late november set sail home spend following year command army entire western division active military career december received hero welcome new_orleans popular legacy set stage presidential election election capacity career officer taylor publicly revealed political beliefs voted time thought independent believing strong sound banking system country thought president democrat allowed collapse believed impractical talk expanding slavery western areas concluded cotton sugar produced great quantities result slavery easily grown plantation economy firm nationalist experience seeing people die result warfare believed good way resolve national problems taylor agree stand favor protective expensive internal improvements aligned whig party governing policies president able veto law law constitution office interfere congress power collective decision making cabinet strong american victory political clubs formed supported taylor president support drawn unusually broad assortment political bands including democrats allies opponents national leaders late taylor opposition presidential run began weaken clear principles closely resembled whig maintained accept election national independent figure partisan loyalist taylor declared whig party convention approached whig principle consider democrat believed taylor supported slavery expansion new territory absorbed mexico angered taylor suggested elected president veto proposed expansion position enhance support activist elements wanted taylor speak strongly support simply fail veto support taylor slave owner knew taylor supported states rights opposed protective government spending internal improvements hoped federal union united_states taylor received whig nomination president vice presidential nominee convention chose prominent chaired contender vice presidential nominee election selection largely attempt reconciliation northern furious election factions party dissatisfied final ticket taylor continued minimize role campaign preferring directly meet voters correspond political views campaign directed senator kentucky friend early political supporter bolstered late endorsement senator massachusetts taylor defeated democratic candidate free soil candidate taylor ignored whig platform historian explains taylor equally indifferent programs long considered vital publicly ambiguous refusing answer questions views banking internal improvements privately idea national bank dead revived time future increased revenue words whig hopes restoring protective vain surplus federal funds public land sales distribute states internal improvements spite presidential words taylor pronounced entire whig economic program presidency transition inauguration president elect taylor kept distance washington resigning command late january spent months following election cabinet selections deliberate quiet decisions frustration fellow despised patronage political games endured advances office looking play role administration appoint democrats taylor wanted cabinet reflect nation diverse interests seats geographically avoided choosing prominent obvious selections clay saw cornerstone administration offering crucial seat secretary state insisted serving governorship kentucky elected taylor settled instead senator delaware close associate taylor began trek washington late january journey bad weather delays injuries sickness abduction family friend taylor finally arrived nation capital february soon met outgoing president incumbent democrat held low opinion taylor privately deeming political information wholly station president taylor spent following week meeting political unimpressed appearance demeanor weeks inauguration met hastily finalized cabinet taylor term president began sunday march inauguration held following day religious concerns inauguration speech discussed tasks facing nation presented governing style congress compromise instead executive action summer taylor toured northeastern region seen little spent trip plagued illness returned washington september crisis taylor took office congress faced battery questions related comprising major territories acquired mexican war california new_mexico utah unclear acquisitions achieve remain federal territories question slave status threatened divide congress southern taylor particular bias southern faction congress sought maintain right slavery major goal peace preserving union legislative compromise threat southern grew sided increasingly senator new_york suggesting sign ban slavery federal territories bill reach desk taylor view best way forward admit california state federal territory leave slavery question congress hands timing taylor favor underway time inauguration california population exploding administration dispatched california test waters advocate behalf knowing certain adopt anti slavery constitution king found constitutional convention underway october convention unanimously agreed join union ban slavery borders question new mexico texas border unsettled time taylor inauguration territory newly won mexico federal jurisdiction claimed land north determined include borders despite having significant presence taylor sided claim initially pushing federal territory eventually supported reduce slavery debate congress texas government newly governor tried ramp military action defense territory federal government unsuccessful day saint settlers modern day utah established provisional state enormous territory little hope recognition congress taylor administration considered combining california utah territories instead opted organize alleviate population concerns religious freedom taylor promised relative independence congress despite federal territory taylor sent state union report congress december international events suggested adjustments policy executive organization issues overshadowed crisis facing congress reported california new_mexico applications recommended congress approve written introduction exciting topics character policy report ended sharp condemnation effect southern legislators saw admission free states threat congress remained stalled foreign affairs taylor secretary state lacked diplomatic experience came office relatively uneventful time american international politics shared nationalism allowed taylor foreign policy matters minimal oversight decisive foreign policy established administration opponents european order vocally supported german hungarian liberals revolutions offered little way aid perceived insult french minister nearly led break diplomatic relations replaced dispute portugal resulted harsh words taylor administration positive effort administration arranged ships assist united_kingdom search team british explorers led gotten lost arctic previous whig emphasized pacific trade economic taylor administration took major initiative far_east contended radical led repeated expeditions attempt conquer island cuba generous offers american military leaders support taylor saw enterprise illegal issued blockade later authorized mass arrest group eventually acquitted confronted spain arrested americans charge piracy eventually surrendered maintain good relations arguably taylor administration definitive accomplishment foreign policy treaty proposed inter oceanic canal central_america britain friendly terms construction canal decades away reality mere possibility nations uneasy position years britain seizing strategic points particularly eastern coast present day nicaragua negotiations held britain resulted landmark treaty nations agreed claim control canal built nicaragua treaty promoted development anglo american alliance completion taylor action president compromise attempts final days clay took central role congress debated slavery question positions overlap taylor president maintained distance clay historians disagree motivations assistance clay developed landmark proposal compromise proposal allowed california giving independence slavery question territories remain federal jurisdiction include disputed parts new_mexico texas territory slavery retained district_of_columbia slave trade banned strict fugitive slave law enacted bypassing northern legislation restricted runaway slaves tensions congress negotiated talks grew culminating threat taylor send troops new_mexico protect border texas leading army taylor said taken rebellion union hang reluctance hanged spies mexico law major step forward ultimately pass sides great compromise reached taylor desk presidency instead days overshadowed affair joining taylor cabinet secretary war served lawyer involved year case representing descendants colonial trader services british crown time american revolution british debt assumed federal government heirs received payment debt principal years litigation unable win interest payment administration taylor treasury secretary support attorney general finally signed payment april president embarrassment payment included legal compensation nearly cabinet members effectively offered tremendous public treasury house investigation cleared legal wrongdoing nonetheless expressed disapproval accepting payment taylor organization cabinet scandal situation death july taylor reportedly consumed raw fruit milk attending holiday celebrations fund raising event washington monument construction course days severely ill unknown digestive doctor diagnosed illness cholera flexible mid nineteenth century term diverse related cholera widespread epidemic time taylor death identity source taylor illness subject historical speculation known cabinet members come similar illness fever ensued taylor chance recovery small july taylor remarked medical attendant surprised terminate death expect encounter elevation presidency god knows fulfill conceived honest duty mistaken motives feelings outraged despite treatment taylor died july years old death vice president assumed presidency completed taylor term ended march taylor interred public vault washington july october built hold remains grave site prepared transportation arranged city body transported plot parents buried old taylor homestead plantation known springfield louisville kentucky administration cabinet judicial appointments historical reputation memorials short tenure taylor considered strongly influenced office presidency united_states historians believe taylor inexperienced politics time officials needed close ties political despite shortcomings treaty affecting relations great_britain central_america recognized important step scaling nation commitment policy historical rankings presidents united_states generally placed taylor quarter chief executives surveys tend rank effective presidents taylor president slaves office whig presidents successor taylor second president die office preceded died serving president years earlier president elected louisiana placed foot monument topped life sized statue taylor near grave 1920s taylor family initiated effort turn taylor burial grounds national cemetery donated adjacent parcels land project turning half acre taylor family cemetery acres remains taylor wife died moved newly constructed taylor limestone granite base marble interior nearby cemetery property designated released postage stamp issue honoring june years death taylor appear postage stamp time cent presidential issue taylor appearance date postage stamp occurred honored presidential issue washington jefferson jackson lincoln fifth american president appear postage namesake names places united_states including camp taylor kentucky florida world war liberty ship louisiana iowa kentucky 100th county established kentucky named rough ready california historical origin town depicted episode syndicated western television series days virginia namesake architect assassination theories immediately death rumors began taylor poisoned pro slavery similar theories persisted 20th century based assassination theory timing drugs lack confirmed cholera material late 1980s professor persuaded taylor closest living relative agree remains tested remains transported june samples hair tissues removed studies conducted remains returned cemetery appropriate honors activation analysis conducted revealed evidence poisoning levels low analysis concluded taylor contracted cholera acute washington open food drink contaminated potential recovery overwhelmed doctors treated grains dose political scientist questions traditional explanation taylor death relying interviews reports forensic argues procedure test poisoning fundamentally flawed review concludes definitive proof taylor assassinated appear definitive proof | Zachary Taylor | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
24175_AlexanderHamilton | january july founding father united_states chief staff aide general george_washington influential promoters founder nation financial system founder world voter based political party founder united_states_coast_guard founder new_york_post newspaper secretary treasury hamilton primary author economic policies george_washington administration hamilton took lead funding states debts establishment national bank system friendly trade relations britain led created largely support views opposed democratic republican party led despised britain feared hamilton policies strong central government weaken american commitment born raised west_indies orphaned child hamilton pursued college education help local wealthy men recognized abilities talent sent columbia_university new_york_city hamilton played major role american revolutionary war start war joined militia company early raised provincial artillery company appointed captain soon senior aide american forces commander chief washington sent numerous important missions tell generals washington wanted war hamilton elected new_york resigned practice law founded hamilton dissatisfied weak national government led successfully influenced congress issue order create new constitution active participant philadelphia helped achieve ratification writing installments papers day single important reference constitutional interpretation hamilton leading cabinet member new government president washington hamilton nationalist emphasized strong central government successfully argued implied powers constitution provided legal authority fund national debt assume states debts create government backed programs funded primarily imports later highly controversial tax whiskey facing organized opposition jefferson madison hamilton mobilized nationwide network friends government especially businessmen major issue splitting parties jay treaty largely designed hamilton established friendly economic relations britain france supporters french revolution hamilton played central role dominated national state politics lost election jefferson democratic republicans returned practice law new_york tried control policies president adams hamilton called france commander new army war quasi war hard fought sea officially declared involve army action end adams found diplomatic solution avoided war france hamilton opposition adams election helped cause defeat election jefferson tied presidency electoral college hamilton helped defeat found elect jefferson despite philosophical differences hamilton continued legal business activities new_york_city lost national prominence vice president ran governor new_york state hamilton taking offense hamilton comments challenged duel mortally wounded hamilton died day childhood caribbean born spent childhood capital island leeward_islands hamilton born married woman partial british partial french descent fourth son scottish mother moved young hamilton ruled denmark certain year hamilton birth historical evidence hamilton arrival north_america supports idea born historians accepted birth date hamilton early life caribbean recorded documents published danish evidence caused historians favor birth year hamilton listed birth year arrived thirteen colonies celebrated birthday january later life tended age round figures papers death hamilton mother list years old date support birth year historians reasons different dates birth correct hamilton trying appear younger college classmates wished avoid standing older correct document indicating birth year error hamilton attempting pass order mother death hamilton mother married previously left husband son peter traveling met hamilton moved birthplace inherited property father couple sons alexander parents legally married church_of_england denied membership education church school hamilton received individual classes private school led jewish hamilton supplemented education family library books abandoned sons allegedly charge finding husband intend divorce danish law grounds adultery supported children keeping small store contracted severe fever died february leaving hamilton orphaned severe emotional consequences standards 18th century childhood court husband seized estate obtained owned including household silver items auctioned friend purchased family books returned young hamilton hamilton clerk local import export firm traded new_england left charge firm months owner sea older brother adopted briefly cousin committed suicide brothers separated james local carpenter alexander adopted merchant according writer evidence suggests stevens biological father son close friend hamilton boys described looking alike fluent french shared similar interests hamilton continued remained avid reader later developing interest writing began desire life outside small island lived wrote essay published detailed account hurricane devastated august biographer says hamilton famous letter storm reader reasons year old self educated clerk write clearly hamilton highly considerable fund verbal essay impressed community leaders collected fund send young hamilton north american colonies education education autumn hamilton arrived grammar school new_jersey studied preparation college work came influence leading intellectual revolutionary lived time liberty hall hamilton entered new_york_city columbia_university autumn private student officially credited public appearance july liberty pole hamilton friend spoke hamilton ability clearly explain rights reasons patriots case british hamilton formed unnamed literary society regarded precursor church_of_england clergyman published series pamphlets promoting loyalist cause hamilton responded anonymously political writings measures congress essentially tried provoke fear colonies main objective potential union colonies hamilton published additional pieces attacking quebec act authored anonymous installments monitor hamilton supporter revolutionary cause stage approve mob loyalists hamilton won credit saving college president loyalist angry mob speaking crowd long cooper escape revolutionary war early military career engagement american troops british lexington concord hamilton students joined new_york volunteer militia company called later renamed reformed hearts oak company classes graveyard nearby hamilton studied military history tactics soon recommended promotion fire led successful raid british cannons battery capture resulted artillery company connections influential new_york patriots raised men elected captain took campaign new_york_city particularly battle white plains battle stationed high point town meeting present warren pinned barracks george_washington staff hamilton invited aide lord general declined believing best chance improving station life glory battlefield hamilton eventually received invitation felt refuse serve washington aide rank lieutenant colonel washington felt aides camp persons entire confidence placed requires men abilities execute duties dispatch hamilton served years washington chief staff aide handled letters congress state governors powerful generals continental_army drafted washington orders letters direction eventually issued orders washington hamilton signature hamilton involved wide variety high level duties including intelligence diplomacy negotiation senior army officers washington war hamilton close friends fellow officers letters employing sentimental literary conventions late eighteenth century greek history mythology read revealing homosexual relationship historians agree washington staff hamilton long sought command return active combat war drew nearer end knew opportunities military glory diminishing february hamilton mildly washington excuse resign staff position asked washington field command continued early july hamilton submitted letter washington commission enclosed threatening resign didn desired command july washington relented assigned hamilton commander new_york light infantry battalion planning assault hamilton given command battalions fight conjunction allied french troops taking british fortifications hamilton battalions fought took nighttime action planned french fought suffered heavy casualties took actions forced british surrender entire army virginia effectively ending major british military operations north_america battle hamilton resigned commission appointed july new_york representative term beginning november appointment congress hamilton sharing criticisms congress expressed criticisms letter dated september letter wrote fundamental defect want power congress confederation requires altered fit war peace washington staff hamilton frustrated nature wartime particularly dependence states voluntary financial support congress power collect taxes demand money states lack stable source funding difficult continental_army obtain necessary provisions pay soldiers war time congress obtained funds subsidies aid requested states unable unwilling contribute european loans amendment articles proposed february congress power collect duty imports required ratification states securing passage law proved impossible rejected rhode_island november madison joined hamilton congress send delegation persuade rhode_island change mind report recommending delegation argued federal government needed level financial autonomy ability laws superseded individual states hamilton transmitted letter arguing congress power tax power fix sums states virginia ratification ended rhode_island negotiations congress army hamilton congress soldiers began pose danger young united_states army posted new_york army paying supplies paid months furthermore continental officers promised pension half pay discharged early structure government power tax raise revenue pay soldiers months pay group officers organized send delegation lobby congress led officers demands army pay sum payment congress unable afford half salary life congress rejected proposal including hamilton attempted use conspiracy leverage secure support states congress funding national government encouraged continue aggressive approach threatening unknown consequences demands met defeated proposals resolved crisis establishing general federal taxation states assume debt army established dedicated sole purpose paying debt hamilton suggested army claims prevail states proposed national funding system hamilton contacted suggest officers civil authority disbanding army satisfied hamilton wrote washington suggest hamilton direction officers efforts secure secure continental funding army limits washington wrote hamilton declining introduce army crisis ended warned dangers army leverage gain support national funding plan march washington situation giving speech officers congress ordered army officially disbanded april month congress passed new measure year hamilton voted required consent states approved officers years pay rhode_island opposed provisions hamilton robust national previous letter widely held excessive june different group soldiers lancaster pennsylvania sent congress petition demanding pay began march philadelphia congress charged hamilton mob hamilton requested militia pennsylvania turned hamilton instructed assistant secretary war intercept men jackson unsuccessful mob arrived philadelphia soldiers proceeded congress pay president congress feared pennsylvania state militia unreliable refused help hamilton argued congress ought princeton new_jersey congress agreed relocated frustrated weakness central government hamilton princeton drafted revise resolution contained features future including strong federal government ability collect taxes raise army included separation powers judicial branches return new_york hamilton resigned congress july authorized practice law new_york months self directed education practiced law new_york_city partnership specialized defending british subjects defeated claim damages brewery held military occupation new_york pleaded interpret state law consistent treaty paris ended revolutionary war founded longest operating banks american history stayed business years merged bank hamilton men restored suspended severely damaged war long dissatisfied weak played major leadership role convention drafted resolution constitutional convention brought longtime desire powerful financially independent federal government step closer reality constitution papers ratification constitution hamilton served chosen delegate father law hamilton leader calling new direct influence convention limited governor faction new_york legislature chosen new_york delegates opposed hamilton goal strong national government members new_york delegation present decided new_york vote ensure major alterations early convention speech proposing president life effect convention proposed elected president elected senators serve life contingent good behavior subject removal corruption abuse idea contributed later hostile view hamilton held according madison notes hamilton said regards executive english model good subject hereditary interest king interwoven nation personal great placed danger corrupted abroad let executive appointed life execute powers hamilton argued let observe executive dangerous liberties people office life seven years said constitutes monarchy making executive subject term monarchy apply convention hamilton constructed draft constitution based convention debates presented draft features actual constitution draft senate elected proportion population size house president senators elected complex elections chosen elect smaller bodies hold office life misconduct president absolute veto supreme_court immediate jurisdiction law suits involving united_states state governors appointed federal government end convention hamilton content final form constitution signed vast improvement urged fellow delegates members new_york delegation withdrawn hamilton new_york united_states_constitution took highly active successful campaign document ratification new_york crucial step national ratification popularity constitution masses sign unsuccessful state convention june pitted hamilton jay faction led hamilton faction ratification impression new_york accepted union clinton faction wanted amend constitution maintaining state right attempts failed state convention new_hampshire virginia ninth tenth states constitution respectively ensured happen compromise reached hamilton arguments largely work papers smith eventually went ratification necessity hamilton rhetoric vote state constitution ratified july hamilton served term proved session term elected place attorney general new_york hamilton blamed result ill appear correspondence men work time time projects including hamilton army papers hamilton recruited write series essays defending proposed constitution known papers largest contribution effort writing essays published madison wrote jay hamilton supervised entire project enlisted participants wrote majority essays oversaw publication project person responsible areas expertise jay covered foreign relations madison covered history anatomy new government hamilton covered branches government executive judicial branches aspects senate covering military matters taxation papers appeared october hamilton wrote paper signed subsequent papers signed jay wrote papers elaborate confederation weakness need unity foreign aggression splitting rival number involved hamilton highlights included discussion disorders past advances science politics fostered principles ensured abuses prevented division powers legislative checks independent judiciary legislators represented numbers hamilton wrote extensive defense constitution discussed senate executive judicial branches numbers hamilton madison worked describe state confederation numbers described entirely different thought time period contrast stark opposition later life subtle differences appeared discussing necessity standing armies reconciliation new_york vermont king ruled favor new_york dispute new_york new_hampshire region later state vermont new_york refused recognize claims property derived grants new_hampshire governor preceding years territory governed facto new_hampshire consequently people disputed territory called resisted enforcement new_york laws grants militia called noted successes war british originally formed purpose resisting colonial government new_york grants declared separate state called vermont early erected state government vermont repeatedly denied representation largely new_york insisted vermont legally new_york vermont took position petitions admission union denied united_states subject congress liberty negotiate separately british negotiations led exchanges prisoners war peace treaty ended war included vermont boundaries united_states government new_york entirely given plans vermont claimed jurisdiction member legislature new_york hamilton argued length favor bill recognize sovereignty numerous objections policy consideration bill deferred later date extensive negotiations carried hamilton lawyer representing vermont topics location border vermont new_york financial compensation new_york land grants vermont refused recognize conflicted earlier grants new_hampshire new constitution united states went effect plan replace new congress consisting senate house_of_representatives hamilton wrote subjects new congress independence kentucky time virginia southern states anxious northern glad find vermont legislature new_york agreed state claim jurisdiction vermont condition congress admit vermont state union secretary treasury president george_washington appointed hamilton united_states secretary treasury september left office day january structure government united_states worked years beginning structure function cabinet biographer argues hamilton saw office like british lord treasury equivalent prime minister hamilton oversee colleagues reign george_washington washington request hamilton advice assistance matters outside secretary hamilton elected fellow hamilton submitted financial reports congress report establishment mint report report plan support public credit great enterprise hamilton project administrative republic establishment stability report public credit house september requested hamilton report suggestions improve public credit january hamilton written early fixing public credit win objective independence sources hamilton ranged british writers writing report sought suggestions contemporaries madison agreed additional taxes duties imported land taxes madison feared government debt fall foreign hands report hamilton felt debt united_states revolutionary war price paid liberty argued liberty property security government honor contracts formed basis public private morality hamilton proper handling government debt allow america borrow affordable interest rates economy hamilton divided debt national state divided national debt foreign domestic debt agreement handle foreign debt especially france regards national debt held domestic creditors revolutionary war affluent citizens invested bonds war veterans paid notes price confederation response war veterans sold little cents dollar hamilton felt money bonds soldiers bought bonds soldiers little faith country future process attempting track original bond holders government showing discrimination classes holders war veterans compensated weighed factors hamilton state debts hamilton suggested consolidate national debt label federal debt sake efficiency national scale portion report dealt eliminating debt utilizing sinking fund retire percent debt annually paid bonds traded face value purchases benefit government rose price report submitted house_of_representatives detractors soon began speak notion programs resembled british practice wicked power balance shifted away representatives executive branch resided house suspected involved government saw congress league new_york congressman spoke new_york allegations attempting heard hamilton report involvement hamilton circle favorable report hamilton personally deal share debt madison eventually spoke february current holders government debt profit wanted original holders madison feel original holders lost faith government sold desperation compromise seen madison vote defeated votes february fight national government assume state debt longer issue lasted months period resources hamilton apply payment state debts requested rejected hamilton able prepare information march postponed supporters spite report day consisted series additional duties meet interest state debts issues involving hamilton bypassing rising issue slavery congress petitioned abolition returned issue following year having resign assistant secretary treasury vote assumption voted votes april temporary location capital new_york_city played role sent speak bargain capital temporarily located philadelphia single vote senate needed house bill pass bill passed senate july house votes july report hamilton report projection report hamilton forming ideas national bank early gathered ideas ways past years included theories extensive studies experience establishing american records assistant treasury secretary hamilton suggested congress charter million fifth handled government government money borrow money bank repay loan annual installments rest available individual investors bank governed member board directors represent large majority private shareholders hamilton considered essential private direction hamilton bank model similarities hamilton wanted exclude government involved public debt provide large firm elastic money supply functioning normal businesses usual economic development differences tax revenue bank previously proposed increases imported spirits liquor whiskey bill passed senate practically problem objections proposal increased time reached house_of_representatives generally held critics hamilton serving interests northeast means bank lifestyle benefit critics georgia attempted report quoting papers madison jefferson opposed bank bill potential capital moved bank firm establishment philadelphia current capital united_states significant reason actions pennsylvania members congress took capital men anxious madison warned pennsylvania congress members attack bill unconstitutional house followed threat madison argued case power bank established constitution failed sway members house authority constitution questioned members bill eventually passed overwhelming fashion february washington sign bill received suggestions attorney general jefferson dismissed necessary proper clause reasoning creation national bank stating powers carried execution bank jefferson objections washington involvement movement capital philadelphia thought reason response objection necessary proper clause hamilton stated necessary means incidental useful bank convenient species medium taxes paid washington eventually sign bill law establishing hamilton submitted report establishment mint house_of_representatives hamilton ideas report european resolutions meetings people spanish coin circulated coin united_states time proposed united_states dollar weighing spanish simplest way introduce national currency hamilton wanted dollar system set like spanish mint spite preferring gold standard issued currency ratio similar european countries different european desire gold grounds united_states receive influx silver west_indies hamilton desired small value coins silver cent copper half cent pieces reducing cost living poor main objectives general public accustomed handling money frequent basis hamilton principles adopted congress resulting act creation dollar coin silver dollar money ranging half cents silver gold issued smuggling american coasts issue revolutionary war revolution problematic smuggling lack shipping control revenue major problems response hamilton proposed congress enact naval police force called revenue order patrol waters assist custom collectors idea proposed assist controlling american economy promote merchant marine thought experience obtained influential decision making concerning details system hamilton wanted different areas united_states new_england georgia hamilton wanted armed muskets pistols broad hamilton wanted fabric sails domestically manufactured hamilton concerned employees food supply boarding ships provisions congress established august viewed birth united_states_coast_guard whiskey tax revenue principal sources revenue hamilton prevailed congress approve tax whiskey bill january hamilton proposed raise million dollars needed pay government operating expenses interest domestic foreign debts means increase duties imported spirits tea coffee domestic spirits failed congress recommendations excluding tax whiskey madison year modification hamilton involved imported duties passed september response revenues revenue gathered commerce great_britain hamilton attempted report public credit presenting implement tax imported domestic spirits taxation rate graduated proportion whiskey proof hamilton intended tax burden imported spirits imported domestic liquor lieu production citizens pay cents capacity exemption small exclusively domestic consumption realized tax receive rural areas thought spirits reasonable land taxes opposition initially came pennsylvania house_of_representatives protesting tax noted legislators able enforce taxes western regions state hamilton aware potential difficulties proposed ability search buildings designated store spirits able search suspected illegal storage facilities warrant allowed search houses warehouses visit twice day file weekly reports extensive detail hamilton cautioned judicial means favored jury trial potential offenders soon locals began threaten felt inspection methods hamilton attempted opposition lowered tax rates strong opposition whiskey tax cottage producers remote rural regions erupted western virginia whiskey basic export product fundamental local economy response rebellion believing compliance laws vital establishment federal authority hamilton accompanied rebellion site president washington general henry light horse harry lee federal troops assembled place revolution overwhelming display force intimidated leaders insurrection ending rebellion virtually manufacturing industry hamilton report report requested congress january report manufacturing expand independence report submitted december report hamilton quoted french example rejecting theory respectively hamilton refuted smith ideas government detrimental trade countries hamilton thought united_states primarily country disadvantage dealing europe response detractors hamilton stated interest advanced agriculture productive manufacturing ways government assist manufacturing hamilton mentioned protective duties imported foreign goods manufactured united_states withdraw duties levied raw materials needed domestic manufacturing boundaries encouraging immigration people better similar employment opportunities congress shelved report debate madison objection hamilton clause hamilton legal basis extensive programs subsequently ideas manufacturing major influence hamilton new_york philadelphia helped form private industrial corporation location great falls new_jersey selected access raw materials densely inhabited having access water power falls factory town named new_jersey governor signed charter profits derive specific benefits conferred nation citizens unlike report hamilton suggested stock offered eventually increase million welcomed state national government alike company successful numerous shareholders stock payments members soon went bankrupt governor program sent prison spite hamilton efforts disaster company emergence parties hamilton tenure treasury secretary political factions began emerge congressional caucus led began opposition group hamilton financial programs joined group returned france hamilton allies began opposition group called democratic republican party political scientists time known republicans hamilton assembled nationwide coalition garner support administration including expansive financial programs hamilton administration policy especially president policy neutrality european war britain france hamilton public relations campaign attacked french minister called tried appeal voters directly denounced foreign interference american affairs hamilton administrative republic succeed americans nation citizens experience administration proved firm demonstrated concepts found united_states_constitution impose internal direct taxes departed implications hamilton administrative republic risky republicans opposed banks cities favored france built national coalition oppose sides gained support local political factions developed partisan newspapers energetic editors fiery republican editors newspapers characterized intense personal attacks major invented claims hamilton established daily newspaper brought editor publishing new_york_post quarrel hamilton jefferson best known historically important american political history hamilton jefferson heightened wish washington principal trusted advisor britain france britain went war early members cabinet consulted washington unanimously agreed remain neutral send home policy britain major point contention parties hamilton wished trade britain new nation largest trading partner republicans saw britain main threat proposed instead trade war avoid war washington sent chief justice negotiate british hamilton largely wrote jay instructions result jay treaty denounced republicans hamilton mobilized support land jay treaty passed senate exactly required thirds majority treaty resolved issues remaining revolution war possible years peaceful trade united_states britain notes remarkable economic diplomatic gains produced treaty european nations formed incursions neutral rights cabinet consulted united_states join decided kept decision secret hamilton revealed private british minister united_states telling jay act remained unknown hammond dispatches read 1920s amazing revelation limited effect negotiations jay threaten join league point british reasons view league threat second report public credit leaving post hamilton submitted report plan support public credit congress curb debt problem hamilton grew dissatisfied viewed lack comprehensive plan fix public debt wished new taxes passed older ones permanent stated surplus tax liquor pledged lower public debt proposals included bill congress slightly month departure treasury secretary post secretary years affair hamilton involved affair month period revealed public years afterward appeared hamilton woman abandoned husband james new_york wished return hamilton money person retrieved address order deliver funds person brief dialogue bedroom frequent meetings hamilton received letters december letter maria warning husband knowledge james attempting blackmail hamilton point hamilton contemplated ending relationship briefly ceased visit apparently involved scheme sent letters point requested requested hamilton longer wife receiving dollars blackmail hamilton possibly aware involved incident suspicion illegal actions secretary treasury alleged evidence agent hamilton accompanying letters gathered hamilton information relayed consulted actions suggested evidence hamilton arrested released monroe soon confronted hamilton december hamilton discussed affair trio documents privately confidence journalist published history united_states year contained accusations agent hamilton documents confrontation december july hamilton wrote men confirm damage perception integrity secretary treasury complied monroe rounds argument resorted duel hamilton obtain explicit response monroe published pamphlet order preserve public reputation discussed affair exquisite detail wife monroe faced ridicule democratic republican faction maintained availability public service presidential election hamilton resignation secretary treasury remove public life resumption law practice remained close washington advisor friend hamilton influenced washington composition farewell address writing drafts washington compare draft washington contemplated retirement consulted draft similar manner hamilton election constitution stood presidential votes cast different men received votes president second vice president system designed operation parties mind thought planned deal having vote vice president thomas south_carolina adams resented hamilton influence washington considered private life hamilton compared adams washington thought emotionally unstable president hamilton took election opportunity urged northern vote adams jefferson south_carolina vote jefferson worked votes adams president adams remain vice president work found french minister united_states knew northern voted adams sufficient numbers came jefferson vice president adams resented intrigue felt service nation extensive quasi war quasi war washington strong endorsement adams reluctantly appointed hamilton major general army washington insistence hamilton senior major general prompting decline appointment serve hamilton junior major general continental_army thought serve beneath hamilton served inspector general united_states_army july june washington unwilling leave command army field hamilton facto head army adams considerable displeasure scale war broke france hamilton argued army conquer north american colonies france ally spain bordering united_states fund army hamilton wrote regularly successor treasury senator massachusetts directed pass direct tax fund war smith resigned july hamilton told tax houses instead land eventual program included stamp act like british revolution taxes land houses slaves calculated different rates different states requiring difficult intricate assessment houses provoked resistance southeastern pennsylvania led primarily men marched washington hamilton aided areas army development washington death default senior officer united_states_army december june army guard invasion france adams plans war opening negotiations france adams held proper retain members washington cabinet cause found washington death hamilton fired presidential election election hamilton worked defeat rival democratic republican candidates party nominee november alien acts left democratic republican newspaper functioning new_york_city reprinted article saying hamilton attempted purchase close hamilton publisher prosecuted libel prosecution compelled owner close paper won new_york jefferson hamilton proposed election different rules carefully drawn districts choosing split electoral vote new_york given supreme_court governor new_york wrote letter words proposing measure party purposes adopt declined reply running time south_carolina elder brother candidate election hamilton toured new_england urging northern hold firm renewed hope making president intrigued south_carolina hamilton ideas involved middle state assert non support adams support writing modest supports adams concerning supposed misconduct president hamilton expected southern states carolinas cast votes jefferson result ahead adams jefferson accordance second aforementioned plans recent personal rift wrote pamphlet called letter concerning public conduct character president united_states highly critical closed endorsement leading copy fell democratic republicans hands printed hurt adams reelection campaign split virtually assuring victory led jefferson election destroyed hamilton position jefferson beaten adams running mate received votes adams finished place fourth jay received vote jefferson tied united_states house_of_representatives choose men opposed jefferson supported ballots jefferson denied majority 36th ballot hamilton threw weight jefferson supporting arrangement reached delaware maryland vermont voting allowing states jefferson ending jefferson president hamilton like jefferson disagreed issues viewed jefferson lesser hamilton spoke jefferson far dangerous man enemy principle measure past administration strong evidence hamilton feared appeal members loss control viewed moderate willing dialogue reason fact voted hamilton wrote exceeding number letters friends congress convince members rejected hamilton reasons vote vice president united_states clear jefferson developed concerns support return vice presidency sought new_york governorship support defeated forces including hamilton duel death soon gubernatorial election new_york greatly assisted hamilton defeated published letters citing hamilton opposition alleging hamilton expressed opinion vice president upstate new_york dinner party cooper claimed letter intercepted information stated unusually cautious information dinner sensing attack honor recovering defeat demanded apology letter form hamilton wrote letter response ultimately refused recall instance insulting hamilton accused cooper letter series attempts reconcile avail duel accepted june night duel hamilton wrote defense decision duel hamilton viewed roles father husband putting creditors risk placing family welfare jeopardy moral religious reasons duel felt impossible avoid having attacks unable behavior prior duel attempted reconcile moral religious reasons codes honor politics intended accept duel throw fire order satisfy morals political codes respectively desire available future political matters played factor duel began dawn july west bank hudson_river rocky new_jersey seconds measured hamilton according raised pistol try light wear prevent vision obscured hamilton refused set pistols pulling trigger lighter offered vice president shot hamilton delivering proved fatal wound hamilton shot broke tree branch directly head seconds van determine fired claimed man fired soon measured shooting determine angle hamilton fired shot hit hamilton lower abdomen right hip bullet hamilton second false rib causing considerable damage internal organs particularly liver lodged second biographer considered circumstances indicate taking deliberate aim fired second biographer suggested took careful aim shot hamilton fired falling struck bullet paralyzed hamilton knew mortally wounded ferried home friend waiting dock final visits family friends considerable suffering hamilton died following afternoon july home jane street gave eulogy funeral secretly established fund support widow children hamilton buried trinity churchyard cemetery manhattan personal life family hamilton stationed new_jersey winter met daughter married december mansion albany new_york elizabeth children including named philip elder philip hamilton child born january killed duel publicly insulted manhattan theater second philip hamilton child born june philip killed children born september alexander born april september august july august october born november hamilton close elizabeth older sister englishman fortune north_america revolution returned church london war later joint friend hamilton religion hamilton youth west_indies orthodox conventional presbyterian new light evangelical type opposed old light taught student moderate wrote hymns published local newspaper college roommate noted hamilton habit praying knees night morning says hamilton dropped youthful revolution conventional liberal irregular best returned religion years says nominally clearly affiliated attend church regularly communion like adams franklin jefferson hamilton probably fallen sway sought substitute reason revelation dropped notion active god intervene human affairs time doubted god existence embracing christianity system morality cosmic justice hamilton jokes god constitutional convention french revolution displayed christianity political ends insisting christianity jefferson democracy incompatible hamilton asserted truth christianity proposed hold strong feeling mind elect fit men office wrote christian welfare societies poor member shot hamilton spoke belief god mercy desire renounce administered communion hamilton hamilton respect jews birthplace large jewish population hamilton came contact regular basis boy learned hebrew original language believed jewish achievement result divine providence warned discredit jews destroy christian religion legacy hamilton interpretations constitution set forth papers remain highly influential seen scholarly studies court decisions constitution ambiguous exact balance power national state governments hamilton consistently took greater federal power expense states secretary treasury established intense opposition secretary state jefferson country national bank hamilton justified creation bank increased federal powers congress constitutional powers issue currency regulate interstate commerce necessary proper enact provisions constitution jefferson hand took view constitution text carefully found specific authorization national bank controversy eventually settled supreme_court united_states maryland essence adopted hamilton view granting federal government broad freedom select best means execute powers specifically doctrine implied powers american_civil_war demonstrated sorts crises politics hamilton administrative republic sought avoid hamilton policies secretary treasury greatly affected united_states government continue influence constitutional interpretation specifically set federal authority courts considered authority constitutional interpretation prominent french diplomat spent united_states wrote consider napoleon fox hamilton greatest men forced decide place hamilton adding hamilton problems european conservatives opinions hamilton run viewed dangerously aristocratic hamilton reputation negative eras democracy democracy progressive era praised leadership strong government twentieth century republicans entered politics writing biographies hamilton historians generally taken main views hamilton says recent years hamilton reputation decidedly gained initiative scholars portray visionary architect modern liberal capitalist economy dynamic federal government headed energetic executive jefferson allies contrast come older view attacks point advocating monarchy monuments memorials beginning american civil war hamilton depicted denominations currency appeared likeness began appear postage portrait continued appear postage currency notably appears modern bill june announced portrait replaced woman reflect changing nature american democracy society later decided portrait remain portrait woman moved bill hamilton appears series savings bond source face bill portrait hamilton portrait collection postage stamp honor hamilton issued portrayals issues engraved die modeled bust hamilton italian sculptor hamilton issue postage stamp honor secretary treasury cent red commemorative issue released anniversary hamilton birth includes rendition building located new_york_city march issued liberty issue postage stamp honoring hamilton home hamilton owned federal style mansion designed built acre country estate upper manhattan named house completed grandfather alexander estate scotland house remained family widow sold british born real estate developer proceeds purchase new davis son alexander moved original location moved spot land hamilton estate neighborhood upper manhattan historic structure restored original appearance maintained service served trustees new_york state later academy received college charter school formally renamed columbia_university hamilton alma mater official memorials hamilton campus new_york_city college main classroom building large statue hamilton stands university press published complete works edition columbia_university student group cadets marine officer candidates named main administration building connecticut named commemorate hamilton creation predecessor services united_states_coast_guard fort hamilton brooklyn named hamilton new_york_city renamed hamilton son commissioned granite statue located new_york_city statue honoring chicago controversy concerning surrounding architecture buckingham fountain family commissioned monument impetus treasury secretary hamilton secured nation financial future possible family fortune grain elevators banking consequently hired model sculpture finnish architect create architectural setting proposed foot tall shelter poorly received buckingham death sculpture setting location design uncertain conspiracy allegations surfaced matter litigation courts ordered construction completed trustees hired architect structure completed structural problems eventually demolished statue display statue dedicated south terrace treasury building washington new_york florida illinois indiana kansas nebraska ohio tennessee named honor slavery recently prevailing scholarly view hamilton like founders generally lacked deep concern slavery traced historians hamilton writing 1920s praise jefferson enlightenment denounced hamilton evil contends consensus changed sharply hamilton favor recent years example argues treasury secretary committed ending slavery calls abolitionist states lifelong opponent slavery says leading anti slavery advocate says hamilton vigorously opposed slave trade slavery expansion hamilton king george ministers contains speaks slavery british bring americans mcdonald sees attack institution slavery believes term symbolic way time revolutionary war hamilton took lead proposals arm slaves free compensate masters hamilton worked closely friend south_carolina propose unit formed command hamilton proposed create battalions slaves combat duty free congress recommended south_carolina georgia acquire thousand slaves service saw fit south_carolina governor congressional delegation supported plan philadelphia implement hamilton believed natural blacks probably good free whites warned british arm slaves patriots 21st century biography cites incident evidence hamilton saw revolution struggle slavery hamilton attacked political opponents demanding freedom refusing allow blacks january hamilton attended second meeting president hamilton secretary later president notes membership soon included hamilton friends associates hamilton member committee society petitioned legislature end slave trade succeeded passing legislation banning export slaves new_york period hamilton felt bound rule law time law practice facilitated return fugitive slave south_carolina opposed compromise constitutional convention federal government abolish slave trade years disappointed lost argument hamilton supported forced emigration freed slaves argued comfortable society distinguished contemporaries international affairs supported black government haiti revolt french control supported aid measures hurt france evidence interpreted indicate hamilton owned household slaves wealthy new evidence indirect mcdonald interprets referring paid employees economics hamilton portrayed patron saint economic philosophy according historian dominated economic policy firmly supported government intervention favor business manner early fall hamilton opposed british ideas free trade believed benefits colonial imperial powers favor believed help develop fledgling nation emerging economy inspired writings hamilton influenced ideas work hamilton view strong executive linked support people administrative republic dominance executive leadership carrying policy essential resist deterioration republican government explored similarities recommendations development popular culture apart bill obscure film hamilton attract attention american popular culture advent hit broadway musical hamilton musical features music lyrics book based biography new_yorker called achievement historical cultural telling rise self immigrant story america broadway production hamilton won outstanding musical seven hamilton received pulitzer prize drama record tony nominations winning including hamilton appeared significant figure popular 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24189_GeorgeWashington | george_washington george_washington february february december president united_states commander chief continental_army american revolutionary war founding fathers united_states presided convention drafted current united states constitution lifetime called father country widely admired strong leadership qualities washington unanimously elected president national elections oversaw creation strong financed national government maintained neutrality french revolutionary wars suppressed won acceptance americans types washington established use today cabinet system inaugural address title president retirement office terms established tradition lasted won unprecedented term 22nd amendment limits president elected terms born provincial gentry family wealthy owned tobacco plantations slaves inherited youth senior british officer colonial militia stages french indian war commissioned washington commander chief continental_army american revolution command washington forced british boston defeated nearly captured later year lost new_york_city crossing middle winter defeated british battles princeton retook new_jersey restored momentum patriot cause strategy enabled continental forces capture major british armies historians washington selection supervision generals preservation command army coordination congress state governors militia attention supplies logistics training battle washington repeatedly british generals larger armies victory finalized washington resigned commander chief seize power proving opposition dictatorship commitment american washington presided devised new form federal government united_states following election president worked unify rival factions fledgling nation supported programs satisfy debts federal state established permanent seat government implemented effective tax system created national bank avoiding war great_britain guaranteed decade peace profitable trade securing jay treaty despite intense opposition remained joining largely supported policies washington farewell address influential civic virtue warning involvement foreign wars retired presidency returning home plantation power use national authority pursued ends especially preservation liberty reduction regional tensions promotion spirit american nationalism death washington war peace hearts revered life death scholarly public polling consistently ranks presidents american history depicted remembered monuments currency present day early life child second wife george_washington born pope near present day virginia according julian calendar style years use british_empire washington born february calendar adopted later british_empire renders birth date february washington primarily english gentry descent especially england great grandfather emigrated virginia began accumulating land slaves son lawrence grandson george father tobacco tried hand iron mining ventures george youth moderately prosperous members virginia gentry rank leading families time virginia southern colonies employed slave labor rich general formed ruling class economy based slave labor george siblings reached maturity including older half brothers lawrence father marriage siblings samuel elizabeth betty charles siblings died adulthood sister died half brother butler died infancy half sister jane died age george father died sudden illness april george years old half brother lawrence father role model lawrence father law cousin virginia largest landowner thomas lord formative influence washington father justice young washington spent near inherited family property father plantation little hunting creek named honor commanding officer admiral george inherited ferry farm father death eventually acquired lawrence death death father prevented washington education england older brothers received achieved equivalent elementary school education variety school run anglican clergyman near talk securing appointment royal_navy dropped widowed mother objected washington traveled barbados lawrence suffering tuberculosis hope climate beneficial lawrence health washington contracted smallpox trip left face slightly future disease lawrence health failed improve returned died summer lawrence position militia leader virginia divided district offices death washington appointed governor district february rank major virginia militia period washington involvement minimal surveyor washington introduction surveying began early age school exercises taught basics profession followed practical experience field experiences surveying occurred surrounding territory washington opportunity surveyor occurred invited join survey party organized neighbor friend organized professional surveying party layout large tracts land border western virginia young washington gained experience field age washington began career professional surveyor subsequently received commission surveyor license mary official surveyor newly formed thanks older brother lawrence connection prominent family washington appointed paid official position days completed survey plotting acre parcel land way promising career subsequently able purchase land land acquisitions western virginia years washington worked surveying land land investment company funded virginia investors thanks lawrence position commander virginia militia washington came notice new lieutenant governor virginia hard miss feet taller contemporaries october washington resigned position official surveyor continued work years new profession continued survey professionally years receiving military appointment adjutant southern virginia washington completed close surveys numerous properties totaling acres continue survey different times life late french indian war washington began military service french indian war major militia virginia sent ambassador british crown french officials indians far north present day pennsylvania important vehicle british investors planned expand opening new settlements trading posts indian trade french began expanding military control territory claimed british colonies virginia pennsylvania competing claims led war colonies called french indian war contributed start global seven years war chance washington involved beginning lieutenant governor colonial virginia ordered british government guard british territorial claims including basin late ordered washington deliver letter asking french vacate ohio valley eager prove new adjutant general militia appointed lieutenant governor year trip washington met called half king chiefs allied secure support case military conflict french washington friends delivered letter local french commander refused leave washington kept diary expedition printed order washington recognizable virginia increased notoriety helped obtain commission raise company men start military career sent washington safeguard construction fort present day pittsburgh pennsylvania reached area french force drove colonial traders began construction small detachment french troops led discovered warriors east present day pennsylvania washington militia unit aided allies ambushed french come called exactly happened battle matter contention primary accounts agree battle lasted minutes killed party killed taken prisoner died hands cold blood shot musket sat washington means completely clear given epithet town destroyer french responded attacking capturing washington july allowed return troops virginia concludes episode demonstrated washington bravery initiative inexperience events international consequences french accused washington claimed diplomatic mission france great_britain ready fight control region sent troops north_america war formally declared disaster washington senior american aide british general ill fated expedition largest british expedition colonies intended expel french objective capture washington initially sought appointment major advice rank captain given london agreed serve staff volunteer passage expedition washington fell ill severe fever pace troops continued slow washington recommended army split divisions primary lightly adequately equipped flying column offensive rapid pace followed heavily armed reinforcing division accepted recommendation likely council war including officers took command lead division battle french indian allies ambushed reduced forces general mortally wounded suffering devastating casualties british panicked retreated disarray washington rode forth battlefield rallying remnants british forces organized retreat process despite lingering illness demonstrated bravery stamina horses shot underneath coat pierced bullets report washington chiefly blamed disaster conduct praising virginia contingent responsibility rested defeat result recommendation washington included succeeding commander col planning subsequent force movements commander virginia regiment governor rewarded washington commission colonel commander chief forces raised defense majesty colony gave task defending virginia frontier time american military unit colonies opposed time militias british regular units washington ordered act defensively thought best washington happily accepted commission british officer accompanying pay continued pressed vain british military incorporate virginia regiment ranks command thousand soldiers washington emphasized training led men brutal campaigns indians west months regiment fought battles lost men washington efforts meant virginia frontier population suffered colonies concludes success war washington participated capture fort embarrassed friendly fire episode unit british unit thought french enemy opened fire dead wounded washington involved major fighting expedition british scored major strategic victory gaining control french abandoned fort following expedition retired commission december washington return military life outbreak revolution lessons learned washington gained commission british army years young man gained valuable military political leadership skills closely observed british military tactics gaining keen insight strengths weaknesses proved revolution washington learned organize train drill discipline companies regiments observations readings conversations professional officers learned basics battlefield tactics good understanding problems organization logistics gained understanding overall strategy especially locating strategic geographical points washington demonstrated courage difficult situations including disasters developed command presence given size strength stamina bravery battle demonstrated soldiers natural leader follow question washington early years manifested ways biographer contends washington offered british generals vain attempts win great favor occasion showed youthful arrogance jealousy midst historian opinion dealing government officials conflict led advocate advantages strong national government vigorous executive agency results historians tend washington position government later service developed negative idea value militia unreliable short term compared regulars hand experience limited command men came remote frontier conditions far removed urban situations faced revolution boston new_york philadelphia wars january washington married wealthy widow years old surviving letters suggest love time wife friend george martha compatible marriage martha intelligent experienced managing estate raised children previous marriage later raised washington grandchildren eleanor george martha children earlier bout smallpox sterile couple moved near alexandria took life political figure washington marriage martha greatly increased property holdings social standing virginia wealthiest men acquired acre km2 estate marriage worth approximately managed remainder behalf martha children cared lieutenant governor promised land soldiers officers volunteered serve french indian war washington prevailed lord new governor finally fulfilled promise washington subsequently receiving title acres km2 flows western west_virginia frequently bought additional land washington doubled size acres km2 increased slave population respected military hero large landowner held local office elected virginia provincial legislature representing seven years beginning washington lived aristocratic lifestyle fox hunting favorite leisure activity enjoyed going dances parties addition theater races washington known play cards like virginia imported goods england paid tobacco crop washington began pull debt previously tobacco centric business interests ventures paying attention affairs started switching primary cash crop away tobacco wheat crop processed sold forms colonies operations include flour fishing horse breeding spinning weaving erected whiskey production yielded gallons month prior attacks died washington arms early unexpected death proved moments life hopes martha gone place washington cancelled business activity months away martha single night death enabled washington pay british creditors half inheritance passed successful tobacco wheat washington leader social elite virginia invited guests estate considered people rank people high social status advice treat proper distance grow familiarity proportion sink authority politically active presenting legislation ban goods great_britain american revolution washington played leading military political role american revolution involvement began took political stands acts opposed stamp act direct tax colonies imposed included representatives colonies began taking leading role growing colonial resistance protests enacted widespread washington introduced proposal drafted friend calling virginia boycott english goods acts repealed parliament repealed washington regarded passage invasion rights privileges washington told friend think right hands pocket consent hands money said americans submit acts till custom use shall slaves blacks rule arbitrary sway july chaired meeting resolves adopted called things august washington attended selected delegate commander chief battles lexington concord near boston april colonies went war washington appeared military uniform signaling prepared war washington prestige military experience charisma military bearing military leader known strong patriot virginia largest colony deserved recognition new_england fighting began realized needed southern support washington explicitly seek office commander said equal competition congress created continental_army june nominated massachusetts washington appointed general commander chief british articulated washington army august britain issued royal proclamation labeling american rebels resorted force faced property leaders subject execution general washington essentially assumed roles war provided leadership troops main british forces lost battles surrendered army war continued fight british war end plotted overall strategy war cooperation congress secondly charged organizing training army recruited regulars assigned veteran prussian general staff train war effort getting supplies troops congress washington pressured congress provide june congress attempt running war effort established committee known ordnance succeeded july committee eventually included members military command structure armed forces congressional congress appointments washington input state appointments filling lower ranks militia officers results general staff mixed favorites like mastered art command eventually found capable officers general general old served french indian war colonel chief artillery colonel chief staff american officers opponents tactics maneuver consequently lost pitched battles great successes boston came trapping british far base larger numbers troops legion february came result morgan employment superior line tactics british opponent resulting double military history defeat romans decisive defeat col king mountain demonstrated superiority american mountain men british trained troops armed musket bayonet mountain men led variety elected officers including washington officers time similarly morgan virginia proved superior british post revolutionary war development creation trained rifle battalions european armies washington important role war effort embodiment armed resistance crown representative man revolution long term strategy maintain army field times eventually strategy worked enormous personal political stature political skills kept congress army french militias states pointed common goal furthermore voluntarily resigning commission disbanding army war won declaring monarch permanently established principle civilian supremacy military affairs constant point disciplined professional soldiers counted twice erratic militias clearly demonstrated rout maryland baron held firm helped overcome ideological distrust standing army victory boston washington assumed command continental_army field cambridge massachusetts july ongoing siege boston realizing army desperate shortage gunpowder washington asked new sources american troops raided british including caribbean manufacturing attempted obtained barely adequate supply million pounds end france washington reorganized army long forced british withdraw putting artillery overlooking city british evacuated boston march washington moved army new_york_city highly patriots british newspapers routinely praised washington personal character qualities military commander articles bold washington enemy general commanded army cause believed ruin empire defeat new_york august british general launched massive naval land campaign designed seize new_york continental_army washington engaged enemy time army newly independent united_states battle long island largest battle entire war americans heavily outnumbered men deserted washington badly defeated generals situation plan retreat decided washington instructed general heath available flat river boat sloop area little time washington army cover darkness crossed safely loss life washington considered abandoning island recommendation attempt defense fort retreated hudson avoid americans retreat howe able offensive november landed troops island surrounded captured resulting high continental casualties biographer washington responsible decision delay patriots retreat tried blame decision defend wishes congress bad advice crossing delaware washington continued flight new_jersey future continental_army doubt string losses night december washington staged comeback surprise attack outpost western new_jersey led army capture nearly new_jersey washington followed victory british regulars princeton early january british retreated new_york_city held peace treaty washington victories wrecked british stick strategy showing overwhelming force offering generous terms americans negotiate short independence victories ensure ultimate patriot victory soldiers deserted harsh winter washington congress reorganized army increased rewards staying punishment raised troop numbers effectively subsequent battles february new_jersey washington convinced smallpox prevent destruction army washington ordered troops reports death smallpox ranks dropped deaths reported deaths historians debate washington preferred strategy harass british quick sharp attacks followed retreat larger british army catch preferred fight major battles southern commander use tactics washington fall spring losing new_york_city seeing army melt away princeton examples summer washington rebuilt strength confidence stopped raids went large scale confrontations campaigns late summer british general led major invasion army south quebec intention splitting rebellious new_england general howe new_york took army south philadelphia instead going hudson_river join near albany major strategic mistake washington rushed philadelphia engage howe closely following action upstate new_york patriots led general successor ensuing pitched battles philadelphia complex washington relatively inexperienced men defeated battle september howe washington marched american capital philadelphia unopposed september washington army unsuccessfully attacked british garrison early october north reach help howe trapped forced surrender major turning point militarily french responded defeat entering war america expanding revolutionary war major worldwide affair washington loss philadelphia prompted members congress consider removing washington command movement termed failed washington supporters rallied biographer relates inevitable defeats washington forces concurrent victory forces upper new_york compared admiration washington inevitably waned fan southern delegation wrote congress appoint thanksgiving cause ought glory turning tide arms immediately commander chief southern troops allow certain citizen wise good thinking deity valley forge washington army went winter quarters north philadelphia december months deaths camp numbered thousands majority disease compounded lack food proper clothing poor shelter extreme cold historians death toll estimates ranging men british comfortably philadelphia paid supplies sterling washington difficulty supplies farmers area accept rapidly american paper currency woodlands valley soon exhausted game conditions worsened washington faced task maintaining morale february common washington repeatedly petitioned badly needed provisions success finally january came valley forge examine conditions continental_army washington expressed urgency situation important alterations time contended congress control army supply system pay supplies promptly necessary response washington urgent appeal congress soon gave support funding supply lines army advent resulted department controlled gathering supplies army late february adequate supplies flowing camp spring army emerged good order thanks scale training program supervised general british evacuated philadelphia new_york june washington summoned council war generals lee wayne washington decided partial attack retreating british battle lee moving men washington immediate knowledge attempted launch attack british rear guard clinton men waiting anticipation came offered stiff resistance keeping americans check sharp words criticism washington relieved lee continued fighting effective draw war largest battles night fall came fighting came stop british continued retreat headed new_york washington soon moved army outside city summer washington congress decided strike warriors nations campaign force britain indian allies new_york base attack american settlements new_england june warriors joined rangers led colonel normally laid waste pennsylvania british officer witnessed brutality said return england son bitch august general led military operation destroyed villages burned available crops people killed indians fled british protection canada sullivan later reported immediate objects expedition accomplished total ruin indian settlements destruction crops designed support hudson_river southern battles washington time moved headquarters new_jersey new windsor hudson army british led howe successor sir hudson american posts point places succumbed counter offensive patriots led general briefly successful clinton end able shut strategic loss proceed river american fortifications washington army skirmishes point point demonstrated continental infantry formidable enormous boost morale winter washington went quarters represented worst suffering army war temperatures fell zero frozen snow ice covered ground weeks troops lacking provisions time valley forge late clinton moved forces south charleston offensive patriots led success clinton returned victorious new_york leaving south congress replaced lincoln gates despite washington recommendation gates failed south_carolina replaced british time south grasp despite news washington encouraged learn returned france additional naval assets forces arnold treason washington shocked learn treason contributed significantly war effort dealings congress rank finances alliance france arnold joined british cause british plan seize post commanded west_point washington missed capture major british intelligence officer clinton later hanged order court martial called washington washington army went winter quarters suffered lack supplies resulted considerable mutiny pennsylvania troops washington prevailed congress state officials come aid provisions suffering saying hoped army continue struggle difficulties hitherto endured help remarking reach bounds human patience victory july veteran french troops led arrived newport rhode_island aid war effort french naval forces landed led admiral washington hope initially bring allied fight new_york end war advised virginia better target followed advice arrived washington immediately saw advantage created force clinton new_york headed south virginia washington continental_army newly funded french gold delivered final blow british french naval victory allowed american french forces trap british army virginia preventing reinforcement clinton north surrender october marked end major fighting continental north_america failed appear official surrender ceremony sent general washington assigned role equal rank substantial combat ended war formal treaty peace months away creating tension british troops occupying new_york_city charleston savannah powerful fleet french army navy departed americans money matters fed anxiety treasury unpaid soldiers growing point mutiny point forced congress philadelphia princeton washington unrest officers suppressing conspiracy march congress came promise year bonus initial peace treaty articles ratified april recently formed congressional committee hamilton considering needs plans peacetime army commander chief submitted committee essentially providing official continental_army position original proposal defeated congress votes october truncated version rejected april treaty paris signed september great_britain recognized independence united_states washington disbanded army november gave farewell address soldiers november british evacuated new_york_city washington governor took possession tavern december washington formally officers farewell december resigned commission commander chief saying consider duty close act official life commending interests country protection god holy keeping historian concludes greatest act life resignation commander armies king called washington greatest character age washington later submitted formal account expenses personally advanced army year conflict said detailed small items vague concerning large ones included expenses incurred martha visits headquarters compensation service drawn war says washington mediocre military master political perfect sense timing developed capacity exploit charismatic reputation people thought constitutional convention washington retirement personal business short lived making trip western frontier inspected land holdings earned decades earlier service french indian war confronted including vacated losing court decision heard washington pennsylvania reluctance persuaded attend philadelphia summer delegate virginia elected president convention held considerable criticism thirteen colonies weak central government established referring articles rope sand support new nation washington view need strong federal government grew recent war inability rally states provide needs military clearly demonstrated winter valley forge general populace share washington views strong federal government binding states comparing prevailing entity previously ruled colonies washington participation debates minor cast vote called prestige facilitated productivity delegates couple months task washington told despair seeing favorable issue proceedings convention having agency business following convention support convinced colleagues vote ratification unsuccessfully lobbied anti saying adoption present circumstances union opinion desirable declared alternative anarchy consider appropriate cast vote favor adoption virginia expected nominated president new constitution subsequently ratified thirteen states delegates convention designed presidency washington mind allowing define office establishing precedent elected end agreements hatched washington thought achievements finally monumental presidency unanimously elected washington president remains president receive electoral votes received highest vote total elected vice president april washington inaugurated taking presidential oath office balcony new_york_city oath follows administered chancellor swear execute united_states best ability preserve protect defend constitution united_states historian indicates washington added words help god 1st united_states congress voted pay washington salary year large sum valued dollars washington despite facing financial troubles initially declined salary image public servant urging congress ultimately accepted payment avoid setting precedent presidency perceived limited independently wealthy individuals serve salary president aware set precedent attended carefully ceremony office making sure titles suitably republican emulated european royal courts end preferred title president majestic names proposed senate washington proved able administrator established functions presidency including messages congress cabinet form government despite fears democratic system lead political violence set standard tolerance opposition voices conducted smooth transition power successor excellent judge talent character talked regularly department heads listened advice making final decision handling routine tasks systematic orderly energetic opinion decisive intent general goals consistency particular actions reluctantly serving second term washington refused run establishing tradition maximum terms president solidified domestic issues washington member political party hoped formed fearing conflict undermine closest advisors formed factions setting framework future secretary treasury bold plans establish national credit build financially powerful nation formed basis secretary founder republicans opposed hamilton agenda washington typically favored hamilton jefferson hamilton agenda went effect jefferson political actions support national gazette attempt undermine hamilton nearly led george_washington dismiss jefferson cabinet jefferson left cabinet voluntarily washington spoke early hamilton devised plan approval washington culminating residence act established new government permanent location congress previously issued million certificates debt war suppliers states incurred debt north accordance plan congress authorized assumption payment debts provided funding customs duties taxes proposal largely favored north opposed south hamilton obtained approval southern states exchange agreement place new national capitol national debt increased result hamilton service secretary treasury nation established good credit congress government trading debt paper assumed washington fellow considered adequate congressional representatives revenue act authorized president select specific location seat government president appoint commissioners survey acquire property seat washington personally oversaw effort term office commissioners named permanent seat government territory columbia honor washington territory columbia district_of_columbia federal government moved site according provisions residence act partly result congress imposed tax spirits led protests frontier districts especially pennsylvania washington ordered protesters appear district court protests turned scale defiance federal authority known federal army small washington invoked militia act summon militias pennsylvania virginia maryland new_jersey governors sent troops washington taking initial command subsequently named field commander lead troops rebellious districts rebels dispersed fighting washington forceful action proved new government protect represented premier instance federal government military force exert authority states citizens time sitting president personally commanded troops field foreign affairs february french revolutionary wars broke great_britain allies revolutionary france europe washington cabinet approval proclaimed american neutrality revolutionary government france sent diplomat called america welcomed great enthusiasm began promoting case france network new major cities issued french letters french ships manned american sailors capture british merchant ships washington denounced societies demanded french government recall hamilton formulated jay treaty trade relations great_britain remove western forts resolve financial debts remaining revolution negotiated signed treaty november supported france strongly attacked treaty washington listened sides announced strong support mobilized public opinion pivotal securing ratification senate thirds majority british agreed depart forts great lakes boundary adjusted numerous pre revolutionary debts british opened west_indies colonies american trade importantly treaty delayed war great_britain instead brought decade prosperous trade british treaty angered french central issue political debates relations france deteriorated treaty signed leaving succeeding president prospect war farewell address washington farewell address issued public letter influential statements drafted primarily washington help hamilton gives advice necessity importance national union value constitution rule law political parties proper virtues republican people referred morality necessary spring popular government said conceded influence refined education minds peculiar structure reason experience expect national morality prevail exclusion religious principle address warned foreign influence domestic affairs american european affairs bitter domestic politics called men serve common good cautioned permanent alliances portion foreign world saying united_states concentrate primarily american interests friendship commerce nations advised involvement european wars entering long term alliances advancing general idea foreign affairs farewell address clear distinction domestic foreign policies interpreted washington policy advocating strong nationalist foreign policy limiting america international activities address quickly set american values foreign affairs washington policy foreign affairs old world largely embraced founding generation american including retirement retiring presidency march washington returned profound sense relief devoted time plantations business interests including produced batch spirits february explains plantation operations profitable lands west yielded little income attack indians living refused pay rent americans assumed rich known façade wealth historians estimate estate worth million dollars equivalent million purchasing power relations france deteriorated point war imminent july president adams offered washington commission lieutenant general commander chief armies raised raised service prospective war accepted served senior officer united_states_army july death seventeen months later participated planning meet emergency arise avoided involvement details possible delegated work including leadership army hamilton serving major general comparisons revolutionary early republican periods american history commentators compared washington roman statesman comparison arose washington like remained command continental_army british defeated instead seeking great political power returned quickly possible lands remarking washington resignation december decision retire poet wrote rome proud sway return sought shade lord ode napoleon washington death thursday december washington spent hours plantation horseback snow hail freezing rain later evening ate supper changing wet clothes friday severe sore throat increasingly day progressed rode heavy snow marking trees estate wanted cut saturday suddenly severe difficulty breathing completely unable speak swallow firm believer standard medical practice era treat slaves plantation ordered estate remove half blood total physicians sent including washington personal physician brown thought washington dick younger man thought condition violent throat time physicians finished treatments president massive volume blood loss half total blood content removed course hours recognizing treatments failing dick proposed performing emergency procedure american physicians familiar time ditch effort save washington life doctors disapproved washington died home saturday december aged journal recorded washington words diagnosis washington final illness immediate cause death subjects debate day died days immediately following death dick published account stated felt symptoms consistent term period describe severe structures upper early date accusations medical believing washington death modern medical authors speculated washington probably died severe case complicated given treatments accepted medical practice washington day notably massive deliberate blood loss certainly caused shock world people washington death united_states memorial held major cities thousands wore mourning clothes months wore black mourning cape year france ordered days mourning country protect privacy burned correspondence exchanged letters couple known survived letters martha george martha december funeral held body interred congress passed joint resolution construct marble monument planned center section capitol construction body plan supported martha december house passed bill build pyramid foot square base southern representatives senators later opposition plan defeated measure felt best washington body remain centennial birth new tomb constructed receive remains year unsuccessful attempt steal body washington despite joint congressional committee early debated removal president washington body capitol built architect 1820s reconstruction burned structure british set august burning washington southern opposition intense growing rift congressman georgia expressed fear said remove remains washington association remains consort ancestors native state deposit capitol let union occur remains washington shore foreign native soil washington remains moved october new tomb constructed presented philadelphia ceremony inner vault door closed key thrown personal life martha biological family george_washington close relationship nephew heir son george younger brother year uncle death associate justice supreme_court united_states george apparently difficulty getting mother second wife difficult woman young man washington red hair popular myth wore wig fashion time washington wear wig instead hair represented portraits including known unfinished depiction called washington height variously recorded unusually great physical strength amazed younger men jefferson called washington best age american european observers praised riding benefited hunting favorite hobby washington excellent dancer frequently attended theater referencing shakespeare letters drank precisely recorded gambling wins losses washington disliked excessive drinking gambling smoking profanity common colonial virginia grew tobacco eventually stopped smoking considered man worst vice washington glad society likely force guests drink honor send home drunk washington suffered problems teeth life historians tracked experiences great detail lost adult tooth left time president claims lost crack brazil nuts modern historians suggest mercury given treat illnesses smallpox malaria probably contributed loss sets false teeth named sets wood set president carved elephant ivory held gold springs prior set real human teeth likely ones purchased unnamed presumably slaves dental problems left washington constant pain took distress apparent portraits painted office including bill religion entire life washington affiliated later called served church warden parish alexandria parish administrative positions like positions virginia official religion required swear speak act way conform church numerous historians suggested washington agreed largely spoke particular beliefs words deity god providence avoiding words jesus christ collected works appear official letter indians drafted aide time theological outlook organized compatible argues washington theological position rejected core beliefs christianity christ trinity original sin unlike theological believed prayer god historian argues washington christian believed core beliefs christianity washington frequently accompanied wife church services hand reports took communion usually characterized rarely participating rite regularly leave services communion non custom day rector ceased attending communion sundays washington regarded religion protective influence america social political order recognized church endeavors render men sober honest good citizens subjects government generally conceded washington christian exact nature religious beliefs debated historians biographers years washington biographer notes instances people opposing opinions frequently base views washington beliefs beliefs washington ways conventionally religion saying mode worship contempt organized christianity clergy jefferson washington commander army president vigorous promoter tolerance religious denominations believed religion important support public order morality virtue attended services different denominations suppressed anti catholic celebrations army suggest washington intention maintain studied ambiguity personal privacy deepest religious convictions americans time time come feel free approach terms feel like members new republic equal conclude educated adhered sic conviction believed fundamental doctrines christianity usually taught church according understanding particle faith modes worship adopted christians denominations washington initiated high regard praised seldom attended lodge meetings attracted movement dedication enlightenment principles reason american share anti clerical perspective european controversial convention virginia recommended washington grand master newly established virginia washington declined necessity lead continental_army critical stage installed master warden lodge consider legal serve grand master washington personal consent named master virginia charter slavery washington prominent founding father arrange slaves following death privately opposed slavery institution viewed economically morally regarded feelings slavery potentially mortal threat unity nation publicly challenged institution slavery possibly wanted avoid provoking split new republic issue pass slave trade act limited american involvement atlantic slave trade washington owned slaves death father age inherited slaves time marriage personally owned slaves meant achieved status major wealthy widow martha brought slaves late husband estate wife great wealth washington bought land size plantation purchased additional slaves needed work paid taxes slaves figure include record slave purchase later received slaves debts washington hired staff white servants april offered reward return runaway white servants legacy commander chief continental_army hero revolution president united_states george_washington legacy remains greatest american history congressman revolutionary war famously washington war peace hearts lee words set standard washington overwhelming reputation impressed american memory biographers hailed great washington set national government presidency particular called father country early washington birthday federal holiday united_states terms personality leading biographer concluded great big thing stamped man character character says freeman meant integrity self discipline courage absolute honesty resolve decision respect leader successful revolution colonial empire world history washington international icon liberation nationalism symbol party years continued distrust influence delayed building service commander chief brought election fellow united_states year george_washington posthumously appointed grade congressional joint resolution public law passed january effective appointment date july restored washington position highest ranking military officer history papers collection publication washington documentary record began pioneer work sparks 1830s life writings george_washington writings george_washington volume set edited contains letters documents available online definitive edition writings begun today comprises published volumes come contains written washington signed incoming letters collection available online monuments memorials starting victory revolution proposals build monument washington death congress authorized suitable memorial national capital decision reversed democratic republicans took control congress democratic republicans dismayed washington symbol construction foot memorial didn begin naval vessels including uss george washington named washington honor washington lincoln depicted stone mount memorial best known american landmarks built honor george washington national memorial alexandria virginia constructed voluntary contributions local governing bodies united_states places entities named honor washington washington nation capital washington national capitals globe named american president state washington state named united_states president new_hampshire tallest mountain named soon american revolution colonel climb summit scientific observations washington monuments united_states including known equestrian statues manhattan richmond virginia statue washington horseback dedicated located manhattan union square postage currency george_washington appears contemporary currency including dollar bill quarter dollar coin washington quarter washington appeared nation postage stamps time washington appeared postage issues presidents combined washington victory battle commemorated cent stamp battle anniversary october anniversary signing constitution george_washington presiding officer celebrated cent issue september adapted painting washington presidential inauguration federal hall new_york_city celebrated anniversary april selected issues selected currency cherry tree best known story washington childhood father favorite cherry tree admitted deed questioned tell lie reported biographer washington death interviewed people knew child half century earlier text widely reprinted 19th century example adults wanted children learn moral lessons history especially taught example lives great national heroes like washington historians insisted scientific research methods statement documentation apart report learned neighbors knew young washington claimed washington tales published fiction set england found alternative source cherry tree story great nephew george_washington maintains unlikely man clergy writing account truth honesty turn outright lie story maintains making story dramatically depicted young washington cherry tree merely bark claimed tree attacks historians story proven story date personal property auction record june george_washington personal copy acts passed includes constitution united states draft bill rights sold fees added final cost mount ladies association record document sold auction | George Washington | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
25019_NeelamSanjivaReddy | pronunciation june sixth president india serving beginning long political career indian independence movement went hold key offices independent india chief minister time speaker union minister youngest indian president born present day district completed schooling joined quit indian independence activist jailed participating elected congress party representative deputy chief minister chief minister union cabinet minister prime ministers speaker later retired active politics returned responding total revolution government elected parliament candidate unanimously elected speaker sixth months later elected unopposed president india president worked prime ministers succeeded retired farm died near government commemorated birth centenary education family born telugu speaking hindu peasant family madras presidency present day district studied later enrolled affiliate undergraduate bestowed degree honorary doctor laws role founding married couple son daughters role indian independence movement joined indian struggle independence british following visit july dropped college closely associated participated student elected secretary office held years imprisoned jail released march arrested august sent jail served time activists till political career elected congress representative secretary congress legislature party member madras april april minister prohibition housing forests madras state lost election communist leader chief minister closely contested election elected president defeating formed chief minister deputy later formation state incorporating chief minister november january chief minister second time march february holding office years respectively chief minister river valley projects initiated tenure government renamed project honour congress governments placed emphasis rural development agriculture allied sectors shift remained limited largely driven central government investments large public sector enterprises state term chief minister ended resigned elected president resigned voluntarily following unfavourable observations government supreme_court case congress president union minister served president sessions congress session speech stating india determination end chinese occupation indian territory nature liberation enthusiastically received attendees member june union minister steel mines government served union minister transport january march cabinet speaker general elections elected march elected speaker fourth person elected speaker house inaugural term emphasize independence speaker office resigned term speaker marked including admission day president address joint session parliament handing sentence imprisonment contempt house setting term speaker suit filed resulted supreme_court ruling complete freedom speech house courts matters described role parliament hostile encounters prime minister house proved costly years later nominee succeed president presidential election following president death congress party nominated member syndicate faction candidate president prime minister opposed forced accept congress party official candidate feared election allow syndicate expel office asked congress legislators vote according conscience toe party line effect giving support independent candidate closely fought election held august emerged victorious winning cent preference votes subsequently getting majority counting second preference votes final tally votes votes required elected president votes election led culminated historic split subsequent rise indian politics subsequently resigned speaker contest election retired active politics moved took farming return active politics response total revolution emerged political exile january member march fought general election constituency candidate candidate elected led prime minister defeated ending years congress rule india party coalition leader came power unanimously elected speaker sixth march resigned months later contest presidential elections july second term speaker lasted months days remains till date shortest tenure held post presidential election presidential election necessitated death office incumbent prime minister wanted nominate post turned offer elected unopposed president elected unanimously supported political parties including opposition congress party youngest person elected president india presidential candidate contested twice candidates filed nominations presidency rejected returning officer following remained nominated candidate elections unnecessary person elected president india contest remains president elected unopposed president india elected july sworn sixth president india july worked governments prime ministers announced eve india anniversary independence moving smaller accommodation taking percent pay cut solidarity india impoverished masses government relations soon promotion son politics communication chief ministers issue land ceilings following mass cabinet month old government ended july handed resignation confidence motion government parliament actions following resignation debated decision accept resignation alternative government created ministerial vacuum executive according faction supporting continued support mps opposed mps presidential discretion choosing prime minister claim leader government following resignation fall government headed appointed prime minister condition prove majority floor house end august sworn july faced parliament prove majority convened august appointed prime minister produced letter claiming parliamentary majority support opposition led rival prime minister return support demanded law establishing special courts try son repealed proposition unacceptable withdrew support forcing resign government lasted days faced parliament convention appointing prime minister hung house conditions time prove majority later adopted president following resignation summoned ram look possibility forming alternate government convinced able form accepted advice dissolved calling mid term election asked continue prime minister till new government sworn election decision met angry protests members threatened heading government proposed seven broad range matters changes company law providing state funding elections reservation jobs backward classes refused arguing changes government return power elections party returned power winning seats won seats needed recognition official opposition parliament sworn prime minister term office january president led seven state visits abroad visiting ussr bulgaria kenya ireland indonesia sri_lanka ireland yugoslavia home president signed ordinance gave new government wide powers people year trial detention ordered president rule opposition ruled states advice government retirement death succeeded president sworn july farewell address nation criticised failure successive governments improving lives indian masses called emergence strong political opposition prevent governmental following presidential term chief minister invited settle chose retire farm died pneumonia age near parliament death june members cutting party lines paid tribute recalled contributions nation house authored book fear favour reflections president published character chief minister fictional state prime minister novel insider based portraying career political rivalry trade politician accused having raped met session discuss mines commemoration birth centenary celebrated government concluding ceremony addressed president chief ministers attendance released commemorative stamp special cover honour occasion birth centenary centenary celebrations birth government announced alma mater president 1960s union minister mines statue unveiled president prompting ask removal deemed practice statues people holding public office undesirable statue unveiled stands explanatory notes | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
25666_DeathandstatefuneralofRaúlAlfonsín | death state funeral president argentina died march aged lung cancer died home massive took place vicinity vice president acting president time arranged days national mourning state funeral palace argentine national congress seen people senior politicians country people countries voiced respect military escort took coffin cemetery left veterans revolution park health death lung cancer year death led pneumonia explained health worsened points followed brief days visited vice president gave sick received home care preferred stay family president country times called informed father health died march announced sleeping moment family politician arrive home funeral news death released vicinity house avenue filled hundreds people started multitude included friends neighbors political supporters politicians attended meeting nearby houses filled flowers banners president country moment arranged early return return country time funeral result vice president arranged state funeral alongside president chamber deputies acting president senate widow lady argentina unable attend husband public state funeral declining health argentine president body displayed blue hall palace argentine national congress set days national mourning march april governor birthplace announced provincial mourning thousand people attended moments sung people allowed enter congress april initially intended congress open number people attending forced delay morning april event attended presidents members mayor governor president politicians congress visited people largest state funeral argentina death ceremony speeches politicians tenure administration ceremony aired followed mass given archbishop finally procession avenue military escort took corpse cemetery people threw flowers coffin fly argentine radical flags sung national anthem left veterans revolution park got special argentine bishops holy held mass john attended argentine ambassador italian argentine bishops met pope following day reactions living presidents argentina sent said death great loss democracy wrote editorial newspaper titled spanish old adversary friend famous quotation radical leader funeral said fought life politics democracy raised values democracy respect affection present described family friend said argentina lost great man praised trial received contemporary presidents brazil chile governments brazil chile colombia france mexico peru spain united_states sent messages minister economy president said man fought democracy strengthening institutions time conflicts society merged legislator republican proposal said main actor return democracy argentina work responsibility patriotism said young sang life peace slogan synthesis hopes suffer live democracy freedom peace collective project led pointed political disputes respected nonetheless judge trial hoped remembered great democrat governor buenos_aires province praised died complete peace mind mayor buenos_aires considered died peace fulfilling goals | Death and state funeral of Raúl Alfonsín | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
26454_EarlylifeofFidelCastro | early life early life cuban revolutionary politician born spans years life born illegitimate son wealthy farmer landowner mistress educated tutor attended boarding schools sent school run havana began studying law politically conscious staunch anti critic united_states involvement caribbean involved student politics affiliated achieving publicity vocal critic pro administration president immersed university violent gang culture took attempt invade dominican_republic overthrow military returning student politics involved violent demonstrations protesters clashed riot police increasingly left wing views traveling colombia fought liberals returning havana embraced married wealthy september son born obtaining doctorate law september opened unsuccessful law firm entering parliamentary politics candidate general launched coup elected presidency brought legal challenges proved ineffective began think ways childhood education father born poor peasant family province northwest spain farm fight cuban war independence ensuing spanish american war seized control cuba proclaimed remained economically politically dominated time cuba enjoyed economic growth migrated search employment jobs set business growing sugar cane las farm near took wife reyes children separating began relationship household servant descent seven years junior bore sons daughters legally marrying child born farm august stigma given mother surname father business ventures prospered ensured grew alongside children farm workforce economic migrants african descent experience later related prevented absorbing culture early age aged elder siblings angela sent live teacher dwelling cramped conditions relative poverty failing eat tutor poor economic situation aged baptized roman_catholic_church later baptized enabled attend boarding school regularly sent privately funded jesuit run transferred prestigious jesuit run havana took interest history geography debating academically instead time playing sport university early political activism late began studying law admitting politically embroiled student protest movement regimes cuban presidents crackdown protest student leaders killed gangs led form culture university dominated armed student groups spent time fighting running criminal enterprises passionate anti opposed intervention caribbean joined dominican_republic unsuccessful campaign presidency forward platform honesty justice emphasized opposition corruption associated involvement cuba critical corruption violence regime delivering public speech subject november earned place page newspapers contact members student leftist groups including grew close biographers unsure member joined new socialist group founded veteran politician charismatic figure advocated social justice honest government political freedom party exposed corruption demanded reform lost election remained committed working behalf student violence escalated employed gang leaders police officers soon received death threat urging leave university refused began carrying gun surrounding armed friends later years accused attempting gang related period including member leader university policeman charges remain latin american rebellions june learned planned international expedition invade dominican_republic overthrow right wing president military general ally widely seen dictator utilized violent secret police routinely murdered tortured opponents president dominican_republic decided join expedition led dominican exile general launched cuba invasion began july consisted men exiled dominican governments prepared soon rebellion government arrested involved set sail escaped arrest jumping naval frigate swimming shore night mission opposition administration returning havana took leading role student protests killing high school pupil government protests accompanied crackdown considered communists led violent clashes protesters police february badly beaten point public speeches took leftist slant condemning social economic cuba contrast public criticisms centered condemning corruption quick visit venezuela panama april traveled city colombia cuban student group sponsored government argentine president anti politics impressed assassination popular leftist leader led widespread rioting came known leaving dead riots revolved clashes governing conservatives backed army leftist liberals support fellow cuban visitors joined liberal cause stealing guns police station subsequent police investigations concluded involved killings marriage returning cuba prominent figure protests government attempts raise bus mode transport students workers year married student wealthy family exposed lifestyle cuban elite relationship love match disapproved families father gave tens thousands dollars spend month honeymoon new_york_city couple received wedding gift military general president friend family year decided stand election instead won new candidate faced widespread protests members allied police force assassinated self educated black cuban prominent member friend response agreed quell gangs found powerful control moved left politics influenced writings communists like came interpret cuba problems integral capitalist society dictatorship corrupt politicians adopting idea meaningful political change brought revolution visited havana neighborhoods witnessing nation social racial active september gave birth son couple moved larger havana flat continued risk staying active city politics joining september movement contained communists members group purpose oppose influence violent gangs university despite promises failed control situation instead offering senior members jobs government volunteered deliver speech movement november exposing government secret deals gangs identifying key members attracting attention national press speech angered gangs fled hiding countryside returning havana weeks later lay low focused university studies graduating doctor law september career law politics founded legal partnership fellow focusing helping poor assert rights financial failure main client timber merchant paid timber office caring little money material goods failed pay bills furniture electricity cut wife took high school protest november fighting hour battle police protest ban founding student associations arrested charged violent conduct magistrate dismissed charges active member campaigning western involvement korean war hopes cuba centered mistake accused education minister purchasing ranch funds unable allegations government accused shot radio broadcast issuing wake cuban people present accompanied hospital died seeing heir wanted run congress june elections senior members feared radical reputation refused nominate instead nominated candidate house_of_representatives party members havana districts began campaigning gained considerable level support predicted election campaign met general president returned politics opposed administration meeting got march seized power military coup fleeing mexico declaring president cancelled planned presidential elections describing new system disciplined democracy like considered man dictatorship moved right ties wealthy elite united_states diplomatic relations soviet_union suppressing trade unions cuban socialist groups intent opposing administration brought legal cases arguing committed sufficient criminal acts warrant imprisonment accusing ministers labor laws lawsuits coming began thinking alternate ways new government | Early life of Fidel Castro | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
26803_VyacheslavMolotov | russian march february november soviet politician diplomat leading figure soviet government 1920s rose power protégé served chairman premier minister foreign affairs served deputy premier dismissed central committee retired years obscurity principal soviet nazi soviet non aggression pact known pact important provisions added form secret protocol stipulated invasion poland partition territory germany soviet_union effectively marked beginning world war soviet_union unofficial ally nazi_germany period german invasion period knew massacre committed soviet authorities following end world war great patriotic war involved negotiations western allies noted diplomatic skills kept place leading soviet diplomat politician march year losing favour lost foreign affairs ministry leadership relationship deteriorated complaining mistakes speech 19th party congress death opposed policy defended policies legacy death harshly criticised successors especially biography early life career born russian village son shop clerk contrary commonly repeated error related composer teen years described shy quiet assisting father business educated secondary school joined soon organisation radical faction headed took pseudonym derived russian word hammer political work owing industrial ring arrested spent years exile enrolled joined editorial staff new underground newspaper called meeting time association project association future soviet leaders proved brief result immediate close political association worked called professional revolutionary years writing party press attempting better organize underground party moved moscow time outbreak world war moscow following year arrested party activity time deported eastern siberia escaped exile returned capital city called regime thought sounded excessively german member committee february revolution occurred standing capital direction took left oppose formed revolution returned capital reversed line party leader arrived overruled despite protégé close alliance owed later prominence member planned october revolution effectively brought power sent ukraine civil war breaking military man took fighting secretary recalled moscow membership putting charge party voted non voting member held office responsible secretary married soviet politician responsible criticised noting stupid behaviour advice central committee decided reduce work hours general secretary facto second secretary young follower admired open criticism patronage member power struggles followed death remained loyal supporter rivals later finally leading figure centre party included supporters called whilst corrected comrades referring stone saying actually dubbed iron outward concealed sharp mind great administrative talent operated mainly scenes cultivated image example leader wore suit tie replaced secretary held position august lengthy address told members soviet government initiate compulsory campaign solve soviet agriculture december chairman equivalent western head government succeeded post oversaw regime agriculture followed line combination force propaganda crush peasant resistance including millions peasants property labour camps enormous number died exposure signed law personally led grain delivery ukraine seized reported million tonnes grain peasants widespread famine known ukraine contemporary historians estimate seven million people died starvation labour camps process farm oversaw implementation year plan rapid head party organisation killed believed death ordered death triggered second crisis great purge people government executed orders carried successive police chiefs chief involved processes frequently required members sign death prominent purge victims question record attempting moderate course save individuals soviet officials great purge personally approved documented execution lists soviet official including known openly discussed signed public decree ongoing great purge private death supported great purge executions carried government despite great human cost soviet_union nominal great adoption widespread implementation industrial technology document written noted starvation problems soviet_union general told personally incidents involving mothers eating newly born children rise adolf_hitler nazi_germany precipitated development modern armaments industry orders soviet government ultimately arms industry american aid helped soviet_union prevail world war great patriotic war set leadership participated weakened soviet_union defence capacity contributed military disasters caused war led agriculture replacement agriculture left legacy chronic agricultural production soviet regime fully reported vegetarian american journalist claimed drank note despite attending minister foreign affairs following munich agreement hitler subsequent invasion czechoslovakia believed britain france reliable allies german expansion instead sought nazi_germany dismissed appointed succeed succeeded post premier hitler rebuffed soviet diplomatic hints desired treaty early august hitler authorised foreign minister begin negotiations trade agreement concluded august august flew moscow conclude formal non aggression treaty treaty known pact hitler decided content treaty important agreement secret protocol provided partition poland finland nazi germany soviet_union soviet annexation romania protocol gave hitler green light invasion poland began september march gave note ordering execution polish officers anti soviets known massacre terms pact hitler effect given occupy thirds lithuania given free hand relation finland soviet finnish war ensued combination fierce finnish resistance soviet resulted finland losing parts territory independence pact later amended lithuania soviet sphere exchange favourable border poland led horrific suffering loss life countries occupied november sent berlin meet adolf_hitler january british foreign secretary visited turkey attempt turks enter war allies purpose visit anti german anti soviet assumed series conversations italian ambassador claimed soviet_union soon faced anglo turkish invasion british historian argued basis statements appear early viewed britain germany principal threat pact governed soviet german relations june hitler having occupied france britain turned east attacked soviet_union responsible telling soviet people attack instead announced war speech broadcast radio june characterised soviet_union role similar articulated britain winston_churchill early wartime speeches established soon speech elected chairman elected deputy chairman following german invasion conducted urgent negotiations britain later united_states wartime alliances took secret flight glasgow scotland greeted risky flight high altitude bomber flew german occupied denmark north_sea took train london discuss british government possibility opening second germany signing left washington united_states met president united_states ratified lend lease treaty ussr british united_states government albeit promised open second germany flight ussr plane attacked german fighters later soviet fighters told manhattan_project importance man charge soviet atomic bomb project leadership bomb project developed slowly replaced advice american president told americans created bomb seen relayed conversation told speed development orders soviet government substantially increased investment project collaboration contributed musically lyrically version soviet national anthem asked writers include line peace role making new soviet anthem words historian acting music judges accompanied conference following defeat germany represented soviet_union created united_nations period wartime alliance known tough determined defender soviet interests lost position deputy chairman march reformed took conferences foreign ministers victorious states world war general distinguished attitude western powers direction soviet government condemned marshall plan claimed dividing europe camps capitalist communist response soviet_union nations initiated known plan plan created relations states eastern_europe soviet_union later evolved postwar period power began decline clear sign position inability prevent arrest december treason jewish wife long stopped loving wife said ordered dinner evening remind words suffered according close collaborator beginning israel minister visited soviet_union met privately immediately afterward arrested accused ties organisations kept year exiled years obscure russian city communication save news told freed immediately death according said beautiful intelligent woman minister soviet_union real real soviet person replaced foreign minister retaining position deputy premier membership post war career 19th party congress elected replacement listed members newly established secret body known indicating fallen favour 19th congress said committed grave mistakes including publication wartime speech winston_churchill favourable soviet_union wartime efforts falling favour rapidly telling want anymore birthday treated disgust speech 20th party told delegates plans finishing aftermath 19th congress following death realignment leadership strengthened position successor post premier minister foreign affairs march seen likely successor immediate aftermath death sought leader soviet_union established immediately death consisting ended supported removal later execution orders new party secretary soon emerged new leader soviet_union presided gradual domestic foreign policy shown reconciliation government yugoslavia expelled communist movement old guard increasingly place new environment represented soviet_union geneva conference events led downfall began february launched unexpected 20th attacked 1930s defeats early years world war blamed overly attitude hitler senior collaborators alive played leading role obvious examination past probably result fall power consequently leader old guard tried overthrow june removed foreign minister june expelled following failed attempt remove secretary faction initially won vote remove refused resign decided lasted june faction defeated eventually banished ambassador associates denounced anti party group notably subject physical marked years appointed soviet representative seen partial rehabilitation 22nd party congress carried campaign including removal body removed positions expelled communist_party party documents files erased authorities retirement remained totally role rule suffered heart attack january sino soviet split reported agreed criticisms supposed policies according daughter recalled wife telling father genius revolutionary spirit china hope kept alive revolutionary spirit rehabilitation death beliefs legacy signs rehabilitation seen rule information allowed included soviet connection support work mentioned published eventually disappeared altogether mid soviet leader allowed seek membership communist_party collection interviews published remembers inside politics died rule november years old time death buried cemetery moscow like crucial information disappeared said listen necessary check intelligence officer lead dangerous position continued claim series published interviews secret territorial deal hitler nazi soviet pact like recognised cold war international event saw cold war everyday conflict communism capitalism divided capitalist countries groups smart dangerous retirement proposed establishing socialist confederation believed socialist states bigger entity retirement criticised right wing cocktail term coined winter war generic variety improvised weapons winter war soviet air force extensive use cluster bombs finnish troops fortifications claimed radio broadcasts bombing delivering food started air bombs bread soon responded attacking advancing tanks drink food according cocktail cult personality vain premier surely appreciate winston_churchill wartime memoirs lists meetings acknowledging man outstanding ability cold churchill concluded conduct foreign affairs welcome company world allow end years final collapse soviet_union government formally denounced pact acknowledging bloody annexation partition poland illegal january appeal accused soviet officials organizing man famine ukraine known court criminal proceedings deaths decorations awards hero socialist labour orders including order october revolution order labour order badge honour medal defence moscow medal victory germany great patriotic war medal great patriotic war medal commemoration anniversary moscow | Vyacheslav Molotov | History | World history | Historical figures: heads of state and heads of government |
1417_DreamaLittleDreamofMe(Supernatural) | dream little dream supernatural dream little dream tenth episode paranormal drama television series supernatural season broadcast february narrative follows series protagonists sam enter rescue developed episode written directed backstory bobby features major turning point dean search self worth dream sequences altered production issues series creator believes ultimately benefited episode critics gave generally positive reviews praised dual performance production staff work dream sequences heavily criticized actions character plot hunter beaver searches old house suddenly attacked woman maid tries avail wake room finds brother sam drinking bar middle afternoon dean questions drunken sam admits upset able save dean demonic pact left year live sam dean little self worth concerned fate conversation interrupted hospital brothers visit bobby coma search room find newspaper article doctor suffered sleep related death dean visits doctor office learns conducting secret dream experiments study sleep disorders dean tracks young man sleep study dream talk offers dean beer drinks reveals experiment allowed dream drinking yellow tea dreams scared dropped study sam busy conducting research later tells dean plant known african dream root allegedly allows person enter manipulate dreams believe killed doctor manner targeting bobby terrified bobby hides closet dream dean suggests sam use dream root save brothers contact thief frequent sides supply dream root enters room wearing trench coat removes reveal underneath begins kiss sam lie bed sam soon awakened dream dean arrives moments later gives dream root argument claims bobby saved life kicked brothers use root tea soon find clean version bobby house sam goes outside brightly lit scenery flowers singing birds locked house inside dean bobby believe dreaming woman stab wounds approaches bobby reveals wife years prior possessed bobby forced stab know demon death led hunter sam attacked outside angry bobby takes control dream bobby explains man attacked sam unable dream father brutally hit head baseball bat target dna required ingredient dream root tea acquired bobby offering beer dean realizes mistake vulnerable stay awake days attempting track unable endure longer dean goes sleep face sam uses dream root enter dream brothers encounter dream version dean love interest blanket picnic basket invites dean join tells loves disappearing dean denies having dream obvious lie sam sees nearby chases dean finds long hallway enters room comes face face dream version worst nightmare comments real dean feelings self dean attack dog noting possessions personality motives stem father dream dean calls good soldier real dean violently deserve father deserve hell real dean shoots shotgun returns life demon dream dean escape fate reminds exposure hell transform demon sam finds confronts favor sam form father terrified distracted sam kills baseball bat brothers dreams find lied bobby saving life realize stole mystical gun capable killing brothers prepare leave hunt dean admits want die sam promises figure way save production conception deemed series creator homage film episode culmination previous pitches series writer suggesting dream based episode season season writers found concept feasible selected pen dream little dream position writers rotation teamed develop story pairing commented think complement great scary moments think pretty good tissue putting stuff larger landscape writing dream little dream backstory hunter writers knew history grounded family reflecting original teaser depicted supernatural deaths bobby children eating dinner family children ask daddy let happen writers determine following earlier pitch bobby expert previous failed focus changed bobby killing possessed wife planned dream sequences drastically altered production issues scene look like style film stock dean confronted serial killer friday 13th film series production cleared rights use character view friday 13th final chapter help create perfect jason film studio granted permission realized days filming actually rights dire need new concept writers recalled sam dream sequence sam revealed horn dog underneath writers wanted dean opposite dean secretly desires normal family reprise role dean love interest kids retrospect preferred scene jason dean character dean dream major turning point character storyline starts gaining self respect realizes truly wants live begins season little self worth writers realized outlook stems father initially planned reprise role john dean learned morgan busy filming writers instead found inspiration scene film superman iii good evil versions superman confront noted conversation focuses john filming principal filming took place vancouver british_columbia bobby hospital scenes filmed british_columbia distinguish dream sequences director photography blue lighting backgrounds normally uses half seamless transitions dream scenes accomplished background long lens reception initial broadcast episode watched million viewers received generally positive reviews critics happy involved storyline praised amazing job confrontation described scenes seamless painful watch charles happy stolen thought weapon easy lost noted annoyance brothers continue look ridiculous able steal things gave episode despite sluggish pacing half paternal baggage monster week built emotional resonance triumph noted actors performances great winchester moment sam discusses dean demonic pact dark wounded look eyes totally sells brutally good character writing truly impressive work dean dream encounter lauded writing gives best performances history time like charles pointed stupid commented appears eaten writers brains breakfast episode received score bobby backstory bit shock eventually came realize fits love thought dream root aspect worked great deemed creepy unsettling | Dream a Little Dream of Me (Supernatural) | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
4186_BobbySinger | bobby singer fictional character drama horror television series supernatural portrayed chosen working relationship executive producer beaver initial appearance season finale devil trap actor believed role merely shot deal recurring guest series having appeared episodes leads season currently recurring character appear seasons despite starring series harper island beaver able maintain supernatural fourth season role expanding fifth season apocalyptic storyline character rough working class man hunts supernatural creatures evolved time father figure series protagonists sam critics responded highly favorably character plot proprietor introduced supernatural world wife karen possessed demon detailed season episode dream little dream uncertain save instead ended forced kill death prompted life hunting supernatural creatures later episode death door expanded revealing bobby conversation wife argument reluctance children revealing father abusive man bobby shot child mother subsequently telling god punish bobby reflecting father example left afraid case parent bad father bobby makes debut season finale devil trap revealed old friend winchester family sam seek help father john kidnapped demons extensive collection supernatural related literature resources bobby shows brothers create devil trap mystical symbols capable rendering demon powerless later assists demonic masters john death second season premiere bobby allows brothers stay home rest rebuild recently crippled continues assist require additional expertise hunts rescuing possessed sam dealing second season finale bobby helps dean locate missing sam watch horror fatally stabbed bobby begs dean bury sam distraught learns dean sold soul demon sam resurrection hunters learn demon plan open devil gate gateway hell rush stop gateway temporarily opened releasing hundreds demons world bobby close bobby assists season war recently escaped demons starting helping defeat premiere repairing new bullets help demon episode save bobby life coma teenager enter minds results thief takes supernatural artifacts brothers called help finding stealing unconscious bobby helps track powerful demon holds contract dean deal night contract runs unable stop dean sent hell dean mysteriously returns life months later fourth season premiere rising bobby believes demon type supernatural creature attempting kill dean putting numerous tests bobby helps reunite brother sam later away secretly new found demonic abilities bobby dean perform ritual summon creature resurrected revealed angel bobby informing dean saved hell heaven work subsequent episode god reveals dean stop breaking mystical seals keeping imprisoned dean discovers sam abilities recent addiction demon blood bobby lock sam inside demon proof panic room located bobby basement recover dependence demon blood sam escapes subsequent episode faced choice shooting letting bobby chooses fourth season finale dean furious sam chosen feeding sam blood strong kill despite dean declaration sam leave come sam chooses bobby learns ultimatum compares dean actions years prior john similar statement sam prompted abandon hunting alienated family bobby words eventually convince dean try reach sam prevented angels want start apocalypse bring paradise world defeated death final seal holding fallen angel place knowing sam kill bobby meets brothers fifth season premiere sympathy devil help research ways defeat sam confesses broke final seal angry bobby tells lose number apocalypse dean comes lead sword location bobby attacks revealed possessed bobby temporarily control stabs demon killing knife demon dies bobby survives left injury end episode tells sam earlier comments demon cut sam life weakened powers leaving unable heal injuries wheelchair begins toll bobby brothers come poker playing witch curious case dean winchester sees chance regain mobility years lifespan loses begins age rapidly sam dean manage restore lost years dead men don wear bobby wife people buried local cemetery suddenly rises grave appears completely normal sam dean try convince kill zombie refuses orders leave time zombies begin turn evil bobby forced kill wife prevent changing zombies dealt bobby reveals death orchestrated situation reasons sam agreed vessel attempted break bobby spirit dean tries comfort pointing got wife bobby notes death thousand times worse brothers eventually learn rings horsemen manage collect episode minutes midnight need death ring bobby sells soul powerful demon wants stop exchange knowledge final location promises return soul apocalypse prevented keeping meantime guarantee safety deal demon reveals added secret clause restore bobby mobility bobby joins sam mission stop nation wide distribution virus fifth season finale sam decides consent hoping maintain control long throw prison fallen angel instantly new vessel away rings bobby lose faith goal dean convinces fighting learn location destined prophet arrive michael prepare fight angry kills bobby interfere sets sight dean sam able control body uses rings michael apocalypse god turn brings bobby life sixth season episode weekend bobby centered bobby sam dean largely relegated plot episode focuses bobby constant working cover hunters trying reclaim soul year research human life allowing track mortal remains destruction kill manner ghost bobby eventually regains soul threatening burn human remains restored sam attempts kill bobby appointment ritual prevent soul returning sam concerned reports psychological damage soul sustained tortured destroy bobby easily sam soul restored recognizing sam responsible awkward actions bobby tracking eve mother monsters released ritual performed dragons attempt results bobby possessed brain controlling eve created death old friend mentor temporary change timeline caused angel saving bobby married living ellen heart timeline sam dean angels remembering time travel mission results brothers bobby acquiring phoenix ash needed kill eve eliminate realize man king collaborating open attempt acquire power souls use civil war heaven despite best efforts dean sam bobby fail stop uses souls elevate god like level sixth season finale initially helps season struggle god original creations trapped unintentionally released despite destruction house determining new foes vulnerability chemical bobby eventually shot head win friends spends episode death door coma trying reveal plot despite efforts save bobby injuries word sic sam dean passing sequence numbers episode ends asking bobby going ghost indicated stayed ghost help boys times death information need makes known initially unable confirm deny bobby possible presence party sam reveals tried use talking board contact received response registers high readings bobby old dean needed sword demon slid ground leading believe bobby helped end episode bobby spirit seen brother room annoyed dean comes looks right instead grabbing grave importance audience fully aware bobby existence episode revolves parallel investigation haunted house hunter friend calls assistance killed house ghost bobby follows discovers annie dead ghosts unable place death determined information bobby learns manipulate physical objects points dean sam right direction able destroy ghost haunting house ghost destroy bobby end episode having accepted bobby return bobby fully visible explains chose remain choice dean finds hard accept following reunion bobby explains humanity cure humanity diseases livestock feed midst explanation brothers receive email dead informs hard drive roman possession headquarters currently attacked lead new safe houses compromised bobby attempts convince send brothers concerned hatred roman compromise operation leave responsible cracking hard drive witnesses eating boss quickly able recruited help brothers operation successful hard drive roman email account important package unable escape building time bobby having bag cracks doors begins attack breaking arm process leading concerned discussion brothers bobby self control bobby later returns having describes stronger bobby increasingly frustrated blood feeds fast growing rage turns spirit culminating possession maid uses seek vengeance dick seventh season finale survival sam tries stop bobby longer completely control nearly sam death realizing regains control leaves maid body knowing danger losing control bobby requests sam dean burn reluctantly causing ghost disappear bobby appears eighth season episode sam dean learn rogue instead going heaven burned bobby taken hell orders needing rescue innocent soul release heaven complete second trial close gates hell sam travels hell finds bobby initially believes demon demons pretending sam dean time sam convinces personal information dean know escape find missing having questioned killed help dean friend sam returns earth bobby soul bobby goes ascend heaven trapped wants hell punish damage demons hunting career angel drives allows bobby ascend rightful place heaven completing second trial sam coma dying ninth season premiere think gon like desire die form bobby bobby takes sam away talks moving good thing taking house woods says sam needs sam mind wants live promptly dean kills bobby try convince sam time live sam decides bobby advice tenth season episode inside man bobby heaven sam contact help break heaven prison feels bobby agrees escapes heaven releasing create distraction bobby gets heaven helps free returning heaven leaves note sam telling stop searching cure stop lying dean states helping fun heaven accept punishment actions returning heaven bobby looks picture sam dean old salvage yard hannah angels come punishment season safe house sam dean investigate house bobby worked case hunting stop apocalypse case men faced monster causing people drop mysterious die acting like ghost bobby eventually recognized monster soul monster steals people souls takes nest pocket dimension bobby faced trapped soul able trap house investigating bobby briefly falls victim monster transported nest body possessed monster attack able complete trap present trap accidentally broken renovations house face able kill dean soul taken nest place outside time space moments souls released nest death dean bobby briefly left wondering experience real respective time periods killing soul bobby faced return house bobby previously trapped soul monster finish bobby old case characterization actor described bobby rough working class man outlook things need fun got usually level headed hunter use wheelchair fifth season frustrated angry instead able join battles stuck home manning feeling eventually leads thoughts suicide situation beaver commented bobby lives world kinds strange things possible line hope strange things happen think understands friends come dead want happen going happen bobby fairly content surface world slowly comes father sam dean relationship beaver feels bobby concerned dean sense self sort worry sam sam heart darkness dean sense ongoing eye bobby got sam loves like son bobby willing allow brothers harm way absolutely necessary example dean wants sam addiction demon blood breaks bobby instead points sam giving demonic abilities help prevent return blood required kill change forever beaver noted bobby old fairly clear headed priorities ought bobby position family member drinking problem want stage intervention want new_orleans hurricane katrina development beaver previously worked executive producer television series singer gave viewing audition tape character named singer came uncertain singer claimed secretly slipped script devil trap beaver claimed surname script jokingly added salvage yard sign singer auto parts set designers actor thought initial appearance shot deal surprised asked return beaver feels longevity chemistry episode bobby backstory season dream little dream writers knew history grounded family episode teaser initially depicted supernatural deaths children writers determine following writer earlier pitch bobby expert previous failed focus changed bobby killing possessed wife production fourth season beaver joined limited series harper island initially feared prevent future appearances bobby able maintain supernatural seven episodes character role increased fifth season sense actor apocalyptic storyline season introduced new story arc bobby use wheelchair series creator explained apocalypse matter writers wanted real stakes real loss real obstacles thrown heroes way differentiate prior seasons found challenge beaver enjoyed experience perform tricks set wheelchair college roommate taught actor seriously commented chair end day home recognize people respect reception character portrayal received wide acclaim critics buddytv ranked beaver fourteenth list best supporting actors drama series season believing actor best acting work bobby likewise suggested cap star feels bobby totally rocks wouldn mind episode pointed beaver chemistry wrote loved scene involves bobby dean unexpectedly emotional bobby finally realized wasn talking dean rising real deal awesome charles surprised bobby storyline interested finding affect guy probably won change ign praised beaver calling bobby valuable member team tight unit reminding family blood ties found actor fantastic broken bobby fifth season situation feeling useless noted bobby lot season outstanding job portraying journey solely father figure keeper random supernatural knowledge season bobby run sacrifice loss anger determination fighting watching bobby confess thoughts dean curious case felt beaver conveys bobby vulnerability shame comes dean wanting despite universal praise bobby critics beaver commented blog minority fans dislike character buddytv defended believes bobby important recurring guest star noted people complain response criticism article entitled love bobby singer williams wrote think shame people like step forward address vocal minority especially minority handful people gathering certain website known negative complaints supposed fans aren worth addressing opinion | Bobby Singer | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
6853_JohnWinchester(Supernatural) | supernatural fictional character drama horror television series supernatural protagonist comic book spin series supernatural origins developed series creator character mainly portrayed john father sam protagonists seeking revenge wife mary killed demon hunter raised sons fight supernatural john disappears early supernatural season revolves primarily sam dean trying find morgan filming episodes grey anatomy season supernatural production future appearances character hindered busy schedule morgan portrayal praised fans critics generally frustrated character keeping secrets plot father series protagonists sam appears pilot episode series plot devices flashbacks time travel detail background later seasons apparently abandoned father young age father actually died serving secret order known grew man john left high school join marine_corps eventually attaining rank corporal receiving medals service vietnam leaving service found job mechanic fell love fourth season episode beginning dean sent time angel dean meets parents ends convincing john buy eventually dean later watches john killed demon exchange mary permission enter house years angel travels time fifth season episode song remains prevent sam dean john agrees serve temporary vessel michael stop michael subsequently kills anna john mary memories incident later uses pact mary enter home pilot episode ultimately kills second season episode hell breaks loose reveals witnessed demon secretly feeding blood sam john investigated incident learned existence supernatural desire find kill led hunter supernatural creatures took sons travels left long periods time hunts leaving dean instructions shoot ask questions later watching sam revealed fourth season episode jump shark john slept woman met away hunt learning decade later fathered son adam john occasional visits years father son activities hid truth adam protect revealed existence sam dean vice versa john trained sam dean hunters sam later left life start college leading fallout john son years mary death john disappears hunt forcing sam dean reunite unsuccessful attempt find sam returns life hunter kills girlfriend john reluctantly chooses avoid sons season investigates eventually reuniting episode shadow demonic attacks reveals john escaping brothers split father demons vampires murder old mentor steal mystical gun capable killing john teams sam dean dead man blood retrieve demons killed conventional means hope effective response begins killing friends salvation threatens kill deliver john captured trying fake gun reveals possessed brothers come rescue season finale devil trap manages resist demon control despite john pleas sam shoot sam bring allows escape flee dean possessed crashes second season premiere time dying sam john awake hospital minor injuries dying dean john secretly summons know demon plans makes deal save dean giving life soul dying john instructs dean kill sam evil fourth season episode head pin reveals demon tortured john hell century john refusing demon offer stop torture soul escapes hell second season finale hell breaks loose gateway hell opened saves dean demon long dean kill john gives sam dean loving smile white light fifth season episode dark moon suggests heaven characterization actor morgan deemed john soul motivated equal combination revenge protecting sons following death mother sam dean secondary john quest killing demon responsible morgan believed aspect changed john began spending time thought john world best dad definitely lot mistakes actor noted things wrong good sons buddytv felt reasoning extended john decision hide truth adam protect suggested john involved adam life achieve level father opportunity previously lost following death sam dean mother overall morgan felt john loved kids loved life character demonic pact serving way finding redemption portrayal character morgan commented played extra angst think page knowing going tell lot going head going anybody including sons lot going later confirmed stating view john knew producers know john knew stuff ready reveal won come couple seasons awesome hunter time showed dead man blood knew development writing pilot episode series creator dramatic revisions john storyline draft script sam dean raised aunt uncle changed realized backstory complicated having john raise road revision john dying end episode instead sam girlfriend survives final version pilot writers decided halfway production season john die believed separation sons split having away interesting things boys felt john kept sam dean away lines death required allow brothers explore investigate confront yellow eyed demon directly writers initially intended john die car accident devil trap ultimately postponed death prevent finale dark following character eventual escape hell executive producer stated writers unsure john soul ended evil dead actor choice portray character campbell unavailable eventually received role fact morgan scene pilot episode takes place years series morgan expected replaced older actor subsequent episodes years older portrays eldest son dean morgan surprised asked reprise role teased age difference filming season morgan frustrated times character avoidance sons stating everybody actors audience watching knew gon reasoned john motivation actions having knowledge production supernatural season morgan working shows grey anatomy traveling forth los_angeles vancouver interfered times morgan acting trouble getting winchester portraying nice character grey anatomy morgan commented stuck land nice winchester harder find intense guy john guy having trouble living charming morgan reluctant return supernatural second season role grey anatomy lent voice season episode long distance future appearances morgan character second season hindered actor busy schedule writer stated love scheduling conflict continued sixth season supernatural executive producer revealing writers considered bringing character alternate reality episode heart instead concerns able secure morgan return ultimately chose ellen deceased character temporarily return episode production fifth season morgan interview stated contacted making appearance expressed desire return episode believed final season enjoying working screen sons felt john storyline ended soon reception critics praised morgan performance role reaction character generally mixed buddytv felt john divisive character fans understanding john motivation keeping sons dark williams found character completely fascinating chose time dying second best episode series mainly john contributions stating huge fan think impossible moved final minutes episode john final speech dean finally tells son proud hell tear knock scene park williams praised performance younger version character time travel episode beginning believing excellent job portraying innocent seen ign criticized john lack explanation feeling exactly easy watch john treat dean sam especially nearly killing season find praised morgan acting writing series effective john felt brought emotional weight character allowing audience feel john resignation things likely enjoyed morgan performance happy character killed john presence sam dean followers merely existing wake father father gone brothers longer prevented heading battle | John Winchester (Supernatural) | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
9765_AVerySupernaturalChristmas | supernatural christmas supernatural christmas eighth episode paranormal drama television series supernatural season broadcast december narrative follows series protagonists sam confront pair pagan gods annually human sacrifices written directed episode intended violent christmas special history television flashbacks added plot main storyline came short allowing writers expand young sam dean ridge critics universally praised flashback sequences performances ford differing opinions main storyline plot episode opens man visits grandson christmas seattle washington dresses pulled chimney slaughtered mysterious figure year later sam pose fbi agents investigate disappearance michigan discovery bloody tooth fireplace leads sam suspect evil version santa world tell punish wicked christmas work brothers search town debate celebrate christmas year dean insists sam refuses man taken santa dressed investigation following day sam notices families found pagan rituals lure gods human sacrifice leads sam believe dealing god winter dean later admits wants celebrate christmas chance demonic pact demon hell breaks loose left year live sam responds sit celebrating pretending okay knowing dean alive christmas investigation research lead brothers edward apparently perfect couple dean later refers makers lived seattle year prior realizing couple actually pagan gods sam dean break home finding human remains basement captured tied chairs kitchen gods reveal attempting blend human society reducing annual sacrifices begin preparing sam dean sacrificed interrupted neighbor door return find brothers broken free knowing gods killed wood sam dean stab death branches christmas tree later dean surprised find sam decorated room christmas exchange gifts bought local gas station happily watch football game episode flashbacks depict young sam ford christmas eve father hunt brothers staying room returns sam object obtained present father begins question dean father dean sam reveals read father hunting journal dean confirms father hunts monsters revelation sam afraid monsters come later night dean wakes sam claims father briefly returned left presents sam gifts end doll dean admits stole nearby house despite sam dean tried gives gift meant father necklace dean worn production writing fan christmas television specials growing series creator desired violent christmas special history television myth anti evil santa victims sacks takes eat episode inspiration writers hesitant establish creature anti existence actual remedy dilemma incorporated mythology pagan god generally believed precedent santa noted lore accurate christmas traditions pagan origins episode penned writing staff contributed ideas storyline minutes envisioned scenes teaser grandfather pretending santa pulled chimney slaughtered boy witnessing santa dressed villain brutally killing father eating santa killing christmas tree flashbacks initial draft script focused solely brothers attempts kill pagan gods episode came short suggested addition flashbacks sam dean childhood narrative device provided revelations origins dean necklace beginning sam father supernatural world noted staff loves deemed good opportunity pass able depict sam lost innocence child actor reprised role young dean debut young sam ford viewed series prior audition watched season research character christmas theme principal filming took place vancouver british_columbia visuals influenced holiday theme warm christmas tones home intended set designer create contrast brothers little coal burning old created costumes fun making christmas edward originally going santa worked tired little theme park given ill fitting costumes new altered look santa appearance reflected drunken state despite dark storyline found important maintain traditional christmas special spinning special presentation title beginning episode cbs 1980s adamant including difficult find created scored eventually received permission keeping holiday theme episode away usual rock heavy soundtrack instead featured christmas songs remade different styles composer effects visual effects shots produced ultimately unused episode exception killed script describes edward screaming glory visual effects department interpreted literally transforming tree creature wooden deemed little nose reception initial broadcast episode watched million viewers received mixed reviews critics enjoyed directed written episode glee anticipation christmas nightmare continued criticism season brighter lighting deemed overall christmas tradition watch year christmas dvds guide enjoyed monster week hooked brothers storylines noted ford casting young sam perfect felt performance young dean improved previous appearance season likewise chicago_tribune called gems season disagreed gave episode enjoyed flashback sequences praised ford fierce little performances main storyline pacing felt sluggish overall found basic dense combination half baked dialogue storytelling bits | A Very Supernatural Christmas | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
10792_Castiel(Supernatural) | supernatural fictional character portrayed american television series supernatural angel lord appears fourth season introduce theme christian theology series series brings hell frequently helps brother sam battles demons angels way travels develops friendships men angel possesses number supernatural abilities including ability kill demons initially character demonstrates complete devotion god little emotion interactions experiences certain revelations god fellow angels effect despite stress harm causes character allows develop independent series progresses helps address topics related free unlike stereotypical portrayal television angels help people willing kill needed collins originally read demon series creator want fans find angels introduced series collins prepared role reading book revelation based portrayal younger brother critics fans responded highly favorably character response creators expanded role series upgrading main cast member fifth sixth seasons special guest star seventh eighth seasons collins upgraded regular cast member status ninth season plot arrival earth end season supernatural main character hell killed demonic antagonist season premiere rising angel introduced brought dean hell resurrected merely actual form typically results takes human host james jimmy devout man prayed communicate dean tells brought god work breaking seals order free dean stop continues appear season point sending dean time later brother sam stopping breaking seal returns fellow angel end episode know summer seeking kill fallen angel ability hear communications angels following episode heaven hell anna uses ancient send angels away manage track later expresses regret having kill anna carry duty confronted demon fight nearly defeated battle saved dean turn rescued anna regains powers nearly frustration dean stops leave later suspicious confronts head pin admits certain angels working free having grown weary hearing god jealous humanity asks join refuses attacks eventually killed anna strike finishing blow time orders getting heaven questionable morality influence anna cause start doubts heaven plans later returns monster end book explain role prophet later dean calls help save sam informs dean interfere important dean protecting prophet intervene said prophet trouble secretly let know way save sam enters dean dreams arranges meeting tell important sam dean meet instead find jimmy vessel claims little memory life vessel anna angered superiors prompting taken heaven jimmy shot end episode trying save family demons returns taking jimmy daughter new vessel demons killed dying jimmy begs host daughter angel dean asks needed tell replies loyalty heaven mankind servant heaven breaks dean oath allegiance god angels dean agrees impression sam safe later episode releases sam demon blood anna confronts actions angels appear capture sam closing dean waiting room comfortable time comes play role stopping apocalypse dean refuses remain idle continually requests able sam denied dean discovers angels allowing apocalypse happen help stop final seal broken refuses returns ready help long takes dean prophet information sam presence fall line gospel begins descend sends dean sam remaining hold come subsequently killed host body blown pieces fall earth later returns body fifth season premiere sympathy devil killing fellow angels order save sam dean uncertain resurrected alludes god ordering away sam dean ribs hide angels including later returns brothers good god reveals plans find god dean burns hot god presence departs completely cut heaven result rebellion lost powers result including ability heal injuries remains earth hunting god aid dealing particularly challenging cases discovery latest confrontation revealed lost abandon hope helps retrieve joins hunt ventures discovering hundreds town hoping discover called soon imprisoned tries joining pointing targets heaven refuses later manages free finds longer power kill demons sam dean fail attempt kill devil safety exhausting remaining power sam dean time save parents angel anna aids battle famine apocalypse brothers having defeated war weakened powers render susceptible famine influence famine attacking jimmy hunger red meat interested eating actually fighting brothers killed hunters dark moon unable return heaven briefly tasks finding angel directly god reveals god alive claims apocalypse having saved brothers god feels relayed hopes faith shattered leading drink heavily subsequent episode problems sam summons answers actions people town reveals dealing provides stake kill longer true servant heaven unable gets pastor tries hold place pastor stab casts spell causes great pain knocks fight end dean stabs stake identifying true servant heaven powerless point return helps sam dean michael vessel leaves hearing signal angels finds resurrected sam dean half brother previously killed dean escapes tries contact angels finds angrily attacks making heaven worthless later chest presence multiple angels order clear way sam dean attack save adam effects send fishing boat completely human despite lack power able defeat appears little left strength assists bobby sam preventing nationwide distribution virus fifth season finale swan song loses faith sam fails possesses suggests drunk wait end come dean refuses bobby follow uses cocktail holy fire temporarily michael buy dean time try reach sam angry attacked brother snap fingers sam dean apocalypse resurrected god powerful dean injuries bobby reminds dean got wanted apocalypse paradise heads heaven restore order new leader believing chaos sam trapped michael cage alliances year apocalypse returns earth man sam dean help find staff moses weapons heaven stolen war soon discover angel stolen sold pieces people exchange souls confront interrupted able revenge destroys vessel sends heaven trapping ring ignited holy oil forcing restore souls taken sets free claiming debt paid family matters returns sam asking questions sam unsure going knocked unconscious dean reveals longer sleeps better hunter idea wrong decides read sam soul reaching inside truth finally revealed sam soul locked cage dean unsure sam sam soul let sam wounds beaten dean heat sam tries trick coming earth help brothers sam soul comes sam threatens saying help hunt kill despite knowing sam helps later sam dean research discovers porn dean asks watching porn replies later discovers sam dean working demon named refers admits sam soul burns human remains end episode explains sam dean war going earth leaves continue fighting promises care captured monsters acquiring holy weapons suggests military advantage war unfortunately advantage limited orders heart save spawning new souls fate works impossible begins killing brothers encounter string odd deaths fate takes opportunity eliminate destined apocalypse forces loss sink sam dean send time learned ashes phoenix kill eve killed past rachel lieutenant comes instead boys calling need arrives sends rachel away able send dean sam time warns retrieve hours stuck past forever tells bobby pray time comes waiting rachel approaches plans attacks kills left weakened stab wound managed inflict manages bobby draws hide angels passing wakes time retrieve weakened state prevents forced draw power bobby soul dean killed phoenix brought gather ashes appears lacks power send collected ashes sent package delivered bobby boys return discovered possibility faked death alive suggesting burned wrong bones mistake eve reveals sam dean try hunt hunt eve able suppress powers older dean kills eve powers return kills monsters blast white light transporting group home uncle young boys turned monsters find dead having killed demons promises look possible survival find sure dead instead seen alive states tired cleaning implying knowledge burning wrong bones sort agreement working partners man king revealed partially raised sam hell cage impossible retrieve soul deal desperate attempt win war sam dean learn partnership slips reveals let bleed enraged learn lisa kidnapped tries reveal avail saves dean demon tries fails convince later lisa mortally wounded demon possessing attempt force dean arrives hospital asked wounds dean request son ben memories dean final act friendship dean admit doesn change fact enemies spends episode step ahead bobby investigating opening attempt find way open man knew tricks eventually absorbing souls demonstrates new power killing simple snap fingers talking dean unsuccessfully begs power sam attempts kill blade stabbing effect removes blade explains longer angel declaring new god hunters delivering ultimatum loyalty love unto destroyed meet new boss begins new supremacy planet working religious alike vessel begins damaged begins lose control power death reveals absorbed creatures known destroy released seeks help portal death assistance souls returned evade control vessel hello cruel world vessel begins quickly break forced leave local water supply nearby leaving trench coat return madness born identity revealed survived left way river naked ran future wife experience renders powers intact going powers heal people didn know ability power demon true faces came sam committed mental hospital result suffering breaking mental wall dean searches kills demon holding wife hostage agrees help dean doesn tell mentions sam joined reaching hospital find demons surrounding entrance dean forced tell truth insists power kill demons manages summon power kill demons kills memories shows remorse previous actions initially wants leave dean able convince help giving trench coat finds sam time save demon death electro shock therapy tries restore mental wall completely gone feeling sorry transfers problem haunted visions like sam committed mental hospital safe demons knows alive takes job hospital presumably look party dean calls reveals condition sam feels guilty reading fundamental awakened word god tablet information inscribed angel dictated god found sam dean driven insane explains taking sam pain helped relieve past explains word god unable read angels garrison arrive pursuit kevin prophet awakened word god drawn angel tries kill anger past actions instead killed angel offers chance return heaven declines explaining feels longer belongs angel leaves taking kevin away safety comments finds amazing know going away giving blood survival finding garrison wiped explains discovered arrives furious longer wish fight realizes insane decides feud time giving blood disappears tells help kill dick refuses help doesn want fight disappears retrieve board game explains able tell apart human forms pick real watches sam dean burn bobby rest later takes dean stored agrees help sam dean infiltrate thanks distraction dean confront dick throws room tries attack dean fails kill dick holds head place allowing dean stab dick neck weapon killing result dean dick soul letting dean know likely die disappears leaving dean need talk kevin dean escapes help vampire later tells sam things got near end didn let dean doesn elaborate clearly affected flashback scene dean shown looking vampire location result meets agrees deal find help escape appears flashbacks following episode reveals fled dean safe monsters angry dean refuses leave talking angel auction second word god tablet dean states later escapes aid army angels sent rescue having initially remained actions stop duo trying attack dean left angels memory responsible escape memory subsequent check ins discuss actions forced tell progress search tablet apparently power helps save kevin future try find means reading word god destroy tablet prevent retaining half tablet flees half cuts ability listen angels decides time hunter avoid facing angels proves instrumental solving case abilities enter mind man reality powers allowing sam bring reality speech running later request man fred strips powers longer danger leaves mentally damaged having listened sam speech running reality fred decides return heaven try forbidden angel ordered rescue instead stays watch fred accepts longer run torn turned angel radio travels helping people need help healing demonstrates healing sick infant won stop crying getting distress summons rescue angel dean help repeatedly wonders sam unaware sam dean currently getting getting ingredients demon bomb gets sam need help rescue sam dean behavior warehouse tells sam dean symbols enter gives sam sword weapon demons sam dean clear way enters weakened building screams cause remember tied approaches eye mysterious instrument unable help sam dean breaking room sam dean deal demons guarding takes angel outside begs return heaven tries warn controlling explain forces kill traitor horrified reveals telling angel word god tablet puts angels danger hero orders claims sam dean forced kill self defense taking heaven rest reality determine broke weird behavior fact eye starts bleeding sam dean suspicions controlled run heaven goodbye stranger completely killed thousands copies dean sent find angel tablet kills demons looking drawing sam dean attention sam dean track knows location angel tablet ensuing sam ends trouble saves sam captures demons claiming orders searching second half demon tablet demons searching allow translate prophet demon tells find kills reveal truth sam dean heads rescues explains demons want initially wants killed prevent able case alive group warehouse heading inside dean reveals sam damaged trials level fix dean locate angel tablet dean angels orders kill dean fights control actions kill dean manages break heart breaks free influence picks angel tablet completely connection control dean explains happened senses protect tablet dean later seen traveling bus unknown destination tablet despite losing tablet somewhat satisfied according supposed later comes dean attempt gain trust presumably knows weak spots lies claims insane dean course doesn believe despite eventually captured forces angel tablet claimed angels location gives time escape reunite killing angel guarding betrayal heaven chaos god recently rediscovered convinces seal gates heaven force angels peace trial cut heart child human angel forced kill selected target attacks manage complete second trial bow subsequently reveals true intentions exile angels heaven forcing leave heaven ages ago takes grace ingredient spell leaving human banished earth angels begin fall humanity angels expelled heaven begin searching believe responsible decides wants help fallen find direction encounters angel named requests guidance contacts dean tells leave way bunker safe angels hunting following attempts leave captured instead reveals plans possess escapes kills continues way bunker abandoning usual attire way nearly caught times angels searching gets tattoo ward angels response angels send freelance eventually caught kills rescue dean angel secretly possessing sam heal takes bunker later asks leave angel inside sam requests gets job gas station attempts adjust new life human helps dean hunt rogue angel killing people emotional pain later help dean sends away second time orders found neutral angel heard prayer agrees provide information captured angels trailing taken angel leader angel civil war headed angel tortured information killed process stolen grace eventually leaves angel tells wants defect tricks releasing steals grace transforming angel restoring powers calls dean tells held captive learned angel dead angel possessing sam contacted wearing new suit driving stolen car longer returns bunker comes plan help expel sam knocks dean torture perform bring forth sam mind proves dean furious learn blaming evil universe dean proves resistant efforts expel dean tries possess sam let know situation sam permission agrees instead exchange freedom reluctant removes sam anti possession tattoo plan works leaving deal sam injuries torture informs finish healing trials time job remains sam dean leaves facing powers partially restored sets try stop civil war having killed self defence takes command earth bound angels finds opposed rallying angels intention painting villain piece learns stolen grace kill eventually refuses offer eventually convincing ally opposing attempt stage coup heaven tricks angels follow presenting willing destroy win war convincing angels suicide bomb claim told having gained access heaven door sacrifices defeats throws heaven prison lack grace despite defeat access heaven having restored continues face challenges personal large scale angels prefer remain earth stolen grace continues consume hinted able help remaining fragment original rejected option making deal save life sam dean remain ignorant fate aware condition point killing angel transfer grace help sam cure demonic dean transformed hannah decides return heaven vessel chance returning life prompted look jimmy daughter claire revealing jimmy dead heaven jimmy body destroyed confrontation claire initially return life comes accept save sold prostitute man believed helping grace restored seeking help dean find cure breaks heaven removes grace fails provide new information able lead library hid remaining fragments powers restored helps claire find long lost mother sacrifices save claire claire accepts meant hunter long lost mother casts spell remove mark casts spell causes attack escapes leaving driven greater rage point kills angels forced cure vessel faced threat revealed course series god sister sacrificed create agrees act vessel claims power defeat darkness god absent dead insane killing apparently person capable opening cage spends time establishing power base hell acting interact follow research true identity revealed attempt travel time recover hand god submarine sank able regain control long explain situation sam stop killing friend dean subsequently find way free control forced act slave forced run fails kill salvaged hand god manage preparing new confrontation resolves remain vessel defeat hand god fail power prisoner decides torture try lure god leaving speculate couldn use hand god fact fallen characterization typically displays little emotion exhibits extremely somber disposition suggested angels possibly possess ability truly feel emotion frequently exhibits affection dean attachment growing ability feel causes demoted superiors fear emotions judgment appearances fourth season come close expressing regret anger times quietly laughed joke dean great actor feels dean learning little bit humanity learning humanity exposure going begins having internal struggle right wrong obey orders heaven collins feels interactions sam dean angel uncertain fragile collins believes dean desires emulate having lost connection heaven fifth season episode free appears extremely anxious visibly distraught asking dean help refers little bitch despite arrogant new god shows caring ultimately returns souls shows remorse actions promising dean find way dean eyes showing cares dean views losing memory human displays memory returns shows real regret damage sam essentially sacrifices save remorse actions wakes state depicted insane tendencies random topics parts original personality shown happy help sam dean supernatural things willing actually fight anymore life threatened describes bad luck doesn believe result traveling regained carries lot guilt previous actions distant sam dean human things television contrary depictions angels popular culture peers helping people need contrary angel siblings conscience cares humanity welfare finds humans works art speaking character actor stated think angels loosely derived biblical angel stories angels tough destroy picked revelations destroy destroy destroy mention development character created fourth season introduce christian mythology series series creator wanting introduction angel secret character described demon auditions collins got main direction gave character quality character hasn close human beings watching human beings great distance thousand years angels haven earth human beings thousand years interacting human beings naive curiosity behavior sort alien beings director kim_manners wanted based appearance comic book character prepare role collins read book revelation collins said somewhat based character younger brother way staring eyes making feel like soul avoid toned dialogue sounding collins best play real possible true voice shattered windows premiere episode collins decided use voice character portraying angel host tried create distinction characters providing different physical personality traits kind sound jimmy voice speaking fifth season frequent interactions humans collins commented obviously big joke doesn understand human beings behave inherently funny especially straight man actor noted little hesitant making character funny guy moments early episodes season believes writers found line allowing jokes subtle little believable reception critical response character extremely favorable ranked ninth list best new supporting characters staff voters agreed welcome new character television buddytv listed characters deserve spin offs squad ranked reason watch series noting slightly awkward precise angel amazing job selling underlying menace god heavenly creatures described concept genius actor collins fabulous fascinating new element ign ranked list collins plays role somber intensity brings sense curiosity humans character angel interactions dean highlights fourth season especially praised collins dual role angel host episode wrote tribute collins acting audience knows immediately person seeing fan response character positive collins believed character end role expected reaction fans according enthusiasm met new prepared character originally intended episode story arc role rewritten continue rest season supernatural renewal fifth season collins promoted series regular believes mainly fan support | Castiel (Supernatural) | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
13610_BelaTalbot | fictional character drama horror television series supernatural portrayed appearing season uses knowledge supernatural world advantage help need self centered series protagonists makes living stealing objects selling wealthy clients critical reaction character mixed negative responses fans ultimately leading departure end season plot appearance bad day hires steal cursed rabbit foot storage container owned deceased hunter supernatural creatures touches foot granted good luck die week foot lost intends sell shows concern fate thieves john sons series protagonists sam dean retrieve foot cursed attempt destroy shoots sam shoulder dean tricks touching gives foot destruction save manages steal winning lottery tickets dean purchased foot granted luck appears red sky morning episode track ghost ship responsible local deaths helping working steal precious magical hand glory plan destroy artifact end curse steals sell client witnesses ghost ship appears blood family member condemned death turns help dean prepared leave die sam comes plan save life time gives thank leaves like fresh blood hunter recently escaped tracks threatens kill reveals location plans kill sam agrees find location exchange mojo bag dean disclose whereabouts dean threatens kill uses board obtaining information gordon location hunter dream little dream returns contact help saving fellow hunter family friend falls mystical coma need dream root enter bobby dreams find keeping asleep claims compensation explaining helping order repay debt bobby discover bobby awakens lying having helped gain access mystical gun capable killing enraged theft dean sam attempt track instead led trap set police arrest place jail demonic overlord sends forces sam dean eventually escape time dean discovers longer later gets criminal record england learns true years prior parents killed exchange soul year deal dean believes killed inherit fortune supports story audience shown flashback suggests actually agreed deal escape abuse father desperate time running tries kill escape ahead time dean calls minutes deal confesses tried deal trading gave deal changed kill sam dean refuses pleas help reveals demon holds contracts including death soul resulting descent hell inevitable shown characterization described actress female little bit manipulative wants control according series creator writers character come moves supernatural world interest obsessed revenge minded motives hunting writer producer summarized writing team characterization mercenary sic doesn shit cause believed finds amusing use knowledge supernatural help people aspect added suspect underneath finally getting viewed young woman trying living find kind reason world little damaged actress shared opinion behavior façade incorporated performance idea hiding true self feeling character created persona shield real strong connections prevented opening believed loved able normal relationship contrary assessment envisioned character having fits conscience season actress opinion loved fighting evil boys development supernatural producers originally intended recurring character having created new female lead form demon chose upgrade series regular time president entertainment requested second female lead season loved planned return future episodes avoid mistake previous season introducing love interest writers planned introduce character right act antagonist interests motives willing add romantic involvement sam dean fans want writers planned separate different characters serve different storylines auditioned ultimately received learning british accent reworked character british actress later pictured way feeling kind cool fits british accent time casting given little exposure character script wise unaware play nasty person fronts gave good interviewed actress later turned offer provide character backstory instead opted learn episodes filmed order prepare role received training weaponry equipped swords lot instruments sharp instruments alongside actress decided catch supernatural filming season began watching seasons protective occasionally nervous fans meant introduced small wanted fans know sam stated important plot elements cruising guys felt writers pushed far episode red sky morning stating opinion far successful episode year kind writers time consider tie storylines pointed road different town week going run character better damn good reason eventually crushed weight difficult justify narrative key problem stemmed antagonistic character potential love interest brothers writers taken woman screw boys turn ended making antagonistic establishing balance chance funny episode work lost character attempts killed multiple occasions eventually decided drop character series opting send appropriate dramatic way couple cards holding season revealing backstory way surprise audience kind tie story reception critical response character mixed buddytv staff columnist deemed addition cheap ploy attract teen male viewers believing character viewers bond special place felt sexy cat act coupled heroes seen thousand times likened combination equally annoying angel later admitted great comic foil ign increasingly frustrated manipulative appearances found character tragic backstory little late surprised writers able feel tiny bit sorry death scene writing hint vulnerability intriguing seconds died wished character written differently annoying downright deemed wasted opportunity interesting female foil boys expressed similar sentiments voicing belief review season finale rest wicked got gone getting interesting review deemed character decent traveling companion guide annoyed continuously steals makes look ridiculous liked character overall felt hell job start fans wary bringing female characters male dominated feared brought arm candy sidekick matters worse coming scenes auditions executive producer spent hour writing lackluster script intended mere hours script given casting director fans found casting websites going scenes according fan reaction characters look like suck overly antagonistic actions season calm viewers fears boys badly explained fans confessed decision kill character negative reaction fans | Bela Talbot | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
16318_Ruby(Supernatural) | supernatural fictional character supernatural portrayed mainly actresses created writers expand characterization demons series appears season assists series protagonists sam fighting fellow demons fourth season won sam trust begins training kill demons psychic powers dean remains fearful motives character departs series end fourth season fans reacted negatively replacing season creator felt accepting fourth season progressed fan response character mixed overall critical reception generally negative common criticism performances plot debuting season premiere magnificent seven trails hunter supernatural creatures eventually rescues group demons kills unique demon killing knife reveals identity sam kids claims different demons wants help sam fight return cooperation promises save brother dean deal sam second season finale hell breaks loose refuses tell sam motives dean wants kill harm sam decides let continue help saving dean fighting hundreds demons like escaped hell second season finale credibility builds season power use war demons episode provides backstory revealing witch plague sold soul demon dean unlike demons remembers like human citing trait reason helping brothers demons returns save brothers attacking demons learning lost decides perform spell destroy demons area including spell requires human virgin heart dean allow perform plan comes instead saves brother people leave killed demons pursuing sam dean uses brothers listening contrary promise sam tells dean actually save hell lied sam listen season finale rest wicked tells sam lied dean truly help sam save plan train sam harness demonic abilities use kill demon holds contract dean soul believing trying manipulate sam giving dark dean tricks devil trap mystical symbol capable rendering demons powerless leaves sam face tracks brothers campaign gets expelled host body present confrontation brothers whereabouts time unclear fourth season episode know summer states sent hell eventually returns offers sam help taking revenge dean death rest wicked stopping apocalyptic plans sam living host host takes possession body recently declared dead sex brings downward spiral self destruction consequently sam begins training sam demonic abilities later kill demons continues secret following dean resurrection angel fourth season premiere episode head pin reveals feeding sam demonic blood boost powers addicted drinking blood following episode breaks sam dean heated confrontation sam trust negative influence leading vicious fight ends sam dean dean ties sam season finale insists sam murder possessed woman despite woman alive pleading let argues sam needs drink woman blood order able kill sam eventually agrees episode climax keeps dean interfering sam succeeds killing afterward reveals double agent working tricked sam setting demons revered god free death sam help killed dean knife characterization prior introduction season series creator summarized character ruthless little crazy rough edges calling little lacks moral conscience sam dean actress portrayed season described kick ass bad ass ally sam dean likes stir little trouble according mysterious manipulative control situation steps ahead everybody proclaimed knows wants played character fourth season deemed incarnation tough hard close taking role felt conflicted versus come explained portrayal character total season fear driven discussion character mindset saw lonely desperate situation tried innocent possible viewers question true allegiance bring humanity example taking season finale dean sent hell portrayed character having guilt death responsible actress acknowledged likely manipulating sam claimed remember felt human suggested element truth character words believed fell love sam course season questioned true love love noted like mother bear terms protective sam like giving birth weird way stated sex scene character sam people broken sad compared similar sex scenes film eventually reveals traitor wrote final scene intention depicting opposite evil care sam despite manipulation free explained mind lead sam path good development described demon hunter press releases prior debut true demonic nature surprise audience writers created change perception demons grey area black white evil good approach previously series writers planned impact brothers negatively story arc sam falling evil set second season follow causing fracture relationship knowing writers fans questioning trying likable despite overall betrayal brothers writer commented brought idea dismiss demons things need killed right away useful fundamentally cause trust given situation fearing introducing character boys hinder chances successfully integrating series writers intended character right deemed antagonist interests motives love interest sam dean felt mistake introduction widely disliked second season planning romance season open possibility future saying chemistry sparks want happen fans want happen happen protective occasionally nervous fans meant introduce small wanting fans know sam dean stated important plot elements cruising guys originally auditioned role ultimately received opposed traditional demonic abilities instead relies conventional martial arts demon killing knife trained alongside actress able perform martial arts skills prompting attempt fight scenes rely stunt double filming season began decided watch previous seasons catch prepared looking performance film basic instinct inspiration manipulative ways explained stone character power mystery costume designer dressed dark colors blend shadows giving jackets narrow jeans allow active height difference lead actors sam actor wear tall high heels times lose balance cited budgetary reasons departure season according uncertainty direction prompted leave opportunity star series harper island arose best bad situation writers planned new host episodes fourth season believed viewers provide cool character shows don ability auditions unnamed love interest held recast new actress hired informed actually playing episode aired said playing small town named romantically involved sam dean death played expected incarnations impressed ultimately chose role brought lot different colors looking viewed dvds portrayal tried character producers request emulate concerned received audience stating people don like don like performance answer questions relationship winchester brothers sam dean continuing work fourth season reception buddytv staff columnist felt addition cheap ploy attract teen male viewers character distracted viewers bond special place cast looks acting prowess later admitted remains interesting ambiguous series ign looked forward introduction ultimately found season incarnation wasted character little improve series main concerns consisted manipulative qualities tendency look stupid pulled tough chick persona faith guide liked action packed introduction magnificent seven intrigued character kids felt good job plausible addition charles finding cool learn backstory implications dean storyline thought wasn awful magnificent seven great play actress good weaker acting kind work impression killed rest wicked wrote character got gone getting interesting deemed decent traveling companion debut impressed old accepting sexual relationship sam felt came know summer contributing problem inability pull making thing feel clumsy conversely enjoyed performances actresses temporary hosts episode great found sassy missed loved death finale describing beautiful thing similar buddytv williams considered acting bit distracting noted improved time considered acceptable wrote actress portrayal connect previous incarnations character contrast williams felt depth acting department end season betrayal heaven hell added welcome layers character opinion character true intentions character development exciting deemed overall sam great revelation like buddytv fans wary bringing female characters male dominated matters worse wrote lackluster scene intended solely audition process fans quickly came casting sites developed feeling character looks like believed fans change minds learning demon middle season felt fans responding positively character finally embracing season finale version dubbed fan favorite later character returns fourth season different season counterpart felt drastic change fans angry flashbacks provided know summer shed light new mindset fans accepting character overall criticisms performance reluctant return episode sixth season eventually accepted learned portraying despite generally negative reception role fans voted version 32nd sexiest female character fantasy science fiction film television poll sfx sexiest characters making highest placing female supernatural character list beating number number | Ruby (Supernatural) | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
19641_Azazel(Supernatural) | fictional character drama horror television series supernatural serves primary antagonist seasons demon feeds blood grow develop demonic abilities goal child release revealed later series referred nicknames demon yellow eyed demon yellow eyes seasons true revealed season character demonic nature taking different hosts portrayed numerous actors maintained sense humor like mannerisms critics fans alike met nearly universal praise plot leader army demons appears pilot episode series plot devices flashbacks time travel detail background later seasons earliest chronological depiction occurs fourth season finale having spent years searching finally located doorway prison fallen angel tasked freeing demon hell needed break seals holding captive find special child following year began making demonic young individuals exchange wish allowed enter homes years later eventually comes future mother series protagonists sam taking possession father mitch_pileggi kills mother stabs kill host mary demon victim makes usual offer giving chance john reluctantly agrees mary discovers standing baby sam feeding blood infant interrupted demon ceiling stomach causes burst flames mary death john life hunting time training sam dean hunt supernatural creatures revealed fifth season finale swan song sent demons possess important people sam life secretly manipulating grew sam eventually leaves life hunting attend college orders assassination sam girlfriend death prompts sam return hunting demons killed conventional means track mystic gun capable killing dead man blood following episode salvation trace caused demon presence salvation iowa like sam countless plans visit month old feed blood later develop demonic abilities sam demon plans saves family escapes demonic brother tom kidnap john set sights sam dean brothers season finale devil trap host john location sam dean rescue kill tom taken location john revealed possessed angry killing tom children begins torture brothers john temporarily control giving sam opportunity grab unable kill father sam shoots john leg demon flees host escape possessed truck driver crashes car dean left dying coma forcing john sell soul save demon possesses save dean death fulfill deal appearance second season finale hell breaks loose kidnaps sam young adults infected visits sam dream reveals special children fight death determine lead army sam demon favorite super strong winner dean sells soul demon exchange sam resurrection gives jake travel cemetery middle giant devil trap sam dean hunters attempt stop jake uses key unlock action briefly opens gateway hell releasing hundreds demons devil trap cemetery broken confronts easily john soul escapes gate long dean shoot dead characterization deeming angry soul actor believed character having denied heaven good universe translated anger vengeance demon sense humor takes pleasure seeing people suffer pain psychological pain causes explained gets power turning people quality suggests actor demon favored sam potential leader army picking heart sam desirable children described thought process turn truly won character ultimate motivation free imprisonment hell supernatural executive producer mentioned view little cult demonic true believers encompasses important demon characters series development appearance series devil trap writers initially decide winchester sam dean john demon possess actor busy schedule realize having john kidnapped possessed absent episode practical choice noting season focuses sam dean trying find father series creator noted storytelling perspective find time body writers modeled personality demonic sense humor film devil advocate gave morgan free character mannerisms directed different john morgan changed voice speech pattern shining morgan esque quality continues actor uncertain specifically sought previous working experience executive producers kim_manners role offered audition actor avoided copying morgan portrayal noted writing certain way changes human hosts periodically initial appearance second season premiere time dying intended time deal thoroughly impressed runners kept season finale despite character death returned role sixth season premiere dream sequence hell breaks loose hints connection writers intended address season pushed fourth season episode beginning writers guild america strike asked mitch_pileggi enact revelation previously worked series actor accepted kim_manners supernatural crew worked x-files emulated performance tried spin actress wore hard colored contact lenses portrayals lenses eventually painful greatly obscure vision production crew placed floor help morgan locate marks grip held hand walked hell breaks loose brief scene time dying touches actor forehead took takes film kept missing fitted lenses production ultimately added effect digitally appropriate moments reception met universal praise critics fans alike voting best villain series poll conducted buddytv realize reason boys hunt place viewers wrote calling oldest arch nemesis classic supernatural results poll revealed won votes second highest percentage votes character chicago_tribune felt morgan gave best believable performance season devil trap adding fire scene brought new intensity performance ign found menacing low voice cruel words trying tear apart emotionally tearing dean apart literally enjoyed vicious humor makes character sinister believed having family unnecessary parallel doesn sense viewing episode gave opinion series follow format having different recurring villain season demon seasons fine commented don drag longer fans bored happy appropriately creepy return role hell breaks loose second ghost town central wrote scare factor went likewise deemed scenes damn near described perfect evil menace ign deemed performance charismatic quietly despite praise happy character die having chasing villain opens opportunity explore new plots casting beginning cool charles found performance scary similarly called force chance funny disturbing according fans happy episode | Azazel (Supernatural) | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
20484_EllenHarvelle | fictional character supernatural portrayed introduced second season order explore mother daughter relationship hunting world gun beer ellen brought maternal energy male dominated series mother proprietor bar frequented hunters supernatural creatures ellen provides advice assistance sam second season character appearances season dropped writers guild america strike failed negotiations returns fifth sixth seasons critical reception character positive critics happy return plot old friend wife hunter mother runs saloon pub frequented hunters supernatural creatures sam arrive second season episode everybody loves clown wary ellen holds gunpoint learns john sons gives information dangerous hunter named sam dean later explain simon said demon planned war humanity relationship brothers strained episode exit reveals believes husband death result mistake working hunt admits sam hunted husband death john fault long time ago blame brothers decision hunting destroyed demons hell breaks loose whereabouts unknown episode revealed left run fellow hunter track activities cemetery surrounded giant devil trap railroad tracks unable step inside giant symbol trapped powerless forces human bidding hunters unable stop jake opening gateway hell devil trap broken hundreds demons released world brothers kill ellen bobby close gateway fifth season episode good god ellen reappears help fellow hunter kill demons laid siege small town time arrive appears townspeople possessed ellen dean eventually realize war horsemen apocalypse making townspeople demons sam dean break war spell ellen killed town residents abandon hope ellen team brothers find kill arrival seemingly abandoned small town attacked demon pack severely forcing inside hardware store knowing wounds fatal stopped convinces build bomb use bait trap ellen stays opens doors escape roof dies arms ellen blows building killing process angel changes history sixth season episode heart sank ellen restored life married bobby original timeline eventually restored characterization series creator felt ellen brought maternal energy series described character tough touch children kill likewise actress described gun beer bar owning broad maternal core feels despite ellen having gone lot life cautious protective things life especially daughter main concern safety prompts daughter going hunts realizes longer stop wants ellen hunting partner deciding best way look time ellen final appearance actress came view characters equals mother daughter development father son dynamics hunting world depicted series season writers decided explore mother daughter relationship resulting introduction ellen daughter originated writers decision base tough emotionally vulnerable characters portrayed actress ellen meant true honest friendship backstory husband having killed john mistake added storyline explain john mentioned sons auditioned role feels exactly looking commented certain kind personality works specifically role ellen television looking tough strong little maternal actor struck chord series creator agrees feeling brought character life nuanced complex tough beautiful feminine writers intended character guest appearances season left bit surprised disappointed ellen lack involvement initial return scrapped writers guild america strike actress declined guest appearance finale lackluster offer cost money work opportunity return fifth season surprised large time span previous appearance expected character eventually die devastated surprised quickly occurred speaking director told ellen perfect fodder kick series needed blaze glory actress came realize character death sense ellen words dean kick ass improvised homage late supernatural executive producer director kim_manners died year phrase filming scene wanting surprise new reality sixth season episode heart writers considered bringing deceased characters executive producer explained ultimately decided ellen fan favorite perfect world probably good mate bobby reception critical reception ellen positive initial appearance felt new hunters potential supernatural equivalent gang comparing ellen elder help guide boys home base serve emotional link father parental figure melodramatic baggage actual father season chicago_tribune annoyed destruction second season finale loved ellen ign favored ellen beginning believing great addition deemed ellen tough direct female boys don lot lives right happy character return fifth season noting missing smart tough women evil general welcomed character enjoyed ellen initial reaction good god character character death charles noted ellen went abandon hope like felt death meant happy ellen fifth season ryan disappointed lack character received good god commenting character fifth season ryan noted brought game added fits perfectly supernatural world understands restraint necessarily characters don find words having missed ellen maternal influence charles happy return sixth season episode heart ryan called ellen scenes bobby episode probably strongest ellen called character force added missed poll conducted sfx sexiest characters ellen voted sexiest female character fantasy science fiction film television | Ellen Harvelle | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
22066_JoHarvelle | fictional character drama horror television series supernatural portrayed aspiring hunter supernatural creatures like parents introduced second season order explore mother daughter relationship hunting world originally intended serve love interest lead character instead turned sister like figure ultimately removed series end second season admitted conception character flawed beginning returned fifth seventh seasons critical reaction generally positive fans disliked character plot meets sam second season episode everybody loves clown brothers look mother ellen saloon frequented hunters supernatural creatures leaves voice mail message phone deceased father second season appears romantic feelings dean states feelings act wanting hunter like late father bill feel connected slips away mother wishes help brothers hunt exit ultimately rescue spirit angry ellen reveals john caused bill death strains friendship sam dean soon leaves live life hunter demon possessing sam born bad sign finds captures planning threaten life force dean kill brother holding hostage plays cruel mind games telling dean doesn return feelings telling john actually killed bill misery incurred fatal wounds despite bill pleas wife daughter time dean rescues sam attempts join capturing refuses allow come tells leaves won fifth season episode good god reappears mother ellen small colorado town called river pass plan help demon hunter bobby friends kill demons laid siege town ellen separated chaos later finds joins townspeople eventually attack sam ellen appearing possessed demons joins torture supposed demon captured sam holy water salt doubtful demonic effects present sam dean ellen arrive brief struggle convince war horsemen apocalypse responsible making townspeople turn thinking sides demons ellen team abandon hope help brothers mystical gun rumored capable killing order kill tracking location abandoned town confronted accompanied pack group hunters flee injured saving dean knowing wounds fatal stopped convinces build bomb use bait trap ellen stays opens doors escape roof dies arms ellen blows building killing process mentioned seen sixth season episode heart temporarily restored life result angel saving destined sinking makes screen return seventh season episode defending life witness called egyptian god judging dean guilt ghost instead dean responsible fate declares guilty forces try kill dean able leave peace sam kills god control supernatural executive producer confirmed ghost illusion created characterization series creator initially described innocent girl wanted hunter tends look leaps enthusiastic girl door approach hunting supernatural later regretted writing way felt wrong characterization female character supernatural grows second season rebels mother running away hunter believed harder tougher character capture spirit exit actress felt handled situation commented fought life stayed bait took lot actress noted matures hiatus second fifth season having found hard way doesn work character called shots final appearance bigger person forcing accept reality situation years hunting relationship ellen develops came view equals daughter mother feelings dean remain liked fact easily dean advances abandon hope believed urge crazy dire circumstances gave little meaning asked kiss dean gives dying explained interpreted kiss dean seeing particular moment way express kiss character spirit seventh season appearance felt death brought clarity different level noting completely different world actress described relaxed angry confirmed doesn hold dean death pointing chosen hunter father dean series writer executive producer felt dean real guilt death character feels pushed away life pulled development father son dynamics hunting world depicted series season writers decided explore mother daughter relationship resulted introduction character mother ellen alex character eventually renamed fan decided audition role character fully explored appearances know personality way introduced threatening dean rifle impression character experienced hunter mind decided portray somewhat confident cool making use experience israeli army served years commented army holding gun feeling dangerous attitude different kind walk way hold way look things tried didn writers originally intended serve love interest idea dropped debut season felt came girl door dangerous type character dean attracted like alias noted tension dean characters resulting appearance brother sister relationship admits debut doubts way character conceived factors character eventually phased second season altogether looking seventh season opined dean good couple pointing characters mutual experiences particularly knowledge supernatural experience hunting life main reasons believed suitable felt obvious unresolved feelings brought dean room san diego comic con international announced return series fifth season opportunity return surprised character negative fan reaction large time span previous appearance later alerted demise abandon hope director unhappy felt benefited found grand went blaze glory deceased characters writers considered appear alternate reality sixth season episode heart ultimately settled ellen executive producer stated appearing sixth season noted possible return season return seventh season announced comic con choice bring defending life writer executive producer explained knowing history knowing emotion dean feel knew great favorite wanted happy return saying didn care took season come blessing feeling grown person appearance fifth season tried mirror performance noted obviously died issues singer called work episode terrific possibility return series future said works want game excited fun place reception critical reception generally positive ign favored beginning deeming tough direct female boys don lot lives right believed dean natural chemistry continues fifth season confused anger sam dean involvement father death feeling producers added story excuse removal series unsure character wrote episode exit step things kinda won believed good love interest dean good friendly fellow way deeming count pinch overall charles felt fit world little character death charles admitted effective described scenes dean abandon hope amazing added feel like finally felt connection kiss pretty potent commenting character dying fifth season chicago_tribune noted brought game declaring fits perfectly supernatural world understands restraint necessarily characters don find words called death moments history expressed desire bring permanently character defending life described scenes dean compelling highlights episode likewise ryan deemed final scene dean defending life best episode feeling dean actor nice chemistry ryan disliked dean felt responsible choices ultimately death writing fan away agency idea dean felt increasingly rare cool female characters hand disliked qualities character compared feeling trying help gets way fan reaction character generally negative summed response want boys believed terrific actress beautifully gave felt introducing love interest mistake came believe women introduced series antagonists failure prompted series writers introduce following season attempt course correct fans voted tough 53rd sexiest female character fantasy science fiction film television poll conducted sfx sexiest characters | Jo Harvelle | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
22997_Devil'sTrap | devil trap devil trap second episode paranormal drama television series supernatural season season finale broadcast narrative follows series protagonists sam search missing father kidnapped demons written series creator directed kim_manners episode featured final portrayal recurring villain introduced hunter winchester ally morgan busy schedule affected episode storyline final scene involved toughest special effects sequences series giving generally positive reviews critics praised actors performances twist ending minor issues plot plot trying locate father dean calls phone possessed answers instead father captured determine plan action dean brother sam family friend fellow hunter beaver help tracks attacks quickly caught underneath mystical symbol known devil trap bobby painted ceiling renders demons powerless bobby informs actually innocent girl possessed demon begin perform dean promises stop reveals location father claiming held despite bobby warning die previously sustained injuries demon dean insists better allowing demon continue use host demon sent hell dying thanks freeing remaining strength warns demons setting trap says river sunrise dies leads brothers riverside sunrise apartments missouri boys manage demons guarding john rescue attacked demonic brother tom dean forced kill remaining bullets mystical gun capable killing later find refuge cabin reveals possessing john dean tortured demon begs father break free save john able temporarily gain control begs sam use kill unable bring kill father sam instead shoots leg causing flee safety rush hospital car rammed semi trailer truck driven possessed truck driver production guest stars actor portrayed dual roles episode returned winchester patriarch john play screen physical manifestation demon character depicted silhouette morgan given free traits directed different john changed voice modeled speech pattern scenes shining gets esque quality continues later depictions demon hunter winchester ally makes debut played beaver worked executive producer television series singer gave viewing audition tape episode features final appearance possessed played director kim_manners sorry felt potential great nemesis writing staff struggled writing process decide winchester kidnapped possessed forced revise script multiple times reflect latest choice recurring role grey anatomy writers realized available long main focus episode decided late production john captured finalized found easy write episode knew key elements episode demon possessing death real apparent rescue felt john possessed united completed main storylines season finding father tracking demon finding characters body found happy accident able present brothers opportunity finally kill demon cost father life writers believed john separation sons season split having away interesting things boys likewise feeling john keeping sam dean away lines death allow brothers explore investigate confront yellow eyed demon directly writers originally intended john die episode end sam dean surviving crash john dying arms death pushed second season premiere writers deemed dark kill john brothers gone devil trap filming principal filming took place vancouver british_columbia crash scene filmed old airport space flat roads key sequences occurred studio fight scene climax meant place forest enclosed cabin production built set sound stage production designer felt set extremely important viewers forest looked fake morgan rendered blind yellow contact lenses required depict character demonic possession production crew placed floor help actor locate marks according demon took days shoot day filming lasted hours second lasted half day director kim_manners degree shots close ups sequence exciting scene following bobby bent dying read lines screen beaver reaction shot happy stop laughing surprise beaver able straight face set home filled waist high thousand books effects semi trailer truck crashing episode end deemed special effects supervisor season production probably toughest gag aspects went creating crash scene filming taking place studio location interior scenes depict moments hit actors required sit car blue screen allowed truck later added visual effects car attached separate rig built replicate impact crash scene shot rig flipped car passenger window shattered actors protected sheet placed close window time cannons beneath frame blew pieces rubber glass appearance window exploded filming actual crash car truck driven intention cannon launch air collision point causing car barrel roll truck drives away car stuck truck forcing cannon fail truck control truck began driving saved mistake ended beneficial scene director manners found look pretty real reception initial broadcast episode watched million viewers received generally positive reviews critics gave episode deeming season closer needed noted episode reveals killed enjoyed creative way masters killed feeling amazing praised cliffhanger ending believing capable pulling right head acting praised able blood sweat dean haunted making sam real conflicted giving best believable performance season chicago_tribune collectively referred devil trap preceding episodes strong trilogy episodes found possessed john morgan finest work date believing fire scene brought new intensity performance thought introduction ign praised devil trap deeming episode moved supernatural list television shows liked list like twist ending completely taken surprise felt hunter excellent addition cast applauded morgan performances episode climactic confrontation brothers found possessed morgan menacing enjoyed sense humor good job newfound strength sam develops father order kill order stop demon affecting believed reference having family didn sense noted sam dean having raised hunters known possessed girl issues plot mainly episode outcome felt writers followed pattern killing season foe fans don like villains long liked died order free brothers little second season revenge little family angst | Devil's Trap | Media and drama | Television | Supernatural |
1471_Lilioidmonocots | informal grade grouping taxa common characteristics orders majority species flowers relatively large coloured characteristic similar found lily like refers flowers having resemble taxonomic terms applied times early nineteenth century species group plants broadly defined family lily family classification systems found books sources distinguished development molecular theory phylogenetic methods 1990s resulted subsequent orders subsequent work shown recently recognized orders group resulting modern concept constituent orders resulted treating informal groups sense form sister group description true descriptive term relates conspicuous like resemble true considered possess groups fold flowers considered derived lily like flower relatively similar typical fused superior superior single hollow style orientation rows base floral shared characteristics rare conform general pattern pattern ancestral structural rare trends apparent notably change inferior reduction number groups genus clearly differentiated flower coloured smaller green retain like flowers term accurate group term occasionally describing morphological concept animal attracting opposed wind plants grasses evolved different floral structures structure shows main types nearly comparison orders orders branched flowers differ ways cases like insignificant like coloured called numerous later evolved kinds flower lily like order comprising grasses rushes flowers small species brightly coloured flowers apparent structure misleading example small hidden expanded brightly coloured resemble mistaken history morphological definitions earliest grouping corresponding tribe system consisted tribes grasses divided orders roughly corresponding families orders successive emphasized grouping species bearing concept natural grouping flowers predominantly gave notion term core group term widely varying interpretations narrower applications lily like meaning orders term applied restricted broadly defined points particularly broad meaningless refer species conspicuous segments cover broad families estimated dozen orders authors defined equally broadly having like chase stated taxonomic unit considerable state significant variation systems classification systems based morphological characters species clearly departed lily pattern easily placed separate families example contained species flowers inferior contained inferior remaining taxa broadly defined usually system definition example colleagues responsible radical reorganisation families monograph defined orders contain bulk development dna use genetic data determining relationships species confirmed long suspected highly family demonstrated include significant number unrelated groups belonged separate families orders instance genera previously placed reclassified families case chase reviewed understanding designated pointed understanding group critical establishment classification noted authors treated group having common ancestor closer reading texts revealed evidence excluding descendants common ancestor instance based single discussing admitted undoubtedly treated split placed orders phylogenetic era study chase referred largest use purely molecular data results demonstrated data contradicted purely morphological reluctant draw definite conclusions group identified major named addition core group based names groups closest corresponding orders exception based obvious equivalent clear clade corresponding families distributed largely grouped exception formed major labelled higher lower included hand number families orders segregated remaining families genera found finally found belong taxa found formed families variety orders including formed attempt resolve apparent differences morphological defined trees combined analysis undertaken confirmed provided modifications undertaken included removal tribes inclusion additional families newly narrowly contained orders included analysis allowed establishment single time presence inferior significantly authors noted wonder authors classifications findings presented conference addition studies available interim formed basis consensus scheme things expanded new orders placement represented new families added formally assigning ranks classification recognize informal grouping orders recognized orders grouped resulting closely represent concept left families including simultaneous release classification events publication major monograph defined orders devoted entire section included update previous research chase colleagues occasion felt data forward definitive classification defining comprising orders placed colleagues followed chase term noting unresolved orders remaining time new data justify system new classification issued resulted changes orders affect relationship discussed formally recognized renamed grouping named remained second version coincided conference findings additional molecular markers helped resolve remaining questions relationships shown included chase refers placed order demonstrated sister rapid advances understanding relationships necessitated release revision classification incorporated advances definition relationships multiple markers continuing textbooks sources produced century inevitably based older classifications publications versions system appearing uses iii system phylogeny website classification shown treat falling major non organize research teams similar approach taken plant phylogeny evolution shown displays orders based molecular phylogenetic evidence orders constitute groups common ancestor include direct descendants case sister group form clade groups joined thick lines need included collectively referred remaining referred core relationship orders exception sister orders succession line leads numbers indicate crown group recent common ancestor sampled species clade interest divergence times million years ago commonly understood relationship davis combination suggested treated excluding largest family sister groups turn sister data produced conflicting models nuclear genes found evidence sister relationship divergence time estimates varied considerably able obtain molecular clock estimates origin approximately cretaceous period hand large data set combined analysis nuclear mitochondrial genes nuclear agreement earlier relationships subdivision orders | Lilioid monocots | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
3122_TaxonomyofNarcissus | taxonomy taxonomy complex fully resolved known genus appears literature interest medicinal botanical unclear species familiar frequently mentioned texts formally described till work grouped family shortly renamed comes modern placement considered species considered separate genera nineteenth century situation confused inclusion cultivated varieties current relatively settled phylogenetic studies allowed place fairly large family established series tribes shares position tribe classification complex schemes sections series proposed certain similarities authorities consider sections based phylogenetic evidence problems largely arisen diversity wild species frequent natural extensive cultivation escape subsequent number species varied nearly probably genus appeared time late early eras million years ago peninsula exact origin word unknown frequently linked thought legend youth fell love reflection english language common appears derived commonly compared history genus genus complex numerous early described greek referring comparing description frequently referred length later authors writing latin elder came latin form culture account comes natural history latin like contemporaries interests botanical cited greek authority greek authors remain influential till given descriptions went merely botanical antiquity early european reference found work noted similarity cites extensively description plant properties remain formally describe genus time known species time loosely grouped genera modern formally created family seventh order class stamina genera placed use term time closer understand family order family undergone reorganisation renamed different genus family retained association divided family unnamed sections recognised species brought genera families systematic taxonomy time included family recognised shortly separated term brown provided text volumes illustrations les illustration historically wide narrow interpretations genus proposed nineteenth century genus splitting common favouring narrow view narrow view treated species separate genera salisbury authors listed species related genera hybrids sixteen classification contrast took wide view reducing sixteen genera treating order common considered genera relatively narrow having species later took wider view bringing genera genus separate time baker wrote monograph genera exception included exception group subsequent authors chosen exclude include today nearly included eventual position family settled century advent phylogenetic analysis system genus belongs tribe subfamily sister corresponding genera distinguished presence subdivision phylogeny remains relatively unsettled taxonomy proved complex difficult resolve particularly group number factors including diversity wild species ease natural occurs extensive cultivation breeding accompanied escape systematic taxonomy arranged species named groups names largely endured subdivisions bear evolution classification confused including unknown garden varieties baker important distinction excluding specimens wild species system grouped earlier related genera sections genus exception consequently number accepted species varied widely common modern classification system based modified countries germany system preferred described based basal number subdivided sections later contrast treatment genus morphology abandoned ranks restored original nomenclature number changes section merging existing reducing moving new section finally divided guide wild influential adopted simple approach restoring based largely sections currently lists sections based contain species containing species species placed relatively constant status genera sections series species authors treat sections subdivided subdivisions correspond roughly popular names types trumpet simply divided genus sections found unsatisfactory implying section equal status adapted scheme believed better reflected genus scheme consists divided sections respectively subdivided sections subgenus subgenus section finally divided section series lacking phylogenetic basis system use instance uses numbering system table classifying species phylogenetic analysis graham supported division corresponding support sections demonstrating clear corresponding clade iii graham corresponded approximately known sections authors examined taxa listed later extended analysis additional taxa confirmed pattern large molecular analysis nuclear dna content sought reduce identified graham led revision structure shifting species sections eliminating section creating new ones subgenus merged subgenus section elevated rank resolving section observed graham clade remaining species relatively large section divided splitting new section species southern spain leaving species france northern spain portugal parent section time proposed new section accommodate placing subgenus graham determined subgenus larger accession excluded species hybrid origins included species excluded forming clade subgenus considered section confirmed called proposed predominantly accommodate natural ancient hybrids sections showing revisions subgenus gay baker merged species species salisbury scheme incorporating subgenus species species species sect species sect species trumpet species estimates number species varied widely nearly modern era originally included species time 14th edition fourteen lists sixteen illustration species described species variation lies definition species closely related taxa considered separate species subspecies wide view species results species narrow view results larger number factor status hybrids given natural distinction ancient hybrids recent hybrids term ancient hybrid refers hybrids found growing large area considered separate species recent hybrid refers solitary plants found parents restricted range twentieth century accepted species based species listed accepted species listed species classified list listed species genetic study resulted september accepts species hybrids accepted names october list evolution western mediterranean diverged time late early eras best estimate later genus divided divisions sections took place period appears arisen area peninsula southern france north western italy area sections genus appeared taxa dispersed north_africa time african west european platforms closer subgenus turn arose southwestern mediterranean north west africa lacking fossil record etymology latin greek unknown language instance said related sanskrit word meaning hell frequently linked greek myth described obsessed reflection pool water fell water drowned variations died starvation versions plant sprang died appeared describe plant know evidence popular person come flower grows greece described explanation lacks real proof largely wrote plant non named legendary youth named properties grow greek legend furthermore accounts growing legend long story appeared greek culture suggested bending streams evoked image youth reflection water latin plant formally describing genus previously describing species publications form common caused confusion british english sources alternate forms contrast american english dictionary provides form singular oxford list form american english allows order garner modern american usage states form excessively similar reasons prefers british english usage support form common names letter contrast person latin genus feminine uncommon roman times roman official time early new testament christian rome later bishops saints word unknown english language sixteenth century derived earlier variant classical greek literature frequently referred meadows fields homer antiquity turn appears coming french classical latin ultimately greek greek reason introduction initial known probable source merging dutch article english french form 16th century appeared playful synonyms common historical documents term refer specifically populations specimens wild suggests citing prior support provides extensive discussion etymology names plant suggests different origin word early citing 14th century likely originally earlier manuscript support theory appears describe plant resembling provides support fifteenth century english translation refers said corruption french latin meaning rush leaf use generally restricted species rush like leaves names attached english language genus individual species groups species sections include lent lily lily lily yellow lily lent corn flower bell rose solomon lily day crow foot | Taxonomy of Narcissus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
3174_Marchantiophyta | division non land plants commonly referred like dominant life cycle cells plant carry single set genetic information estimated species familiar species grow flattened species form like flattened moss species distinguished apparently similar basis number features including single differ leaves present bear marginal rare differences universal occurrence leaves arranged ranks presence deep leaves lack clearly differentiated stem leaves point plant typically small usually wide individual plants long overlooked certain species cover large patches ground rocks trees reasonably firm substrate occur distributed globally available habitat humid locations desert arctic species species green houses gardens physical characteristics description small usually millimetres wide individual plants centimetres long overlooked familiar consist flattened ribbon like branching structure called plant body termed produce flattened stems overlapping scales leaves ranks middle rank different outer ranks called scale gallery examples reliably distinguished apparently similar single differences universal lack clearly differentiated stem leaves species species presence deeply leaves presence leaves arranged ranks point plant unlike contain unique membrane bound oil bodies containing cells plants overall physical similarity means confirmation identification groups performed certainty aid experienced dominant life cycle dependent cells typical plant contain single set genetic information plant cells majority life cycle contrasts sharply pattern exhibited nearly animals plants familiar seed plants generation represented tiny generation familiar tree plant unusual feature life cycle body short lived away long releasing spores persistent spores extended period life cycle life starts spore produce mass thread like flattened stage life grow mature bearer plant produces sex organs male organs known singular produce sperm cells clusters enclosed protective layer cells called land plants female organs known singular protected thin surrounding slender hollow tube neck sperm swim reach egg cell species female male sex organs borne different separate plants kinds reproductive structures borne different branches plant case sperm produced eggs held sperm tail like enable swim short distances provided thin film water present journey assisted japanese researchers discovered able fire sperm containing water air enabling female plants growing metre nearest male sperm reach occurs leading production immature develops distinct regions foot anchors place receives nutrients mother plant spherical capsule inside spores produced new locations stalk lies regions connects developed regions pushing way foot remains anchored parent plant capsule forced extended away plant air capsule cells divide produce cells spore producing cells spring like push open wall capsule capsule bursts spore producing cells undergo form spores disperse point life cycle start reproduction capable reproduction general true reproduction rule exception example older parts die younger tips separate individuals produce small disc shaped shallow cups dispersed rain cups grow margins common covering entire surface containers dispersal primary mechanism spreads nursery greenhouse ecology today found ecosystems planet sea excessively dry environments exposed high levels direct solar radiation groups living plants common numbers species moist tropical areas commonly found moderate deep shade desert species tolerate direct sunlight periods total classification relationship plants traditionally grouped class called grouping makes usually given division use division found literature frequently restricted sense include reason classified separately appear diverged plants near beginning evolution strongest line supporting evidence living group land plants generation earliest fossils believed compression fossils new_york fossils resemble modern species fossil called looks like relationship plants uncertain belong oldest fossils announced middle new_york united_states different types spores found argentina dating earlier middle million years ago internal classification classify division divisional based universally recognized genus addition taxon based called derived common latin latin language published descriptions species led confusion partly appears taxon based derived genus actually flowering plant family addition frequently textbooks adds confusion consensus classification family rank subdivided classes includes orders simple includes orders complex bottle previously placed includes problematic genus placed order class newly recognized basal sister group comprises genera updated classification long bottle complex began estimated species belong group despite fact date genes identified characterized economic importance ancient times believed cured diseases liver old english word literally means liver plant probably stemmed superficial appearance resemble liver outline led common group latin word belonging liver unrelated flowering plant referred treating diseases liver archaic relationship plant form function based doctrine signatures little direct economic importance today greatest impact indirect reduction erosion collection retention water tropical forests formation soil polar regions species humans directly species aquatic sold use thin slender branches float water surface provide habitat small invertebrates fish feed gallery small collection images showing structure diversity | Marchantiophyta | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
3682_Cylindropuntiaimbricata | cane walking stick tree etc found northern mexico including cooler regions comparison occurs primarily arid regions states oklahoma texas new_mexico arizona nevada conspicuous tree like size silhouette long lasting yellowish fruits distribution habitat cane range arid regions nevada arizona new_mexico oklahoma texas south occurs altitudes hardy zone parts range belt abundant surrounded low grasses brown year places conspicuous tall green plant plants form spaced times width gardens species australia old mining known common names devil rope devil rope pear declared new_south_wales occurs queensland victoria south australia description ground consists branched cylindrical stems end joints diameter joints unlike hard stems highly pattern long oval typical height exceptionally grow trunk diameter width similar somewhat greater height stems armed clusters red pink spines long barbed sharp easily penetrate leather gloves stems fruits spines long stick skin kinds stems long bearing flowers ends falling years long primarily serving support transport staying plant stems grow crown like pattern central stem species late spring early summer flowers purple rarely rose pink wide fruits yellowish like stems shaped like cone hollow wide end flower fell mistaken flowers plant retains winter dry indians arizona new_mexico said eaten addition sexual reproduction tree stem joints fall ground root species spreads spread hard control especially animals seeds carry stem joints stuck hide distance parent plant cows learn eat fruits despite pain waves invasion typically occur years drought combined grazing probably combination soil stem joints root ecology fruits eaten wild birds mammals including desert sheep deer plants provide escape cover small animals bee observed flowers uses plants grown dead stems decay leave hollow wooden tube pattern slits new_mexico tied fresh stems bare backs people use variety images | Cylindropuntia imbricata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
4306_Droseraanglica | commonly known english great plant species belonging family temperate species generally range occur far south japan southern europe island grows subtropical thought originate hybrid meaning sterile hybrid species doubled produce fertile stabilized current morphology perennial forms upright generally linear leaves typical densely covered tipped clear fluid trapping insects millimetres long held semi erect long bringing total leaf size plants green coloring red bright light populations forms winter resting called consist knot tightly leaves ground level spring end period root system weak centimeters serving mainly anchor water absorption nitrogen short supply trapping insects provides alternate source flowers summer sending centimetres long bearing white flowers open individually like flowers species long flowers branched styles flowers rely insect setting seed self black seed forms capsule long like uses called cover attract trap digest small usually insects attracted scent plant adhere sticky drops prey consists small insects flies insects large wings caught small butterflies plant sticky plant initial response contact prey consists movement response touch movement bending prey center leaf maximize contact capable movement able bend actual leaf blade prey process movement occur matter minutes leaf takes hours days bend gets caught touching prey additional prey eventually dies exhaustion prey resulting nutrient solution absorbed plant leaf leaving prey habitat grows open non forested habitat wet calcium rich soils include shores habitats tolerance calcium relatively rare rest genus associated times grows soil substrate entirely composed living dead moisture surface simultaneously soil nutrients away constant moisture unavailable low soil nutrient availability low competition plants diminished allowing english flourish distribution widely distributed world generally meaning found high latitudes globe areas found farther south particularly japan southern europe hawaiian island california plants known generally smaller normal experience winter period natural habitat includes states including alaska canadian provinces territories range special origins north american species count wood noted count hybrid origin leaf morphology occur locations wood likely originated hybrid north american species produce sterile hybrids natural hybrid conventionally incorrectly referred sterile similar modern errors production result doubling allow viable seed produced resulting plants known fertile woods noted appeared ongoing process multiple locations question remains widespread range limited region north_america greater varied habitat conditions major factor botanical history described frequently confused long leaf confusion fueled older described regarded ambiguous description applied specimens specimens mix species points led propose rejection species proposal accepted taxon listed rejected hybrids naturally occurring hybrids involving exist include sterile addition man hybrids gallery | Drosera anglica | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
5410_Commelinacommunis | commonly known annual plant family gets day native northern parts southeast_asia china plant known simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin roughly translating japan known meaning introduced parts central southeastern europe eastern north_america spread common disturbed sites moist soil flowers emerge summer fall distinctive relatively large blue reduced white plant serves type species large genus picked honour dutch family large described species edition landmark work long plant studied europe generations traditional chinese medicine flowers japan produce pigment world renowned 18th early 19th centuries modern era plant found limited use model organism field plant physiology complex pigment chemistry ease viewing considered areas introduced certain parts native range flowers interactions studied helped support important field plant ecology recent research revealed number metals making candidate essentially cleaning copper mines animals fungi use plant food source species feeding exclusively description annual stems typically meaning base erect tips individuals simply erect branched stems tend root basal stems variable common patterns include line hair continuous leaf meaning covered fine hairs leaves lack leaf stalk known meaning small leaf cylindrical striped red typically usually margins meaning lined fine soft hairs leaf blades range narrowly lance shaped egg shaped shaped measure wide blades range slightly rough margins tips acute meaning come point quickly meaning point develops gradually leaf bases oblique uneven flowers arranged called singular called form lateral branches arise alternately modified leaf solitary usually measure long length tall typically heart shaped whitish base contrasts dark green veins margins lack hairs somewhat rough meaning distinct base acute surfaces meaning longer hairs borne measure long present upper lower bears bisexual flowers nearly included upper male flowers long individual flowers fall early development supporting single flowers later fruits erect initially curve fruit measure concave persist fruit develops lateral pair fused measure long wide lower long wide upper blue colour smaller lower white upper measure long wide lower long wide upper composed long broadly limb acute apex base fertile meaning lower flower meaning upper flower termed fertile lateral pair measure long base shaped long central fertile yellow base shaped right angles measures long long alike yellow cross shaped long long central spot abortive lateral sacks ellipsoid long style long fruit ellipsoid capsule containing seeds capsule brown measures long seeds brown brownish yellow colour roughly triangular outline meaning distinct upper lower surfaces ventral lower surface dorsal upper surface convex seeds range length seeds short occur surfaces pitted densely covered smaller sparse larger taxonomy described edition species genus plant serves type species genus scientific chosen based picked honour dutch jan large number names given plants thought different species fallen created synonym described believed new species work quickly found identical created synonym finally korean populations species named synonym varieties named var created species status placed variety distinguished darker flowers central spots developed usually produce flower broader flora japan treats variety geographically distinct stating restricted mountainous areas variety accepted workers consider impossible consistently separate type variety variety var named apparently cultivated variety originated var japan accepted differs having larger flowers produce uses section form called var named known occur randomly species range distribution habitat plant native distribution includes southeast_asia country country found china taiwan japan korea malaysia thailand vietnam china found provinces japan plant found bulk country south russia found naturally far_east areas surrounding species introduced europe eastern north_america continent found western russia specifically known italy north switzerland east region encompassing yugoslavia east regions black_sea including romania ukraine excluding north russia continuing east regions surrounding south intersection don canal north regions farther east regions found czech_republic slovakia present provinces ontario quebec canada eastern central american states massachusetts new_york northeast west minnesota south great plains texas east extreme northern florida united_states native distribution plant typical moist open places including forest edges wet areas crop fields ditches taiwan found elevation areas introduced common waste places edges fields woods marshes occasionally penetrating woods ecology considered invasive areas introduced united_states example species occasionally invasive means plant affect ecosystem processes alter plant community composition native plant species species typically limited disturbed sites spreads relatively slowly native range china considered pest especially northeast country caused economically significant agricultural damage studies concerning behaviour plants relation important experiment tested floral guides patterns colours simultaneously promote prevent visits fails come contact stigma termed theft flowers lack offer reward visitors attract plant types brightly colored floral organs large blue fertile yellow yellow lack removed natural populations number total floral visitor landings reduced supporting hypothesis essentially trick believing offer actually central bright yellow fertile removed leaving brown fertile frequency legitimate flower landings decreased meaning visitors flowers suggesting floral signals prevent theft visits place stigma fertile shown play important role increasing visitor landings floral visitors landing point appropriate recent studies shown wild populations found growing copper eastern china exhibited high concentrations copper plants species tested copper plant highest concentration species examined including showed high concentrations metals lead results suggest good candidate copper species fungi found plant species insects known associated fungi thought host specific fungi seven insects associated plant beetles seven genus families remaining insects include species true bugs important include asian fly bee species uses medicine food china medicinal anti effects additionally treating sore recent investigations revealed contains active compounds acid shows activity effect china india plant vegetable fodder crop pigment japan industry devoted plant purported variety var apparently cultivated form variety var grown larger yield blue juice manufacturing paper called famous product village paper usually allowing pigment water use referred composed primarily extensively 18th 19th century prints japan especially early era known famous artists fades greenish yellow matter months exposed sunlight result color eventually replaced imported prussian blue stable colour commercial appearance work plant grown northern china additional uses include making preparatory designs cloth blue pigment flowers complex molecules plant physiology development model organism plant physiology plant development limited extent especially relation physiology biology development example blue shown consist large complex associated demonstrating complexes metals determine colour research plant helped explain systems plants responses blue light versus red light acid perception role cell signaling particularly concerning chemical role function role opening necessity calcium closure topics widespread use studies fact leaves produce exceptional consistently cell layer thick quality makes plant popular use laboratory exercises higher education demonstrating function morphology guard cell pressure regulation opening closing particularly easy demonstrate | Commelina communis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
6600_Pentachaetabellidiflora | white genus family included state federal lists endangered species endemic california united_states occurs altitudes metres found chiefly rocky grassy areas conservation status species characterized declining population severely diminished fragmented range specific refers similarity flowers common description small annual growing slender appears smooth actually covered fine hairs sparsely stems number length typically simple branching lower half plant erect generally flexible green reddish color white leaves normally narrowly linear fringed hair green measuring long millimeter wide upper lower leaf surfaces smooth terminal number solitary roughly circular heads plant bell shaped measuring millimeters range short haired like genus green generally equal series margins widely dry naked yellow disk shaped head linear acute style tips slightly red tinged underneath fruits millimeters diameter generally compressed shape typically covered small hairs plant presents fragile fewer slender slightly expanded base flowering season ranges late march late june standpoint species contains set parent distribution habitat white found grassland valley grassland currently known survive communities native small areas including populations lands eastern slopes vicinity state route known occur counties study declares population remains prior range defined following maps point conservation declaration federal status finding total species population sufficiently small fragmented subject extinction recent habitat destruction urban development road vehicle use actions highway maintenance crews responsible severe reduction range viability species population sizes vary year year depending local rainfall competition invasive plants subject recovery workshop conducted need permanently protecting managing existing populations strategies populations suitable protected habitat analyzed management recovery actions species addressed united_states federal recovery plan soil species san francisco bay area finalized | Pentachaeta bellidiflora | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
7129_Banksiaoligantha | commonly known endangered species plant family endemic south west western_australia belongs subgenus closely related species dome shaped heads characteristic flower spikes small tree high foliage pink cream appear late spring october december collected near town officially described australian botanist scattered populations survive fragments remnant region cleared agriculture listed description grows single small tree erect main stems reports maximum height vary flower said look somewhat like smooth grey bark bark near base trunk lightly older trees young stems covered hairs short soft long coarse lost age leaves deep green glossy pale green roughly oval shaped concave lying flat sharp point tip points margin range length width long young leaves coating hairs sides soon lost pits appearing october december late spring flowers occur dome shaped heads diameter growing ends branches comprise individual flowers enclosed base long flower consists comprising united single style initially enclosed limb breaks free long limb colour grades red base pale yellow limb styles straight long uniformly cream old flowers soon fall flower heads revealing woody dome embedded grey colour smooth shortly oval shaped measuring long high wide contains winged seeds long easily distinguished species smaller leaves flowers fruit foliage taxonomy discovery naming discovered september survey northwest months later november collected location type specimen recognised new species published referred interim informal names included entry second edition book formal publication occur following year george new taxa notes appeared specific epithet derives flower reference low number flowers flower head species uneventful history synonyms subspecies varieties published placement george placed subgenus dome shaped flower heads analysis genus based morphology yielded information relationships george placement species retained george largely discarded changes arrangement placement unaffected placement summarised follows sections series species subspecies varieties american botanist authors publishing results ongoing analyses dna sequence data comprised genera analyses suggest phylogeny differs greatly george taxonomic arrangement resolves sister taxon closest relative resolves sister suggests clade appears fairly derived evolved relatively recently implying subgenus merit rank early mast rearranged genus merging publishing taxa having shaped encompassing taxa lacking shaped publishing arrangement dna sampling complete meantime mast changes taken interim arrangement placed phylogeny relationships members remain unclear mast studies found basal species study genetic divergence subgenus yielded possibilities analyses suggested basal suggested situation southernmost closest population genetic origin population unknown arisen transitional ancestral form finally factors suggest basal species occurs species common restricted transitional rainfall zone recently evolved species common distribution habitat occurs range kilometres miles southern parts region populations known containing adult plants total known population population appears decline estimated containing plants survey found adults dead plants survey found adults dead plants healthy population spanning reserves private property population appears increasing survey found nearly adult plants small population spanning nature reserve private property population apparently decline reported location number reported adults fell recently discovered healthy population private property survey counted adults dead plants species grows sand dunes white white grey yellow brown sand system salt creeks populations occur low lying areas near creeks atop dunes vegetation described low open woodland heath tall open scattered trees ecology little published ecology lifespan probably years species observed feeding flowers insects including ants butterflies beetles native bees birds insects function probably effective study collected tended plant moving plants assessments mating system species found rates vary populations populations disturbed environments tending populations relatively intact attributed range causes firstly higher density disturbed populations leads greater rates mating neighbouring plants resulting genetic structure effective secondly disturbed populations usually lack support resident population instead rely sporadic visits greatly reduced rates means fewer average leading selection like plants south west western_australia adapted environment events relatively frequent species placed broad groups according response fire killed fire fire release canopy seed bank promoting recruitment generation survive fire rarely protected thick bark thin bark lacks killed fire species weakly fire seed release seed release occurs absence fire seed rates high study found rates better tested seed likely remain viable long time seed closely related remains viable years conservation listed endangered species federal environment protection biodiversity conservation act act rare western_australia wildlife conservation act rankings small severely fragmented distribution ongoing degradation habitat threats include grazing sheep rabbits drought drift chemicals surrounding farmland invasion rising studies shown moderately susceptible cultivation rarely seen cultivation said merit consideration receives fast growing plant flowers producing lovely masses like cream flowers foliage makes unsuitable growth near paths prone lose branches strong wind attacked beetles propagation seed hard obtain seeds require treatment days propagation cutting attempted possible closely related propagated way albeit unpredictable results plant grown deep acidic neutral sand sheltered site recommended young encourage branching | Banksia oligantha | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
7348_Aloevera | plant species genus grows wild tropical climates world cultivated agricultural medicinal uses decorative purposes grows successfully indoors plant found consumer products little scientific evidence effectiveness safety extracts medicinal purposes studies finding positive evidence frequently contradicted studies description short stemmed plant growing tall spreading leaves thick green grey green varieties showing white upper lower stem surfaces margin leaf small white teeth flowers produced summer spike tall flower yellow tubular long like species forms allows plant better access mineral nutrients soil leaves contain study possible taxonomy etymology species number synonyms mill var common names include chinese true species epithet means true genuine literature identifies white spotted form var species varies widely regard leaf spots suggested spotted form species described var described flora april days dictionary techniques based dna comparison suggest relatively closely related species endemic similar techniques dna sequence comparison suggested closely related exception south african species species native lack obvious natural populations species led authors suggest hybrid origin distribution natural range unclear species widely cultivated world stands species occur southern half north_africa morocco egypt neighbouring countries cape distribution somewhat similar suggesting dry forest covered large areas dramatically reduced leaving patches isolated closely related identical species found extreme sides dragon trees representative examples species introduced china parts southern europe 17th century species widely occurring temperate tropical regions australia nigeria mexico states florida arizona texas actual species distribution suggested result human cultivation cultivation widely grown ornamental plant species popular modern medicinal plant interesting flowers form enables species survive areas low natural rainfall making ideal low water use gardens species hardy zones heavy frost snow species relatively resistant insect spider bugs scale insects species cause decline plant health plant gained species requires drained sandy soil bright sunny conditions plants burn sun pot drain water use good quality commercial propagation mix packaged mix recommended allow good drainage plants allowed completely dry prior crowded pups growing sides mother plant divided allow room growth help prevent pest winter dormant little moisture required areas receive frost snow species best kept indoors heated large scale agricultural production australia bangladesh cuba dominican_republic china mexico india jamaica kenya south_africa usa supply industry uses research little scientific evidence effectiveness safety extracts medicinal purposes research study finding positive evidence frequently contradicted studies despite alternative medicine industries regularly claims healing properties reviews clinical studies determined small faulty allow strong conclusions drawn concluded preliminary evidence suggest oral administration effective reducing blood patients lowering blood levels application prevent radiation induced skin damage evidence wound healing contradictory better trial data needed define clinical effectiveness popular remedy precisely reviews found proven offer protection humans review use burns concluded cumulative evidence tends support effective intervention burn wound healing second degree burns designed trials sufficient details contents products carried determine effectiveness application effective review found strong evidence value application treat prevent caused commercially ingredient certain toxic properties severe applied true latex taken conditions ranging multiple required manufacturers use supplement compound found species common ingredient counter products united_states banned companies manufacturing failed provide necessary safety data potential effects occurring dose levels applied removed processing contains excess amounts induce effects juice marketed support health digestive system scientific evidence regulatory approval support claim extracts quantities typically purposes appear dose dependent toxic effects traditional medicine traditional medicine skin treatment medicine called extracts early records use appear 16th century elder natural history written mid century written plant widely traditional medicine countries facial tissues promoted anti reduce nose companies commonly add derivatives products makeup tissues cream review academic literature notes inclusion products effect potential uses extracts include artificial sheep fresh food water conservation small farms suggested obtained seeds guidelines california proposition non leaf extract listed chemicals known state cause cancer reproductive use associated significant effects oral cause abdominal turn decrease absorption drugs studies found non liquid animals state possible humans | Aloe vera | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
7719_Liliaceae | lily family english consists genera known species flowering plants order perennial plants family evolved fair morphological diversity despite genetic similarity common characteristics include large flowers parts arranged colored patterned arranged superior leaves linear shape veins usually arranged parallel edges single arranged alternating stem base species grown described lily family catch group fit families included great number genera included families cases orders consequently sources descriptions labelled deal broader sense family family evolved approximately million years ago late cretaceous early eras widely distributed mainly temperate regions flowers insect important ornamental plants widely grown attractive flowers involved major cut flowers dry species poisonous eaten adverse health effects humans household pets number genera popular cultivated plants private public spaces particular considerable symbolic decorative value appear frequently paintings decorative arts economically important product description diversity characteristics description morphology confused taxonomic classification centuries diversity considerable evolutionary significance members emerged shaded areas adapted open environment evolution general family characterised perennial case flowering plants simple root hairs roots flowers arranged stem developing base single flower tip stem cluster flowers contain male female characteristics mirror image flowers large colourful usually similar appear concentric groups striped multi coloured produce bases usually groups single groove placed attachment parts superior fused chambers single style stigma embryo sac type fruit generally wind dispersed capsule occasionally dispersed animals leaves generally simple elongated veins parallel edges arranged singly alternating stem form base stem specific usually lacking terminal flower reduced single terminal flower multiple flowers arranged cluster rarely spike slightly short secondary stem generally large present formed arranged separate parts free parts overlapping usually lines marks colors shades equal separate different united tube produced base free usually fused outer opposite outer inner opposite inner opposite outer attachment surface pseudo surrounding tip fused away center usually single groove lacking net patterned fused fused chambers single single style stigma elongated style numerous curved display usually thinner embryo sac varies genera mainly embryo fuse form nucleus referred type characteristic shared core fruit capsule usually splitting occasionally splitting separating wind dispersed form seeds flat angular ellipsoid spherical compressed developed exterior smooth wing ridge tails rarely dull shiny lack black distinguishes related taxa previously included family parallel generally separate seed coat thin like hard abundant contains non cells depending embryo sac type embryo small usually quarter seed volume linear longer broad rarely rudimentary tiny relative depending type straight bent curved upper end leaves simple entire smooth linear oval thread like parallel veins occasionally net alternate single alternating direction spiral attached arranged aerial stem basal rarely stem attached apex lack aerial stem include species largest size small numbers vary genus genera like small variable number subfamily larger stable number seeds contain calcium crystals acid unlike derived compounds distinguishing feature characteristic particular contains type isolated species contains characteristics vary habitat shade dwelling genera sun loving genera shade dwelling genera usually broader leaves smooth edges net fruits animal dispersed seeds small flowers genera native sunny habitats usually narrow parallel leaves fruits wind dispersed seeds large visually conspicuous flowers evolution taxonomy taxonomy complex history family described eighteenth century time genera added largest families extremely diverse modern taxonomic systems based phylogenetic principles molecular biology genera resulting relatively small family currently recognised consequently different accounts literature older uses term occur commonly distinguish latin terms frequently denote broader sense respectively history family described formally named defined grouping having equal colored parts superior single style capsule english acknowledged great diversity family expanded vastly subdivisions saw catch included orders hoped future reveal characteristic group better recognized genera species time major british classification published latin families absorbed time increasingly broadly somewhat defined species plants superior eventually coming encompass genera species order system merged making largest families echoed earlier concerns phylogeny schemes divide family gained little traction suggested fact families distributed orders predominantly context general review classification subjected intense scrutiny considerable progress plant phylogeny phylogenetic theory enabled phylogenetic tree constructed flowering plants elaborated classification phylogeny rapid progress establishing modern classification flowering plants despite establishing relative degree genetic family morphology remains diverse exists clade grouping number particularly enigmatic genera genera subfamily form morphological group characterised roots type embryo sac closely related form considered separate tribe major grouping consists genera including including characterised styles divided development type simple embryo sac evolution development phylogenetic approach taxonomy suggested formed earliest molecular analysis indicates divergence probably occurred million years ago closest sister family separating million years ago arose late cretaceous early periods major evolutionary include time appeared north_america subsequently dispersed fossils dated cretaceous eras probably arose shade plants subsequent evolution open areas including deciduous forest open period return species accompanied shift flowers production fruit narrower parallel leaves reversal broader leaves occurred subdivisions genera subdivisions diversity originally broadly defined attempts form classifications tribes classifications published use molecular methods taken narrower view phylogeny website recognizes divided tribes genera authorities delta differ exact number genera included generally sixteen genera depending included instance listed separately currently lists genera arranged shown table largest genera species tribe etymology family named type genus latin lily turn came greek distribution habitat widely distributed mainly temperate regions centre diversity southwest asia china distribution diverse mainly plains alpine meadows deciduous forests mediterranean arctic provide examples ornamental types representing continental zones region characterised cessation underground growth high temperatures early summer requiring low winter temperatures spring flowering genera shade dwelling prefer open habitat ecology diverse species bloom times spring late summer colorful flowers produce large amounts attract insects particularly bees butterflies seeds dispersed wind water species seeds structure dispersed ants predators subject wide variety diseases including insects beetles flies fungi animals mice deer important garden pest scarlet lily beetle japanese red lily beetle species attack species food plants major pest fungus susceptible group family specifically named potato virus group includes breaking virus lily streak virus lily virus resulting breaking color flowers transmitted breaking effect economic importance seventeenth century appeared producing new varieties modern times breeders produced varieties mimic effect virus infected varieties known dutch artist contemporary owners commonly artists paint flowers preserve broken known time modern variety princess breaking named breaking virus cultivation species genera grown ornamental plants worldwide genera wide range developed breeding generally outdoor gardens displays common flowering plants induced bloom indoors particularly winter months form significant cut flower market particular cultivated tenth century persia production main markets cut flowers turn meet demand parks gardens home use secondly provide necessary cut flower production international trade cut flowers approximate total value billion provides indication economic importance activity main producer netherlands country accounts global cultivated area approximately hectares leading producers include japan france poland approximately countries produce commercial largely domestic market contrast netherlands leading international producer extent billion cut flower market remainder dry market cut flowers domestic market netherlands remainder exported original species obtained ornamental purposes referred species botanical tend smaller plants better cultivated forms breeding programs produced wide range types enabling longer season creating early mid- late spring varieties fourteen distinct types available addition botanical including lily fringed addition season varieties differ shape height exhibit wide range colours pure combination largest area production global cultivated area followed france chile japan united_states new_zealand australia approximately countries produce commercially altogether half commercial production cut flowers countries export supplying domestic market produces million lily annually domestically remainder exported principally european_union particularly important crop production white flowers associated purity easter species obtained commercially majority commercially available represent products diverse program resulted separate classification including asian oriental addition wide variety heights obtained colours combinations colours properly selected produce extensive season early summer autumn history species lily previously classified family bear lily genus family variety species early spring ornamental flowers vary large crown imperial available number colours yellow orange relatively tiny species patterns common popular yellow flowers lily sold mixture propagation methods propagation include sexual reproduction commercial usually sterile sexual reproduction seeds propagation plant create hybrids years produce flowering plants cross occurs overlapping wild populations create natural hybrids reproduction daughter form mother detached techniques including tissue culture formed parent plant stem scaling twin scaling increase production slower growing varieties multiple scales detached single tissue culture produce genetic clones parent plant maintaining genetic integrity usually require year flowering commercially plants propagated planted grow plants large sell members food sources humans species poisonous household pets eaten cause complications failure cats particularly dogs develop effects problems central nervous system depression contain poisonous deadly quantity species edible cause skin presence found flowers leaves stems toxic variety animals uses extracts traditional chinese medicine latin particularly lily food china parts asia world war starvation conditions netherlands hunger winter led food eaten native americans settlers utah starvation members family food include leaves roots culture type genus lily long history literature art tradition symbolism popular female floral emblem particularly france cultivation described ninth century ordered grown imperial palaces lily historically applied wide variety plants genus lily appears ancient literature associated sovereignty innocence mentioned number occasions bible description solomon song songs rose lily valleys like lily young women gospel consider field grow spin represent beauty artistic representations found far second century early christian churches decorated predominantly depicted white seen red white lily long seen symbol purity coming associated virgin mary middle ages came madonna lily known example bears madonna lily symbolic meanings include glory love birth lily lily flower long associated royalty originally derived form iris associated head spear parts associated classes society alternatively faith wisdom exact come associated france french monarchy earliest kings consequently incorporated french devices jurisdictions historic french influence quebec new_orleans modern times appears forms symbolic decorative indicate direction north scouting movement long cultural tradition particularly islamic world persian word borrowed turkish arabic arabic letters written letters denote god symbolically widely decorative motifs tiles islamic art ottoman_empire particular revered poetry twelfth century essential gardens persia having cultivated leaders originated moved persia west took turkey escaped cultivation today number places turkey called appeared decorative arts turkey thirteenth century flourished ottomans particular royal palaces adopted symbol species collected persia spreading ottoman_empire saw culture spread sixteenth century national symbol designation era time economic importance trade reached europe shipment antwerp mistaken vegetables cultivated portugal appeared illustration flowers seen netherlands spread rapidly europe seventeenth century important trading item initially france concentrating netherlands eventually speculative trading intense cause financial bubble eventually collapsed period known similar ottoman_empire era associated netherlands things dutch period growing indoors devised golden age dutch painting images festivals held world spring famous display better known novels dealing contest grow black late seventeenth century floral instance county flower lily official state flower utah | Liliaceae | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
8885_Tephrosiaapollinea | species native southwest asia levant iran pakistan northwestern india northeast africa egypt plant equal sided silky texture fruits typically inches long contain seven brownish seeds species typically grows areas soils relatively deep especially semi arid areas slight hills known toxic goats treat nasal congestion wounds bone wider impact humans assessed leaves plants hot drinks parts description plant somewhat wedge shaped equal sided silky texture mid rib usually folded characterized parallel transverse veins fruits typically inches long contain seven brownish seeds plant displays purple flowers season described attractive month january typically grows height grow mountains altitude reported roots deep penetrating soils depth metres aiding absorption moisture soil moisture stored roots protected thin water storage enables growth reproduction times drought allow thrive arid semi arid conditions survive winter summer months times low rainfall roots grow faster rate shoots early stage plant displaying shoot length roots length proposed treatment subspecies noted regional variations plants egypt possibly producing smaller pods leaves plants having densely spreading hairs features described subspecies nominate subspecies somewhat longer pods wider range quantity seeds pod generally low generally pods curved upwards downwards having lateral veins taxonomy names plant initially named moved genus treatment subspecies called proposed treatment accepted plant list international database information service treated single species finding previous descriptions agree characters distinction typical forms difficult authorities revised classification parts southern species carries vernacular known arabs written arabic language area egypt referred known parts traditional use making referred egyptian distribution ecology species recorded northeast african nations egypt western asian nations iran israel jordan saudi_arabia including island south asian nations india pakistan india documented western states species cited desert typically grows areas soils relatively deep especially semi arid areas slight hills saudi_arabia found scattered species edges slopes lakes documented sources egypt stated found found cultivated fields valleys east south opposite israel grows dead sea valley hills areas tends grow desert example found miles northeast island coast typically found lowland plains altitudes sea level metres soils 2000s analysis vegetation woodlands northern species found found inhabits desert dominates beds mountains cited seeds plant reportedly favourite inhabiting desert northern butterfly known feed allowed landscape parts middle_east especially lower altitudes species known toxic goats study published early 1980s revealed goats died days daily oral shoots fresh dried displayed adverse reactions weakness limbs joints causing instability movement changes fat composition heart lungs extracted seeds plant caused complete mortality applied concentration hours uses species noted commonly cultivated purpose 1800s plant known medicinal properties significant anti properties leaves root treat wounds bone countries like ground leaves reduce nasal congestion boiled water bark mixed water poured ears alleviate leaves paste treating wounds limbs conjunction treat people affected consumed raw boiled leaves numerous plants hot drinks parts doctors warn potentially harmful humans fully analyzed assess wider impact health dried leaves found contain moisture crude protein crude fiber ash chemical analysis found contains extract aerial revealed seven new including researchers published findings chemical investigation leaves found contained new named study revealed extracted aerial parts effect cancer cell lines | Tephrosia apollinea | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
9143_Banksiaacanthopoda | species family grows small spreading high leaves yellow composite flower heads called composed individual yellow flowers endemic western australia occurs populations rarity classed priority conservation flora western_australia botanist described species naming renamed current species transferred genus little known cultivation sensitivity unclear highly likely description grows spreading high stems short soft hairs young soon lost leaves long thin curved spines sharply leaf margins acute leaf tip leaf blade dark green white beneath leaves range length width long occur short lateral branches consist yellow flowers packed densely dome shaped head diameter surrounded short species flower comprises united single short attached near tip single yellow colour long millimetres longer fruiting structure woody dome firmly embedded light brown containing seeds resembles smaller leaves sticky young flower heads similar straight curved longer taxonomy early collections include specimen collected december specimen collected west july specimen collected north october specimen collected east george specimen recognised belonging species species referred phrase george george formally published specific comes ancient greek foot reference spines george placed genus subgenus series remarking closest relative placement george taxonomic arrangement amendments follows species varieties varieties subspecies varieties subspecies subspecies arrangement remained current transferred published subgenus taxa having shaped subgenus comprising ready tender arrangement encompassing interim measure transferred series rank disruption transfer caused george rich arrangement set aside interim arrangements implemented mast placed distribution habitat small populations exist thought occur region vicinity population found region south grows tall closed heath soils sparse species occur include var area mean temperature range days mean annual rainfall ecology little reported ecology flowering season july seed shed annually published listed priority poorly known taxa priority flora list upgraded priority poorly known taxa threats species vary according location land heavily degraded extensive clearing agriculture number threatening processes identified loss habitat land clearing results direct plant loss population turn affects genetic diversity grazing pressure affects plant health competition exotic changes fire regime potential eliminate entire generations west region constitute identified threat species information species lacking information available report australia states highly susceptible claim sourced paper asserts species known investigations long term seed storage shown store standard storage conditions years storage conditions seeds successfully rate similar fresh seed cultivation little known cultivation successfully grown propagated farm mount western_australia melbourne habit improved prominent yellow flower heads appear july october cultivation potential use cut flower industry prefers drained soil sun light shade tolerate dry conditions established propagation seed seeds weeks rate percent | Banksia acanthopoda | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
9902_Buxbaumia | bug moss bug stick cap moss genus species moss named later brought modern botanical nomenclature commemorate german physician botanist discovered moss mouth moss microscopic existence plants noticeable begin produce reproductive structures spore capsule distinctive shape structure features appear transitional primitive modern description plants reduced bearing enormous comparison stage life cycle green substantially larger spore producing stage unlike microscopic nearly consists exclusively thread like existence resembling thin green black felt surface grows plants separate plants producing male female organs male plants develop microscopic leaf female plants produce tiny leaves small size stage generally noticed develops principally grows tiny extremely reduced state plants raises question makes sufficient nutrition survival contrast produce abundant possible needs met fungi grow plant maturity tall spore capsule attached stalk distinctive shape oblique attachment opening spores released surrounded double formed cell walls cells outer row consists short articulated teeth unlike inner row divide teeth continuous membrane capsule opening genus similar structure genus contrast shares foot stalk base result mistaken distribution ecology species found temperate regions cooler regions australia new_zealand moss annual plant grows disturbed habitats pioneer species plants grow decaying wood rock directly soil grow regularly reliably given locations frequently disappear places previously found stages begin development autumn green winter months spores mature ready dispersal late spring early summer spores ejected capsule fall capsule flattened develop opening oriented strongest source light usually south species grows forms crust easier spot classification genus family order sister group members class older classifications included similarities structure placed recent studies dna sequences conclusive relationship evidence suggests separate lines group recent studies favor placement genus includes species simplicity structure interpreted primitive moss transitional algae subsequent research suggests reduced form unusual thought transitional form cellular teeth cell wall teeth | Buxbaumia | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
11655_Cicuta | commonly known water small genus species highly poisonous plants family perennial plants grow meters tall having distinctive small green white flowers arranged umbrella shape plants genus referred poison native temperate regions mainly north_america europe typically growing wet meadows wet areas plants bear close resemblance members family confused number edible poisonous plants common confused poison water considered north_america toxic plants highly poisonous humans members genus contain named causes central nervous system effects including following medical treatment poisoning include use activated decrease absorption toxic principle supportive care including drugs high medicine required halt seizure activity medical care including mechanical ventilation required description perennial plants similar morphology growing maximum meters height stem plant branching erect smooth hollow junction leaves stem purple striped typically purple stripes spots attached base stem root contain yellowish liquid turns reddish brown exposure air characteristic smell raw alternate leaves compound reach centimeters centimeters length centimeters centimeters length sharply toothed plant flowers spring early summer flowers small green white umbrella shape characteristic family measures centimeters centimeters plants produce cylindrical fruit millimeters millimeters length plant spread primarily seeds produced large numbers small size taxonomy genus genera family order family known family names permitted international code botanical nomenclature europe distinguished similar genus year mention genus united_states eighteenth century formally described species type species genus recognized comprise species species names older names recognized varieties widespread variable recognized varieties var var var var phylogenetic analysis sequences nuclear dna internal conclusive suggested specimen california warrant recognition distinct species common names genus general include poison beaver poison wild wild false similar species members family bear close resemblance characteristics common mistaken edible plants wild wild wild water common water water clusters small white flowers shaped like habitat near shore line lakes rivers differences water water include water having leaves compound water leaves times compound water large swelling stem base water lacks additionally water base small flower cluster base main flower head water base flowers main flower head additionally confusion water species poison common applied poisonous differentiated differences root structure water branched root systems poison single tap root reliable method identify water examine leaf veins unique family leaf veins terminate leaf tips extend tip leaf found leaf structure members family distribution habitat found growing north_america europe typically grow wet habitats usually alongside ponds streams marshes swamps areas year plants found growing water species widespread distribution occurring majority north_america relatively large distribution found found northwest corner north_america found central europe far north north_america members contain high levels poisonous principle alcohol structurally closely related found plant water present stages growth parts plant concentrated roots appear toxic early spring primary toxic effect act central nervous system non competitive gamma acid antagonist acts causing block channel results presence continues causing cell brain cells results highly poisonous water considered north_america toxic plants fatal humans reports medical literature severe poisoning death early number people died following plant 20th 21st century mice administered injection body weight compares mice given potassium injection injection mice exact toxic dose plant material humans unknown thought water quantity result poisoning small amounts lead death poisoning reported following children blowing hollow stem water plants reported following skin contact plant case reported family people plant skin poisoned children dying livestock long worst affected leading common poisoning livestock common typically occurs following roots plant spring ground soft grazing animals tend pull entire plant ground roots roots exposed source livestock plant material cause death animal little minutes symptoms consumption humans species symptoms poisoning mainly characterized onset symptoms following soon minutes post initial symptoms reported include abdominal pain confusion weakness rapid onset seizure activity sign presented following poisoning usually described complications ongoing seizure activity include increased body temperature decreases blood swelling brain blood disorders muscle breakdown kidney failure additional symptoms include person skin pupils coma symptoms include alternating slow fast heart rate alternating low high blood pressure cardiac effects include widening interval symptoms excess respiratory distress absence breathing reported deaths usually occur respiratory failure secondary ongoing seizure activity fatalities occurred hours poisoned people recover usually regain consciousness cease hours poisoning persist hours occasional long term effects amnesia events leading ongoing mild effects include muscle weakness anxiety complete resolution symptoms number days cases ongoing symptoms persist months poisoning diagnosis treatment water poisoning usually diagnosed following history plant symptoms abrupt onset laboratory tests determine presence blood high pressure liquid thin layer mass detect tests performed routinely hospital laboratories sample plant retained diagnosis confirmed having plant identified botanist initial treatment poisoning include activated typically performed potentially toxic plant matter hour previously patient normal intact specific water poisoning treatment mainly consists supportive care treatment include control administration treatment administered recommended shown effective seizure control following water poisoning treatment high cause respiratory depression respiratory support including mechanical ventilation required patients continuous monitoring recommended patients treatment complications low blood pressure required treated low blood pressure usually treated fluid replacement administration required restore blood pressure management includes ensuring adequate acute failure require management techniques remove blood useful enhancing elimination | Cicuta | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
12332_Simaroubaamara | species tree family found south central_america caribbean described french species tree produces new set leaves year requires relatively high levels light grow grows rapidly conditions lives relatively short time panama flowers dry season february march costa_rica dry season flowers later march july species trees male female produce male female flowers small yellow flowers thought insects resulting fruits dispersed animals including birds fruit eating bats seeds dispersed leaf cutter ants studied extensively scientists attempt understand tree gain better understanding ecology general studies conducted panama biological station costa_rica particular interest competes species individuals species different stages life cycle normally limited light nutrients found growing considered relatively light demanding compared species young individuals likely survive grow away parents individuals growing near able escape diseases plant investigated leaves tree differ depending location forest canopy finding thicker canopy thinner measured water potential leaves changes open close day findings suggest closing control water loss controlled leaf area instead population examined way genes vary local scale range genetically diverse indicating gene flow occurs populations seeds dispersed leaves eaten species particularly genus species ants live tree grow tree bark people range treat diseases exported europe eighteenth century treat illnesses number compounds isolated bark shown effects local people use wood tree purposes grown plantations harvested timber exported description grows heights metres maximum trunk diameter maximum estimated age years compound leaves long long leaf long wide end compound leaf tending smaller flowers occur length widely branched densely covered flowers flowers small long pale yellow colour thought insects small bees panama tends flower dry season end january end april weeks year costa_rica flowers slightly later march july peaking april fruits form months occurs fruits brightly colored green black approximately long contain large seeds occur groups seeds stay dormant dispersed seed weighs approximately species new flush leaves growing january april dry season highest light levels occur thought allow effectively new leaves efficient replace visible indistinct growth rings average wide study individuals panama found grow average diameter year costa_rica growth rates fast year recorded stem grows constantly year vessels mature trees range diameter vessels present branch density wood lower species fast growing light demanding shade species typically straight pole compound leaves point growth allows achieve greatest vertical growth minimum start branch tall study forest dynamics plot found individuals died mortality highest small individuals large trees relatively rare averaging trees compared trees taxonomy described type species genus described suggested species described described wright regarded separate species flora published considered synonymous species occur continent distinguished continental species having smaller flowers fruit straight curved leaves bluish grey green colour underside common names known common names known brazil colombia called ecuador french peru venezuela europe known names nineteenth century medicine names included bitter ash mountain wood distribution natural range range extends guatemala north south ecuador west east coast brazil introduced islands puerto_rico caribbean_sea puerto_rico mature trees found frequency ecuador french genetic analysis populations suggests relatively common range grows rare primary forest light demanding habit populations display high levels indicating genetically diverse consistent tree large distances long distance flow sufficient long distance gene flow populations counteract effects genetic drift study plants populations south_america found occurred population study plants found varied scored occurred plant reproduction individuals typically reproduce trunk diameter mature trees produce flowers year females produce fruit year flower morphology typical small insects bees reported non authors questioned correct seed dispersal seeds dispersed mainly large birds mammals including spider leaf cutter ants observed disperse seeds dense form areas dump waste material die dispersal ants thought determining long term patterns recruitment dispersal seeds eaten likely seeds fruit eating bats noted disperse seeds aid regeneration forests disperse seeds later species feed based modelling data seed traps estimated average dispersal distance seeds studying parent trees dna revealed fact average grow away parents standard range forest seeds beneath reproductive females genetic data indicate unlikely nearby adults dispersed fed tree moved feed canopy seeds physiology aspects physiology studied leaves indication rate water mature trees midday range leaf water midday range averaging widespread trunk close occurs normally considered tree leaf water potential beneficial hydraulic branches taller trees higher branches smaller trees phillips bond ryan suggested probably branches taller trees having lower leaf ratio small branches shows common branches concluded water controlled structural leaf area closing means leaves absorb light active radiation par spectrum high efficiency efficiency decreases longer generally plants absorb par higher values found thought high humidity habitat leaves low optical properties mass leaves vary depending location forest canopy leaves thicker efficient height canopy increases weight leaves efficient capturing light leaves canopy concentration found higher underneath female individuals underneath males total concentration equal concluded difference females changing availability females growing areas high availability thought caused fruit containing high levels fall tree fruits attracting animals deposit beneath females possible sexes produce different root affect community affecting availability woody tissues found rate rate positively growth rate stem maintenance calculated rate positively volume physiology experiments trenches dug gaps canopy relative growth rate increased shows growth normally limited ground competition light ground competition nutrients water competition light normally important shown growth rate increasing times mortality decreasing placed gaps compared gaps trench dug round prevent ground competition growth increased demonstrating gaps limited ground competition significantly increase growth showing normally limited competition light larger likely survive dry season smaller density dependent occurs likely survive areas fewer growing study individuals found pattern caused differences soil insect fungal observations based distance parents indicate hypothesis applies likely survive away parents escape plant common underneath parent trees physiology light demanding found brighter areas compared study biological station found leaves weigh approximately dry weight similar double weight capacity leaves higher species averaging dark average higher species maximum rate stem diameter vertical growth light thought important growth study found grew height diameter average compound leaves leaf area index total surface area leaves cm2 lowest leaf area likely die study larger leaf area grew faster study centimeters diameter found growth vary depending species grew near contrary predictions density dependence occurs model based findings predicted diameter able grow maximum rate tree diameter growing growth reduced indicating affected trees growing away affect growth ecology relatively rare mature individuals compared trees having growing suggested trees having large leaves mechanism reduce number unknown smaller individuals fewer woody species tree forests members genus recorded eat new shoot tips costa_rica larvae butterfly species feed exclusively species observed living panama dead wood nesting gallery branch bullet ants found nest base trees found uses materials locally producing paper furniture matches construction grown plantations bright lightweight timber highly sought european markets use making fine furniture wood rapidly easy work normal tools white light yellow colour coarse texture straight grain treated prevent fungi wood eating density noted best species timber grown amazon rapid growth characteristics recommend consumers ensure timber certified contribute wood animal leading poisoning horses dogs medical leaves bark medicine treat malaria illnesses areas grows exported france treat effective treatment effectiveness study soldiers military hospital given tea bark treat study found effective treating humans 1990s scientists demonstrated kill common cause species bacteria cause main active compounds found group reported kill cause malaria human cells anti properties investigated scientists found chickens bark extract body weight strong activity patent filed united_states extract skin care product | Simarouba amara | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
13429_Nepenthesrajah | pitcher plant species family endemic neighbouring grows exclusively particularly areas ground water soil loose permanently moist species range considered highland sub alpine plant distribution classified endangered species iucn listed cites appendix species collected described following year named white called striking vegetable productions discovered introduced cultivation sought species long time plant seldom seen private collections rarity price specialised growing requirements recent advances tissue culture technology resulted prices falling dramatically relatively widespread cultivation famous giant shaped traps produces grow high wide capable holding litres water excess litres digestive fluid making probably largest genus volume morphological feature leaf attachment present species plant known occasionally trap small mammals drowned rats having observed pitcher shaped traps species documented having caught prey wild known occasionally trap small frogs birds cases probably involve sick animals certainly represent norm insects particularly ants comprise staple prey aerial terrestrial pitchers famous trapping animals pitchers host large number organisms thought form mutually beneficial association plant animals specialised survive referred taxa named key feature relative ease able wild hybrids species recorded slow growing nature hybrids involving species artificially produced etymology described naming honour sir white past latin written derives proper considered incorrect today accurate seldom common called giant malaysian pitcher plant simply remains far popular way referring species specific epithet means king coupled impressive size pitchers meant referred king plant characteristics like virtually species genus vine stem usually grows ground attempt climb comes contact object support stem relatively thick reach length rarely exceeds produce runners species genus older plants known form basal especially common plants tissue culture numerous form young age leaves leaves produced regular intervals stem connected stem structures known long narrow end leaf tip small activated develops functioning trap pitchers modified leaves specialised flowers believed green structure similar normal leaf specifically known leaf blade leaves distinctive reach large size texture outer margin leaves joins underside apex characteristic pronounced species exception unique taxa mature plants species display slightly leaves inserted leaf apex reach length approximately longitudinal veins run branching veins run margin shaped long wide pitchers pitchers share basic characteristics traps consist main pitcher cup covered lid prevents entering pitcher displacing contents ring hardened tissue known surrounds entrance pitcher aerial pitchers lack pair fringed wings run lower traps presumably serve guide terrestrial insects pitchers mouth accordingly wings greatly reduced completely lacking aerial pitchers flying insects constitute majority prey items like species genus produces distinct types traps lower terrestrial pitchers common large richly coloured shape lower pitchers attachment occurs pitcher cup relative wings exceptional specimens length hold litres water excess litres digestive fluid exceed largest recorded pitcher measuring found march trip organised trap discovered steep nature trail measured son trip collected preservation headquarters trap measuring spotted day previous record pitcher lower pitchers probably largest genus volume giant form traps rest ground leaning surrounding objects support usually red purple outside whilst inside surfaces lime green purple contrasts parts plant yellow green lower pitchers reason easy distinguish species mature plants produce upper aerial pitchers smaller funnel shaped usually colourful attachment upper pitchers normally present rear pitcher cup true upper pitchers seldom seen stems rarely attain lengths greater metres dying replaced shoots main upper lower pitchers differ significantly morphology specialised attracting capturing different prey pitchers fall directly category simply known intermediate pitchers highly distinctive edge greatly expanded forming attractive red lip trap mouth series raised known ribs intersect ending short sharp teeth line inner margin inner portion accounts total cross surface length species fringed wings run attachment lower edge huge vaulted lid largest genus distinguishing characteristic species shape distinct keel running middle prominent lateral veins spur lid approximately long noted having large covering pitchers different easily inner surface pitcher particular wholly flowers flower time year flowers produced large numbers arise apex main stem produces large tall individual flowers produced partial twin called opposed multi flowers reported strong smell brownish yellow colour long like species means individual plants produce flowers single sex fruits orange brown long image study samples taken specimen collected altitude found mean diameter characteristics root system notably extensive relatively shallow species parts plant covered long white hairs young mature plants virtually lacking hair covering hair known colour specimens dark brown varying image little variation observed natural populations consequently forms varieties described furthermore true synonyms unlike species exhibit greater traps plant trap variety famous occasionally trapping small mammals exist records drowned rats found pitchers observation dates accompanied hugh low confirmed record managed observe drowned rats large pitcher discovery drowned mountain montana pitcher reported known occasionally trap small including frogs birds cases probably involve sick animals seeking shelter water pitcher certainly represent norm insects particularly ants comprise majority prey aerial terrestrial pitchers fall prey species reliably documented having caught prey natural habitat frogs found pitchers species remains mice reported september france cultivated photographed containing corpse mouse mammals evolved relationship mountain montana order collect inside lid sweet distance pitcher mouth average body length mountain proportions hold true feeds apparently method marking feeding territory thought exchange providing provide majority nitrogen requires colour lower lid surface corresponds visual sensitivity mountain green blue making lid underside stand adjacent parts pitcher species shows fit particularly green reported similar relationship summit rat mountain visits pitchers daylight hours summit rat primarily active night example resource daily deposition rates found similar species interactions animals pitcher famous trapping animals pitchers play host large number organisms known include fly larvae spiders notably crab spider ants species crab common conspicuous predators found pitchers larvae consume large numbers larvae development animals specialised survive referred complex relationships organisms fully understood question animals steal food hosts involved mutually beneficial association investigated source considerable debate clarke suggests likely situation receives protection food plant return helps break prey increase rate numbers low species specific size shape pitchers vary greatly species little given taxon surprising organisms specially adapted life traps particular species exception fact taxa named described based larvae collected pitchers years earlier species found live association larvae taxon concerning noted body surface larvae covered like present known species regards adult biology habitat medical importance diseases true known biology adults species recorded organism past original record based collection plant growing notes light new information species likely conclude species new species long time think living pitchers interactions fauna beneficial plant attacked insects feed leaves damage substantial portions known occasionally rip pitchers open feed contents history popularity timeline natural hybrids size unusual morphology striking popular highly sought plant despite popularity pitcher plant enthusiasts remains little known species outside field plants specialised growing requirements suitable candidate cultivated relatively small number professional worldwide case nonetheless probably famous pitcher plants reputation producing magnificent pitchers genus dates late 19th century collected described following year named white description published transactions society london low cum ore borneo north coast feet low wonderful plant certainly striking vegetable productions hitherto discovered respect worthy taking place bears title friend services native place commemorative specimens leaves pitchers similar twice large leaf larger inches long exclusive thick thumb broad indistinct nerves pitcher given apex leaf inches long thick finger broad pitcher inches diameter long wings covered long hairs wholly broad inch diameter shortly inches long broad hardly proportion male inches long occupied flowers upper flowers clothed short slender simple fruiting stout inches long capsule inch long broad densely covered wrote following account encounter far_east published steep climb feet brought spur spot ground covered magnificent pitcher plants come search called plant feet length broad leaves stretching having great pitchers resting ground circle shape size remarkable measurement indicate form length nearly fourteen inches base column inches lid foot long fourteen inches broad oval shape mouth surrounded pile near column inches broad quarters inch pile mouth broad waves near stem pitcher inches deep mouth situated triangular manner colour old deep purple generally outside dark lower lighter rim inside colour kind shiny appearance lid centre green edges stems female flowers found foot shorter male far numerous astonishing productions nature pitchers observed rest ground circle young plants cups form old ones men cooking rice sat tent enjoying chocolate observing followers carrying water splendid specimen desired bring found held exactly bottles inches saw apparently larger low wandering search flowers came drowned rat collected second trip borneo shortly introduced cultivation proved popular wealthy victorian sought species note mentions plant follows present young illustrated columns year later young plants displayed annual time specimen exhibited species cultivated europe won class certificate catalogue priced plant time interest reached peak garden reported propagated thousands european demand interest turn century saw demise consequently loss species hybrids cultivation including final specimens gone cultural requirements plants proved difficult reproduce surviving cultivation time located ireland soon perished years reintroduced cultivation recent popularity recent years renewed interest worldwide plants current popularity probably attributed book mount featured best colour photography date bring attention unusual plants surprisingly relatively known plant malaysia especially native species promote specifically national park tourist destination features prominently region appeared covers popular publications including clarke published malaysia april malaysia issued series postage stamps depicting famous species stamps featuring stamps depicting released stamp assigned unique identification number popular stamp numbering systems scott leaf attachment characteristic species shown featured episode natural history documentary series presented classification generally considered closely related species unusual pitcher leaf morphology attempts natural genus grouped species thought share certain traits split published monograph genus titled distinguished taxa based seeds lack typical placed subgenus species second subgenus second attempt establish natural subdivision genus und die kept created divided formed latin taxonomy revised monograph oddly groups distinguished revision generally considered natural division genus published seminal monograph netherlands indies divided based observations material placed latin royal clade proposed shown table right species clade large plants leaves coarse reddish brown hairs like funnel shaped upper pitchers bear characteristic lower surface lid near apex exception flattened expanded majority species comprising endemic borneo based current understanding genus appears reflect relationships members said despite classification undoubtedly great improvement previous attempts work revised divided latin middle middle species found differ placed included subgenus great majority subgenus contained species created additional clade book presented detailed photographs lid digestive trap interior divided lower upper middle parts analysis recently analysis means determine relationships species suggested link chemical properties certain morphological based theory similar plants produce chemical constituents similar effects screening study presence compounds naturally occurring hybrids parental species including research based leaf material dry specimens spots containing unknown identified profiles hybrid parental species shown table left specimen grown tissue culture tested concentrations found weak patterns samples studied showed parental species found absent studied taxa agrees findings previous authors suggests absence widely distributed compound like examined provide additional information species proteins partially completely follows gene gene gene gene related species striking new species discovered philippines temporarily dubbed bears close resemblance terms pitcher leaf morphology species described ecology distribution restricted neighbouring located national park massive dome structure young formed intrusion far tallest mountain island borneo highest peaks southeast_asia lower slopes mountain mainly composed sandstone transformed marine sand mud million years ago rock core forms collar mountain soils flora exhibits greatest levels area species found substrate grow exclusively soils containing high concentrations toxic plant species tolerance means grow ecological niche faces competition space nutrients root systems known resistant heavy metals present soils rich slightly result form relatively thin layer base rock known soils soils thought cover approximately national park soils high levels taxonomic groups species genus including found boundaries park usually grows open grassy old land slips flat ridge tops particularly areas ground water soil loose permanently moist sites receive high rainfall excess water drains away quickly preventing soil found growing grassy especially climate distribution considered ultra highland plant upper limit range night time temperatures approach freezing day time rarely exceed night time temperature drop relative air humidity increases significantly rising vegetation height slow growing extreme environmental conditions prevail plants subjected fierce winds driving rain exposure intense direct sunlight relatively open vegetation upper forest experiences greater fluctuations temperature humidity compared lower altitudes changes largely governed extent cloud cover absence clouds temperatures rise rapidly humidity drops light levels high cloud cover returns temperatures light levels fall humidity levels increase average annual precipitation region conservation status endangered species classified endangered iucn red list threatened species listed schedule wildlife conservation enactment cites appendix prohibits international trade plants collected wild popularity collectors plants removed wild illegally species distribution lies entirely bounds park led populations severely depleted collection 1970s eventually resulted species inclusion cites appendix species genus feature list species covered case short term future relatively secure accurately classified vulnerable taking account protected populations conservation dependent agrees conservation status according world conservation monitoring centre considered vulnerable furthermore species originally treated vulnerable iucn prior introduction threat categories restricted distribution quoted plant rare areas grow populations limits visitors lie remote parts national park furthermore distinctive leaf shape making difficult illegally ship abroad pitchers removed informed customs official able identify recent advent artificial tissue culture specifically technology europe united_states meant plants produced large numbers sold relatively low prices case propagation refers production plants cell cultures derived generally seeds technology large extent removed incentive collectors travel collect plant illegally demand wild collected plants fallen considerably recent years prominent artificial plants current status plants wild follows species grows distinct sub populations protected populations grows area public access strictly prohibited permit decline population mature individuals better known patrolled site largely damage habitat plants visitors organised collection plants common cultivation recent years result availability inexpensive clones tissue culture believe days commercial collection species wild case appears genetic cultivated plants small commercially available tissue plants thought belong clones originating london england illegal collection threat facing plants wild climatic phenomenon catastrophic effect species dry period followed severely depleted natural populations forest fires broke locations park covering total area square kilometres generating large amounts period plants temporarily transferred park nursery save individuals later garden spite affected species relatively plants perished result established nursery close base park protect endangered species area including restricted distribution newly opened nature resort lies near golf course village place regular visitors hope species natural habitat dozen plants grow near steep landslide young mature plants present sizable pitchers occasionally exceed height image daily guided tours organised garden plants located nature trail subject fee operates daily natural populations species occur remote parts national park limits tourists visitors park display nursery adjoining park headquarters known wild populations include plateau near upper river eastern slope grows natural hybrid natural hybrids known species flower time year reason relatively easily notes species appears successful having transported considerable distances consequently number hybrids exist parent plant growing nearby appears limit far transported approximately hybrids species recorded slow growing nature hybrids involving artificially produced present following natural hybrids known mountain garden national park contains number grown including rare hybrid plant leaves resembling lid wings typical strongly influenced present border lid unique characteristic hybrid occurs altitude single example grows nature trail hybrids formally described given specific names listed cites appendix considered endangered current iucn criteria originally published named honour director known remote national park grows open vegetation soils sea level populations plant notable combining best characters parent species size pitchers rival volume high wide hybrids involving exhibit impressive proportions pitchers distinguished broader larger lid simply sheer size hybrid differs parent lid structure short brown hairs narrower cylindrical pitcher colour usually yellow green red brown reason lamb gave common rarely green dark red striped purple bands leaves slightly plant climbs aerial pitchers frequently produced closely resembles difficult confuse plant mistake previously occasion pitcher illustrated fact impressive plant pitchers large compare known natural hybrid consider spectacular species borneo found nearby parent species occur specifically plants known near places route south east ridge lies west accessible location hybrid known summit trail grows clearing dominated trees distribution grows open areas cloud forest hybrid distinguished presence raised ribs line inner edge end elongated teeth prominent found clue hybrid highly developed ribs coarse expanded margin like lid flat general pitchers larger joins apex leaf tip feature characteristic older plants woody hairs covering pitchers leaf margins approximately intermediate parents lower pitchers fringed wings upper pitchers usually lack colour pitcher varies yellow scarlet produce upper pitchers readily parents respects intermediate parent species easy distinguish borneo confused hybrid labelled plants world cheers collected near later mentioned formally plant noted available morphological details suggest hybrid published book mount time lacked adequate description information type specimen subsequently published hybrid species fertile breed writes speak hybrids developed morphological genetic set characters longer strictly related parents hybrid independent self producing unit facto separate species examples species hybrid origin sufficiently species status discussed described species nature hybrid involving pair species represent possible crosses depending species female male cross known female pod parent usually referred followed male parent important distinction hybrid usually display different morphological features according type cross pod parent thought dominant cases hybrid offspring usually resemble parent wild plants example greater affinity thought represent cross specimens found similar suggesting reverse cross true hybrids involving cultivation cultivation considered difficult species recent years apparent plant reputation environmental factors species growing altitudes ranging requires warm days temperatures ranging approximately cool nights temperatures important note temperatures vital kept reasonable limits temperature drop needs considerably cooler nights drop failure observe requirement certainly doom plant long term best limit small specimen addition like plant needs fairly humid environment grow values region generally considered optimal increased humidity night tolerate fluctuations humidity especially young provided air dry humidity easily controlled conjunction natural habitat grows open areas exposed direct sunlight needs provided significant light cultivation meet need metal lamps range considerable success plant situated fair distance light source recommended depending location natural sunlight source illumination recommended living regions light intensity sufficient satisfy needs plant hours comparable experienced nature borneo lies equator pure long moss excellent medium combinations involving following sand lava rock bark equal success medium drained moss useful moisture retention near roots mix thoroughly soaked water prior plant noted produces extensive root system reason recommended wide pot allow proper development root system need frequent lead shock eventual death plant water purposes hard water tolerated build minerals chemicals soil water purity greater total dissolved quoted ideal reverse unit filter water alternatively water purchased regularly plants allowed sit water lead root feeding plant nutrients gained soil captured prey especially insects alleviate deficiencies important elements nitrogen potassium nature cultivated plant diet include insects prey items necessary successful cultivation recommended size low cost purchased online specialist pet stores simply dropped pitchers hand placed inside metal similar dead alive trials carried commercial nursery appears solutions beneficial effect plants improved leaf effects far seen research required verify results actual containing hand found cause damage plants promote benefits use chemical usually advised slow growing optimal conditions reach flowering size years seed common known highly sought species century result stories woven plant example famous legend grows exclusively spray zones soils true certainly found solely spray zones statement little basis fact likely book states fond wet places like swamps surroundings case certain plants fact grow vicinity noted providing humid source particular myth surrounding species occasionally catches small large animals pitchers tales persisted long time probably explained mistaken species interesting note common plants monkey cups refers fact observed drinking plants timeline general focus german images photographs natural habitat natural habitat tissue culture cultivation cultivation notes cultivation notes colorado plant society growth plant cultivation years large plants cultivation index entry monograph iucn red list threatened species | Nepenthes rajah | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
13587_Tree | tree tree perennial plant elongated stem trunk supporting branches leaves species definition tree narrower including woody plants secondary growth plants usable lumber plants specified height trees taxonomic group include variety plant species independently evolved woody trunk branches way tower plants compete sunlight senses taller tree trees trees tend long lived reaching thousand years old tallest known tree coast named stands high trees existence million years estimated mature trees world tree typically secondary branches supported clear ground trunk trunk typically contains woody tissue strength tissue carry materials tree trees surrounded layer bark serves protective barrier ground roots branch spread widely serve anchor tree extract moisture nutrients soil ground branches divide smaller branches shoots shoots typically bear leaves capture light energy convert providing food tree growth development flowers fruit present trees conifers instead seed tree produce spores instead trees play significant role reducing erosion climate remove carbon dioxide atmosphere store large quantities carbon tissues trees forests provide habitat species animals plants tropical habitats world trees provide shade shelter timber construction fuel cooking heating fruit food having uses parts world forests trees cleared increase land available agriculture longevity trees revered sacred cultures play role world definition tree term common universally recognised precise definition tree common language sense tree plant general form elongated stem trunk supports leaves branches distance ground trees typically defined height smaller plants called shrubs minimum height tree loosely defined large plants trees broad sense commonly applied narrower definition tree woody trunk formed secondary growth meaning trunk year growing addition primary upwards growth growing tip definition plants considered trees regardless height growth form stem certain considered trees slightly definition tree secondary growth produce true wood growth rings produce pseudo wood cells formed primary growth aside structural definitions trees commonly defined use instance plants yield lumber overview tree growth habit evolutionary adaptation found different groups plants growing taller trees able compete better sunlight trees tend long lived reaching thousand years old tall trees modified structures thicker stems composed specialized cells add structural strength allowing grow taller non woody plants spread foliage differ shrubs woody plants usually growing larger having single main stem distinction small tree large clear confusing fact trees reduced size environmental conditions mountains areas tree form evolved separately unrelated classes plants response similar environmental challenges making classic example parallel evolution estimated species number trees worldwide total percent living plant species greatest number grow tropical regions areas fully surveyed making tree diversity ranges poorly known trees exist different groups higher plants trees include conifers produce seeds enclosed fruits open structures pine tough leaves pine trees true named seeds contain seed leaves trees old flowering plants called basal include trees bamboo wood gives structural strength trunk tree supports plant grows larger system trees allows water nutrients chemicals distributed plant trees able grow large trees relatively tall plants need draw water stem roots produced water leaves insufficient water available leaves die main parts trees include root stem leaves integral parts system living cells trees plants develop wood allows expansion tissue produces woody growth growth stem woody plants develops gives rise cells protect surface plant reduce water loss production wood production forms secondary growth trees having foliage remains green year deciduous leaves end growing season having dormant period foliage conifers deciduous dropping autumn species shed small shoots annually process known crown spreading tree including branches leaves layer forest formed crowns trees known canopy young tree tall undergo secondary growth produce wood tall terminal main stem develop large arranged leaves tree order tall straight growing metres composed wood grow vertically covered numerous roots distribution number trees world according estimate tropics sub tropics temperate zones coniferous forests estimate times higher previous estimates based tree measured plots remains subject wide margin error samples mainly europe north_america estimate suggests billion trees cut annually billion planted years start human agriculture number trees worldwide decreased suitable environments queensland mixed forest new_zealand forest stable climatic climax community end plant succession open areas grassland taller plants turn way trees eventually form forest canopy cool temperate regions conifers widely distributed climax community far north northern hemisphere moist northern coniferous forest called forest world largest land forming world forest cover long cold winter far north unsuitable plant growth trees grow rapidly short summer season temperature rises days long light limited dense cover little plant life forest floor fungi similar woodland found mountains altitude causes average temperature lower reducing length growing season rainfall relatively evenly spread seasons temperate regions temperate mixed forest species like oak beech birch maple found temperate forest found southern hemisphere example temperate forest characterized forest open woodland tropical regions monsoon monsoon like climate drier year wet period amazon different species broad trees dominate forest deciduous tropical regions drier climate insufficient rainfall support dense forests canopy closed plenty sunshine reaches ground covered grass adapted living areas parts function roots roots tree serve anchor ground gather water nutrients transfer parts tree reproduction defence survival energy storage purposes root emerge seed process develops goes straight downwards weeks lateral roots branch grow horizontally upper layers soil trees eventually away wide spreading remain near tip finer roots single cell root hairs immediate contact soil particles absorb water nutrients potassium solution roots require oxygen species pond live permanently soil soil roots encounter hyphae fungi known form relationship tree roots specific single tree species flourish absence mycorrhizal associate associate species tree minerals fungus products tree hyphae fungus link different trees network formed transferring nutrients place fungus promotes growth roots helps protect trees predators limit damage tree pollution fungus accumulate heavy metals tissues fossil evidence shows roots associated mycorrhizal fungi early million years ago plants dry land trees species relationship species fix nitrogen air converting root roots bacteria live process enables tree live low nitrogen habitats unable thrive plant called initiate root formation process closely related mycorrhizal association demonstrated trees root system forming colony process kind natural tissues tests demonstrate networking performed chemicals radioactive tree checking presence neighboring trees roots generally underground tree tree species evolved roots aerial common purposes aerial roots kinds contribute mechanical stability tree obtain oxygen air instance mechanical stability red develops prop roots loop trunk branches descend vertically mud similar structure developed indian large trees roots lower trunk tree like angle provide stability reducing sway high winds particularly prevalent tropical soil poor roots close surface tree species developed root extensions pop soil order oxygen available soil excess water root extensions called present black pond trunk main purpose trunk raise leaves ground enabling tree reach light survive tree plants shade performs task transporting water nutrients roots aerial parts tree distribute food produced leaves parts including roots case layer trunk bark composed dead cells provides thick covering living inner tissue protects trunk elements disease animal attack fire large number fine breathing pores called oxygen bark continually replaced living layer cells called london plane periodically sheds bark large similarly bark silver birch strips tree expands newer layers bark larger older layers develop species trees pine species bark sticky attackers rubber trees latex bark tree contains bitter substances bark large tree like plants tree true bark outer protective covering form bark functions protective barrier attacked boring insects beetles lay eggs larvae way tissues leaving gallery tunnels allow fungal spores gain attack tree dutch disease caused fungus species carried tree beetles tree growth fungus blocking tissue carrying upwards branch eventually tree deprived dies britain 1990s million trees killed disease layer bark known involved transport containing parts tree soft layer living cells arranged end end form tubes supported cells provide include strengthening tissue inside layer cells cell thick called layer cells continually dividing creating cells outside wood cells known inside newly created composed water conducting cells associated cells living usually pale colour transports water minerals roots upper parts tree oldest inner progressively converted new formed cells blocked species surrounding cells dead usually darker colour dense central core trunk giving quarters dry mass remainder complex transverse section tree trunk horizontal core concentric circles lighter darker wood tree rings rings annual growth rings rays running right angles growth rings rays thin sheets living tissue wood older trees hollow stand upright years growth trees usually grow continuously year active expansion followed periods rest pattern growth related climatic conditions growth normally conditions cold dry readiness inactive period trees form protect zone active growth period leaves produced tip form scales thick small closely wrapped growing point inside rudimentary stalk folded miniature leaves ready expand growing season arrives form leaves ready produce new shoots trees naked protective scales conifers instead little pockets concealed scale like leaves growing conditions improve arrival warmer weather longer days associated spring temperate regions growth starts expanding shoot pushes way scales process leave surface year growth place weeks new stem green leaves arranged trunk tree species temperate climates second growth growth occur believed strategy compensate loss early foliage insect predators primary growth stems roots secondary growth consists progressive strengthening tissues outer layer converted bark layer creates new cells bark eventually growth tree stops gets taller damage occurs tree time hollow leaves leaves structures specialized arranged tree way exposure light important investment tree contain discourage trees evolved leaves wide range shapes sizes response environmental pressures including climate predation broad needle like simple compound entire smooth delicate tough deciduous coniferous trees compact structurally similar broad trees adapted life environments resources low water scarce frozen ground limit water availability conifers found colder places higher altitudes higher latitudes broad trees conifers fir trees branches hang angle trunk enabling shed snow contrast broad trees temperate regions deal winter weather leaves days shorter temperature begins decrease leaves longer new red yellow present blades apparent synthesis leaf plant called causes cells junction weaken joint breaks leaf ground tropical subtropical regions trees leaves year round individual leaves fall intermittently replaced new growth leaves remain intact time tropical species arid regions shed leaves annually start dry season deciduous trees flower new leaves emerge trees true leaves instead structures similar external appearance modified stem structures seen genus reproduction tree forms found wide range plants reproductive strategies substantially plant forms trees wind evolutionary adaptation advantage increased wind speeds high ground particularly case produce leaves emerge vast quantity produced low likelihood particular grain landing appropriate female flower wind flowers broad trees characterised lack parts scent production separate male female flowers separate male female trees male flowers high tree form female flowers lower tree pine trees contains air known travel far kilometres tree cause hay fever seeds seeds primary way trees reproduce seeds vary greatly size shape largest seeds come trees largest tree produces smallest tree seeds great diversity tree fruits seeds reflects different ways tree species evolved disperse offspring single extant species seeds produced ends short branches female trees tropical subtropical group produce seeds tip shoot axis seeds conifers largest group enclosed cone species seeds light blown considerable distances free cone seed remains cone years waiting trigger event liberate fire release seeds jack pine forest floor wood ash removes competing vegetation similarly number including seeds better exposure high temperatures tree grow adult tree needs light space seeds fell straight ground competition concentrated shade parent likely prevent seeds birch small wings aid dispersal wind ash trees larger seeds blade shaped wings spiral ground released tree threads catch breeze flame tree rely fire shoots seeds air sides long pods crack apart drying miniature cone like trees produce seeds contain small oil help disperse seeds surface water grow water species fruits seeds start detached parent tree float water lodged emerging successfully root seeds apple stones smaller fruits like seeds enclosed edible tissue animals including mammals birds eat fruits seeds swallow pass gut deposited animal away parent tree seeds improved processed way nuts gathered animals immediately consumed revisited rain frost seed spring pine similarly red bears help disperse seed raiding evolutionary history earliest tree like organisms tree grew forests period tree fossils found dating million years ago prior discovery earliest known tree reproduced spores seeds considered links evolved period include conifers appeared result event took place million years ago widespread diverse group survivor tree considered living fossil virtually unchanged specimens found deposits million years ago conifers flourished adapted live major terrestrial habitats subsequently tree forms flowering plants evolved cretaceous period began dominate conifers era million years ago forests covered globe climate cooled million years ago ice ages occurred forests retreated ice advanced trees land covered ice driven ice age tree ecology trees important terrestrial ecosystem providing essential habitats including kinds forest communities organisms plants species parasitic plants hang branches algae fungi provide micro habitats organisms including animals leaves flowers fruits available ground underneath trees shade leaf litter fallen branches decaying wood provide habitat trees soil prevent rapid run rain water help prevent role climate control help maintenance biodiversity ecosystem balance species tree support specialised invertebrates natural habitats different species insect found english oak species oak non native tree species provide community example united_kingdom originates southern europe associated species bark supports wide range ecosystems swamps trees play role developing habitat roots trees reduce speed flow tidal currents trap water borne sediment reducing water depth creating suitable conditions swamps tend extend suitable locations swamps provide effective damaging effects cyclones uses practice controlling establishment growth composition health quality forests areas high density trees cultivated trees planted tended humans usually provide food fruits nuts ornamental beauty type wood product benefits people small wooded area usually called grove small wood trees bushes called large area land covered trees called woodland forest area woodland composed primarily trees established planting artificial known plantation area land planted fruit trees orchard food trees source world best known fruits citrus grown commercially temperate climates wide range edible fruits found tropics commercially important fruit include dates palm oil obtained fruits oil palm fruits tree chocolate coffee trees processed extract coffee beans rural areas world fruit gathered forest trees consumption trees bear edible nuts loosely described large found inside hard shell include brazil nuts nuts regia high value contain high quality protein minerals particularly beneficial health contain higher level nuts variety extracted pressing use prized distinctive tend quickly trees flowers rich attractive bees production forest honey important industry rural areas developing world undertaken small scale traditional methods flowers elder leaves trees widely gathered fodder livestock eaten humans tend high makes bitter leaves tree eaten lime citrus thai food korean dishes european bay tree california bay tree food source tea small tree seldom reaches height heavily picking leaves easier temperate climates sudden movement end winter trees prepare burst growth north_america sugar maple production sweet liquid maple water remaining mixture certain minerals harvested drilling holes trees collecting liquid flows inserted heated concentrate improve flavour maple obtained litres sugar content exactly similarly northern europe spring rise silver birch tapped collected drunk fresh alcoholic drink alaska sweet birch sugar content sweet birch maple litres required birch parts trees include bark tree dried small fruits tree seed found fruit tree flower tree oil important obtained bark roots white tree fuel wood traditionally fuel especially rural areas developed nations fuel available collecting time consuming task necessary travel search fuel burned open fire developed countries available burning wood choice necessity modern wood burning fuel efficient new products wood available burn slow wood heating absence air carefully stacked branches oak burned limited air process converting takes hours fuel industrial uses wood smoke preserve food hot smoking process food exposed smoke heat controlled environment food ready eat process complete having smoke absorbed cold process temperature allowed rise flavour food enhanced raw food requires cooking preserved meat cured cold smoking timber timber trees grown order produce wood cut lumber wood use construction wood important easily available material construction humans started building shelters engineered wood products available particles wood form composite materials taken wood traditional uses wood construction buildings bridges piles poles power lines masts boats pit props railway fencing concrete pipes making roof doors window frames floor boards wood construct farm boats making furniture tool handles boxes musical instruments bows weapons matches clothes shoes carving toys wooden screws barrels artificial limbs wooden sports equipment wooden balls wood paper manufacture cardboard engineered wood products use construction wood conifers known broad trees hardwood art inspiring artists centuries trees create art living trees tree shaping living dead specimens sculpted fantastic shapes lit art growing miniature tree trees low sided pot practice non originated china spread japan thousand years ago similar practices cultures like living miniature landscapes vietnam non word english umbrella term miniature trees containers purposes primarily viewer pleasant exercise effort practice focuses long term cultivation shaping small trees growing container beginning cutting small tree species suitable development created nearly perennial woody stemmed tree species produces true branches cultivated remain small pot confinement crown root species popular material characteristics small leaves appropriate compact visual scope miniature deciduous forest created species japanese maple japanese tree shaping tree shaping practice changing living trees woody plants man shapes art useful structures different methods shaping tree gradual method instant method gradual method slowly guides growing tip path ways time instant method bends long shape rigid artists use living branches roots art functional structures plans grow living houses branches trees solid exterior combined interior application straw clay provide like inner surface tree shaping practised years oldest known examples living root bridges built maintained people india roots rubber tree bark produced thick bark oak harvested living trees years environmentally sustainable industry half world comes portugal largely wine bottles uses include floor tiles bulletin boards balls cigarette tips packaging joints instruments bark varieties oak traditionally europe hides bark species tree active ingredient extracted preliminary treatments skins immersed series containing solutions increasing concentrations causes hide affected water resistant attack drugs come plant sources bark trees originates tree long time remedy choice treatment malaria synthesized replace derived bark willow trees unpleasant effects anti cancer drug derived substance found bark pacific tree based drugs come tree tree life birch bark white birch tree extensively native americans covered constructed uses included food containers hunting fishing equipment musical instruments toys bark chips product timber industry growing medium plants need soil free ornamental trees trees create visual impact way landscape features sense maturity park garden grown beauty forms foliage flowers fruit bark major importance creating landscape grouped informally surrounded laid avenues specimen trees living things appearance changes season year year trees planted town environments known street trees trees provide shade cooling absorb greenhouse intercept rainfall reduce risk flooding shown beneficial humans creating sense reducing stress towns initiated tree planting programmes london example initiative plant new street trees increase tree cover equivalent tree resident uses latex sticky defensive protects plants trees produce injured main source latex natural rubber rubber tree originally create bouncy balls cloth natural rubber mainly tyres synthetic materials proved latex tree golf balls similar latex tree particularly cables walking sticks gun largely replaced synthetic materials plant defensive purpose liquid composed mainly volatile produced coniferous trees making small pin bowling balls heated driven remaining product called bows contain essential known amber formed cretaceous million years ago recently trees trapped insects spiders visible interior amber tree produces essential oil tree main source oil medicine industry care dead trees pose safety risk especially high winds severe storms removing dead trees involves financial burden presence healthy trees clean air increase property values reduce temperature built environment reduce building cooling costs times drought trees fall water stress cause tree susceptible disease insect problems ultimately lead tree death trees dry periods reduce risk water stress death irrigation accomplished use garden modified bucket mythology trees time ancient certain trees especially oak ash held special significance providing fuel building materials ornamental objects weaponry cultures similarly revered trees linking lives fortunes individuals greek mythology believed shy inhabited trees people west africa plant tree child born tree child tree fails thrive health child considered risk flowers time marriage gifts left tree periodically individual dies spirit believed live tree trees roots ground trunk branches extended sky concept found world religions tree links underworld earth holds heavens norse mythology central cosmic tree roots branches extend worlds creatures live india wish fulfilling tree emerged primitive ocean icons placed beneath tree inhabit branches grants devout tie threads round trunk democracy started north_america formed confederacy inspiring warriors original american nations bury weapons tree peace eastern white pine creation story bible tree life knowledge good evil planted god garden sacred exist china india africa places deities live living things sacred companions gods folklore lays supernatural penalties result takes place example trees protected status sacred ancient forest biodiversity greater surrounding area ancient indian tree deities tamil deity tree associated tree seen goddess offers giving fruits abundance trees trees theoretical maximum height tallest known specimen earth believed coast national park california named metres tall tallest known broad tree mountain ash growing tasmania height largest tree volume believed giant known california trunk calculation volume estimated oldest living tree verified age california pine growing dated drilling core sample counting annual rings estimated years old little south santa maria del mexico tree trunk known del diameter breast height giving tree trunk far round exact dimensions misleading includes space large roots | Tree | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
13965_Acerrubrum | red maple known swamp water soft maple common widespread deciduous trees eastern central north_america service recognizes common species tree america red maple ranges southeastern border ontario minnesota east newfoundland south florida southwest eastern texas features especially leaves variable form maturity height flowers twigs seeds red varying degrees features best known brilliant deep scarlet foliage autumn range red maple wide range site conditions tree eastern north_america found growing swamps poor dry soils grows sea level attractive fall foliage pleasing form shade tree landscapes commercially small scale maple production medium high quality lumber red maple considered invasive taking forests eastern replacing traditional like oaks description usually easy identify highly morphological characteristics medium large sized tree reaching heights metres exceptionally metres feet leaves usually centimetres long grown tree trunk diameter range depending growing conditions spread year old stand tall forests bark remain free branches distance tree individuals grown open shorter thicker rounded crown generally speaking crown irregularly ascending whip like curved shoots bark pale grey smooth individual young tree grows bark darker cracks slightly raised long plates largest known living red maple located near michigan height breast height leaves red maple offer easiest way distinguish relatives nearly north american maple trees deciduous arranged typically long wide margin typically narrow leaves exhibit considerable variation present terminal end larger near base contrast leaves related silver maple deeply sharply toothed upper leaf light green underside whitish leaf usually red long furthermore leaves turn brilliant red autumn yellow orange individuals twigs red maple reddish color somewhat shiny small dwarf shoots present branches usually blunt greenish reddish color generally loose scales lateral slightly addition present form fall winter visible distance reddish leaf shaped contain bundle flowers generally male female flowers appearing separate clusters bisexual appear spring april early late january southern range usually coming leaves tree considered meaning individuals male female red maple begin years old significantly varies tree tree trees begin flowering years old flowers red small borne hanging clusters usually tips shape flowers formed fused superior long styles flowers contain fruit millimeter inch long double somewhat wings angle degrees borne long slender stems variable color light brown reddish april early june leaf development altogether complete reach maturity seeds dispersed week period april july distribution habitat abundant widespread trees eastern north_america found south newfoundland nova scotia southern quebec south west ontario extreme southeastern northern minnesota south wisconsin illinois missouri eastern oklahoma eastern texas western range east florida largest continuous range tree occurs florida total ranges north south species native regions united_states east west exceptions midwest coastal prairie southern louisiana southeastern texas swamp prairie locations tree absent large areas present specific habitats example region kentucky found dominant open plains present streams red maple present land forests despite fact common similar habitats species associations north south area tree range ends mean minimum begins southeastern canada hand western range limited drier climate great plains nonetheless widest tolerance climatic conditions north american species maple absence red maple species fire wide range soil types varying textures moisture elevation probably forest tree north_america grows soils derived following rocks granite sandstone slate limestone occur soils tolerance high concerns levels moisture red maple grows dry ridges southwest facing slopes swamps occurs commonly extreme moisture conditions wet dry types tree prefer south north facing aspect red maple appear preference ideal conditions moderately drained moist sites low intermediate elevations nonetheless common mountainous areas relatively dry ridges south west sides upper slopes furthermore common areas banks slow moving streams poorly drained flats depressions northern michigan new_england tree found tops ridges sandy rocky dry soils nearly pure stands moist soils edges swamps far south range exclusively associated swamps red maple far abundant today europeans arrived north_america cousin comprised mere forest area confined zones density tree areas increased fold trend continuing human factors especially suppression kill shallow rooted pioneer species like red maple leave mainline forest trees like oaks untouched addition conservation efforts caused major increase population white tailed deer mid-20th century deer readily consume leave maple seeds untouched reducing ability oaks concern expressed ongoing spread red maple changing nature eastern forests reducing number oaks dominate extensive use red maple landscaping contributed surge species numbers volunteer finally disease greatly reduced population forests mainline forest trees continue dominate sites rich soil marginal areas increasingly dominated red maple ecology red maple seldom lives longer years making short medium lived reaches maturity years ability thrive large number habitats largely ability produce roots suit site young age wet locations red maple produce short long developed lateral roots dry sites develop long significantly shorter roots primarily horizontal forming upper ground mature trees woody roots long tolerant flooding study showing days flooding caused leaf damage time tolerant drought ability stop growing dry conditions producing second growth flush conditions later improve growth stopped weeks red maple drought tolerant species maple carolinas plants flower spring crop seeds generally produced year crop occurring second year single tree diameter produce seeds season tree diameter shown produce nearly million seeds red maple produces smallest seeds shown significantly increase seed yield years application seeds tend early summer soon released assuming small light moisture sufficient temperatures present seeds densely shaded commonly occur spring survive closed forest canopy situations year old common dense canopy eventually die light reaches serve reservoir waiting fill open area canopy trees growing zone area florida usually die cold damage transferred north canada maine vermont new_hampshire new_york southern trees planted northern red wide range genetically trees adapted climatic differences red maple able increase numbers significantly associate trees damaged disease cutting fire study found years hectares acres forest containing red plot contained red maple acre taller associates black cherry contains acid shown potential red maple growth red maple species start stem study stem half completed week growth slowed completed days good light moisture conditions grow year year years making fast red maple food source forms wildlife white tailed deer particular use current season growth red maple important source winter food butterflies utilize leaves food list feed wide range significant variation size form time onset traits generally speaking individuals north flush earliest reddish fall color set earliest winter injury tallest north central east central range florida extreme south red maple range limited exclusively fruits vary geographically northern individuals areas brief frost free periods producing fruits shorter heavier southern counterparts result variation genetic potential breeding programs goal producing red cultivation especially useful making urban require resistance air pollution drought red maple frequently hybrid known freeman intermediate parents potential potential red varies widely based following completely male highly scale rating higher autumn flame flame autumn october brilliance following scale rating lower completely female trees low potential causing autumn glory red festival october glory red skin leaves red maple especially dead extremely toxic horses unknown believed damages red blood cells causing acute transport oxygen decreases oxygen delivery tissues leads production damage grams pounds leaves considered toxic kilograms pounds lethal symptoms occur days include depression increased rate depth breathing increased heart rate dark brown coma death treatment limited include use blue mineral oil activated carbon order stop absorption stomach blood fluid support anti affected horses die result cultivation red maple rapid growth ease attractive form value wildlife eastern extensively planted trees parts pacific_northwest common introduced trees popularity cultivation stems vigorous habit attractive early red flowers importantly red fall foliage tree introduced united_kingdom shortly entered cultivation frequently found parks gardens occasionally red maple good choice tree urban areas ample room root system tolerant pollution road salt tree fall foliage vibrant environment like low root system invasive makes poor choice near paving attracts eat early spring prefer larger silver maple red maple vibrant colorful year attractive features display numerous selected intensity fall color october glory red sunset popular southern limit gulf preferred freeman maple grown widely partial list armstrong shape bark modest orange red fall foliage autumn blaze rounded oval form leaves resemble silver maple fall color orange red longer usual autumn flame fast exceptional bright red fall color developing early leaves smaller species autumn dense oval crown orange red fall color autumn broad crown red fall color hardy conical upright form yellow red fall color rounded uniform shape long lasting fall leaves old growing metres feet narrow form dark green leaves turning orange deep red fall compact slow growing selection individual reaches metres feet orange red fall foliage branches degree angle trunk forming rounded oval crown foliage deep green summer orange red fall color impressive october brilliance selection slow leaf spring tight crown deep red fall color october glory rounded oval crown late developing intense red fall foliage red sunset popular selection fall color vigorous growth gained superior soil strong central leader red fall color red sunset popular choice selection heat drought tolerance upright habit attractive orange red fall color rapid vigorous scarlet sentinel oval selection leaves resembling silver maple fall color yellow orange orange red tree fast tree broad crown early long lasting fall color deep red reddish purple growth rapid shade king fast growing upright oval form deep green summer leaves turn red orange fall drake selection notable edges leaves turn deep red color progresses center uses lumber industry considered soft maple wood close similar texture softer dense poorer figure qualities high grades wood red maple nonetheless substituted hard maple particularly comes making furniture soft maple wood tends shrink drying process hard red maple production maple hard sugar maple black maple commonly utilized study compared sugar maple red maple silver maple norway maple found equal sweetness flavor quality red maple soft emerge earlier spring sugar maple chemical makeup changes undesirable flavor case red maple tapped emerge making season short red maple medium quality possessing high heat energy nominally million cord ash cord oak cord birch cord | Acer rubrum | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
14108_Archaeamphora | extinct species flowering plant member genus fossil material assigned taxon originates northeastern china dated early cretaceous million years ago species originally described pitcher plant close extant members family earliest known plant known fossil record pitcher plants possible exception uncertain affinity oldest known genera flowering plants wrote existence highly derived early cretaceous suggests originated earlier maybe molecular clock studies suggested subsequent authors questioned identification pitcher plant etymology generic derived greek ancient combining form latin pitcher specific epithet derived latin long neck reference characteristic pitcher like structures species fossil material known fossil material originates western china early cretaceous beds constitute lower dated million years old specimens found including description plant growing height stem long wide bore distinctive vertical ridges grooves pitcher like structures form long mature pitchers pitchers like leaves arranged stem pitchers consisted tubular base expanded middle section mouth vertical shaped lid single wing ran pitcher parallel major veins present pitchers veins numerous small unusual bag like structures present pitcher central wing similar semi circular structures found margin lid structures exhibited strong yellow green exposed visible light blue green tiny approximately diameter found inner surface pitchers partially embedded grooves veins showed strong golden yellow single seed found associated fossil material presumed belong species winged morphology closely resembling seeds taxa seed oval shaped covered black brown measures taxonomy fossil material subjected chemical analysis considered key marker detected specimens suggesting belong pitcher plant interpretation according morphological features indicate close relationship taxa exhibit pitcher wings smooth pitchers extend vertically short suggests similar modern shares species spiral arrangement pitchers like tubular leaves parallel major veins shows resemblance species genus having pitchers long neck upright lid particular note similarity thick semi circular structures lid large bubble present upper posterior portion pitchers mentions discovery type pitcher plant formation variety differs type material having pitchers lack mouth instead gradually expanding hollow trumpet like shape suggests different species intermediate form wider neck reported suggesting plants group early cretaceous current understanding opined pitcher plant interpretation problematic fossil need revision book south america summarised current thinking follows doubt emerging reduces likelihood belongs lineage pitcher plant representative earliest flowering plants earth unlikely represents ancestor old advanced crown group belong contradiction evidence suggest evolved outside new world extant members family endemic forward new perspective follows described like pitcher plant mid early cretaceous formation province northeastern china investigation specimens provides new insights identity morphology pitcher plants claimed demonstrate pitchers insect induced leaf consist components chamber intermediate zone tissue wall like represents insect leaves previously reported habitat area inhabited thought experienced significant climatic fluctuations early cretaceous ranging arid semi arid humid conditions substrate region composed sediments volcanic rocks | Archaeamphora | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
14575_Aspleniumbradleyi | commonly known bradley cliff rare east central north_america named professor collected tennessee found growing small exposed sandstone cliffs species originated hybrid mountain originated sterile hybrid underwent doubling fertile phenomenon known studies indicate present population bradley arose independent sterile hybrids form sterile hybrids easily plants fertile habitats adapted thin acidic soil harsh environment native cliffs finds competitors isolated situation cliffs protects threats mining cliffs rock climbing activities cliff ecosystem destroy description small dark green form perennial notable characteristics dark stem color extends axis leaf blade deeply cut lobe base toothed edges characteristics variable observed individuals specimens rounded toothed edges lack dark coloration stem sterile fertile appearing size shape underground stems short parallel ground curving upwards spring cluster millimeter diameter covered narrowly triangular scales dark reddish brown strongly bearing like pattern scales millimeters long millimeters wide toothed edges stipe stem leaf blade upright centimeters long occasionally centimeters lacks wings brown shiny quarter times length blade small brown scales base stipe diminish hairs moves tip leaf overall shape blade ranges tapering ends width slightly wider short distance base tapering point apex squared base tip blade ranges centimeters long rarely centimeters centimeters width thin somewhat thick blade cut pairs possibly low high unusual specimens deeply subdivided lower upper variable shape tending squared broadly curved base typically widest near base lobe nearest located tends enlarged toothed vary millimeters length millimeters middle fertile pairs millimeters long dark brown color located margin covered edges white light tan color texture holds spores species number indicating origin june december variants reported specimens found growing shaded environment lacked color simply mistaken green conditions leaf texture ranges overlap described believed new species believed hybrid later shown simply form rounded sharp teeth form centimeter long discovered illinois form lacked dark color stipe base slightly larger specimens centimeter retained normal coloration structures fertile species closely resembles parent species characteristics exit distinguish toothed deeply cut fully cut dark color stipe extends upper lack stems overall shape leaf blade parallel sided lance shaped shows resemblance black ranges overlap identified distinctly triangular shaped leaf blade deeply cut leaves basal enlarged comparison parent species similar hybrid species parent graves hybrid dark color stipe ends base leaf blade distinct portion blade forms long tapering tip slight cut addition general reduction shows faint stipe likewise dark color stipe ends base leaf blade overall shape blade tends distinctly lance shaped somewhat deeply cut progressing lower half finally apex finally hybrid arose doubling essentially identical appearance close examination spores found abortive smaller fused grow fertile taxonomy scientific discovery occurred collected number specimens near bradley sent recognized species distinct named bradley publication identified hybrid intermediate english botanist proposed identical closely related conclusion based examination forms growing shade lacked color endorsed contemporary tennessee pointed collections dark stipe possessed lacked instead perceived specimens lower continued maintain theory affinity speculated hybrid intermediate speculated length hybrid origins scheme proposed later found recognize contribution ancestry suggested instead hybrid noting tentative suggestions lines studies following year showed product form sterile followed doubling restored fertility findings later supported analysis compounds showed combination compounds found showed pattern contains species specimen subsequently shown form showed descended contain compounds inherited walking verified simply form analysis 1980s supported hybrid origins species segregated change widely accepted current authorities recognize genus hybrids sterile hybrid resembles abortive spores smaller collected mountain georgia hybrid rarely collected studies multiple origins different populations originated doubling independently formed despite independent origins populations probably isolated addition parental species hybrid recognized named parental species collected specimens cliff near new_jersey thought collected described named honor specimens believed collected early date site collection submerged building preliminary report tennessee distribution found northern new_jersey pennsylvania southwest georgia alabama occasionally found missouri arkansas eastern oklahoma populations maryland new_york considered historical populations generally scattered frequent ecology conservation found steep acidic rocks altitudes meters sandstone common substrate found granite acidic rocks like soil formed rocks weather support slightly calcium tolerant usually grows tightly horizontal vertical exposed rock cliff faces small plants survive occur habitat soil typically composed mixture acidic sand rock organic materials including old frequently lost summer soil drier usually moist wet winter spring shade present dense shade tolerated growing hostile environment competes poorly plants slightly richer environments habitat protection strip mining threaten sandstone cliffs especially rock botanical collectors damaged populations toxic runoff atop cliffs affect threatened natural cliffs increased tree growth cliff base invasive cliff face slash cliff logging protected endangered species states illinois indiana new_jersey pennsylvania considered threatened ohio nature preserve ohio acquired contains state protected population | Asplenium bradleyi | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
18342_Eriophorumangustifolium | commonly known common common species flowering plant family native north_america found acidic soils open wetland heath begins flower april early summer small brown green flowers develop distinctive white like seed heads resemble cotton combined ecological characteristics rise plant alternative cotton hardy perennial able endure variety environments temperate arctic regions earth unlike genus cotton derived grow textile manufacturing substitute production paper wound indigenous peoples north_america use plant cooking treatment digestive problems following vote designated campaign description wild perennial abundance translucent pink roots fully grown tall erect stem shaped like narrow cylinder triangular smooth texture green colour reports plant height vary estimates include stiff grass like foliage consisting long narrow dark green leaves single central groove narrow millimetre wide base coloured triangular tip seven green brown aerial roughly millimetres size stem produced single combine form distinctive white centimetres long described dull plant winter spring simply breathtaking summer autumn conspicuous composed hundreds white comparable cotton hair stand naturally surroundings differs species genus habitat morphology multiple flower heads growth distinguish single flower head grows dense flower heads growth smooth preference acidic soil distinguishes grows swamp neutral rough distribution ecology distribution native distributed north_america open heath wetland standing water acidic soil survive arctic found alaska finland greenland far north british botanist recorded north_america found north alaska newfoundland pacific_northwest state washington michigan iowa far south east new_york new_jersey reaching far south west new_mexico distributed european russia including siberia south east korea grows continental europe exception parts growing scandinavia north far south greece common native species british isles recorded having existed vice counties thriving particularly ireland northern western regions great_britain southern eastern areas northern_ireland south considered pioneer species quickly repair damaged eroded encourage vegetation surroundings retain sediment landscape serve carbon sink central southern counties england species rare absent completely destroyed parts human activities land british isles range altitudes sea level lowland meadows exposed provided habitat acid heath limit metres sea level reaching metres ireland metres scottish highlands ecology hardy perennial plant meaning cold freezing climatic conditions dies end growing season lives years grows vigorously seed period years particularly disturbed cut eroded sexual reproduction begins flowering spring early summer groups brown flowers produced usually takes place june wind white like composed seeds hairs grows appear like short cotton thread endure summer lasting june september like aids wind dispersal serves thermal temperature plant reproductive organs trapping solar radiation conservation conservation status meaning species considered secure lacking threats global abundance human culture seeds stems edible traditional native american cuisine people leaves roots edible properties peoples medicinal purposes process treat human tract treatment abundance grow density disguise wetland consequently natural indicator areas hazardous avoid travelling attempts cotton like thread hairs plant seed heads thwarted production paper germany feather substitute sweden scotland world war dress wounds campaign asked members public nominate vote emblem counties metropolitan areas united_kingdom resulted announced taxonomy species named german botanist german botanist published referring work erroneously considered author species genus consists roots wool referring seed heads genus resemble thread specific epithet composed latin words narrow leaf based mixed batch specimens later combination published japanese botanist generic assignment widely accepted subspecies recognised subspecies found southerly sites overlapping distribution centred north differ height tall having smooth surfaced rough reaches tall english known variety common names including common common cotton grass common cotton grass headed cotton grass thin scale cotton grass tall cotton grass cotton cultivation difficult grow cultivation cultivated low maintenance suitable meadows ponds margins gardens sheltered exposed terrain best accomplished sun west facing aspect water centimetres deep poorly drained sand clay acidic soil required division spring recommended form propagation species regular recommended method gale suitable companion planting generally pest free young plant eaten sheep cattle variety species tolerant iron enriched water | Eriophorum angustifolium | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
19131_Schlumbergera | small genus species found coastal mountains south eastern brazil plants grow trees rocks habitats generally high humidity different appearance desert dwelling cousins species stems resemble leaf like pads joined flowers appear joints tips stems species cylindrical stems similar brazil genus referred flower reflecting period flower genus contains popular house plants known variety names including flower white pink yellow orange red purple called vivid scarlet flowers commonly grown form placed genus fall main groups contains features derived mainly species stem segments pointed teeth flowers held horizontally usually horizontal upper differently shaped lower yellow generally flower earlier members common names applied consistently distinguished contains features clearly showing inheritance stem segments rounded symmetrical teeth symmetrical regular flowers hang horizontal pink generally flower later members likely called etymology botanist gave genus french plant collector description wild species grow trees rocks form shrubs woody bases height reported species green stems acting organs stems composed segments forms species segments strongly flattened central core rarely wings special structures characteristic called occur ends segments stem species stems flattened cylinder shaped arranged spiral pattern segments cases wool flower appear flowers hang downwards regular symmetrical species held horizontally higher flower different lower species flowers held angle horizontal relatively constant characteristic species flower outer closer base flower short unconnected spread curve backwards inner tip flower longer progressively fused base form floral tube species difference outer inner creates appearance flower flower flowers produce chamber base floral tube arranged series distinctive characteristic genus inner fused base form short tubular structure outer arise floral tube style usually dark red stigma style plus stigma roughly length flower fruit forms smooth ribs brown black seeds diameter taxonomy genus small number belonging group classified tribe species belonging group distinct appearance habit grow trees rocks species easy identify members years confusion divided genera confusion extended complicated taxonomic history detailed modern genus created commemorates collection near placed species new genus plant discovered brazil named renamed current rules botanical nomenclature called current noted similarity species described adrian hardy accept species included genus created new genus transferring later placed abandoning generic continued widely followed keeping separate genera transferred initiating lasting confusion genera placed genus species added later including placed form modern total species number hybrids following genera synonyms species moved var case complex created genus species discovered proved broad new genera set genus created based link created genus based species following european tradition use large regular flowers irregular species called modern rules illegitimate sense synonym true genus species species species currently recognized synonyms widely given list hook hook hybrids named cultivation possibly occur wild international code nomenclature cultivated plants recommends cultivated plants named rules appropriate natural species hybrids group names given provided time placed flowers different structure taxonomy distribution habitat ecology occurs coastal mountains south east brazil states rio_de_janeiro santo sites found range close northwards southernmost tropics plants grow altitudes metres case metres case coastal moist forests rocky areas natural distribution species confused european deliberately introduced areas including compensate collecting wild plants height proximity atlantic_ocean coastal mountains produce high altitude moist forests warm moist air forced upwards higher colder locations species grow habitats generally relatively cool shaded high humidity describes collecting specimens conditions cloud overnight temperatures plants growing moss covered tree branches rock small pockets substrate formed decayed leaves vegetation found higher altitudes metres barren rocky habitats higher light levels flowers adaptations tubular flowers abundant colours red end spectrum species require cross set seed exceptions noted found higher altitudes birds absent common fruits open spontaneously appear adapted distribution birds eat seeds pulp contained fruit birds observed removing seeds stuck tree branches seeds able segments break stems root enabling plants cultivation history cultivation europe introduced species deliberately crossed england resulting hybrid called recorded 1860s substantial number cultivated varieties available range colours habits ornamental plants heated houses popular autumn winter flowering selected hybrids available called thought original early 20th century genus popular early lost 1950s onwards breeding resumed europe north_america australia new_zealand new plants produced crossing species existing hybrid treatments induced result wide range flower colours available including true yellow sold commercially gold charm sterile breeders aimed plants grew strongly upright point sale flowers adapted living house plants 1980s species crosses hybrid named crosses resulted commercially available modern listed hundreds modern european north american australian number groups contains mainly characteristics stem segments pointed teeth flowers held horizontally usually horizontal yellow contains features clearly showing inheritance stem segments rounded symmetrical teeth regular flowers hang horizontal pink considerable variation group introduced like like classic reserved generation hybrids contains known derived hybrids small number hybrids involving attempts classify colour difficulty flowers exhibit different colours depending temperature formation growth particular temperatures produce pink tones white yellow colour pink red availability iron plant suggested affect flower colour united_states propagated large numbers sale thanksgiving day fourth thursday november europe plants mainly sold later year period christmas single dutch netherlands reported producing plants year common names plants offered sale variety common names earliest english common christmas europe plants largely produced sale period christmas remains widely common languages groups german french spanish canada united_states plants produced thanksgiving holiday november thanksgiving christmas restricted particularly old crab referring ends stems link common describing way stems genus linked segments chain common new_zealand refer species placed genus time included synonyms holiday include care grown house plants said relatively easy care describe detail cultivation commercial domestic conditions specific recommendations include growing medium free draining rich somewhat acid growing media commercial production mixture material sharp sand recommended plants grown relatively small half height suitable tolerant drought house plants damaged keeping growing medium moist year avoids extreme light damaged exposure small amounts sunlight members old fashioned flowers tolerant high light levels members modern light causes stems reddish low light levels prevent flowering day length important controlling flowering continuous darkness hours necessary induce formation period days hours darkness shown cause flower form lower temperatures slow process advice given water produce flower shown incorrect propagation commercially home propagation achieved short pieces stem segments long twisted cut allowed dry days forming broken end rooted open growing medium temperatures long day short night conditions speed diseases cultivation plants described remarkably free diseases significant insect young shoots flowers root attack soil level stems roots diseases caused fungi similar organisms include species fungus water approved chemical treatments case insect attack diseases spread symptoms vary species loss usual virus isolated treatment virus diseases recommended infected plants destroyed | Schlumbergera | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
20617_Cordylineaustralis | commonly known tree palm widely branched tree endemic new_zealand grows metres feet tall stout trunk sword like leaves tips branches metre feet long tall straight trunk dense rounded heads characteristic feature new_zealand landscape fruit favourite food source new_zealand native birds common wide range far north south absent probably introduced grows broad range habitats including forest margins river banks open places abundant near swamps largest known tree single trunk growing golden bay estimated years old stands metres feet tall metres feet base known tree source food particularly cultivated areas crops grow provided anchor ropes fishing lines rain hardy fast growing widely planted new_zealand gardens parks streets numerous available tree found large numbers island restoration projects trees planted grown ornamental tree countries mild maritime climates including parts upper west_coast united_states warmer parts british isles common names include palm palm hot tropical climates like queensland southeast_asia florida description grows metres feet tall stout trunk metres diameter flowers slender stem flowers typically appear years old spring right conditions reduce flowering age years north mast year flowering divides form branched crown leaves tips branches branch fork producing flowering stem pale dark grey bark persistent feels touch long narrow leaves sword shaped erect dark light green long wide base numerous parallel veins leaves grow crowded clusters ends branches slightly tips bend bases old thick indistinct fine nerves equal parallel upper lower leaf surfaces similar spring early summer flowers produced large dense flower spikes long bearing spaced somewhat crowded flowers axes flowers crowded ultimate branches protect developing flowers distinct pink flowers open south canterbury green individual flowers diameter free base length short fruit white diameter eaten birds attracts great numbers insects flowers large like covered soft bark metres feet long old plants grow vertically beneath ground serve anchor plant store form young thin walled storage cells grow layer called secondary regional diversity new_zealand native species relics influx tropical plants arrived north million years ago warm era evolved response local climate geology factors varies appearance place place variation alter overall appearance tree canopy shape branch size relative shape size leaves colour invisible adaptations resistance disease insect attack regional different named north central east west shows great deal genetic diversity suggesting old genetic lines endured trees far north narrow leaves botanist attributes dwarf tree eastern generally narrow straight dark green leaves trees broader leaves normal kings tree grows nearby islands like characteristics appear populations parts eastern coastline western form called grows young generally common young forests growing open massive trees numerous long thin branches relatively short broad leaves central volcanic plateau trees tall stout relatively stems large stiff straight leaves fine specimens found upper old trees leaves tend relatively broad leaves strongly suggesting adapted cold winters central plateau originated open country created lava volcanic ash trees type found northern found east valued narrow leaves source particularly tough strong leaf adaptation region hot dry summers parts trees particularly stiff leaves partially rolled leaf blades trees near contrast leaves hang tree bay trees broader leaves characteristics brought main divide gorge grow west main divide long broad leaves adaptation persistent westerly winds type occurs wellington extends modifications southern coast trees generally compact canopy broad straight leaves common form variable typical form grows little variation northern eastern coast foothills trees tend retain old dead leaves lending appearance climate extreme hot dry summers cold winters north west nelson defined soil exposure trees growing limestone stiff blue green leaves river flats trees tall narrow dark green leaves uneven canopy resemble trees coast far west trees robust broad bluish leaves forms extend west_coast forms growing moist fertile sheltered river valleys bluish forms prefer rocky slopes exposed force salt laden coastal winds trees gradually common south come end northern south coast type vigorous trees broad green leaves broad extend coast inland margins fed lakes vigorous young trees adapted cold winters south study grown seed collected areas showed north south change leaf shape dimensions leaves longer narrower southwards leaves red brown disappears older plants coloration increasingly common south changes shape leaves getting narrower robust north south lowland suggest adaptations colder weather taxonomy names collected sir lieutenant voyage pacific type locality named published entry sold particularly house plant market countries genus derives ancient greek word club reference enlarged underground stems species latin southern common tree attributed sources early settlers having young leaves substitute probably settlement new_zealand writing voyage round world events friday april refers page discovery related species true palm says central shoot tender tastes like little flavour tallest new_zealand native species slender sweeping trunk handsome plant trunk metres feet tall bearing massive head broad leaves metres feet long far north new_zealand distinguished larger heavily branched tree form narrower leaves smaller seeds kings tree closest relative variable forms northern offshore islands hybrids hybrids occur plants close vicinity flower time share number tree known scientific discovery generic language term plants genus names recorded specific include awe tribe names tree depending local uses characteristics simpson reports names highlight characteristics tree important include plant looked like large tree flowers leaves broad twisted edges names refer uses fruit attracted birds leaves particularly suitable making ropes nets widely refers use leaf hearts food ecology habitat quote sums wide range habitats tree occupied early new_zealand abundance distinctive form shaped impression travellers received country new_zealand trees occupied range habitats open moist fertile warm establish mature forest rocky coast lowland swamps lakes lower rivers isolated rocks approaching land sea reminded traveller home european traveller images tropical pacific occurs south common reaches southernmost natural limits sandy point west near absent probably suitable habitat unknown islands south new_zealand probably cold occurs offshore islands poor knights stewart probably introduced region rare growing certain islands settlement sites introduced collectors largely notable generally lowland species grows sea level metres feet reaching upper limits central created open spaces exploit foothills played giving room grow central evolved form called branches bearing broad straight upright leaves form resembles found far south suggesting adapted cold conditions light demanding pioneer species die trees grow young plants require open space shaded vegetation requirement water stage adult trees store water drought resistant need good supply water survive stops species growing sand dunes wet depressions present area fertility soil factor settlers canterbury presence species gardens fallen leaves tree help raise fertility soil break factor temperature especially degree frost young trees killed frost old trees cut absent areas inland areas early european explorers new_zealand described trees banks streams rivers huge swamps lowland valleys examples abundance survive today areas cleared farmers looking flat land fertile soil modern new_zealand trees usually grow isolated individuals parts healthy ecosystem reproduction tree year begins autumn tight spike leaves projecting centre leaves growing tips changed making leaves producing coming spring begin produce leaves leaf pass winter protected spike leaves months later spring early summer bears flowers outside tree exposed insects birds flowering takes place period weeks giving maximum exposure insects flowers produce sweet attracts large numbers insects produced flowers contains compounds mainly particularly attractive bees use produce light honey feed young increase size early summer takes months fruit end summer tree thousands small fruits available birds eat disperse strong framework easily bear weight heavy birds like new_zealand major seeds fruit contains shiny black seeds coated like substance called serve protect seeds digestive process gut bird seeds rich acid food source developing embryo plant compound important egg laying cycle birds takes years particular stem produce trees tend flower heavily alternative years flowering years bears flowers large carry seeds million seeds tree good flowering year hundreds millions healthy grove trees response fire new_zealand forest trees recover fire renew trunk protected ground gives tree advantage quickly fire eliminated competing plants tree leaves contain burn readily slow decay fallen leaves build dense mat prevents seeds plants leaves break form fertile soil tree tree seed store oil means remains viable years cleared land vegetation tree seeds great numbers light space opened flames older trees grow shoots directly storm damage aerial produced trunk damage hollow grow soil plant regeneration lead trees great age multiple biodiversity plants animals associated healthy ecosystems common old trees carry large climbing moist places kidney branches species establish main fork tree tree host species native common include range fungi fungus species living tissue occur exclusively animals birds associated include forage flowers including gold striped life leaves tree new_zealand like nest dead leaves flower paradise commonly build nests base old tree standing middle field red crowned seen foraging trees long tailed bats shelter day hollow branches provided nesting holes birds enjoyed planted trees attract came eat life new_zealand years earlier describes grove trees attract huge numbers miles house great preserve wood native chiefs certain season came vast flocks feed white tree sic got heavy fat hardly fly tree gun allowed place long slender rod slip end leaves slipped stupid feeding native birds vanished new_zealand clearing forests flocks descend fruit sought insects leaves rough bark provide excellent homes insects small beetles larvae eaten birds rough bark provides opportunities grow hide dead leaves coming drink eat insects good flowering seasons occur years said dry summers observed tend follow dry seasons insects including beetles flies use bark leaves flowers tree ways feed hide skirt dead leaves favourite dry place hide winter insect companions followed surroundings parks home gardens leaves left decay soil underneath trees black supports rich array species insect found best known tree perfectly adapted hide dead leaf eat large holes leaves lays eggs base central spike leaves eat holes surface leaves leave characteristic leaf margins young trees seldom damage older trees lack skirt dead leaves parent like hide threats diseases cases sick dying trees reported northern syndrome eventually called soon reached epidemic proportions affected trees usually suffer total months foliage turns yellow oldest leaves fall growth leaves eventually leaves fall leaving dead branches dried flowering attached time bark trunk loose easily greatest number dead trees percent recorded years cause disease unknown included tree fungi environmental factors increase ultra violet light hypothesis genetic problem induced thousands trees brought area planted gardens parks native plant nursery central grow plants use parks reserves parks trees central growing flowering metres natural forms offspring produced poorly adapted local conditions nearly years work scientists found cause spread tree tree tiny insect introduced passion vine populations parts new_zealand areas particularly north big trees left affects trees farmland open areas trees natural forest patches continue trees southern northern generally unaffected dead branches symptoms evidence suggest severity disease rural decline plight epidemic drew attention widespread threat tree rural areas new_zealand proposed refer decline health older trees pasture leading years loss upper branches eventual death farmers leave solitary tree trees standing swamps drained trees slowly die livestock eat damage roots adult trees tree shade field stock shelter underneath damaging bark soil tree cows sheep goats deer eat tissue bark trees trunk damaged animals seldom wounds bigger time eventually tissue centre stem away cavity forms entire length trunk completely ring metre ground growth layer dies injuries lead fungal spread branches canopy begins die factors thought contribute include wood rotting fungi like micro organisms cause saprobic decay leaf feeding mammals destructive tend eat leaves tree fond eating sugar rich flowering emerge like tree sleeping place rabbits destructive especially periods drought seen eat base tree falls eating fallen tree completely horses fell tree eating trunk cultural uses traditional times rich knowledge tree including spiritual ecological practical aspects use specialised knowledge lost european settlement new_zealand use tree food medicine persisted use weaving common food stems high natural steam cooked earth large type produce rich food foods growing tips leaf hearts stripped leaves eaten raw cooked vegetable called origin tree southern limit sweet potato cultivation south culture developed natural planted tree harvested large parties trimmed cut stems left dry days weeks stems extensions trunk surface ground shaped like enormous dug cooked early 1840s said preferred trees growing deep rich soil dug spring early summer flowering plant november favourite month preparing drying harvested stems steamed hours pit steaming converted stems sweet cooked stems beating carried villages storage stored dry time came add root foods improve sugar stems partially found mixed pulp matter root easily separated tearing apart water said smell taste like evidence large cooking pits found hills large trees stand europeans plant alcohol growing tip plant eaten raw medicine cooked called spike leaves outer leaves firmly base bent snap leaves removed remains like small heart steamed boiled bitter vegetable available time year delicious foods like modern times pork beef different trees selected degree bitterness strong medicinal use vegetable tough extracted leaves valued strength especially leaves making anchor ropes lines cooking protection travelling high country home swings provided source amusement children ropes strong leaves tougher new_zealand leaves rain mountain tree preferred tree leaves stronger new_zealand medicine parts treat injuries illnesses boiled drink paste growing tip plant eaten raw blood juice leaves cuts cracks leaves taken internally externally bathing cuts leaves soft applied directly cuts skin cracks cracked sore hands young shoot eaten nursing mothers given children liquid boiled shoots taken stomach pains seeds high acid essential cultivation today widely cultivated new_zealand native trees popular ornamental tree europe great_britain united_states hardy forms areas southern inland tolerate conditions best forms tender easily grown fresh seed spontaneously appear gardens bird dispersed seed grown easily shoot stem trunk grows far north western coast scotland including village common ireland grown island palm locally named palm palm palm extensive use official symbol area tourist posters promoting grows spain italy japan natural distribution ranges despite ultimately tropical origins grows degrees norway latitude protected arctic winds cultivated selected forms food called grown readily forms multiple dwarf non flowering selection stem thick green leaves recorded early rediscovered 1990s grown recent unpublished dna work suggests derives central subject intense discussion leading new_zealand meeting wellington years ago saved extinction dwarf form found favour came known recording interest plant origin selection forgotten rediscovered equivalent indicates traditional belief plant introduced ancestral probable arose moved native land plant numerous sold new_zealand world like species produce sports attractive including pink stripes leaves shades green yellow red early published france england described having leaves brownish red spots early included crimson bronze leaves infused red purple leaves range forms new_zealand overseas hybrids species feature prominently range available new plymouth plant breeders duncan davies included hybrids catalogue produced new new_zealand coloured forms hybrids susceptible attacks tree immature forms popular annual house ornamental plant spikes spikes add confusion hardy zones cultivation united_kingdom gained | Cordyline australis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
21842_Drosera | commonly known largest genera plants species members family lure capture digest insects covering leaf surfaces insects supplement poor mineral nutrition soil plants grow species vary greatly size form found growing continent antarctica botanical greek english common derived latin meaning sun refer drops tip resemble drops morning characteristics perennial rarely annual plants forming upright height depending species climbing species form stems reach longer lengths case shown able achieve lifespan years genus specialized nutrient behavior missing particular plants normally use earth bound habit genus divided growth forms temperate species form tight cluster leaves called winter period european species belong group australia including tasmania new_zealand temperate species dies horn shaped subtropical species maintain growth year round uniform nearly uniform climatic conditions group roughly australian species distinguished miniature growth formation reproduction dense formation hairs crown center hairs serve protect plants australia intense summer sun form subgenus nearly australian species form underground survive extremely dry summers habitat emerging autumn called divided groups form form climbing stems comprise subgenus complex group tropical australian species live constantly warm wet conditions species comprise group developed special strategies cope alternately drier conditions species example densely covered maintain sufficiently humid environment serve increased surface morning complex comprises subgenus form single strictly defined growth form number species group queensland small group species native highly humid habitats dim australian leaves characterised topped sticky cover trapping mechanism usually employs types sweet attract insects digest absorb resulting nutrient soup missing species small prey mainly consisting insects attracted sweet touching prey sticky prevents progress escape eventually prey death exhaustion death usually occurs minutes plant dissolve insect free nutrients contained nutrient mixture absorbed leaf surfaces rest plant species able response contact edible prey extremely sensitive bend center leaf bring insect contact possible according contact legs small single induce response response touch known rapid species outer recently coined snap bend prey matter seconds contact known bend prey tenths second addition movement species able bend degrees maximize contact prey exhibits probably dramatic movement leaf completely prey minutes species unable bend leaves response prey type strong red yellow emergence recently discovered australian species function known help attracting prey leaf morphology species genus extremely varied ranging leaves divided leaves flowers fruit flowers nearly plants held far leaves long stem physical isolation flower traps originally thought adaptation meant avoid trapping potential recent study indicated species attract distinct types insects prey little overlap instead tall flower probably help raise flowers height noticeable spikes flowers open time usually remain open short period flowers open response light intensity opening direct sunlight entire moving response sun position sky symmetrical flowers perfect parts exceptions rule species small flowers species regia flowers diameter general flowers white pink australian species display wider range colors including orange red yellow metallic violet superior develops seed capsule bearing numerous tiny seeds grain type compound means grains stuck protein called roots root systems weakly developed serving mainly absorb water anchor plant ground roots relatively useless nutrient south african species use roots water food storage species root systems remain stem dies species use roots propagation length australian species form underground purpose serve allow plants survive dry summers roots extremely long proportion size plant extending roots beneath soil surface form roots supports reported form penetrate plant tissues taxonomy right shows relationship classes defined analysis section included study place system unclear recent studies placed group near section placed note placement section relation uncertain section shows multiple times phylogenetic study need revision genus reproduction species self fertile flowers self closing numerous seeds produced tiny black seeds response moisture light seeds temperate species require cold damp seeds species require hot dry summer period followed cool moist winter reproduction occurs naturally species produce roots come close surface soil older leaves touch ground reproduce specialized scale like leaves called produce culture propagated leaf crown root seeds distribution range genus stretches alaska north new_zealand south centers diversity australia roughly known species south_america southern africa species species found large parts north_america areas considered form outskirts generic range ranges typically approach temperate arctic areas contrary previous evolutionary genus longer thought occurred breakup continental drift thought occurred result subsequent wide dispersal range origins genus thought africa australia europe home species ranges species overlap form sterile addition species hybrid native europe north_america home additional species small annual native coastal states texas virginia slightly larger plant similar range found areas caribbean species native northern united_states southern canada subspecies native gulf_coast florida panhandle genus described cosmopolitan meaning worldwide distribution botanist author monograph family date called description genus highly unusual circumstances admitting species occupy significant earth surface der particularly pointed absence species arid climate zones countless mediterranean region north_africa species diversity temperate zones europe north_america habitat generally grow moist rarely constantly wet habitats acidic soils high levels sunlight common habitats include swamps marshes venezuela coastal australia south_africa moist species grow association moss soil nutrient supply soil making nutrients available plant life allows rely soil bound nutrients flourish dominating vegetation usually genus variable terms habitat individual species adapted wide variety environments including habitats highly shaded environments queensland temperate species form winter examples adaptation habitats general tend inhabit warm climates moderately frost resistant conservation status species united_states federally protected listed threatened endangered states additionally remaining native populations lie protected land national parks wildlife preserves species protected law european countries germany austria switzerland czech_republic finland hungary france bulgaria currently largest threat europe north_america habitat destruction development projects draining agricultural uses harvesting regions led species parts range plants habitats usually difficult impossible ecological needs certain populations closely tied geographical location increased legal protection concentrated effort habitats threat plants survival species remain endangered relatively image plants small low growth makes difficult protect landscape overlooked recognized south_africa australia centers species diversity natural habitats plants undergoing high degree pressure human activities expanding population centers queensland perth cape_town threaten habitats draining moist areas agriculture forestry rural areas sweeping australia years pose threat species drying previously moist areas species endemic limited area threatened collection plants wild considered endangered madagascar large scale removal plants wild million plants harvested commercial medicinal use annually uses medicinal plant medicinal herbs early 12th century italian doctor described plant remedy sole commonly preparations germany europe tea especially recommended dry modern study shown exhibits properties listed doubtful treating tuberculosis strengthen heart treat prevent today registered usually combination ingredients today usually treat lung stomach medicinal preparations primarily roots flowers fruit like native species protected parts europe north_america extracts usually prepared cultivated fast growing specifically plants collected imported madagascar spain france finland ornamental plants nature beauty traps favorite ornamental plants environmental requirements species relatively stringent difficult meet cultivation result species unavailable commercially varieties way mainstream nursery business found sale venus include cultivation requirements vary greatly species general require high environmental moisture content usually form constantly moist wet soil substrate species require water pure nutrients minerals soil stunt growth kill commonly plants grown soil substrate containing combination dead live moss moss sand reverse rain water produced remarkable elastic properties genus attractive subject research recent study species analyzed content atomic force transmission electron energy ray researchers able observe networks sizes addition calcium key components biological identified increase turn increasing effectiveness trap importantly research fact dried provides suitable substrate attachment living cells important implications tissue engineering especially elastic qualities essentially coating surgical replacement hip organ drastically improve rate recovery decrease potential rejection living tissue effectively attach grow authors suggest wide variety applications including wound treatment medicine enhancing synthetic note stretch nearly million times original size readily available use extremely cost efficient source uses native australia considered australian purple yellow traditionally prepared scottish highlands produced recipe 14th century fresh leaves mainly chemical constituents chemical compounds potential biological activities found including constituents plant acid acid acid acid acid acid acid | Drosera | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
22192_Hippeastrum | genus species hybrids perennial plants generally large tall broad leaves generally large red purple flowers genus family subfamily tribe given means knight star lily precisely meant certain years confusion generic names result common mainly genus sold indoor flowering particularly christmas northern hemisphere contrast generic applies south_africa usually grown outdoors genus native tropical subtropical regions americas argentina north mexico caribbean reproduction generally cross propagated seed offset commercial ventures use techniques splitting sections genus intensely bred cultivated early nineteenth century produce large colourful flowers temperate placed outside summer period induced inside winter description protective dry outer layer concentric inner scales leaf bases generally diameter produce seven long lasting deciduous leaves long wide leaves develop flowering rarely persistent flowers arranged flowers supported erect hollow flower stem tall diameter free forming free base depending species large flowers flower native species usually purple red funnel shaped curving downwards upwards tip shape brightly colored outer inner similar appearance different segments unequal united base form short tube usually rudimentary ridge present throat consists thread like close versatile inferior style stigma fruit forms capsule containing seeds dry flattened winged irregularly hardly spherical brown black taxonomy separation taxonomy genus complicated issue properly created type species genus species earlier worked near describing plants growing work refers assumed south african cape precisely known preserved london time south african south american plants placed genus early nineteenth century diverse genus species consider dozen genera today attempts separate different genera work commenced contributions english botanist curtis expanded identifying species new genus leaving species rest species transferred genera created refined descriptions work nomenclature debate key question original type south african plant south american plant correct genus new need found south african genus claimed evidence plant fact south american accepted plant son younger described unpublished soon appearing paper sparked debate half century delayed official transfer species debate involved sides atlantic final outcome decision 14th international botanical congress correct regardless priority ultimately based specimen south african correct south african genus south american genus claim second issue proposed provisional taxon called subsequently correct overlooked genus following genus species allied order preserve widespread usage proposed rejected accepted correct regardless fact priority hybrids hybrids relatively common genera rare conspicuous exception hybrid obtained mexican lily lily lily member tribe originally called given cross number proposed years instance 1870s 1880s considerably reorganised described sections genus included seven number species treated separate genera baker reduced original number species enlarged genus adding genera called subsequently moved included separate sections addition included new species discovered south_america particularly chile classification included species reduced currently widely indistinct boundaries divisions reference baker baker baker selected species november accepts species names include considered probably hybrids include etymology given genus derived ancient greek meaning knight star mounted knight star describe recognized species proposed genus distinguished knight star lily states named knights star lily pursuing idea gave rise fourteen species included connection refers younger named unpublished manuscript west indian species similarity african genus published species known precisely described barbados lily referring composed leaves standing certain period plant flowering like ears flower resemblance horse head derived inform claimed curtis mistake given remarkable likeness view star orders knight hood appearance expressed figure despite speculation definitive explanation thinking instance knight star compared decoration knight order polar star latin word knight confused horse possibly making literary knight term flower compared weapon resembles common decision settled question scientific genus common continues sold described ready bloom holidays belong genus societies devoted genus separate common names describe genus naked lady distribution habitat species concentrated centres diversity main central southern peru argentina eastern slopes nearby foothills species found far north mexico west_indies genus thought originated brazil species found habitat mainly tropical subtropical species found south equator sufficient altitude considered temperate found wide range habitats found prefer sun example species preferring flood areas species prefer drier habitat species require air circulation roots subgenus ecology flowering hybrids valued large ornamental flowers particularly indoor cultivation northern hemisphere winter larger flowers produce largest measure inches produce flower stems measure inches flowers depending flower time wait weeks second flowers usual needs produce large healthy leaves summer growing season send following year described country origin producers different characteristics dutch south african dutch usually produce flowers finished plant begin growing leaves south african usually leaves time hybrids best known producing flowers red pink salmon orange white colors flower colors include yellow pale green variations including different colored stripes edges flowers uniform colors patterns pronounced colors upper lower ones names describe hybrids large flowering dutch types commonly sold single flower large flowering double flower miniature dwarf small flowering suggests tube shaped flowers single double miniature ones typically sold stores holidays december valentine day easter commercially available species sold exotic extremely thin described spider like miniature resemble butterfly unique color pattern broad rose center stripes pale green upper narrow stripes crossed single flower produce hybrids unusual reproduction species generally species genus degree allowing crossing species sterile unable produce seeds sterile producing mother light easily carried surface water ensuring distribution species rainy season species self distributing seed guarantee genetic diversity natural populations widely species examples typical genus commonly mechanism limits self self seeds produced plants furthermore plant generally releases days stigma receptive making cross likely include birds subtropical areas species food plants larvae species including large small flies fungal disease attacking red red leaf spot red fire leaves eaten commonly plant egg pods ground near spring covering plant breeding propagation intense cultivation number species particularly brazil peru occurred beauty size flowers resulting hybrids history breeding began crossed obtaining hybrids later given johnson hardy lily johnson shared work fortunate greenhouse destroyed fire hybrid cultivated mid nineteenth century new hybrid lines followed new species sent europe south_america important strain hybrids produced sons netherlands mid 19th century crossing better hybrids available europe time successful hybrids hybrids arose work british explorer botanist employee plant nursery brought specimens species notable large flowers wide open relatively symmetrical crossing species best strain produced lineage large open specimens flowers nursery dominated commercial development varieties early years twentieth century best hybrids setting standard modern commercial development late 19th early 20th century saw breeding develop united_states particularly texas california florida conjunction major contribution came work hybrids crossed dutch stock produced modern hybrids matching european strains dutch moved south_africa began cultivation come dutch south african sources developed united_states japan israel india brazil australia double flowers japan particularly beautiful list dutch israeli etc depending country origin modern commercial hybrids derived following species propagation main methods seeds twin scales recently commercial scale seeds seed development new increase yield native species seeds generally early summer larger containers require warmth frequent given dormant period seeds breed true plants obtained seeds years bloom propagation best performed offset commercially produce mother form propagation plants grown method years bloom twin scales common commercial propagation method referred twin scales involves division sections separating section twin scales connected basal plate derived grown moist dark till appear recently growing sunlight produce better crop technique plant tissue culture improves propagation decreasing time required reach minimum size start reproductive cycle sections grown artificial media addition plant modern lack dancing queen represents exception genetically related flower colour white shades characteristic non varieties crossed produce conservation following species considered threatened vulnerable degradation natural habitat according red list threatened species argentina argentina peru cultivation species grown inside outside warmer climates bloom year year provided given dormant period cool dark place months water start growing month period tender exposed frost easy grow large rewards small efforts especially bloom inside winter months note grown ground temperate areas usually sold fall early winter bloom bare root best planted pot slightly larger drained organic mix soil plus fiber equal amounts moss sand visible surface soil thirds buried planting requires warm place need light leaves emerge need situated lit cool place needed maintain moderate soil moisture cause root plants fed common contain iron takes place months planting plant leaves continue grow flowers faded outdoors hours direct sunlight plus lightly season progresses help develop year induced yearly mimicking conditions natural environment cool dry winters foliage starts yellow induced water placing plant cool dark place weeks start plants thriving outdoors temperate climates induced northern hemisphere autumn bringing indoors cool environment prior frost leaves usually period flower stem begin emerge weeks brought light inspected fresh soil cutting foliage subsequent care new described best results obtained years hybrids bestseller salmon pink red star holland scarlet white gained uses popular indoor ornamental plants prized large brightly colored flowers including red pink salmon orange white important place trade sale cut flowers plants market dominated netherlands south_africa areas production include israel japan united_states florida brazil produces million annually yielded include anti parasitic activity high content isolated demonstrated properties properties folk medicine treat wounds culture stylized flower common internationally symbol organizations associated disease genetic disease nervous system widely logo represents double image head shoulders flower growing vibrant plant reduced size inner head shoulders image person caused disease leaves represent protection purpose growth development community worldwide search cure treatment links | Hippeastrum | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
22629_Stylidium | known trigger plants genus plants belong family genus derived greek column pillar refers distinctive reproductive structure flowers possess achieved use sensitive trigger comprises male female reproductive organs fused floral column forward quickly response touch covering insect approximately species found australia making fifth largest genus country considered cover flower trap kill digest small insects produced plant characteristics majority species perennial herbs utilize storage organ remaining small group species consists members genus easily identified unique floral column style fused column commonly called trigger genus typically resides beneath plane flower flowers means symmetrical plane flowers usually bloom late spring australia morphology species genus represent diverse selection plants centimeters tall grow meters feet tall typical plant form dense leaves close ground gives rise floral spike center plant forms range flower morphology differs details simple blueprint nature trigger protruding throat flower resting plane flower flower size ranges species small wide flowers wide flowers flower color vary species species include combination white cream yellow pink flowers usually arranged spike dense exception rule suggests produces single flower leaf morphology diverse large genus leaves thin needle like short arranged group species climbing form typically aerial roots mechanism column typical genus sensitive responds touch change pressure insect lands flower causes change column pressure way action potential sending column quickly flying insect impact insect covered stunned harmed column comprises fused male female reproductive organs flower stigma turns dominating function column develop pushed aside developing stigma delayed development stigma prevents self ensures cross occur individuals population different species evolved trigger mechanism different locations attacking insect punch gut insect response touch quick species column complete attack insect little firing column original position minutes half hour depending temperature species specific qualities column able fire times longer responds response time highly dependent ambient temperature lower temperatures relating slower movement species typically small solitary bees feeding bee flies species leaves flower parts suggested tip produces sticky mixture sugar water capable attracting small insects ability trap insects defensive mechanism damage flower parts shown produce digestive specifically like plants adding species list plants engage significantly increase total number known plants insects captured small serve role unclear plants evolved ability trap kill insects adaptation low environmental nutrient availability simply defensive mechanism insects damaging flower parts location species proximity known species like albany pitcher plant rainbow plant prove species hypothesis association arose species known plants obtain scarce nutrients source captured insects preliminary proof given trapping mechanisms associated plants coincidence research distribution habitat species endemic australia western_australia species area immediately perth species confined australian continent found queensland sri_lanka south coast china queensland philippines group contains individual species species exist specimens formally described making fifth largest genus australia habitat includes grassy plains open rocky slopes forests margins creeks water holes species found disturbed areas like near roads sensitive disturbance considered rare extremely specific habitat species location natural hybrids species reported natural field artificial cultivation rare natural hybrid reported botanical history discovery description new species occurring late 18th century discovered travels pacific aboard seven species collected banks board later engraved preparation publication later early 19th century french botanist wrote descriptions anatomy illustrated botanical artists including time british botanist described authored species including species began described explored australia thoroughly wrote describing habitat distribution plant forms stemmed scale tropical began placing certain species based groups resemble true taxonomic 1970s 1980s research trigger physiology begun lab added growing library knowledge published book describing overview habitat plant morphology research date following publication founded species known species awaiting formal description cultivation species tend hardy species easily cultivated gardens drought resistant hardy cold weather species diversity genus gives wide variety choices species native western_australia cold hardy found australia like tolerate wider range habitat native ranges includes great diversity species suitable cultivation outdoors outside australian continent including united_kingdom far north new_york_city seattle united_states cultivation seed difficult easy depending species difficult species grow include ones require period smoke treatment simulate specimens grown medium kept moist relatively low concentration nutrients noted appear sensitive disturbance root systems disturbance likely result plants | Stylidium | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
22995_Hyacinthoidesnon-scripta | non non non perennial plant found atlantic areas north western spain british isles frequently garden plant known english common simply scotland refer spring non produces sided tubular sweet violet blue flowers strongly long linear basal leaves non particularly associated ancient woodland dominate produce violet blue flowers woods occurs open habitats western regions protected law parts range related species introduced british isles non produce known taxonomy non described seminal work species genus specific epithet non means unmarked intended distinguish plant classical greek mythology mythical flower certainly modern sprang blood dying prince lover god apollo shed tears marked new flower letters sign grief transferred species genus christian august friedrich transferred genus synonym widely known non transferred species current placement genus original greek sea character greek mythology means like type species described english treated synonym non smith argued fitting epithet non makes sense separated international code nomenclature algae fungi plants requires oldest regardless meaning common names non include common english british wild wood bell fairy flower bell bottle scotland term related species non forms clade species centred restricted small area north western neighbouring parts portugal found mountainous areas western north_africa morocco algeria geographically separated river genus contains seven species distributed east description non perennial plant grows produces linear leaves growing base plant millimetres wide exceptionally flowers borne stem tall tip flowers arranged sided flower long base strongly tips violet blue outer fused length bear cream coloured flowers strongly seeds black soil surface produce roots roots contract draw deeper layers soil greater moisture reaching depths explain absence non thin soils chalk unable penetrate sufficiently deep soils non differs occurs introduced species british isles number ways paler flowers borne symmetrical outer fused length colour species thought diverged years ago species readily produce fertile offspring known hybrids intermediate parental species forming spectrum variation connects distribution ecology non native western parts north western spain occasionally north western portugal netherlands british isles found belgium great_britain france ireland netherlands spain occurs species germany italy romania introduced parts north_america pacific_northwest british_columbia washington oregon north eastern united_states virginia kentucky indiana ohio pennsylvania new_york despite wide distribution non reaches greatest british isles woods woodland dominated spring familiar sight non found british isles exception northern lewis harris estimated common found british isles species deciduous woodland range flowering early canopy closes late spring found growing japanese perennial plants form stands dense summer canopy successful slightly acid soils niche conditions occupied species species adapted woodlands young shoots able penetrate thick layer leaf litter indicator species identify ancient woodland frequently found west range found growing open habitats including coastal meadows flowers rich chiefly visited insects host species parasitic fungus causes ability non soil greatly enhanced presence roots protection non protected international law cites united_kingdom non protected species landowners prohibited removing common land sale criminal offence remove wild common legislation strengthened schedule act making trade wild common seeds offence fines species protected france non largely confined northern half country legally protected national level protected edge range lot wallonia non protected vii sur conservation nature uses widely planted garden plants trees borders flower time ability reproduce runners means spread rapidly need controlled wide range chemicals potential medicinal properties contain active compounds provide protection insects animals certain extracts water similar compounds tested use hiv cancer folk medicine remedy regarded united_kingdom favourite flower wild plant charity organised survey find favourite flower county united_kingdom decided ban voters choosing far choice earlier poll nation favourite flower logo ireland | Hyacinthoides non-scripta | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
23120_Carexbinervis | green european species atlantic distribution found occurs damp acidic environments typically grows height comprising male female spikes long conspicuous green veins rise scientific common species state closely resembles species usually grows higher altitude described classified sect hybrids species known description parts centimetres tall typically triangular section rounded corners single leaves long millimetres wide light green shiny underside dark green matt upper surface leaves flat slightly abruptly fine point roots diameter root hairs occurring short lateral run soil surface light brown approximately diameter root system reaches maximum depth spreading widely dominant plant atlantic wet state difficult distinguish species tends grow higher altitudes differ leaves brown scales orange brown scales leaves leaves develop wine red patches aging seen reproductive parts half length stem lower resemble leaves upper like comprises single terminal male spike lateral female spikes male spike long long paler female spikes long cylindrical half long lower female spikes tend upper female spikes erect seeds long broadly elliptical rough long brown partly green plant scientific common names refer fact marked conspicuous green veins latin roots nerve number distribution ecology oceanic distribution occurring areas high rainfall finland norway british isles germany belgium france spain portugal british isles westerly northerly distribution abundant scotland wales ireland england plants morocco previously referred treated separate species grows acidic environments including damp rocky places species useful indicator acid substrate species recorded altitudes metres north wales reports occurrences scottish highlands chiefly wind insect observed visit occasionally taxonomy published article transactions society london titled descriptions new british species included descriptions synonym synonym latin diagnosis smith writes species appears description green angles fruit intended considerably larger real spikes black green yellowish female ones branched compounded base essential decisive character consists strong deep green nerves ribs run fruit externally near edge broader compressed classified alongside species natural hybrids known species including forming forming | Carex binervis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
24003_Roystonearegia | regia regia commonly known cuban royal palm florida royal palm simply royal palm species palm native southern florida mexico parts central_america caribbean large attractive palm planted tropics ornamental tree called regia correct species populations cuba florida long seen separate species considered belong single species best known ornamental regia source construction timber medicinal plant fruit eaten birds bats disperse seeds fed livestock flowers visited birds bats serves site food source variety animals regia national tree cuba religious role christianity palm sunday description regia large palm reaches height metres tall heights reported stem diameter centimetres reports maximum stem diameter trunk stout smooth grey white colour characteristic distinctive green trees leaves long flowers white pinkish fruit ellipsoid shape millimetres long wide green immature turning red eventually black mature root containing bacteria found regia trees india presence containing root usually associated nitrogen record root tree evidence nitrogen provided presence nitrogen compound allows function reducing oxygen concentration root addition evidence nitrogen found producing acid important plant taxonomy placed subfamily tribe placement uncertain phylogeny based dna failed resolve position genus appear molecular phylogenetic studies relationship regia rest genus uncertain species described american naturalist based trees growing central florida german botanist described species regia based collections cuba german botanist moved genus renamed genus proposed german botanist applied species known species transferred genera genus continued applied variety similar species fact closely related address problem american botanist created genus named honour american general renamed species regia cook considered populations distinct regia puerto rican placed new species considered synonym regia described new species based collections georgetown placed genus species considered synonyms regia regia var applied central american populations species determined differ cuban populations considered separate variety based rules botanical nomenclature oldest properly published species priority newer names applied large solitary palm white trunk topped green leaf leaves growing central florida type collection known native fit description pointed valid proposed new combination use revision genus established usage harper new combination immediately supplanted cook disagreement cuban populations represented single species species revision genus concluded belonged species according rules botanical nomenclature correct species pointed regia regia history use dated species propagated world hand widely basis proposed regia common names cultivation regia called cuban royal palm simply royal palm populations native florida called florida royal cuba tree called real india widely cultivated called reproduction growth regia produces flowers animals european honey bees bats reported seeds dispersed birds bats feed fruit seed adjacent expands pushes portion embryo seed result develops adjacent seed embryo forms cultivation reported begin producing stem years point produce thirteenth leaf growth rates averaged year florida distribution regia found southern florida mexico veracruz central_america cuba puerto_rico hispaniola lesser antilles bahamas described species lake river area modern lake counties central florida area north modern range today cultivated tropical subtropical climates united_states australia brazil parts southern asia landscape palm united_states grows central southern florida areas southern california ecology leaves regia sites florida bat retreat cuban tree frogs non native species florida panama regia introduced nesting sites yellow crowned flowers regia visited collecting bees considered good source found cuban flower bat single leaf bat jamaican fruit bat social feed fruit regia host plant royal palm bug florida serves host plant butterflies cuba brazil susceptible caused fungus species considered invasive species secondary forest panama uses regia planted tropics ornamental seed source oil livestock feed leaves wood construction roots reason added drink origin treatment diabetes extracted leaf regia found comparable banana lower density making potentially useful source use lightweight composite materials extract regia fruit known reduces mixture studied potential alternative treatment religious significance regia plays important role popular religion cuba associated primarily father symbolic importance fraternity regia plays important role palm sunday | Roystonea regia | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
24066_Alnusglutinosa | common black european species tree family native europe southwest asia northern africa wet locations association enables grow poor quality soils medium size short lived tree growing height metres short rounded leaves separate male female flower form small rounded fruits cone like seeds dispersed wind water common provides food shelter wildlife number insects fungi completely dependent tree pioneer species vacant land forming mixed forests trees appear wake eventually common dies woodlands need light available forest floor usual habitat forest edges swamps riverside corridors timber underwater foundations manufacture paper smoking foods carving products tree providing folk research shown extracts seeds active bacteria description tree moist soils grows favourable circumstances height metres exceptionally metres young trees upright habit growth main stem older trees develop arched crown branches base trunk produces roots grow soil appear trunk bark young trees smooth glossy greenish brown older trees dark grey branches smooth somewhat sticky scattered brown short male female form autumn remain dormant winter leaves common short rounded long slightly wedge shaped base margin glossy dark green upper surface paler green underside brown hairs angles veins trees growing near water common keeps leaves longer trees drier situations leaves remain green late autumn latin implies young leaves sticky species flowers wind slender cylindrical male reddish colour long female flowers upright broad green short autumn dark brown black colour hard somewhat woody similar small winter small winged seeds scattered following spring seeds flattened reddish brown nuts edged filled pockets air enables float month allows seed disperse widely unlike species tree common produce shade leaves rate shaded foliage lit leaves rate lower means tree woodland grows taller lower branches die soon decay leaving small crown trunk taxonomy described varieties regarded single species treated species present scientific accepted separation transferred species epithet means sticky referring particularly young shoots genus common placed subgenus closely related group species including grey form hybrid distribution habitat common native continental europe extreme north south united_kingdom ireland asia range includes turkey iran africa found tunisia algeria morocco azores introduced accident intent canada united_states chile south_africa australia new_zealand natural habitat moist ground near rivers ponds lakes grow drier locations occurs mixed woodland forest edges range soil types grows best association nitrogen fixing grow nutrient poor soils trees thrive ecological relationships common noted relationship forms tree roots nitrogen air form available tree return receives carbon products produced tree relationship improves fertility soil established common important pioneer species ecological succession common susceptible recently evolved species plant probably hybrid origin agent disease causing extensive mortality trees parts europe symptoms infection include death roots patches bark dark spots near base trunk leaves subsequent years death branches tree fungal plant causes tongue induced distortion female develops fruits produces spores carried wind trees believed harmless tree harmless caused leaves forming common important wildlife year round seeds useful winter food birds deer sheep rabbits feed tree provides shelter livestock winter shades water rivers streams water temperature benefits fish find safety exposed roots times flood common larvae number different butterflies associated species plant eating insect tree host variety particularly flourish humid moist environment trees common found growing trunk branches include tree restricted species mycorrhizal fungi found growing common partners exchange nutrients species include roll rim grow association spring cup grows fallen introduced species common affect ecology new locality fast growing tree quickly form dense woods little light reaches ground growth native plants presence nitrogen fixing bacteria annual accumulation leaf litter trees nutrient status soil increases availability ground tree dense network roots cause increased pools waterways spreads easily wind borne seed dispersed certain extent birds woody fruits float away parent tree tree occurs logs fallen branches root classed environmental new_zealand cultivation uses common pioneer species river banks assist flood control water soils moderate temperature nutrient status water bodies grown mixed species plantations nitrogen rich leaves falling ground soil increase production trees douglas fir poor quality soils tree live years best timber years heart sets ground important wood cut near base encourage production straight poles capable enduring marine climatic conditions cultivated fast growing woodland tolerate dense shade forest matures trees die species cultivated specimen tree parks gardens gained timber wood soft white cut turning pale red knots timber strength required construction industry paper making manufacture production energy water wood deep foundations buildings piles beneath venice foundations medieval roman architect mentioned timber construction marshes wood solid timber grain colour appreciated takes wood soft flexible somewhat light easily worked split valued carving making furniture window frames toys blocks bark common long bark twigs contain acid limited strong accompanying colour produce depending methods shades brown yellowish orange wool cotton silk bark iron create black substitute use said bark use leather shoots common produce yellowish coloured cut early year parts tree yield green colour fresh cut wood pinkish colour uses traditional wood burnt produce smoked fish smoked foods areas woods supplies high quality leaves tree sticky spread floor room surface said trap chemical constituents include acid acid health common birch main sources tree present atmosphere time birch oak similar properties difficult separate individual effects central europe tree second common cause conditions grass bark common traditionally substance able restore normal health bark treat swelling treat sore throat ground bark ingredient inner bark boiled provide skin wash treating leaves reduce breast discomfort nursing mothers folk advocate use leaves forms cancer alpine farmers said use leaves alleviate placing heated bag leaves affected areas leaves consumed cows sheep goats horses pigs refuse eat according people consumption leaves causes tongue harmful horses research study extracts seeds common found active bacteria tested included resistant extract significant activity extracted extracts low results suggest seeds investigated use development possible anti drugs details structure details | Alnus glutinosa | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
24842_Betulapendula | commonly known silver birch birch species tree family native europe parts asia southern europe found higher altitudes range extends siberia china southwest asia mountains northern turkey northern iran introduced north_america known european white birch considered invasive states usa parts canada tree found temperate regions australia silver birch medium sized deciduous tree owes common white bark trunk twigs slender leaves roughly triangular margins turn yellow autumn fall flowers light winged seed widely scattered wind silver birch hardy tree pioneer species trees appear bare fire swept land species birds animals found birch woodland tree supports wide range insects light shade casts allows plants grow beneath canopy planted parks gardens forest products timber jumps parts tree traditional medicine bark contains shown medicinal properties description silver birch medium sized deciduous tree typically reaching tall exceptionally metres slender trunk usually diameter bark trunk branches golden brown later turns white result tissue developing surface bark remains smooth tree gets large older trees bark irregular dark rugged young branches whitish twigs slender small sticky development terminal dies away growth continues lateral shoots long bear male tip short bear female immature male present winter female develop spring soon leaves leaves short slender long triangular broad wedge shaped bases slender pointed tips double toothed margins sticky age leaving small white scales foliage pale medium green turns yellow early autumn leaves fall mid summer female mature male expand release wind takes place small winged seeds late summer cylindrical long broad seeds numerous separated scales seeds spread widely wind distribution habitat silver birch grows naturally western europe eastwards siberia province china southwards mountains northern iran iraq turkey native northern morocco parts world southern parts range mainly found mountainous regions light seeds easily blown wind pioneer species trees bare land forest fire needs plenty light best dry acid soils found tolerance pollution suitable planting industrial areas exposed sites introduced north_america known european white birch considered invasive states kentucky maryland washington wisconsin locally invasive parts canada taxonomy closely related northern asia central asia treated varieties silver birch var var respectively birch classification distinguished related birch common european birch having shoots birch triangular leaves double margins single birch bark scattered black birch distinguished silver birch sets birch sets hybrids known rare sterile differences habitat requirements silver birch found mainly dry sandy soils birch common wet poorly drained sites clay soils silver birch demands slightly summer warmth birch significant cooler parts europe north american texts treat species cause confusion combining birch alternative vernacular white birch scientific species regarded distinct species europe synonyms include var var var raf montana var rejected applied ecology silver birch open canopy allows plenty light reach ground allows variety grasses flowering plants grow beneath turn attract insects flowering plants found birch woods include violet viola wood wood small shrubs grow forest floor include birds found birch woodland include tree willow robin green branches silver birch masses twigs known witch growing caused fungus old trees killed decay fungus fallen branches rapidly forest floor tree commonly grows mycorrhizal fungus relationship applies particularly acidic nutrient poor soils mycorrhizal associates include shown presence soil assists growth tree nutrients larvae large number species butterflies insects feed leaves parts silver birch germany species insect found silver birch including beetles insect species feeding exclusively birch birch disease affect planted trees naturally trees susceptible disease affects reported sites planted birch scotland 1990s united_states wood attacked bronze birch insect pest natural resistance uses silver birch planted parks gardens grown white bark shoots warmer places los_angeles sydney scandinavia regions northern europe grown forest products lumber pulp aesthetic purposes ecosystem services pioneer nurse tree silver birch wood pale colour distinct making furniture blocks kitchen makes good produces good heat burnt quickly consumed flames bark making roof wooden historically bark bark heated collected excellent useful starting fires thin sheets bark young wood contain easy wet dead twigs useful outdoor fires birch jumps spring large quantities rise trunk tapped contains similar way maple drunk fresh concentrated wine sweden bark birch trees ground bark bread form famine food removal bark time widespread expressed concern survival woodlands silver birch traditional medicine reputed useful treatment high blood pressure high kidney stones digestive disturbances respiratory diseases purposes bark leaves generally externally silver birch promote healing relieve pain treat skin outer bark contains main components essential oil present bark substances shown anti anti cancer properties silver birch finland national tree silver birch called gently beat oneself finnish culture cultivation successful birch cultivation requires climate cool occasional winter snowfall shallow rooted require water dry periods grow best sun planted deep drained soil called birch finland wood hard decorative wood carving commonly deeply leaves branches dark purple leaves erect trunk dense growth central leader requires standard stem normal silver birch marked gained | Betula pendula | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
24853_Zombia | commonly known zombie palm species palm tree member genus endemic island hispaniola usually found dry hilly areas northern southern haiti northwest dominican_republic relatively short fan palm stems distinctive appearance caused persistent leaf threatened habitat destruction haiti popular ornamental species distinctive appearance low maintenance requirements salt tolerance description small palm grows dense multi stemmed stems metres tall centimetres diameter individuals bear fan shaped leaves white lower surface leaf remain attached stem leaf drops intervening tissue gradually woody tissue splits forming spines characteristic species shorter leaves bears bisexual flowers single fruit white colour orange individuals known exist pear shaped diameter bear single seed flowers fruit borne leaves fact shorter leaves trees produce seeds year predominantly july august species believed wind taxonomy genus includes species earliest description species found work french physician botanist placed genus italian naturalist independently described species placing genus recognising distinct placed genus american botanist erected genus accommodate species described generated combination selecting genus bailey noted endemic palm bear latin indicative exotic relation country people american botanist moved new genus generated fourth combination description pre dates based description priority addition cook invalid apparently formally described edition placed genus subfamily tribe classification palm family subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed members closely related consequence related genera places tribe tribe appears closely related genera species remainder genus sister taxon group moved new genus dominican botanist described variety distinguished typical variety smaller pear shaped fruits dirty yellow colour named variety var recent workers considered form distinctive maintain distinct variety common names called zombie palm palm coined palm appearance trunk haiti usually known french zombie fan palm french fan palm called common term fan haiti names fan palm wild fan palm specific species species dominican_republic species called species description species distribution endemic island hispaniola northern haiti grows tributaries south found eastern edge species occurs northwestern parts dominican_republic grows dry hilly regions low elevation usually slopes ridges generally absent valley bottoms dominican_republic found sea level metres sea level associated soils found soils haiti grows association variety including dominican_republic grows association conservation status listed threatened iucn red list review status west indian classified vulnerable based projected loss population century haiti species threatened habitat destruction land cleared agriculture destroyed livestock uses plant popular ornamental valued unusual appearance low maintenance requirements small stature salt tolerance recommended low maintenance landscaping leaves hats seeds protein content feed pigs south dominican_republic reportedly mix flour making bread reported wood boxes tobacco cases seed treat powerful properties explored connection zombie palm beliefs zombies found oil extracted seeds described sense source zombie dwelling leaves plant prevent zombies spy occupants sources reportedly unaware uses taylor concluded able find link albeit weak culture verify species typically associated zombies | Zombia | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
25267_Gaylussaciabrachycera | commonly known box box low north american related native east central united_states pennsylvania delaware maryland virginia west_virginia north_carolina kentucky tennessee easily distinguished members genus leaves resemble lack typical like relatives bears white shaped flowers early summer develop blue edible late summer found stations known natives picked ate aware 1920s species nearly ice age box self sterile found isolated colonies reproduce extending roots colony pennsylvania estimated years old recent estimates upper bound years oldest woody plant east rocky_mountains colony pennsylvania years old protected box natural area description box low inches tall leaves resemble inch long oval shaped glossy toothed turning red winter leaves lacking sharp contrast species box flowers june flowers shaped white tinged pink like flowers appear leaf fruits appear july august blue borne short taxonomy box collected described near winchester virginia probably west_virginia botanist named published obtained specimens west_virginia referred remained prevailing years common box species time specimens collected professor discovered colony near pennsylvania redesignated basis specimens recognized genus separate discovery brought friendship gray ultimately resulted appointment secretary assigned species genus widely accepted rejected authors grounds recently phylogenetic studies suggested remainder analysis result returned genus distribution habitat separate stations box documented scientific literature time collection west_virginia stations plant lost science pennsylvania colony known time specimens box subsequently identified delaware called attention threatened state plant article science investigating species purposes found specimens apparently locate west_virginia specimen preserved examination site discovered entire colony patch cut cultivation connected roots evidence margins colony concluded plant self sterile reproduced extending commercial removed box site particularly anxious preserve species site thought extant protected state box natural area able locate delaware colony thought lost send specimens cross specimens pennsylvania colony report stimulated considerable interest species additional colonies located pennsylvania delaware maryland virginia tennessee kentucky west_virginia discoveries noted colonies known local residents picked food names ground bear called intensive effort scientific community use local knowledge determining plant geography recently colony box discovered north_carolina report state reported stations box fall ranging central pennsylvania north eastern tennessee south specimens located maryland delaware found atlantic coastal plain single north_carolina station scattered distribution suggests species spread broadly north_america glacial advances surviving escaped ice protected box prefers dry acidic soils including partial shade locations wooded slopes tend face north site faces west delaware sites small portion colony extended wet margin marsh located dry sandy soil ecology human use box self sterile single plants reproduce sexually instead form colonies spread reproduction colony pennsylvania found feet long surveyed colony grew seed deposited rate centimetres year years old oldest living organism united_states second oldest world eclipsed believed climatic grounds time site covered forest thought cold box survive current forest begin appear site years ago age oldest woody plant north_america east rocky_mountains recent studies attempted determine fact reproduction colony heavily damaged forest fire road construction 1970s entirely found samples taken colony thought arisen sexual reproduction unfortunately destruction colony fire construction makes impossible definitively settle question reported feed leaves eaten wild harvested food humans west_virginia kentucky tennessee documented box colonies west_virginia 1920s took interest plant served pie local box reportedly cooperation efforts way promote use landscaping box commercially available source difficult making carry box local new year celebrations replica dropped instead ball mark new year | Gaylussacia brachycera | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
25790_Cactus | member plant family family comprising genera known species order word derives latin ancient greek originally plant identity certain occur wide range shapes sizes live habitats subject drought live extremely dry environments found places earth adaptations conserve water meaning parts adapted store water unlike stem vital process takes place species lost true leaves retaining spines highly modified leaves defending spines help prevent water loss reducing air flow close providing shade absence leaves enlarged stems carry native americas ranging south parts western canada north grows africa sri_lanka spines produced specialized structures called kind highly reduced branch identifying feature spines rise flowers usually tubular short growing seasons long able react quickly rainfall helped extensive relatively shallow root system quickly absorb water reaching ground surface stems allows expand contract easily quick water absorption rain followed long drought periods like plants employ special mechanism called acid carbon dioxide enters plant water escapes place day time instead occurs night plant stores carbon dioxide takes acid retaining daylight returns takes place cooler humid night hours water loss significantly reduced smaller globe shaped stems combining highest possible volume water storage lowest possible surface area water loss tallest free standing maximum recorded height smallest diameter maturity fully grown said able absorb gallons imp gal water species differ significantly appearance family plants genus resemble trees shrubs growing persistent leaves older bark covered stems identify spite appearance adaptations water conservation considered close ancestral species evolved tropical regions grow forest plants grow trees stems typically flattened leaf like appearance fewer spines known christmas thanksgiving genus variety uses species ornamental plants grown fodder forage food particularly fruit product insect lives morphology species fall groups core subfamily subfamily members groups easily recognizable stems major organs absent small leaves flowers lie deeply sunken stem flower parts grow highly specialized short shoots extremely short produce spines normal shoots flowers remaining fall genera different means description frequently exceptions species resemble tropical forest trees mature woody stems covered bark long lasting leaves provide main means flowers superior points attachment produce leaves species small globe shaped bodies prominent leaves growth habit wide variety growth habits difficult divide clear simple categories tree like meaning typically single woody trunk topped branches genus branches covered leaves species genus recognized branches typically like bare leaves bark covered spines larger tree sized branches larger specimens described stems coming ground branches low smaller described consist erect cylinder shaped stems branch clear division trunk branches boundary forms tree like forms difficult define smaller younger specimens example older larger specimens tree like cases columns horizontal vertical stems growing ground intervals stems smaller described consist shorter ball shaped stems solitary stems form clusters create large stems cluster share common root different appearance tropical regions grow forest stems typically flattened leaf like appearance fewer spines climbing large specimen reported meters long root distant stem species hang downwards forming dense grow trees high ground stems stem characteristic feature majority belonging largest subfamily stem typically meaning adapted store water surface stem smooth species covered kinds usually called vary small prominent like shapes genus like leaves species stem shape prominence ribs depends water stem storing mass water ribs invisible swollen stem short water stems shrink ribs visible stems shade green bluish brownish green stems contain able carry small structures open close allow passage gases stems visibly structures unique variable typically appear areas stems spines emerge flowers produced genus believed similar ancestor occur leaves angle leaf stalk stem borne raised areas stem leaf bases highly specialized condensed shoots branches normal shoot bearing leaves flowers separated lengths stem close form single structure circular elongated oval shape separated parts parts visibly connected way groove stem appear entirely separate nearer stem produces flowers spines hairs appearance distinct color yellow brown produce new spines flowers years inactive results relatively fixed number spines flowers produced ends stems growing forming new genus close ancestor remain active longer case leaves great majority visible leaves takes place stems flattened species exceptions occur groups species like normal trees shrubs numerous leaves group subfamily visible leaves long lasting species produced growing season lost species small genus relies leaves structure leaves varies somewhat groups species normal leaves flattened blade leaves appear consist visible leaves usually small leaves long half species studied long function leaves role production plant defining suggested spines spines distinguished spines modified leaves modified branches produce spines noted spines present leaves clearly evolved complete spines young possibly particularly true tree living ground living lack spines mature spines useful identification vary greatly species number color size shape spines produced similar distinct kinds spines straight slightly curved described hair like like needle like like depending length thickness flattened spines hooked spines central spines hooked outer spines straight addition normal length spines members subfamily relatively short spines called barbed length easily shed enter skin difficult remove causing long lasting roots ground living fine roots spread base plant varying distances close surface genera considerably larger greater volume body aid larger climbing roots produced stems come contact medium flowers like spines flowers variable typically surrounded material derived stem tissue forming structure called tissue derived continues forming composite tube called floral tube strictly speaking base floral origin outside tubular structure produce wool spines typically tube small scale like gradually change like like structures clearly differentiated called produce floral tubes wool spines completely devoid external structures unlike flowers flowers borne clusters flowers usually single style branch end stigma usually arise inner surface upper floral tube produced distinct series specific areas inside floral tube flower usually symmetrical symmetrical species flower colors range white yellow red adaptations water conservation adaptations promote efficient water use surviving hot dry environments ancestors modern adapted periods intermittent drought small number species tribes adapted life tropical forests water conservation important leaves spines absence visible leaves striking features close ancestral species evolved long lasting leaves species species long lasting leaves leaves key issue retaining water ratio surface area volume water loss proportional surface area water present proportional volume structures high surface area volume ratio thin leaves necessarily lose water higher rate structures low area volume ratio stems spines modified leaves present true leaves showing evolution spines preceded loss leaves spines high surface area volume ratio maturity contain little water composed fibers dead cells spines provide protection camouflage species assist water conservation ways trap air near surface creating layer reduces provide shade temperature surface reducing water loss sufficiently moist air present fog early morning mist spines moisture ground absorbed roots stems majority stem plants stem main organ store water water form total mass stem shapes vary considerably cylindrical shape spherical shape produce low surface area volume ratio reducing water loss heating effects sunlight stems allow stem shrink periods drought swell fills water periods availability mature said able absorb gallons imp gal water outer layer stem usually tough cuticle reinforced layers reduce water loss layers responsible grayish bluish stem color stems adaptations allow conduct absence leaves discussed roots roots spread widely penetrate short distance soil case young tall root system diameter deep form new roots quickly rain falls drought concentration root cells relatively high adaptations enable absorb water rapidly periods brief light rainfall reportedly significant water hours little rainfall fully days stem acts main organ storing water addition large times length ground body case species grows places world northern chile requires plants carbon dioxide gas lose water like types reduce water loss way carry normal plants use mechanism daylight hours continually drawn air present spaces inside leaves converted compound containing carbon products access air internal spaces plant controlled able open close need continuous supply means open water continuously lost plants mechanism lose water taken roots way problem temperatures rise captures starts capture oxygen instead reducing efficiency acid mechanism adopted avoid problems mechanism open night temperatures water loss lowest enters plant captured form organic stored inside cells remain closed day uses stored uses water efficiently price limiting carbon fixed atmosphere available growth cycling efficient system open day plants mechanism night plant short water close mechanism store produced use later cycling present species studying ratio incorporated plant signature possible taken night daytime approach species investigated exhibit degree cycling suggesting ability present ancestor leaves claimed mechanism restricted stems recent studies highly unlikely significant carbon occurs stem species described having carry stem february clear stem based evolved core separately known evolved times carry stems undergone adaptations early evolutionary history ancestors modern group species developed stems began delay developing bark sufficient adaptations appear little stems stems needed develop structures similar normally found leaves immediately outer layer developed cells walls offering mechanical support air spaces needed cells allow carbon dioxide center stem developed plant tissue relatively cells containing arranged layer layer occurs taxonomy classification naming classifying difficult controversial discovered science difficulties began placed knew genera published starting point modern botanical nomenclature relegated genus word derived latin ancient greek plant later divided genera placed newly created family early 20th century came feel confused meaning genus family genus vienna botanical congress rejected instead declared type genus family conserve leading unusual situation family longer contains genus named difficulties continued partly giving plants scientific names relies type specimens ultimately want know particular plant example able compare type specimen permanently attached type specimens normally prepared compression drying stored act definitive references difficult preserve way evolved resist drying bodies easily difficulty given names result provisions international code nomenclature algae fungi plants names plants ignored particular said named renamed species names attached specimen according ensured left trail chaos probably centuries classification decided set working party called produce consensus classifications level genera system basis subsequent classifications detailed treatments published 21st century divided family genera species arranged number tribes classification family recognizes largest divided tribes subfamily genus features considered closest ancestors plants trees shrubs leaves stems smoothly round cross section having systems normal mechanism acid advanced feature water subfamily genera included subfamily leaves young lost later stems usually divided distinct joints pads plants vary size small species rising subfamily genus species form low growing features primitive plants leaves acid wholly absent subfamily tribes largest subfamily including typical members highly variable habit varying tree like leaves normally absent reduced leaves produced young plants stems usually divided segments tribes contain climbing forms different appearance stems flattened divided segments molecular phylogenetic studies supported supported tribes genera level study found genera subfamily sampled research classification currently remains uncertain likely change phylogeny evolution phylogeny study suggested genus basal confirmed earlier suggestions include descendants common ancestor consensus study shown recent study fewer genes species found divided unable resolve members core clade accepted relationships shown robust date differ geographical distribution exception clade found gulf_of_mexico caribbean_sea clade occurs south species clade lack key features stem present remaining like non stems begin form bark early plants life lack structures control admission air plant control contrast including species clade typically delay forming bark stems giving stem potential major organ highly specialized species exception thought slightly shrubs small trees leaves carried lived tropical areas experienced periodic drought clade good model early appeared similar trees growing nearby evolved strategies conserve water present members families order strategies included able respond rapidly periods rain keeping low water efficiently achieved tightly controlling opening like species today early ancestors able switch normal mechanism carbon dioxide continuously cycling closed carbon dioxide produced stored later use clade marks beginnings evolutionary switch stems organs stems formation bark takes place later normal trees core steady increase stem accompanied multiple losses leaves complete evolutionary question present unanswered switch stems occurred core case lost separately case evolved understanding evolution core clade difficult february phylogenetic relationships uncertain related current classifications study found high proportion genera descendants single common ancestor example genera subfamily sampled research found tribes recognized classification comprises single genus remaining shown study detailed discussion phylogeny classification evolutionary history known fossils exist throw light evolutionary history geographical distribution offers evidence relatively recent spread parts plants south_america mainly southern regions north_america suggests family evolved ancient continent split south_america africa occurred early cretaceous million years ago precisely split evolved clear older sources suggest early origin million years ago late cretaceous recent molecular studies suggest younger origin late early periods million years ago based phylogeny earliest group clade originated central_america northern south_america stems evolved later southern south_america moved northwards core strongly stems estimated evolved million years ago possible evolution uplifting central million years ago associated increasing varying current species diversity thought arisen million years late plants south_africa madagascar genus americas appear time coincided global expansion arid environments distribution inhabit diverse regions coastal plains high mountain areas exception native americas range extends british_columbia alberta western canada number centers diversity exist adapted drought main centers mexico southwestern united_states southwestern found peru chile argentina eastern brazil away tree living climbing necessarily different centers diversity require environments mainly found coastal mountains atlantic forests southeastern brazil center diversity subfamily forested regions central_america climbing diverse exception native americas found tropical africa madagascar sri_lanka theory spread carried seeds digestive tracts migratory birds seeds adapted bird distribution old world populations regarded distinct subspecies supporting idea spread recent alternative theory species initially crossed atlantic european ships trading south_america africa birds spread widely species outside americas having introduced people especially australia hawaii mediterranean region australia species particularly introduced 19th century use natural agricultural fences attempt establish industry rapidly major problem controlled biological agents particularly potential species australia continues leading declared april reproductive ecology flowers insects birds bats known wind self occurs species example flowers species open need attract led evolution defined groups floral traits including rewards associated attraction specific group animals bees common bee considered evolve day flying butterflies nocturnal associated different butterfly flowers usually brightly colored opening day flowers white pale color opening evening night example particular species lays eggs developing seeds later consume flowers funnel shaped white deep pink long open night significant species showing typical syndrome flowers colors red end spectrum flower shape symmetrical lower lip bends downwards produce large amounts relatively low sugar content species flowers correspond closely syndrome genera include bat relatively uncommon flowering plants quarter genera known bats unusually high proportion exceeded families genera growing areas likely bat bats able travel considerable distances effective plants growing widely separated syndrome associated bats includes tendency flowers open evening night bats active features include relatively dull color white green symmetrical shape tubular smell described production large sugar rich example bat species fruits produced flowers vary considerably dry contain large number seeds colorful sweet fruits associated seed dispersal birds seeds pass digestive systems deposited fruit falls ground eaten animals giant reported distribute seeds ants appear disperse seeds genera drier fruits fur mammals moved wind uses early history march controversy precise dates humans entered areas new world commonly found archaeological site chile dated years ago suggesting encountered early evidence use includes cave paintings brazil seeds found ancient waste mexico peru dates estimated years ago hunter likely collected fruits wild brought camps known cultivated variety purposes empire lasting 14th 16th century complex system capital 15th century mexico_city explanation origin includes word referring fruit coat arms mexico shows eagle holding snake image center myth founding symbolically linked red fruits human hearts fruit offering human hearts sun god ensured sun moving europeans encountered arrived new world late 15th century west_indies relatively genera found common genus possibly seen europeans species present english collections end 16th century according source called later shortened early 18th century purely ornamental species edible fruit continued arrive europe able species described larger fruit spain portugal indicative early use europe food plant known indian long important source food original species thought come central mexico obscure indigenous people southern north_america developed distributed range varieties including forms species hybrids fruit pads eaten spanish cultivated forms significantly industry mexico said worth million indian probably present caribbean spanish arrived soon brought europe spread rapidly mediterranean area naturally introduced early assumed native area outside americas indian important commercial crop sicily algeria north african countries fruits eaten generally flower particularly species consumed fruit edible word usually considered taken spanish applied range fruit particularly fruit long important indigenous peoples northwestern mexico southwestern united_states including preserved boiling produce drying produce alcoholic drink fruits species important food sources similar parts north_america cultivated fruit tropical southern areas provides widely grown asia dragon fruit providing edible fruit include species bodies eaten anderson reported prepared eaten like potatoes agents number species shown contain agents chemical compounds cause changes mood perception effects brain species long history use indigenous peoples americas north_america south_america contain native northern mexico southern texas individual stems high diameter found wide large stem usually ground concentrated portion stem ground center stem contains growing point sunken experienced collectors remove thin slice plant leaving growing point intact allowing plant evidence indicates use years ago dried buttons presumed site texas dated perceived means spirit world attempts roman catholic church suppress use spanish conquest largely unsuccessful middle 20th century widely indigenous peoples far north canada formally native ecuador peru different appearance tall stems high diameter branch base giving plant tree like appearance archaeological evidence use appears date years ago carvings objects showing church authorities spanish attempted suppress use failed shown christian element common anderson attributes belief holds keys heaven effects allow users reach heaven earth continues effects spiritual healing purposes combined agents tobacco species including contain ornamental plants cultivated ornamental plants time brought new world early 1800s enthusiasts europe large collections including alongside rare plants sold high prices suppliers employed collectors obtain plants wild addition growing late 1800s collectors turned popular disappearing cultivation grown particularly regions cultivation outdoors northern parts europe north_america kept grown ground grown tolerant dry atmosphere placed outside summer gardens kept cover winter drought resistant hybrids thanksgiving christmas easter widely cultivated planted outdoors regions suitable climates concern water conservation arid regions led promotion gardens requiring example california sponsored publication book plants landscapes summer dry climates group drought resistant plants recommended dry landscape uses uses human food fodder animals usually burning spines addition use agents employed medicine practice species way spread americas naturally occur regions grow india red produced scale insect lives species long peoples central north_america demand fell rapidly european manufacturers began produce synthetic middle 19th century commercial production increased following rise demand natural construction materials living fences employed woody parts buildings furniture frames houses built people mexico use parts fine spines hairs source fiber filling weaving conservation included flora cites lists species necessarily threatened extinction trade closely controlled control exercised making international trade specimens illegal permits issued exports exceptions allowed artificially propagated plants species included restrictive appendix endangered species moved countries scientific purposes accompanied export import permits main threats wild development grazing collection development takes forms construction dam near mexico caused destruction large natural habitat urban development highways destroyed habitats parts mexico new_mexico arizona including conversion land agriculture affected populations mexico dry plains cultivation chile valley slopes planted grazing areas introduced animals goats caused damage populations plants examples cited anderson generally effect peru collection sale greatly affected species example type locality near mexico virtually plants dug sale europe illegal collecting wild continues pose threat conservation conservation involves preserving habits enforcement legal protection creation specially protected areas national parks reserves examples protected areas united_states include texas california arizona latin american examples include mexico chile conservation aims preserve plants seeds outside natural habitats intention later botanical gardens play important role conservation example seeds kept long term storage desert botanical garden arizona cultivation popularity means books devoted cultivation naturally occur wide range habitats grown countries different climates precisely conditions species normally grows usually practical broad distinction need different conditions best grown separately section primarily concerned cultivation containers protection greenhouse home cultivation outside ground climates permit cultivation cultivation christmas thanksgiving cultivation hybrids growing medium purpose growing medium provide support store water oxygen dissolved minerals feed plant case general agreement open medium high air content important grown containers recommendations achieved vary greatly says asked describe perfect growing medium different answers suggests mixture parts commercial growing medium clay coarse addition soil general recommendation organic based material rest supported sources use organic material rejected altogether says want soil low free recommends coarse sand basis growing medium semi desert need careful general advice hard frequency required depends grown nature growing medium original habitat brown says lost application water reason dormant winter season need water sources water withheld winter november march issue water necessary use hard water regular recommended avoid build general advice given growing season allowed dry thorough water meter help determining soil dry light temperature semi desert exposed high light levels wild need subjected higher light levels temperatures greenhouse summer allowing temperature rise recommended minimum winter temperature required depends species involved mixed collection minimum temperature suggested cold sensitive genera particularly high fully frost hardy kept dry survives temperatures cultivation flower better exposed period cold propagation propagated seed seed early year produces benefit longer growing period seed moist growing medium kept covered environment days avoid drying wet growing medium cause seeds temperature range suggested soil temperatures promote best root growth low light levels sufficient semi desert need higher light levels produce strong growth needed conditions greenhouse higher temperatures strong sunlight reproduction makes use parts plant grow roots produce pads joints detached cut produce removed stem relatively new growth recommended cut surfaces allowed dry period days weeks forms cut surface place appropriate growing medium temperature species difficult grow cultivation grow independently free forms white yellow red bodies forms abnormal growth forms host plant stock choose grows strongly cultivation compatible plant propagated makes cuts stock joins binding unite kinds flat stock similar smaller inserted stock commercially huge numbers produced annually example korea million plants propagated value million million plants propagated diseases range attack cultivation feed include living stems roots scale insects generally found stems said pest red spider small occur large numbers constructing fine web badly marking kill particularly attack flowers resistant biological controls available roots eaten larvae flies fungus eat fungi bacteria attack particularly plants gain entry wound cause rotting accompanied red violet mold caused species cause similar rotting limited value diseases found including virus appear cause limited visible symptoms pale green spots mosaic effects streaks patches paler color species virus shown reduce growth particularly roots dry treatments virus diseases | Cactus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
26090_Narcissus(plant) | plant genus predominantly spring perennial plants family common names including describe members genus conspicuous flowers like trumpet shaped flowers generally white yellow orange pink garden varieties uniform contrasting coloured known ancient formally described genus generally considered sections approximately species number species varied depending classified similarity species genus arose time late early peninsula adjacent areas southwest europe exact origin unknown linked greek word myth youth fell love reflection english word appears derived commonly compared species native meadows woods southern europe north_africa center diversity particularly peninsula wild cultivated plants widely introduced far_east prior tenth century tend long lived division insect known diseases disorders include fungi larvae flies species extinct threatened increasing tourism historical accounts suggest cultivated earliest times increasingly popular europe 16th century late 19th century important commercial crop centred primarily netherlands today popular cut flowers ornamental plants private public gardens long history breeding resulted thousands different purposes classified divisions covering wide range shapes colours like members family produce number different provide protection plant poisonous accidentally property exploited medicinal use traditional healing resulted production treatment long celebrated art literature associated number themes different cultures ranging death good fortune symbols spring national flower wales symbol cancer charities countries appearance wild flowers spring associated festivals places description general genus perennial dying flowering underground storage following year brown skinned pronounced reach heights depending species dwarf species maximum height grow tall plants having single central hollow flower stem green blue green narrow shaped leaves arise plant stem usually bears solitary flower occasionally cluster flowers flowers usually conspicuous white yellow rarely green consist parts closest stem floral tube outer ring composed central disc conical shaped flowers hang erect bearing surrounding central style inferior floral parts consisting chambers fruit consists dry capsule splits releasing numerous black seeds lies dormant leaves flower stem die roots pull soil flower stem leaves form emerge following season species dormant summer late winter flowering spring species autumn flowering specific pale brown skinned stem base basal plate arise root hairs ring edge grow length stem plate storage organ consisting scales surrounding previous flower stalk terminal scales types true storage organs bases foliage leaves thicker tip leaf detached leaf scale partly flower stalk contain number branched units true scales leaf bases unit life years leaves die summer roots years roots pulling deeper ground roots develop inside pushing older layers brown dry forming outer shell skin layers counted wild species plant appears dormant ground flower stalk start grow following spring develops surrounded deciduous leaves flower stem lies second true leaf stems single stem appearing early late spring depending species bears stem shape depends species highly compressed visible rounded stems upright located centre leaves species stem oblique stem hollow upper portion solid filled material leaves plants basal leaves linear shaped long narrow stalk leaves flat broad cylindrical base arise emerging plant generally leaves mature plant usually rarely covered containing cuticle giving appearance leaf colour light green blue green mature plant leaves extend higher flower stem species leaves low hanging leaf base flowering leaves turn yellow die seed pod fruit usually dark green round rush like leaves reproductive single stem bearing solitary flower forming species bearing solitary flower include section section species short floral flowers illustration left table flower arrangement floral prior opening flower protected thin dry consists singular remains wrapped base open flower grows splits small absent flowers flowers bisexual parts flower symmetry radial slightly ascending curving downwards bent tip flowers characterised usually conspicuous trumpet major floral parts species virtually absent table section floral tube surrounding free iii parts considered components arises apex inferior base forming floral tube floral tube formed fusion basal segments shape inverted cone funnel shaped cylindrical floral tubes range long narrow sections rudimentary surrounding floral tube bent rest spreading floral leaves ascending folded like separate outer segments considered inner segments transition point floral tube marked free fused variously described bell shaped trumpet bowl shaped cup shaped disc shaped margins free rarely simple hardened ring formed floral development tubular fuse tubular structure reduced base attract formed species produce morphology varies tiny disk table rudimentary structure elongated section trumpet table point forwards species folded illustration left species table reduced barely visible pointed segments prominent colour white yellow exception night flowering green addition red margin table flower diameter varies flower orientation varies hanging illustration left horizontal patent spreading erect table intermediate positions patent flowers demonstrate exceptional floral diversity sexual primarily size floral tube length associated groups instance graham harder describe separate floral patterns form form form predominant patterns forms form common corresponds different group form includes sections relatively short broad highly tube funnel like grades elongated large forming broad cylindrical trumpet shaped section consists relatively large flowers length generally solitary rarely flowers wide greenish floral tubes funnel shaped bright yellow differ colour cream coloured pale yellow form including sections relatively long narrow tube short shallow flower horizontal form seen species endemic combines features forms developed long narrow tube extended bell shaped equal length flowers rows separate attached throat base tube separate lengths straight ascending curving downwards upwards attached base inferior floral parts stigma thread like style extending tube fruit fruit consists splitting ellipsoid spherical shape texture seeds fruit contains numerous seeds round swollen hard coat attached black dry species seeds species maximum seeds weeks mature seeds sections wedge shaped black sections glossy black gust wind contact passing animal sufficient disperse mature seeds numbers numerous derivatives basic number exception number way subgenus characterised species include genera contains unique identified considered protective adaptation utilised classification species nearly identified genus known species tested ring types identified family species commonly demonstrate presence groups represented profile plant varies time location developmental stage contain low molecular weight leaves plant stems predominantly small equally represented exception produces mainly acid derivatives basic precursor trans non species contain forms ingredient include small amounts patterns fall main groups taxonomy history genus genus complex numerous early genus known greek literature described probably referring exact species mentioned classical literature accurately established elder later introduced latin form early writers interested plant possible medicinal properties botanical features accounts remained influential renaissance antiquity renaissance writers include remained formally describe genus time known species modern grouped family called renamed corresponding modern considered illustration seen split authors adopted narrow salisbury wide interpretations genus narrow view treated species separate genera time wider view prevailed major monograph genus published baker controversial genera today included eventual position family settled century advent phylogenetic analysis system genus belongs tribe subfamily sister corresponding genera distinguished presence subdivision phylogeny remains relatively unsettled taxonomy having proved complex difficult resolve diversity wild species ease natural occurs extensive cultivation breeding accompanied escape consequently number accepted species varied widely systematic taxonomy arranged species named groups names largely endured subdivisions bear authority situation confused inclusion unknown garden varieties till work baker wild species grouped sections genus common classification system based modified proposed based basal number subdivided sections authors morphology abandoning system influential relatively constant status genera sections series species cited system simply lists sections contain species contain species species placed section subdivisions correspond roughly popular names types trumpet system illustrated phylogenetic analysis graham supported division corresponding support sections later extended analysis additional taxa confirmed pattern large molecular analysis sought reduce identified graham led revision structure graham determined subgenus species excluded study removed analysis studies agreement species question instead forming clade subgenus called proposed accommodate natural ancient hybrids species estimates number species varied widely modern era originally included species fourteen sixteen described species variation lies definition species wide view species results species narrow view results larger number factor status hybrids distinction ancient hybrids recent hybrids term ancient hybrid refers hybrids found growing large area considered separate species recent hybrid refers solitary plants found parents restricted range originally accepted species species species classified list listed species genetic study resulted september accepts species hybrids accepted names october list evolution western mediterranean diverged time late early eras later genus divided divisions sections took place period appears arisen area peninsula southern france north western italy subgenus turn arose southwestern mediterranean north west africa etymology latin greek unknown connected hell frequently linked myth obsessed reflection water drowned plant sprang died evidence flower named youth grows greece described wrote plant named grow youth furthermore accounts growing long story appeared greek culture suggested bending streams represent youth reflection latin plant preceded uncommon men roman times form common caused confusion list texts usage garner state preferred form common derived variant frequently referred antiquity turn appears come greek greek reason introduction initial known 16th century appeared alternative names names include lent lily distribution habitat distribution family predominantly tropical subtropical occurs primarily mediterranean region centre diversity spain portugal species extend range southern france italy balkans including israel occurrence western central asia china japan considered introductions albeit ancient eastern cultures exact northern limit range unknown occurrences wild great_britain middle northern europe similarly considered ancient introductions native north_america grows zones encompassing country occurs morocco libya coastline italy found entire mediterranean coast occurs far east iran oldest species found cultivation likely introduced largest distribution ranges ranges romanian black_sea coast greece ranges northern france belgium united_kingdom wild stocks occurrence located near municipality germany found mainly nature reserve spring meadows yellow easterly occurrences found near nassau unlike examples species restricted endemic ranges overlap resulting natural hybrids instance vicinity portuguese city occur found intersections species small area river found hybrids demonstrates phylogenetic association instance subgenus having lowland distribution subgenus section restricted morocco spain portugal remaining sections subgenus include lowland mountain habitats section widely endemic ranges south eastern peninsula habitats native habitats varied different elevations areas found predominantly open spaces ranging low marshes rocky including grassland woods river banks rocky requirements vary overall preference acidic soils species grow limestone grow granite soils moist growing season dry summer best regions hot dry summers group natural habitat prefer humid situations stream margins springs wet forests humid soils moist habitats tend mediterranean mountains producing isolated populations germany relatively little limestone grows small groups open mountain meadows mixed forests fir beech oak ash birch trees drained soil ecology life cycle long lived perennial winter growing summer dormant mainly leaves flowers appearing time species flower late winter spring species autumn flowering contrast species leaves appear flowering flower longevity varies species conditions ranging days flowering leaf root sets plant appears dormant till spring moisture dormant period considerable activity period plant susceptible predators diseases like plants temperate regions period exposure cold necessary spring growth begin protects plant growth winter intense cold damage warmer spring temperatures initiate growth early spring growth number advantages including relative lack competition lack deciduous exception requiring cold temperatures initiate flowering plants spread production daughter division producing species readily fertility offspring depend parental relationship flowers insect major bees butterflies flies highly night flowering mechanism fall groups corresponding floral morphology form bees seeking broad allows bees completely enter flower search type stigma lies mouth extending single lies bees come contact stigma legs abdomen contact approach causes cross form adapted long particularly long bees flies primarily seeking narrow tube admits insect short serves funnel guiding tip mouth tube stigma placed mouth tube hidden carry faces long bees reach tube base collect form long solitary bees forage large allows bees crawl narrow tube prevents causing probe deeply flowers prevent long stigma short mid length short stigma long patterns sexual organs long upper vary stigma position length lower enforced late acting self system species self compatible producing seeds diseases diseases concern economic consequences losses commercial cultivation include bacteria fungi control commercial uses transmit viral diseases affect colour shape leaves described able include common virus associated virus virus mild virus causes green near leaf tips virus late season virus occurs flowering leaves stems mosaic virus yellow stripe virus yellow streak virus tip virus produces leaf tips flowering white streak virus host specific include virus virus virus mosaic virus mosaic virus black ring virus virus tobacco virus prevalent associated leaf infection produces light grayish green yellow stripes upper thirds leaf twisted flowers smaller usual produces greenish purple leaves stem turning white yellow premature reducing size yield primarily diseases commercial growth caused viral infection cause substantial economic damage bacteria disease uncommon includes streak soft fungi problematic non commercial plants fungus causes basal rotting leaves disease fungus remain soil years necessary remove infected plants immediately avoid planting spot years species equally susceptible relatively resistant forms include fungus attacks causing species including particularly stored copper combat disease infected burned blue mould caused infection species damaged mechanical injury species cause soft black disease combination causes neck fungi affecting roots include cause root causing white root affect root black mold species including responsible green mold fungi affect remainder plant fungus causes brown spots flower stems fire especially damp weather threat cut flower industry leaf spot fungus found warmer climates causing white mould disease leaf affects leaves leaf tip causes leaves stems animals include insects species fly larvae attack plants fly species lesser flies flies lay eggs end june ground single female fly able lay eggs hatching larvae soil consume interiors shell emerging april soil adult fly emerges larvae common swift attack include scale mainly stored particularly high ambient temperature attack planted planted susceptible main cause basal plate disease leaves turn yellow infested destroyed heavy avoiding planting years include roots causing basal plate disease main cause root needle dagger root act virus diseases addition causing roots cause damage growth conservation smallest species extinct requiring conservation wild species increasingly threat collection threats natural habitats urban development tourism considered extinct rare currently considered endangered protected iucn red list describes species endangered species considered endangered vulnerable rare response number species granted protected species status protected areas meadows established romania areas host festivals spring cultivation history non easy cultivation flowering plants popular cultivation important spring flowering plants world indigenous europe wild populations parent species known antiquity cultivated early sixteenth century netherlands large numbers imported field particularly soon nearly extinct native habitat france spain found southern country large scale production time related double van imported cultivation documented britain time contemporary accounts known favourite garden wild flower long making period development exotic formal gardens parks popular particularly known oriental period catalogue german garden plants younger states different types represented garden death plants moved gardens designed bishop palace upper bavaria garden described time different types present german source time gives account species known cultivation apparatus shakespeare wild true english species introduced escaped particularly hybrid devon west england extensive discussion wild cultivated described species london gardens london gardens great abundance early seventeenth century helped ensure popularity cultivated plant describing different varieties introducing great double yellow spanish illustration england kind year raising flowering garden achieving celebrated art literature arts largest demand large trumpet istanbul important shipping western europe early baroque period important component spring garden dutch nursery catalogue listed different varieties catalog dutch nursery counted varieties gave account history cultivation edited version works writing garden afford kind plant know early mention kinds writers illustration interest grew varieties grown indoors available primarily bunch multiple flower heads interest varied country include list important cultivated flowering plants england netherlands van stated fifth important est premiere les les les les attention dictionary refers cultivation holland flanders france england difficult similar observation sir time species non cited important crop western_europe nineteenth century beginning england end century netherlands beginning twentieth century million exported annually netherlands united_states production late nineteenth century beginning twentieth century like king alfred industry established trumpet dominating market important factor promoting holding conference organisation dedicated cultivation founded birmingham countries followed founded publishes quarterly leading trade publication popular ornamental plants gardens parks cut flowers providing colour end winter beginning summer temperate regions popular spring flowers major ornamental spring flowering crops produced cut flowers cultivation private public spaces greater area commercial production century breeding resulted thousands varieties available general specialist suppliers normally sold dry planted late summer autumn economically important ornamental plants plant breeders developed double triple multiple rows layers segments breeding programs concentrated trumpet cup terms length shape colour surrounding varieties derived reduced form garden plants wild specific terms ecological requirements garden varieties relatively tolerant soil conditions wet soils clay soils benefit addition sand improve drainage soil neutral slightly acid offered sale referred round double nose round circular cross section produce single flower stem double nose stem attached base produce flower stems stems unusual planted produce daughter scales leading dying exterior scales prevent planted forming small dug years daughters separated separately provided piece basal plate formed preserved flower end winter early spring planted autumn september november plant ordinary soil best rich soil like sun accepts partial shade exposure suited planting small trees grouped grow perennial borders especially association day begin form leaves flowers fading number wild species hybrids dutch master golden harvest kings court important lawn till leaves start fade essential flowering season flower time attractive contrast yellow flowers unlike attractive planted near tree roots protect flower heads died removing allow energy build strengthen following years display propagation form commercial propagation twin scaling cut small pieces scales connected small fragment basal plate fragments placed nutrient media new plants produced single years methods commercial production establishing commercial stock breeding commercial use varieties minimum stem length sought making ideal cut flowers require open reach retail outlet garden plants objectives continually expand colour palette produce hardy forms particular demand miniature varieties produced tend larger robust wild types main species breeding gave rise trumpet coloured subspecies white varieties produce large varieties crossed produce small varieties crossed varieties called mainly hybrids classification purposes split divisions described based partly flower form shape length number flowers stem flowering period partly genetic background classification useful tool planning planting commercially available come divisions trumpet large division includes wild exception scheme register new color international registration authority genus regularly updated available online recent supplement sixth fifth published names registered number continued grow registered given division number colour code usage common find unofficial division drawn divisions miniature size common varieties gained list award garden merit colour code breeding introduced wide range colours outer segment inner registry coded colours parts division illustrated white outer orange classified species contain poison leaves members subfamily present unique type derivatives combined responsible poisonous properties number species different chemical structures compounds known known toxic effects products man animals cattle goats pigs cats long recognised suicide attempts followed acute abdominal pains cardiac events including death result large quantities consumed varies species toxic instance distribution plant varies instance times higher concentration stem making dangerous likely consume stem plant defence mechanisms distribution tissues reflect defence parasites toxic nearby plants including roses rice growth instance placing cut flowers alongside flowers life poisoning cases poisoning death occurred mistaken cooked eaten recovery usually complete hours specific intervention severe cases involving large quantities activated required severe symptoms stomach pumping indicated large quantities accidentally unusual strong unpleasant taste compared number plants normally consumed animals specifically consequently discourage fungi bacteria number fell ill suffolk england added soup class effects common problems flower involves scaling hands accompanied skin beneath nails blamed exposure calcium acid direct effect reaction long recognised provoke readily white known extracts come contact wounds central nervous system cardiac symptoms result scent cause toxic reactions uses traditional medicine despite lethal potential centuries traditional variety complaints including cancer plants thought described bible treatment thought cancer classical greek world recommended prepared oil practice continued second centuries advocated use contain agent usage found later arabian north african central american chinese medicine middle ages china var grown ornamental plant applied traditional folk medicine contain active compound products received variety uses roman physician listed root medical herbs described powerful disperse collected body turkey remedy belief uses include application wounds strains painful joints local called flowers medically relief form french flowers arabs oil eighteenth century irish recommended pounding roots honey use burns drawing splinters flowers recommended medicine prescribed traditional japanese medicine wounds treated root wheat flour paste plant appear modern list long history use induce trance like states referred gods statement frequently attributed antiquity biological properties extracts demonstrated number potentially useful biological properties including induction plant growth extract found effective mouse model induced abdominal hot plate test properties binding studied group likely traditional use treatment cancer presence constituents contains fresh attracted interest possible intervention activity varying species greatest activity seen contain properties utilised protect vulnerable use man drug disease crosses blood brain barrier active central nervous system grown commercially near wales produce drug combat disease commercial uses history scent important ingredient quality comes essential important crop source cut flowers netherlands important source flower worldwide major centre production hectares cultivation flower account hectares 1990s production million sixth size ranked thirds area cultivation dedicated popular varieties season produced far largest area cultivated miniature followed distance largest production shown table ice division large cup long history cultivation dutch master golden harvest yellow golden harvest introduced ice million tons larger individual plants produced world major areas production united_states israel exported million united_kingdom united_kingdom total planted important crop export making largest global production centre half total production area production forcing dry production production forcing occurs east production south west mainly outdoor flower production farm gate value estimated production cut flowers takes place open fields beds ridges field allowing adaptation changing market conditions grow best mild maritime climates compared united_kingdom winters netherlands require covering fields straw protection areas higher rainfall temperatures susceptible diseases attack crops production based netherlands year cycle optimal soil prior planting hot water takes place hours harvested market summer stored weeks hot bath fly dried high temperature stored initiation new flower development takes place late spring lifted completed mid summer storage optimal temperature initiation followed cooling sales took place fields prior harvesting today sales handled harvesting netherlands special exhibition gardens major buyers view flowers order larger ones thousand varieties display individuals visit gardens buy retail available wholesale usually minimum famous display varieties display forcing market forced cut flowers flowers winter christmas easter long season requiring special preparation cut flowers cut flowers larger size preferred bloom december harvested june july dried stored days weeks weeks placed cold storage degrees weeks planted light greenhouse forcing appear days flowers flowers lower temperature weeks followed greenhouse later mid- late forcing harvested july august higher temperatures omitted stored harvesting placed cold storage september cut flowers flowers weeks planted cold frames forced greenhouse according requirements exception rule requiring cold period harvested october lifted dried heated weeks stored weeks planted flowering delayed storing culture symbols national flower wales associated day march national flower new year iranian culture west perceived symbol east symbol wealth good fortune eastern cultures persian literature symbol beautiful eyes western countries associated spring festivals lent successor easter germany wild known easter bell united_kingdom referred lily prized ornamental flower people consider hang heads implying white especially associated death called grave flowers planted near tombs describes death association appears myth underworld arts arts antiquity decorative use dates far ancient egyptian tombs mentioned bible rose frequent appearances classical literature greek culture appears myths youth turned flower goddess underworld god picking flowers considered sacred grow banks river underworld greek poet mentioned flowers cyprus legend comes mainly seventh century hymn author describes role lure trap young flower recounts mother flower reached seized greek authors making reference include symbolic manner implying fertility daughter extension symbol death comments flower imminent death emphasised pale white colour reaching flower heralded doom youth reflection death refers nerves causing limbs refers crown great source english phrase gods incorrectly attributed passage describes homer odyssey described underworld having meadows flowers thought described similar account provided describing flowers underworld myth youth taken believed myth long idea flower named youth roman culture known roman writer refer places instance twice refers cup shaped flower allegedly containing tears self loving youth makes similar analogy fill cups tears mentions times poet dealt mythology recounts story youth death turned flower mentioned book poem theme broader instance laurel western culture clear evidence flower derives directly greek myth link flower myth firmly western culture loved english plants appears frequently english literature english writers referred cultural symbolic importance flower received poetic description rose lily poems authors shakespeare roman culture frequently poems deal self love derived account reference yellow flower legend assumed references older literature flower sprang youth death room debate exact species flower indicated preferring announces coming shakespeare frequently uses flower imagery refers twice winter tale noble alludes association death number poems english romantic movement writers better known short poem lonely cloud linked popular mind form main image included poems description given sister poetic poetry prose appears unconscious imitation section greek culture contemporaries refers things capable bringing joy recently symbolic names symbols wrote lent lily describing traditional easter death describes english gives plant unexpected twist effect novel later adapted british film appears german literature visual arts depicted different contexts mythological floral art landscapes story popular painters youth frequently depicted flowers indicate association theme floral motif landscape started appear western art late middle ages panel paintings particularly depicting instance museum cologne death hope resurrection perennial bloom easter eastern cultures chinese culture chinese sacred grown indoors widely ornamental plant probably introduced china arab traders travelling prior song dynasty medicinal use spring flowering associated chinese new year signifying good fortune prosperity good luck legends chinese culture associated contrast west played significant chinese garden art noted portrayal carving cultivation art akin japanese japanese novel contains references main characters set famed fields islamic culture popular garden plants islamic culture prior arab conquest persia persian ruler said able tolerate reminded eyes association day described poet eye imagery found number poems poet refers prophet said praised popular culture word widely popular culture dutch cars swedish rock bands cross film mother explains real life cross called short equivalent dead son son festivals areas prevalent spring celebrated festivals instance slopes switzerland associated come alive snow annual festival festivals held countries cancer cancer charities world use fundraising symbol days links dictionary definition related related related art related | Narcissus (plant) | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
26370_Acerpseudoplatanus | known united_kingdom maple united_states flowering plant species family large deciduous broad tree tolerant wind coastal exposure native france eastwards ukraine northern turkey southwards mountains northern spain italy establishes easily seed introduced british isles parts europe north_america australia new_zealand invasive species grow height branches form broad rounded crown bark grey smooth young later irregular patches leaves grow long large large flowers greenish yellow hang called produce amounts attractive insects winged seeds borne pairs ground freely following spring native range associated range invertebrates fungi present areas introduced planted urban areas value tree produces hard wearing white close timber making musical instruments furniture wood kitchen makes good rising spring extract sugar alcoholic non alcoholic drinks honey bees collecting taxonomy etymology described swedish naturalist type species maple genus forms varieties proposed including natural varieties var var var forms considered synonyms specific refers superficial similarity leaves bark plane trees genus prefix meaning false genera different families related differ position leaves attached stem alternate paired opposite fruit spherical clusters paired winged fruit common originally applied species referred bible native southwest asia common names tree include false plane tree great maple scottish maple mount maple mock plane celtic maple description large deciduous tree reaches tall maturity branches forming broad crown bark young trees smooth grey age breaks scales exposing pale brown pinkish inner bark produced opposite pairs approximately oval shape pointed scales modified leaves protect green edged dark brown dark brown tips leaves shed leave shaped marks called leaf stem leaves opposite large long broad pointed toothed texture thick veins protruding underside dark green colour paler underside purple tinged yellowish leaves leaf stalk long tinged red leaf like structures base bisexual yellow green flowers produced leaves early summer june british isles long flowers stalk fruits paired winged seeds seeds diameter wing long developed extension wall wings held right angles distinguishing wings opposite parallel shed wing catches wind fruit falls slowing descent enabling wind disperse parent tree seeds mature autumn months cell having sets sets trees produce flowers hanging branched clusters known contain variety different flower types bisexual male female organs function male bisexual function males bisexual function females flower types produce female flowers flowers produce female flowers producing greater volume higher sugar content trees variable wide range strategies prevent self undesirable limits genetic variation formed mixture male female flowers tree flower types opens type opens later trees male starters year female starters change sex place different dates different parts crown different trees population come bloom course weeks cross encouraged self completely prevented species section including natural ranges overlap hybrids section known basal leaf reduced size making leaves appear distribution native central eastern europe western asia natural range includes albania austria belgium bulgaria czech_republic georgia germany greece hungary italy lithuania poland romania southern russia switzerland yugoslavia reports occurring eastern turkey found refer probably introduced britain tudor period recorded wild kent date introduction ireland unclear oldest specimen ireland dates seventeenth century introduced sweden seeds obtained holland lack old native names demonstrate absence britain introduction challenged presence old tree suggests longer presence scotland far settlement late 6th early 7th centuries tree introduced humans native seen reached scotland human intervention moment usually classified plant arrived humans year today present britain native tree species introduced suitable locations outside europe attractive tree park street garden include united_states canada australia victoria tasmania chile new_zealand laurel forests azores time introduction probably appreciated prolific production seeds day cause problem landscape spread competed native species tree considered environmental parts australia ranges victoria near parts forests considered invasive species new_zealand norway environmentally sensitive locations united_kingdom introduced united_states planted new_york new_jersey later cultivated park street tree new_england mid-atlantic states early 21st century fourteen states connecticut delaware illinois kentucky maine michigan north_carolina new_jersey new_york pennsylvania rhode_island washington canadian provinces british_columbia new_brunswick nova_scotia ontario considers invasive species ecology native range natural component birch beech fir forests readily disturbed habitats forest plantations abandoned farmland land railway lines native semi natural woodland new_zealand high country grassland introduced invasive species laurel forest portugal potential threat rare endemic tolerant wide range soil types heavy clay best nutrient rich slightly soils roots form highly specific beneficial mycorrhizal associations fungus promotes soil internal mycorrhizal type fungus grows tissues root forms branched tree like structures cells root larvae number species use leaves food source include maple prominent prominent horse chestnut leaf occasionally lays eggs larvae survive second leaves attract feed flowers produce amounts attractive bees insects seeds eaten small mammals birds introduced plant britain relatively small associated insect fauna species larger range native field maple tree attacked horse chestnut scale insect trunk branches cause damage tree strip bark branches stem result branches die leaving brown leaves produces small red similar nail leaves field maple april onwards causes felt underside leaves norway maple foliage producing large quantities sticky foliage cars garden furniture beneath susceptible bark disease caused fungus causes crown death branches rectangular patches bark detached exposing thick layers black fungal spores fungus present symptoms years working way bark following long hot summers spores hyper cause condition called maple bark disease fungus forms disease known tar spot black spots yellow margins form foliage leaves fall prematurely tree little affected leaf spot caused fungus results pale leaves later dry fall disease cause moderate leaf loss trees little affected long run cultivation self seeds vigorously seeds spring little seed bank soil readily propagated seed cultivation varieties relied breed true special propagated variety notable bright salmon pink colour young foliage gained rare form branches var sold exotic nursery england published supplement specimens known survive noted tolerance wind urban pollution salt spray low summer temperatures makes popular tree planting cities roads treated salt winter coastal cultivated widely north native range notably british isles scandinavia north norway seeds far north iceland occurs british isles having introduced 16th century new growth roots cut produce poles types small timber grow comparatively rapidly reaching feet diameter years grown species medium large areas europe fine specimens found uses planted parks ornamental purposes street tree tolerance air pollution makes suitable use urban tolerance wind planted coastal exposed areas produces hard wearing white cream close timber turns golden age wood worked direction making musical instruments furniture wood non kitchen wooden rolling boards scotland traditionally making fine boxes association contrasting dark coloured wood reference white maple english christmas carol town bowl white maple tree presumably refers silver white maple occur naturally europe white wood field maple occasionally trees produce wood grain greatly increasing value decorative wood medium weight hardwood weighing cubic metre traditional wood use making backs violins wood marketed straight twigs rising allows bark separated branches customs associated early cornwall wood fuel easy saw split axe producing hot flame good burnt scotland favoured tree lower branches rarely broke strain male female flowers produce abundant makes pale coloured honey dull yellow collected food sources rises vigorously spring like sugar maple tapped provide refreshing drink source sugar beer notable specimens tree england agricultural labourers known formed early trades union found breached transported australia subsequent public outcry led release return tree metres feet inches study dated tree tree cared tree ancient described plane distinctive yellow foliage stood village suburb edinburgh scotland tree planted 15th century named form claimed largest scotland scene murder tree blown storm boxing day replacement grown cutting stands churchyard tree commemorated badge designed feature tree single horn redesigned club centenary abbey abbey near planted specimen earliest known planting date scotland achieved height time toppled gale age years money tree founded monastery ireland sixth century spring considered holy visited pilgrims nineteenth century protestant land owner annoyed people visiting site filled water started flow hollow interior tree road filled people hung tree pressed coins trunk offerings known years later fell new shoots appeared base water remains place day february | Acer pseudoplatanus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
26516_Amaranthusbrownii | annual family plant found small island growing rocky altitudes species endemic hawaiian species genus discovered expedition botanist differs hawaiian species leaf linear leaves fruits plants indigenous alien endemic including fan palm considered plant directly observed island past expeditions collected plant samples seeds specimens managed survive conservation efforts outside native habitat known plants seeds botanical gardens conservation recovery plans proposed united_states island plant listed endangered species designated island critical habitat plant classified critically endangered iucn red list plant endangered threatened plants listed endangered species act taxonomy species collected day visit island expedition botanist collected specimen june second collected june forest botanist helped provide descriptions comments species described named brown publication paper plants leeward_islands hawaii paper originally described plant species island recognize common description endemic species annual plant grows height narrow linear leaves small green flowers fruit holds single dark red seed male female flowers found plant differs hawaiian species leaf linear leaves fruits fruit open release seeds fruits long wide plant thought wind distribution habitat limited range found km2 island located northwest thought endemic plant probably rare restricted habitat managed united_states protected endemic endangered species found fan palm native plant species found habitat including hawaiian goat foot nelson plant grows moist winter season december july coastal dry habitat shallow soil rocky exposed areas time discovery observed plant growing great quantity ridges eastern ridges island expeditions early mid-1960s failed identify specimens collected specimens near collected known specimen july visited endemic species observed expedition visited returned twice later visited island found growing island time populations plants thought exist plants found near plants plant populations separated distance approximately prehistoric initially led decrease plant population major threats plant include invasive species fire species threat small plant population reproduce circle resulting genetic defects forced compete non native plant main alien species threat invasive gray bird presented larger threat recorded island increasing population density gray bird led massive island leaving greater risk predation estimated gray bird destroyed vegetation conservation according zoologist important hawaiian endemic large genus contains economically important species decade field surveys living plants identified wildlife refuge staff visited island dry season times absence plant recent field surveys explained time visit winter surveys tend difficult dangerous poor landing conditions surveys conducted moist winter growing season december march plant easiest find surveys completed summer months easiest visit time stems dry distinguished plants seven day visit island april find specimens optimistic species survived additional winter surveys required accurately assess conservation status plant conservation efforts seed botanical gardens unsuccessful expedition seeds collected presented hawaiian island london england seeds grew plants survived stage development information outcome seeds sent unavailable proposal listing originally submitted june withdrawn december date incomplete proposed march federally listed endangered species august designated acres island critical habitat species found hawaiian islands year internationally classified critically endangered iucn red list hawaiian plant species listed endangered threatened endangered species act | Amaranthus brownii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
26552_Utriculariainflata | commonly known swollen inflated large floating large suspended aquatic plant belongs genus perennial native southeastern coastal plains united_states confused similar smaller reported exist locations traditional range new_york southeastern massachusetts studies populations suggest introduction location lead altered sediment chemistry reducing net primary productivity native species listed state washington problematic species dense mat forming habit aquatic plants invasive description larger suspended aquatic species genus like aquatic true roots leaves main stem plant meter long longer thick branched divisions occasionally produce floating air shoots water surface like organs substrate leaf like structures appear additional branches main tiny like structures true leaves terminology disputed experts leaf structures numerous long originating base primary unequal segments divided extensively additional segments traps long produced leaf segments numerous native range perennial species begin flower january continue june phase growth produces visible noticeable morphological features species floating spoke like structures water surface support called float typically produces float spoke long wide half bear numerous branched leaf like segments possess traps long erect produced center floating usually solitary possess individual plant produce typically distant produce flowers unequal long entire long bright yellow brown colored veins spur brown markings lower lobe species number common form larger populations larger race called twice large regular species populations race located florida distribution habitat native southeastern united_states taxonomic monograph listed following states native populations species located alabama arkansas delaware florida georgia kentucky louisiana new_jersey tennessee texas virginia addition states online plants database acknowledges populations connecticut maryland michigan mississippi new_york oklahoma pennsylvania states maryland michigan new_york classified endangered threatened species tennessee listed species special concern inhabits aquatic environments lakes ditches swamps shallow deep waters low altitudes early specimens beginning collected recorded outside traditionally accepted range populations established washington state new_york massachusetts colonies washington obvious introductions populations new_york massachusetts likely result recent introductions difficult certainty introduced southeastern massachusetts samples gathered beginning representing collection north new_jersey east coast identified substantial population location indicated human aided introduction species massachusetts likely purposes late 18th century notes transfer native range likely years collection massachusetts study area spruce pond new_york yielded record authors study speculate unlike population found massachusetts unlikely population result human introduction pond remote area rarely recently study northern new_york identified populations lakes representing northern extension range lakes frequently encountered species census lakes found whatsoever impressive growth probably new location species similar growth patterns invasive aquatic plant species authors study noted sites native species declined frequency found possibly presence lab experiments observations field supported authors hypothesis presence lake systems damages natural nutrient cycles sustain native flora likely shades native flora specifically releases oxygen sediment case indirectly change cycle lakes growth native subsequently having negative effect proper balance sediment chemistry consequence include enhanced growth algae changes ecology freshwater ecosystems invade earlier collections massachusetts new_york population located washington specimens recorded sound area lakes mason pierce counties population recorded southern information species provided state includes statement presence probably result discarded washington indicates areas occurs forms dense floating recreational activities residents lake extensive populations spend thousands dollars summer rid lake dense variety control methods control including treatment utilizing grass manual extraction washington considers species problematic classified instead monitor list wetland aquatic species meaning prohibited sell species included state list future plant species require specific environmental conditions thrive narrow habitat tolerance means plants threatened endangered native ranges ability thrive variety locations introduced represents ability tolerate larger range habitats plant species cultivation species cultivated plant enthusiasts requires swift growth easier suspended aquatic species author says species easiest suspended aquatic grown rice mentions aid cultivation particularly difficult species sensitive high nutrient concentrations growing species grow rapidly presence higher nutrients allows enjoy conditions rice aquatic species information resource indicate cultivation species suspected likely source introduction washington spread lake lake washington probably result moving lake lake carrying plants botanical history named described mistaken similar morphology overlapping distribution past placed rank variety identified var minor noted way smaller elevate var minor species level studies taxa mixed treat treated varieties species considered different allied species supported separation taxa different species authoritative monograph genus solidified species | Utricularia inflata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
27304_Marsileaceae | small family aquatic semi aquatic sight physically resemble group commonly known family water family leaves genus resemble leaves leaf flowering plant leaves substitute leaves family contains genera species belonging natural history members aquatic semi aquatic plants grow dense mud shores ponds streams grow submerged shallow water leaves extending float water surface grow wet habitats survive winter dry season losing leaves producing hard resistant reproductive structures living genera family majority species belong genus grows worldwide warm temperate tropical regions distinguished genera presence leaf species occasionally produce leaf second genus includes single living species grows southern brazil neighboring parts argentina leaf genus grows widely temperate regions northern southern leaves slender tapered point overlooked mistaken grass species known closest relatives aquatic families float freely surface ponds lakes instead soil mud close relationship groups supported molecular analysis discovery intermediate fossil named general better fossil record recently oldest fossil member known preserved containing spores found india discovery cretaceous eastern north_america announced fossils assigned species pushed known history oldest fossil known upper lower cretaceous japan fossils include leaves visible veins morphology share basic structural characteristics common differences noticeable similarities species family long slender beneath ground leaves grow distinct clusters wide leaf clusters result plants appear stem leaf unlike roots grow primarily leaves grow locations roots noteworthy containing vessel elements vessels found species vessels evolved independently vessels groups plants leaves easily observed characteristic long slender leaf stalk ending zero occasionally number differs genera identification leaves narrowly cylindrical point leaves bear broad leaves bear tip leaf borne equally instead borne pairs pair attached slightly higher developing leaf folded like wings butterfly like leaves develop pattern begin small tight leaf matures maturity held erect leaves blade temperate species deciduous losing leaves winter tropical species lose leaves dry season leaves produce food plant aquatic species especially growing submerged leaves leaves grow surface water look like leaves species growing water plants produce leaves shorter leaf long reach surface remain underwater leaves different cellular characteristics better suited submerged environment addition sterile species produce fertile spore producing near base leaves reproductive portion looks functions differently portion leaves life cycle like members produce spores seeds reproduce unlike spores family produced inside short shaped structures usually diameter hardened outer covering outer covering tough resistant drying allowing spores inside survive unfavorable conditions winter frost summer despite open readily water conditions favorable specimens successfully stored years growing season typically develops near base leaf species occasionally resemblance gives family common modified shorter inside modified bear consists covered thin hood tissue includes mix types type producing kinds spores center developing produce single large female surrounding edge developing later produce small male produce kinds spore kinds called norm plants seeds flowering plants conifers rare groups plants plants produce kinds different places plant grow kinds single cluster differ plants regard spores remain dormant inside unfavorable conditions conditions suitable wet splits halves allowing tissue inside internal tissue swells water pushes halves hard outer covering apart emerges long gelatinous worm like bearing structure unique extend times length inside extension carries numerous spore producing attached water human uses species cultivated garden pools indigenous australians called contain toxic levels careful preparation methods order safe consumption | Marsileaceae | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
28105_Trilliumgrandiflorum | common names white large great white white wake robin french species flowering plant family perennial native eastern north_america northern quebec southern parts united_states northernmost georgia west minnesota british_columbia isolated populations nova_scotia iowa common rich mixed forests easily recognised attractive white flowers opening late spring early summer rise leaf like example spring plant life cycle deciduous woodland description perennial grows short produces single white flower atop leaves leaves egg shaped outline pointed tips lack extremely short ones measure long wide long width prominently engraved leaves stem share dark green color persist autumn leaves somewhat margins leaves strongly individuals grow tall inches single form colonies large dense erect flowers large especially compared species long depending age shaped like leaves curve outward visible near marked leaves overlapping bases curve flower distinctive funnel shape ending long point visible usually paler shade green leaves flowers flower stalk raising leaf grow age flowers persist fruiting styles white short compared pale yellow brighter shade color sided greenish white weakly attached fuse higher fruit green moist sided like taxonomy originally described var work synonym closely related species treated species years later species traditionally placed subgenus recent work shown phylogeny grouping phylogeny genus garnered agreement subgenus includes species alongside western closer relatives members form plant opens light pink instead common white generally found rarely range blue ridge mountains virginia found somewhat frequently mixed pure colonies noted white flowers common pure white variety turn distinctive pink remain days prior flowers plants bearing pink flowers mistaken pink variety variants green markings extra highly deformed characteristics forms given taxonomic names shown like bacteria responsible altered morphology individuals genetic variation occasionally produce double forms invariably sterile sought appearance species produces double flowers frequently hand unlike species fairly easily known form hybrids ecology favors drained neutral slightly acid soils usually young growth forests northern parts range shows affinity maple beech forests known spread nearby open areas depending geographical factors flowers late april early june like forest slow growing plant seeds require double meaning normally years fully like species flowering age determined largely surface leaf volume plant reached instead age growth slow nature typically requires seven years optimal conditions reach flowering size corresponds minimum cm2 leaf surface area volume cultivation wide flowering ages observed conservation concerns forms species pink instead white extra called double forms naturally common species especially popular fact species popular genus cultivation led conservation concerns majority commercially available plants collected wild regional governments canada united_states declared plant vulnerable result popularity garden specimen conservation concerns raised vast majority plants sold commercial believed collected wild little indication commercial nursery growth frederick wrote knowledge true commercial quantity propagation takes place present time heavy collecting combined pressures habitat destruction grazing effectively plants areas legally listed vulnerable quebec primarily habitat destruction plant found forests neighboring province populous regions listed vulnerable state new_york meaning threatened certain factors maine listed endangered entirely seed dispersal long thought self based fact rarely observed visiting plants low variation banding patterns strongly challenged studies shown high rates low success self controlled experiments implying fact self incompatible given individual fail produce seeds contributing factor limitation study showed open plants produce seeds hand individuals figure plants reduced exposure likely produce fruits hand individuals showed fruit set fruits contain seed set plant resources shown limiting factor seed production abundance larger plants significantly greater seed ratio smaller ones overall seed suggest evolved maximize reproductive success face highly plants visited single season studied extensively number unique features possesses representative example plant seeds spread dispersal effective increasing plant ability ineffective bringing plant far led question similar plants able survive events ice ages height species shown effective index intense foraging deer particular area fruits released summer containing seeds average seeds typically dispersed ants called yellow jackets order observed seeds lower frequencies insect dispersal aided presence conspicuous oil rich body attached seed high acid acid corpse carrying behavior ants causing bring seeds nesting sites food ants visit colonies plant bring genetically variable seeds single location results new population relatively high genetic diversity ultimate effect increasing biological fitness far common dispersal method white tailed deer shown disperse seeds rare occasions ants seeds meters deer observed transport seeds kilometer helps explain post agricultural colonization forest sites long distance gene flow detected studies furthermore helps resolve called states migration events impossible plants dispersal rates meters year occasional long distance dispersal events deer probably helped save species short distance dispersal ability extinction ice ages furthermore clade analysis shown likely persisted glacial period sites refuge southeastern united_states long distance dispersal responsible post glacial northern areas addition lateral invertebrates deer importance fact burial vertical ants increases survival new plants mechanisms vertical ensures sufficient depth preserve seeds seeds normally dormant year second vertical ensures adequate anchorage particularly important young plants small short roots easily frost erosion factors interaction deer favored food white tailed deer available deer seek plants preference exclusion course normal deer consume larger individuals leaving shorter ones information assess deer density effect growth general foraging intensity increases individuals shorter growing season reduction energy reserves production study determined ideal deer density northeastern illinois based indicator overall health animals square kilometer based stem height acceptable healthy height practice deer high deer square kilometers known occur restricted fractured habitat natural control mechanisms predators like wolves lacking maintained years damaging lead extinction local plant populations cultivation popular cultivation primarily size flowers relative ease cultivation particularly demanding cultivation slow uncertain process usually slow growth wide variations growth speed rates result vast majority plants commerce collected wild heavy collecting combined pressures habitat destruction grazing effectively plants areas creates tensions enthusiasts conservation proponents non wild plants delicate process cases results death plant cultivation flower little years compared usual wild cases appear exceptions rule study revealed individuals performing seeds planted year barring plant destruction continue flowering year begun plant gained cultural usage particularly conspicuous forest flower designated provincial emblem ontario flora emblem act state wild flower ohio symbol ontario stylized flower features prominently official flag province french speaking community frequently represent ontario grants arms network laws picking illegal province crown owned land unlike widely believed specifically illegal necessarily harmful pick species ontario | Trillium grandiflorum | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Plants |
1565_Liveactionrole-playinggame | live action role playing game live action role playing game form role playing game participants physically act characters actions players pursue goals fictional setting represented real world interacting character outcome player actions game rules determined consensus players event called decide setting rules facilitate play run late 1970s inspired role playing games genre fiction activity spread internationally 1980s wide variety styles play game like concerned dramatic artistic expression events designed achieve educational political goals fictional genres vary greatly realistic modern historical settings fantastic futuristic eras production values minimal involve elaborate venues costumes range size small private events lasting hours large public events thousands players lasting days terminology referred live role playing interactive literature free form role playing terms common use commonly accepted term written live action analogous term live action film video differentiate works human actors animation playing called play overview participants physically portray characters fictional setting characters speech movements somewhat like actors theatre distinct role playing games character actions described verbally played public private area hours days usually audience players dress character carry appropriate equipment environment decorated resemble setting events series events setting events vary size handful players thousand events benefit players roles called player characters players create given players play character repeatedly separate events progressively developing character relations characters setting called determine rules setting influence event act taking place logistical work handle details advertising event booking venue financial management unlike role playing game seldom overview happening play numerous participants interacting reason role concerned tightly maintaining narrative directly entertaining players arranging structure play begins players crew maintain fictional environment play participants known crew help set maintain environment play acting playing non player characters fill setting crew typically receive information setting direction players role playing game usually plays typically played separate crew member players asked play periods event play consists interactions characters scenarios primarily feature interaction scenarios focus interaction aspects setting including direction history single point origin invented independently groups north_america europe australia groups shared experience genre fiction role playing games desire physically experience settings addition role playing rooted childhood games believe play fighting costume parties theatre military historical groups earliest recorded group founded united_states focuses fantasy battles soon release movie logan run rudimentary live role playing games based movie run science fiction conventions started rules influenced named fictional group novel dream park described futuristic predecessor formed recorded theatre style group treasure trap formed castle recorded game influenced fantasy followed recorded australia run science fiction traveller setting released played internationally probably commercially successful published german events sources claim fantasy particular growing quickly major german events run annually players attract players europe today widespread activity internationally games thousands participants run profit companies small industry exists sell costume armour foam weapons intended primarily purpose intended games entertainment enjoyable aspects include collaborative creation story attempt overcome challenges pursuit character objectives sense fictional setting include game like aspects intellectual puzzles sport like aspects fighting simulated weapons stress artistic considerations dramatic interaction challenging subject matter avant garde events especially experimental approaches high culture aspirations occasionally held fine art contexts festivals art museums themes avant garde events include politics culture religion sexuality human condition common countries present addition entertainment artistic merit events designed educational political purposes example danish secondary school uses teach classes language classes taught students role playing scenario forced speech writing language learning politically themed events attempt shape political thinking culture involves controlled artificial environment people interact research tool test theories social fields economics law example study application game theory development criminal law fiction reality player actions real world represent character actions imaginary setting game rules physical symbols theatrical improvisation bridge differences real world setting example rope imaginary wall realistic looking weapon props risky physical activity discouraged forbidden safety reasons fictional timeline rpg progresses game time faster slower time passing players different usually run real time game time special circumstances distinction player character meaning actively representing character player character meaning encourage players stay consistently character accept players character times usually assumed players speaking acting character noted opposite normal practice role playing games character knowledge usually considered separate player knowledge acting information character know viewed cheating maintain clear distinction real world fictional setting fiction modern reality fashion similar alternate reality games unaware game taking place treated fictional setting character materials incorporated real world rules game rules determine characters affect setting rules defined publication created rules define characters capabilities objects exist setting characters events available character actions players relied honest application rules rules use simulated weapons foam weapons guns determine characters succeed hitting combat situations russian events weapons hard plastic metal wood alternative simulated weapons pause role play determine outcome action symbolically example rolling playing rock paper comparing character attributes rules instead relying players use common sense feel dramatic decide outcome actions genres genre use themes settings derived genre fiction borrow setting established work medium lord rings use settings based real world designed specifically campaign settings principal creative asset groups publishers set modern day explore everyday concerns special interests espionage military activity resemble assassin game military simulation live combat laser tag markers set historical eras semi historical settings mythological aspects incorporated fantasy common genres internationally genre largest events use fantasy set pseudo historical worlds inspired fantasy literature fantasy role playing games settings typically magic fantasy races limited technology fantasy focus adventure competition character factions contrast science fiction place futuristic settings high technology extraterrestrial life describes broad array including politically themed depicting societies settings inspired space opera post apocalyptic fiction horror inspired horror fiction popular include zombie apocalypse published live rules published widely punk horror setting players usually portray secretive supernatural creatures vampires setting played set rules published world darkness usually played chronicle series short events held regular intervals popular conventions international chronicle run official fan club styles events wide variety styles overlap simple genre presence simulated weapons abstract rules players create characters assigned distinction scenarios run designed number common classifications follow theatre style characterised focus interaction characters written simulated weapons combat eclectic approach genre setting events style typically hours require relatively little preparation players played gaming conventions murder mystery games players assigned characters encouraged freely resemble theatre style large events known short festival hundreds thousands participants usually split competing character factions camped separately large venue relatively world based europe canada size means significant influence local culture design end size scale small events known linear line course feature small group facing series challenges tightly planned controlled styles open participants ages minimum age requirement youth specifically intended children young people run institutions schools churches scouts denmark especially high number youth cultural significance seen movement western culture arts opposed traditional spectator arts participants cast role passive observer new roles outside daily life contrary culture participants act creators game collaborative process creating shared fictional worlds associated broader burgeoning geek culture developed societies turn associated prolonged education high information technology increased leisure time comparison mainstream video game industry highly marketed male audience women actively contribute authors participants known countries confused role playing dramatic activities fan gamer culture general increasingly mainstream developed countries achieved degree cultural resemblance childhood games pretend perceived risk identification characters absence mass marketing films documentary documentary comedy fantasy depicted somewhat ridiculous treated social outlet countries achieved high level public recognition popularity shown positive light mainstream media emphasis dramatic creative aspects norway greater recognition countries achieved recognition cultural activity government bodies communities formed creation play discussion communities developed crosses role playing fan drama early focused like fantasy later include appreciation genres especially horror genre rapid setting 1990s like groups common context shared experience language humour clothing regarded lifestyle subject academic research theory research originates role players especially publications role playing conventions broader academic community recently begun study compare media varieties interactive gaming evaluate right speculated day evolve major industry form location based games computing popular culture films dream park monsters role models wild hunt documentaries monster camp featured episode animated american series american dad titled nova american dad originally broadcast steve friends pretend colony moisture farmers mother joins game parodied short foam cardboard legitimate outdoor role playing gravity falls episode dungeons | Live action role-playing game | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
2261_Taflgames | games games family ancient celtic strategy board games played armies uneven numbers representing variants early scandinavian board game called contemporary literature size board number pieces varied games involved distinctive ratio pieces lesser having king piece started centre complete description rules game exists king objective escape variously board periphery corners greater force objective capture attacking force natural advantage start game likely indicating important cultural aspect mimicking success viking raids cultural indication king importance viking chiefs presence battle kings europe later claimed divine rule sat throne bodies battlefield essential viking chief considered equal war importance war reflected war strategy game indicate important reason gaming boards found males ages male skeleton ages found weapons board game tended boys battlefield explains young boys played war strategic board games controversy games employed spread traveled including iceland britain ireland versions comprising wales played earlier supplanted chess 12th century term old norse table board pronounced original game preferred term game scandinavia end viking age distinguish board games chess fox games known specific possibly arose meaning board game fist fist fist referred central king piece precise etymology disputed certainly referred king piece sources refer king table term referred board games known specific game referred way modern people refer cards games confused games inclusion word names similarities fox game dating 14th century known played europe tables medieval forerunner chess modern irish played ireland welsh equivalent equivalent terms mean wood sense popular medieval game played equal forces variant medieval descendant roman game saga literature mentioned medieval including saga saga saga period treatments offer important clues game numerous incidental references exist saga literature help indicate widespread use board games mentioning rituals varied viking period region region underlying basics culture fact mention board games indicates use read understood large audience saga evident boasts tops list skill saga conversation game reveals king men red attackers white word refer revealing ambiguous clues lie series posed character identified disguise saga stated refers fight lord brown red fair white attacking controversy word refers versions king support argument king captures balance play note assignment colours brown red defenders fair white attackers consistent saga asks beast iron kills flocks horns head runs answer controversial response variously translated bear runs thrown bear escapes attacked problem translating word refer die suggested translation horns referring corners sided die flocks kills referring stakes players lose alternatively refer king horns referring defenders consistent translation bear escapes attacked ultimately literary references prove inconclusive use variants irish irish form know poems played men chief number boards found famous elaborate wooden board found featuring holes pieces possibly allow game means black raven high king scottish variant played board king defenders sixteen attackers documented known variants variant best documented version recorded rules drawing board journal expedition description latin incomplete speak language hosts described game observing players game played mat hide diary referred light defending pieces dark attacking pieces game played late 19th century described variant played wales described played pieces king attacker documented drawing manuscript dated version played board pieces king opponent passage states played king centre men places men seek capture placed centre board central positions men game piece belonging king comes attackers dead thrown game attackers comes king men manner king comes attackers watch king moves space unable escape capture says goes harm king line wins game popular game medieval scandinavia mentioned norse saga references contributed controversy possible use playing rules game explicitly recorded playing pieces boards extant known sure game played fact recorded employed archaeological literary sources indicate played board popular game viking era end 8th century turbulent time conflicts chess popular game middle ages rules forgotten time particularly popular countries followed viking civilization parts europe primarily british isles viking country game developed differently different locations archaeologists found editions places ireland ukraine literally translates fist table old modern fist table study medieval manuscripts examination pieces boards allowed researchers figure game probably played recorded played wales means game described drawing 12th century oxford manuscript played intersections board cells manuscript describes layout board religious clear game based reconstruction complete description rules game exists best description history given game diary travels following rules based translation english game played board initial setup shown king starts central square castle called piece occupy defenders called start squares adjoining form cross sixteen attackers called start groups centre edge board notes squares domain remaining squares neutral zone occupied piece game piece number vacant spaces straight line compare chess piece pass piece path king path neutral zone edge board immediately blocked escape game rule suggests king escape domain king path escape paths escape escape imminent compare check chess piece save king captured removed board surrounded opposite sides enemies known capture king surrounded sides enemies taken prisoner surrounded sides escape fourth king square adjoining surrounded sides enemies fourth captured rule suggests king left return king captured conquered victorious problems gameplay left ambiguous completely untouched notes translations problematic variations played modern balance play controversy concerning widely reported game rules strongly favor king rule modifications produce balanced play king king participate captures escape corners edges hostile attacker camps king defenders captured vacant attacker camp square reveals produce balanced play modifying rules gameplay solution bidding players turns bidding moves win game lowest gets king player open bid turns player counter bid turns player confident ability escape rounds ability contain bid king player escape turns player wins play round match players switch sides round king escapes rounds winner player king escaped fewest turns description robert preceding account years states king captured men suggests special capture king incorrect states statistics modern games played man capture king white wins black demonstrated balanced play results rules allowing man capture king sources indicate scandinavian museum typically king captured attackers hall case surrounded sides legacy published swords shields essentially recorded transformed shields king shield transformed swords basis modern board games bear significant resemblance historical games important differences games feature similar symmetry classic attacker defender ratio important differences tactics developed 1960s game series features like symmetry defenders plus flagship king pitted attackers board objective defenders escort flagship centre outer zone board apart distinction inner zone outer zone distinctive spaces board features distinctive double evidence points historical games modern game inspired series fantasy novels turn inspired historical games features general symmetry games played octagonal board defenders pitted thirty attackers features important differences moves attacks revived island annual world championships held summer auspices yorkshire championships won somerset term refers time limit seconds marked sounding played online sites similar nielsen created site currently hosts modern game site launched | Tafl games | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
2709_MyLifewithMaster | life master life master independently published role playing game written published released gaming convention life master game role playing servants evil master mistress game print available printed book format file download publisher gameplay setting role playing game unspecified central european country early 19th century players game portray like evil master mistress nearby like role playing games case plays master players supposed design master terms defining wants needs aspect type traits explicit mechanical effect define desires mannerisms master masters game statistics fear measure power reason resist master control contrast master characters portrayed players defined terms game statistics levels self connections love successfully unsuccessfully tried self measure power limits abilities complete tasks love allows resist master demands gameplay generally resolved series scenes player describes trying carrying master wishes trying resist interacting attempting act love result increasing love trait increasing self attempt fails etc series rolls determine success failure scene played according outcome unlike role playing games long campaigns life master games typically designed end small number playing sessions reviewer stated life master tell story stories endings usually game death master hands master dies sick storm hand players characters meet end hands master kills try resist commands suffer consequences failure critical reception life master won addition won box award best rpg year review stated play game simply having read quickly hard distinguish choice attributes high level academic character gothic horror films level easily found college reading list said horror games actually need maybe safe words darker escaping abusive relationships according heather writes wit doesn fear let understanding game theory shine illustrations evoke exactly right mood setting enjoyable stand art reviewer matthew warned despite simplicity game mechanics clearly written need need close read written text help grasp outcome scene alter statistics concluded review stating going cup tea life master interesting game released year challenging game designer praised life master way evokes emotions feelings rare games considers work gothic horror theme defined narrative arc terror followed fall | My Life with Master | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
5489_TombofHorrors | tomb tomb adventure module written role playing game originally written origins convention designed adventure challenge skill expert players campaign test players boasted having mighty player characters able best challenge module coded series special series versions adventure published recent published edition served basis novel published module plot revolves tomb player characters battle way past variety monsters traps ultimate goal destroying tomb considered greatest time difficult module influenced later products followed unrelated series white mountain expedition lost plot summary tomb set world campaign setting tomb encounter number tricks traps attempting penetrate tomb dead wizard scenario begins players told evil wizard said ancient tomb form originally powerful unbeknownst players powerful form need physical body apart skull player characters survive deadly traps tomb fight way concealed inner destroy module divided thirty encounters beginning false entrances tomb ending example encounters huge pit filled spikes section encounter gold silver shot delicate golden color vision extends dim good detected step mist save versus poison breathe clean air ground warm sun module ends destruction publication history tomb written official tournament play origins convention developed adventure idea original admit designed tomb related purposes explains expert players campaign meant challenge skill persistence invincible characters specifically mind second ready fans players boasted having mighty able best challenge offered game tomb revised late publication module published module cover revised updated use edition rules module included page book page book outer original printing featured color cover module features book illustrations players adventure tomb republished thirty page booklet identical text new color cover module described series high level scenarios included compilation produced module reprinted return tomb module substantial expansion sequel original adventure written rules coast released updated version original module free download halloween retaining original content updated content supplement book updated version designed use edition rules tomb adapted novel classics series published july coast released adventures bearing tomb hardcover super adventure written builds expands legend original tomb canon return tomb starting point second tomb conversion update original module 4th edition rules written released members program series included dungeons hardcover collection released march wrote foreword dungeon kind thought experiment wanted tomb plundered answer course defend tricks traps designed challenge kill dead furthermore ways horrific determined party leave reception tomb ranked 3rd greatest adventure time dungeon magazine dungeon master lists tomb best classic adventures adventure traps kill character making poor choices book calls adventure difficult scenario reviewed tomb issue magazine gave module rating commented adventure difficulty noting dungeon extensively subtle carefully laid traps fortunate manages avoid felt illustration booklet add great deal adventure atmosphere felt pre generated character roster useful noted module hard hard learn advance essential running properly subtle said module common excellent format instance comprehensive way scenario introduced high quality way compromised improved describes module classic gamers saying played game high school group characters quickly died explains tomb classic difficulty module involve killing large amounts monsters collection puzzles maps focus traps monsters surprise gamers time technique players past drive cattle ahead lore wired described bit heroic noting lord rings send head cattle serve bait book men discussed adventure reputation deadliest game written noting series complicated puzzles traps characters concluding survive long collect treasure fewer manage find way deadly maze escape awful presented humorous article ways tomb gamers basically series traps kills characters best worst things module huge filling tomb traps treasure leaves little messages tomb going kill players tomb influenced later products module inspiration traps supplement computer role playing game developed influenced module division director said wanted reminded foray dungeons like tomb traps corner crawling walls tomb mentioned times novel set virtual reality world created man fan module | Tomb of Horrors | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
5497_DragonsofDespair | dragons despair dragons despair series adventures published inc start major story arc series role playing game series ready play adventures use game series provides game version original storyline later told chronicles trilogy novels module corresponds events told half novel dragons autumn twilight module code designate adventure series plot summary adventures exact storyline varies based actions game players choose player characters general course action assumed adventure story begins meeting settlement years unsuccessful individual quests find sign true series wilderness encounters direct find blue crystal staff ancient ruined city jungle covered subterranean ruins player characters search knowledge ancient gods good encounter invading find baby dragons encounter ancient black dragon follow fleeing dragon negotiate level dungeon typical adventures filled dwarf slaves monsters second level dungeon confront defeat extremely challenging task party aided goddess adventure ends recovering allowing return true time years publication history published march seven months novel module product released january february small teaser advertisements quarter page dragon magazine simply showing logo text coming soon scenario epic series set world march issue dragon contained short story titled test twins describing epic adventure usable game system detailed series products books games miniature figures issue page teaser advertisement showed black white version painting cover text play epic series module consisted page book outer cover features painting depicting black dragon fighting heroes books adventure based module features appearance game new locations haven appearance pre generated player characters form heroes lance group characters played non player character dungeon master makes appearance available use joins heroes lance chapter dragons flame villainous lord makes appearance original concept module designed world heroic adventure module edited module design staff included module features cover art interior artwork revisions original series updated second edition classics module code classics volume reprinted dragons hope coast published new revision original story including classics 15th anniversary edition silver anniversary line entire module series reprinted exactly originals smaller size printing available slip case sets included volume chapters updated version converting version corresponds material advanced dungeons dragons heroes lance video game based released horizontally scrolling fighting game represents events module dragons despair converted nights computer game format adaptation requires shadows expansion packs original game reception game module positively received placed 25th list greatest adventures time module list reviewed scenario imagine magazine enjoyed module lot felt detailed original plays hampshire found good value problem having reading prose laughed players review magazine issue gave module overall noted lack things gold adventure world don destroy feel scenario whilst creating novel atmosphere felt adventure taken lord rings powerful magic item taken costs defences characters past nice new race couple monster concepts artwork aside cover good usable adventure good product book described scenarios heavy handed players follow plot | Dragons of Despair | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
7968_TheHarbingers | australian video board game designed published major update series object game collect different coloured face player worst fear beat player adopts persona play soul ranger game set place known ensure characters escape game board central hub sided provinces fit creating included game acts game clock stars gameplay game rules ready players roll turn rolls highest chosen game board connecting provinces central hub creating shape players write greatest fear slip paper placed fears chosen starts game players race landing located province player fails minutes soul rangers rest game remain released collect allows release players start collecting landing game board taking players collect landing instead chase players steal players collect different colours win players need colour players collect prevent players completing game gives players different powers depending list powers described character card players collected win game returning home central hub roll fear picked fears correspond player earlier expressed greatest fear player wins game players return try players able win game minutes winner characters game baron zombie witch vampire based real person myth entirely created soul rangers players failed described miserable skeletal soul rangers hunt players steal created game development wanted introduce characters players want later found players enjoyed role soul ranger final character game job sure characters escape real world character based old cemetery job guard grave layout game board sided provinces fit creating fears home positions ring road fears cup lid fits inside hole middle located fears numbered grooves called home players start return home home positions connected ring road path runs ring road players access provinces province sided board province provinces assembled order allow different game experiences provinces changed province colours sides province board paths players board located paths colour province different game symbols black holes lighting bolts game includes shaped allow players store character card collected character card photograph character list powers gives player game board players use character playing pieces vampire bat cobra hat baron building block skull soul rangers skull beginning game players vhs included played game begins played starting game marks ready set game begins game clock appears right hand corner screen counting minutes game won player hour declared winner minutes appear screen players instructions choice receiving prize imposing penalty opponent players carry instructions given appears demands players stop listen hold insulting players reluctant reward help players game computer generated storm seen background storm partly covers game clock storm sounds laughter heard development concern game initially complicated end special minute presentation called rules presentation voice explains game characters play rules presentation created help explain game new players start instructions rules presentation game played actors dressed baron soul rangers demonstration game rules presentation help explain play game development feedback received players release nightmare started work major update series struck deal use publishing experience market research nightmare help create new game deal allowed input game developed case nightmare involved game development release united_states development ended years started million dollars invested development game reception sold industry sales predictions australia best selling games united_states united_kingdom months release game release launched marketing campaign spot mtv cross promotions soft drinks website game expansions tapes tapes released following success tapes provide challenging experience experienced players tapes run minutes instead minutes original come new rule limit number added province based number players limit normal rules apply soul rangers year later add called soul rangers released add allows players play soul rangers hosted calling add released creators found players enjoy causing damage soul rangers | The Harbingers | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
8076_DaveArneson | october april american game designer best known developing published role playing game rpg early 1970s early work fundamental development genre developing concept rpg devices considered dungeons neutral judge having conversations imaginary characters develop storyline discovered teenager 1960s began combining games concept role playing student met con gaming convention late 1960s created game fictional world writing rules basing setting medieval fantasy elements showed game following year pair developed set rules subsequently founded publish game worked briefly company left filed suit retain credits royalties game continued work independent game designer briefly worked 1980s continued play games entire life work computer programming taught computer game design game rules design 1990s shortly death experience miniature role playing game design work grew interest parents bought board early 1960s taught friends play group began design games tried new ways play existing games especially fond naval exposure role playing influenced later game designs college history classes role played historical events preferred recorded history manner similar scenarios recreated late 1960s joined group miniature military collectors minneapolis paul area included ranks future game designer asserts games created members participated helped develop foundations modern role playing games scale basis focusing non combat objectives step away individual play varied challenges later participant scenarios continued run scenarios eventually expanded include ideas lord rings took drafted army ran different eras different settings member time history student working time security guard attended second gaming convention august time primary focus event met founded 1960s wisconsin far home minnesota shared interest sailing ship games authored don ship naval battle rules serialized june later published single volume revised edition following departure armed service duty october began imagine medieval fantasy style players explored dungeons castle inhabited fantastic monsters adjusted allow players play escort fight forces evil beneath originated plastic kit castle originally played mix rules rock paper resolve combat later adapted elements naval rules armor class system like later spent previous days watching monster movies channel creature feature weekend reading conan books recall ones thought pretty piece paper time tired napoleonic campaign rigid rules fantasy combat system appearing rules written published spring applied short time finding lacking wrote modified rules apply role playing game scenarios game evolved modifications game modern players describe campaign setting complete game gameplay recognizable modern players featuring use fixed hit points armor class character development dungeon setting time continues played present day described non traditional medieval setting things steam power gunpowder submarines limited numbers tank running emphasis story details original campaign established map great kingdom brought print briefly issue book newsletter july later expanded form published judges guild later deemed influenced concept dungeons originated setting purely fantasy oriented incorporated recent history science fiction elements visible later module series published particularly city gods present early mid-1970s original campaign parallel games run developed adventures intended publication science fiction rpg november traveled meet thought interested dungeon developed player expressed desire play game playing game immediately began similar campaign called asked draft playing rules collaborated phone mail carried groups contacts wanted publish game rejected afford invest venture felt need publish game soon possible similar projects planned rules hastily final draft despite eventually provided funding required publish original set initial print run selling year sales increasing rapidly subsequent years rules sample dungeon original campaign published rpg scenario professional publication released supplement named campaign setting supplement offered little way details actual campaign showed imagined able work final original game opportunity present game included new classes monks assassins monsters temple frog published rpg adventure people run book bore setting focused house rules background material formally joined director research beginning left end year pursue career independent game designer despite fact longer published index page booklet properties point time including original book set gods gods heroes seven issues strategic review agreed pay royalties products company came claimed significantly different product pay royalties response filed lawsuits march confidential agreement resolved suits court agreeing credited creators packaging products point court ruled game end lingering tensions years later bought wanted drop word advanced planned edition ceo approached resolve decade old issue released claims undisclosed sum money wrote setting judges guild original player authored adventures fantasy role playing game attempted recapture original spirit envisioned early 1970s instead early 1980s established game company staffed largely friends members civil war group produced games new edition adventures fantasy role playing game company half dozen related books friendship adventure games profitable found workload excessive finally sold company flying buffalo picked rights adventure games owned portion let care rest company stock shut company president mid-1980s briefly series set written detailed campaign setting time forced removed company planned fifth module published went separate ways wrote new module set called garbage pits despair published parts magazine issues stated belief paper computer hack slash teach play games like stood pretty instead trend follow innovations hoped computer teach newcomers role play offering interesting campaigns said games genre hoped stepped computer industry founded computer company minnesota business today computer programming worked games eventually found consulting computer companies living california late 1980s chance work special education children returning minnesota pursued teaching began speaking schools educational uses role playing multi sided teach math 1990s began working sail private university teaches subjects continued professor computer game design wrote check free royalties owed allowed simply working dragons basement video documentary early history role playing games describes documentary basically series interviews original players affect life original rpg designers like traveller empire throne cameo appearance movie throwing dragon scene deleted completed movie founded games produce updated system version setting published distributed produced products year code released campaign 4th edition personal life married daughter grandchildren continued play games entire life including military miniature games regularly attended annual meeting play original minnesota taught class rules game class students learned accurately document create rule sets games balanced mental challenges players physical ones characters retired position june died april battling cancer years according daughter biggest thing dad world wanted people fun life think distracted everyday things life forget enjoy life fun honors tributes received numerous industry awards creating role playing games inducted named pyramid magazine millennium influential persons realm adventure gaming honored famous game designer featured king hearts days death coast temporarily replaced page section web site tribute tributes gaming world included tower april video game publisher posted tribute website april released patch online role playing game secrets dedicated turbine dungeons dragons online added game memorial altar ruins location game created game item named mantle reward finishing quest chain narrated mantle description reads inspiring presence surrounds hold run edges fine cape drawn lining incredibly detailed map place named october dedicated student game development studio space honor partial index adventures fantasy thieves world author port author adventures temple frog module city gods module dna case pacific haunted lighthouse dungeon crawl classics module lead designer player guide | Dave Arneson | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
8323_Dwarf(Dungeons&Dragons) | dwarf dwarf fantasy game race primary races available player characters idea dwarf comes european novel lord rings predecessor early 1970s variations standard dwarf short stout commonly called dozen different rule sets campaign settings history concept dwarf comes norse mythology particular story ring brothers fairy tale called ancestors giants types non humans introduced game miniature figures varying sizes dwarf appears player character class original edition design strongly influenced novel hearts lions early version dwarf limited playing fighter progress sixth level dwarf character class original arrival dwarf modified player character race player handbook detailed monster original number presented character races original hill dwarf common appears character race second edition monster monstrous volume detailed race forgotten realms setting deep races detailed player character races complete book dwarf appears character race edition player handbook revised player handbook fourth edition player handbook fifth edition player handbook arctic dwarf gray dwarf gold dwarf shield dwarf wild dwarf detailed races races detailed races stone dwarf including dwarf dwarf appears monster fourth edition description average feet height broad bodies male grow thick facial hair female lord rings novels greatly inspired able grow authors followed suit writing game rules official position females grow fourth edition portrayed female attractive specific campaign settings potential female facial hair sees variation world females grow generally forgotten realms grow usually grow facial hair older editions game female grow campaign settings book hearts lions strongly influenced having dwarf named scottish accent popular portrayals feature accent tend useful combat oriented players gain number special abilities bonuses combat related smaller stature compared humans resistant poison magic dark skill called earlier editions beginning edition detect different types mining related features underground sloping tunnels ability detect sloping passage underground taken directly anderson book generally good alignment wrote races allowed use players defined terms ultimately humanity opposed creatures serve type monstrous usually worship believe creator according legends fashioned likeness gems metal life campaign settings gods consists leader gods present different campaign settings regarded close cousins race accepting humans half know humans live longer average human prefer friendly human family general trust half fail appreciate ally battles evil giants history publications rules editions dozen dwarf described hill standard race mountain live deeper underground skin hill deep dwelling follow dragon god 1st 2nd 3rd editions physically resembled unrelated 4th edition game product giants adapted life developing natural finding water tolerance heat deep underground greater ability dark sensitive light resistant magic poison standard dream touch world earth dream evil live frost extra reside iron infinite layers abyss enslaved frost giants reside cold glaciers mining special material known blue ice great skill crafting ice magical ice tolerant cold weather home high seaside cliffs excellent swimmers campaign settings planet campaign setting stand tall weigh nearly dwarf pursues singular obsession called focus requires week complete live underground communities focus long lost strongholds physically unique kind having hair breed humans produce sterile share strength size humans setting divided distinct groups sub divided clans hill consist single clan called similar mountain slightly forthcoming races cultures heroes lance mountain consist clans clans thought offspring referred chronicles miserable lot clans live following rule particular powerful leader forgotten realms world major shield known mountain dominant northern parts tend generations declining numbers gold known hill dominant southern generally upbeat group northern cousins primarily reside underground realm surrounding like gorge arctic known found northernmost reaches smaller stronger immune cold known magical ability shape metal stone walk wild short primitive found deep gray mainly found light shield dwarf king forgotten realms setting homeland monsters including shadow dragon named kills single world setting group humans known found particularly numerous lord notable dwarf setting servant member organization setting operate huge tunnels novels novels prominently featuring include following dragons depths july isbn dark dwarf home trilogy trilogy august edited isbn war spider queen series | Dwarf (Dungeons & Dragons) | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
9291_RobertAbbott(gamedesigner) | game designer born march american game inventor referred fans official grand old man card games early life worked computer programmer assembly language designing games 1950s popular creations include chess variant baroque chess known crossings later successful appearing card game collections new rules classic games released publication new card games included instructions card games addition baroque chess invented logic appeared mathematical games column october issue prominent originally published book mad game confusion named best new abstract strategy game biography born missouri attended went yale years attended graduated soon moved new_york games discovered book new card games received moderate success got tired poor moved computer programmer moved new_york continued work computer programmer assembly language created card games 1950s starting ending auction soon moved new_york_city rules game published mathematical games column motivated article self published rules card games book new card games sold mail book new card games published day containing rules card games rules chess variant baroque chess publisher published paperback edition new card games slightly modified rules baroque chess changes popular time new card games published sent maze floyd logic maze published appearing mathematical games column created appeared books mad published spanish version book new card games title translates games resemble version spanish translation original date rules games addition rules confusion included cows maze published book cows maze game confusion published game named best new abstract strategy game logic inventor style maze called logic logic maze set rules ranging basic left turns extremely complicated called multi state reason return position traveling different direction change direction different state open different choices example book rolling die maze particular square depends number facing die return square die different state different number different options time floyd logic maze published floyd appeared october issue mathematical games column maze looks like street grid arrows pointing roads intersection comes intersection arrows leading road road followed continue fashion following arrows intersection end reached come intersection direction different options road coming intersection direction defined multi state logic maze cows cows difficult appeared book warns readers difficult solve appeared titular maze book cows maze complexity cows includes self reference changing rules flow charts provoke confusion object red text reference object word red subtle references word word maze ends complicated difficult work let end maze use hands starting different place instructions box box hand boxes left complex combinations better known appeared book mad like cows says hardest maze book fact possible solve different versions appeared following theme paper electronic forms games created games including card games board games equipment game games particular fame unique elements set apart mainstream games instance card game complex trick taking game play game rules change times playing different games baroque chess baroque chess board game book new card games reasoning including non card game card game book chess pieces plentiful playing cards book wanted introduce new games require special equipment friends started teaching began game like publisher preferred title book probably prominent game metaphors use teaching tool invented appeared self published book new card games published book new card games year later wrote mathematical games column june issue basically gameplay consists dealer choosing secret rule cards played players playing cards attempt figure rule reasoning decided improve result considered far better original improvements gameplay making work bit better wrote version october issue self published pamphlet rules improved version titled appeared card game collections new rules classic games confusion initially created game confusion 1970s finished form game published germany satisfied version flaws rules published spanish translation book new card games game published north_america version named best new abstract strategy game game based idea knowing pieces beginning game game uses similar idea know cards played beginning worked commented saying game don know cards played don board game don know pieces gave idea began work soon published work new card games new card games paperback mad auction games resemble translated | Robert Abbott (game designer) | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
10329_Magic:TheGathering | magic gathering magic gathering known magic trading card game created published magic trading card game produced continues thrive approximately million players magic played players formats common uses deck cards person printed cards deck virtual cards internet based magic gathering online tablet programs game represents battle known employ spells artifacts creatures depicted individual magic cards defeat opponents original concept game drew heavily motifs traditional fantasy role playing games gameplay magic bears little similarity pencil paper adventure games having substantially cards complex rules card games new cards released regular basis expansion sets organized tournament system played international level worldwide community professional magic players developed substantial secondary market magic cards certain magic cards valuable rarity utility gameplay prices range cents thousands dollars history doctoral candidate started design game free time worked local volunteer help game brought professor ceo games company met discuss new game saw game promising decided lacked resources produce point like ideas mentioned looking portable game played frequently occurs gaming conventions returned presented general outline concept trading card game immediately saw potential idea agreed produce magic gathering underwent general release august game simply called magic game officially named lawyer informed magic generic instead chosen game everybody involved game continued refer magic consultation lawyer decided game magic gathering enabling patent granted novel method game play game components embodiment form trading cards includes claims covering games rules include magic elements combination including concepts changing orientation game component indicate use referred magic vampire eternal struggle rules tapping constructing deck selecting cards larger pool patent aroused criticism observers believe claims invalid patent element larger legal dispute nintendo trade secrets related nintendo trading card game legal action settled court terms disclosed magic immediate success coast early reluctant advertise game unable pace existing demand initially magic attracted players following included types people success game quickly led creation similar games companies coast companion games produced science fiction trading card game allowed players pay design promotional cards created game eventually included editions languages plus expansion sets coast produced called vampire eternal struggle game modern day vampires similar games included trading card games based star trek star wars magic cited example 1990s collecting game makers able overcome bubble traditionally associated collecting success initial edition prompted reissue later expansions game arabian nights released expansion december new expansions revisions base game core sets released regular basis amounting releases year end game printed billion cards release expansions released irregular basis beginning revision core set set related expansions called block released year system revised eliminated blocks consisting sets released essence game stayed rules magic undergone major revisions release revised edition classic edition magic july release magic received major visual redesign coast established pro tour circuit tournaments players compete cash prizes course single weekend long tournament prize single tournament sanctioned tournaments added element prestige game virtue cash media coverage community brief period time televised tournaments unofficial methods online play existed previously magic online official online version game released new updated version magic online released april january announced franchise film deal 20th century fox magic gathering saying wanted launch massive franchise scale lord rings serving writer producer project june fox hired screenwriter write script film reception article usa today suggested playing magic help improve social mental skills players article interviewed players parents believe game similar sports teaches children win lose magic contains great strategy vocabulary children exposed regular basis parents claimed playing magic helped children trouble illegal drugs joining criminal gangs hand article briefly mentions magic highly addictive leading parents worried magic obsession kids addition better players opportunities compete small number scholarships american game designer entrepreneur commented love games challenge change definition adventure gaming magic gathering definitely short list titles accomplished elusive goal combining collecting trading elements baseball cards fantasy play dynamics games magic created new genre product changed industry forever awards select award winner origins awards best fantasy game board game origins award legends expansion special award new game mechanics italian gaming society award winner super award best new game concept france fan award best expansion expansion origins award saga expansion year inducted alongside selected magic games hall fame origins award city expansion year origins award expansion year origins award expansion year origins award expansion year addition individuals including won personal awards contributions magic gameplay game magic involves players engaged battle acting powerful called player deck previously constructed limited pool cards event player starts game life points loses game reduced zero player lose draw deck addition cards specify ways win lose game stated major influences creation magic gathering games concept normal rules golden rule magic states card text directly rules card takes precedence comprehensive rules detailed exists clarify conflicts players begin game decks drawing seven cards players draw card beginning turns player turn players alternate turns basic kinds cards spells lands lands provide magical energy magical fuel player attempts cast spells players play land turn powerful spells cost game progresses available quantity relative power spells played tends increase spells come varieties single time effect graveyard pile artifacts remain play cast provide lasting magical effect creature spells type permanent summon creatures attack damage opponent set introduced new card type represent powerful allies fight magic abilities deck construction tournament formats decks required minimum cards upper limit players use copies named card exception basic lands act standard resource magic specific cards state certain formats commander limit number single card players decks limited tournament formats small number cards opened play packs tournament packs minimum deck size cards depending type play individual cards restricted card limited single copy deck banned card longer legal tournament play limitations usually balance power reasons occasionally gameplay mechanics deck building requires strategy players choose thousands cards want play requires players evaluate power cards possible possible interactions cards expect play vary different locations time periods choice cards usually narrowed player deciding colors want include deck decision key creating deck general reducing number colors increases consistency play probability drawing lands needed cast spells expense restricting range tactics available player colors magic spells come colors colors seen cards design called color pie clockwise white blue black red green play spell given color color required normally generated basic land plains white island blue swamp black mountain red forest green colors form defining aspects game color strengths weaknesses based style magic represents white color order equality healing law community peace light white strengths roster small creatures strong collectively protecting enhancing creatures gaining life preventing damage creatures players imposing restrictions players reducing capabilities opposing creatures powerful spells playing field destroying cards given type white creatures known protection colors types card rendering nearly harm things white weaknesses include focus smaller creatures simply kill creatures outright instead restrictions fact powerful spells affect players equally including casting player blue color intellect reason illusion logic knowledge manipulation classical elements air water blue cards best letting player draw additional cards permanently taking control opponent cards returning cards owner hand making cards directly player deck graveyard spells blue creatures tend weaker creatures colors commonly abilities traits difficult damage block blue weaknesses include having trouble permanently dealing spells played nature spells small expensive roster creatures black color power ambition greed death illness corruption sacrifice necessarily evil cards refer directly indirectly concept black cards best destroying creatures forcing players cards hand making players lose life returning creatures players furthermore black seeks win costs limited access abilities effects normally available colors abilities require large sacrifices life totals creatures cards hand cards library difficult replace resources black main weaknesses complete inability deal artifacts tendency hurt badly hurts opponent difficulties removing black creatures red color freedom chaos passion creativity impulse fury warfare lightning classical element fire non living geological aspects classical element earth red strengths include destroying opposing lands artifacts sacrificing permanent resources temporary great power playing spells directly damage creatures players red wide array creatures exception extremely powerful dragons fast weak low rendering easier destroy red cards turn hurt owner return powerful cost red shares theme blue temporarily steal opponents creatures divert spells generally permanently red famous creatures lets attack use abilities soon enter battlefield ability raise creature power temporarily common red creatures red weaknesses include inability destroy self destructive nature spells way trades early game speed cost late game staying power red vast majority cards involve random chance green color life nature reality evolution ecology instinct green strengths battlefield usually winning combat creatures broad tend strong cost abilities like green creatures ability allows deal attack damage opponent blocked weaker creature green spells bolster creatures power permanently temporarily green spells focus growth regaining life points large quantities green getting land cards faster allowing player resources capacity strong creatures battlefield faster green weakness inability defend indirect attacks cards allow counterattack hand library graveyard green defenses creatures bypass powerful creatures attacking colors adjacent pentagon allied similar abilities example blue relatively large number flying creatures white black non adjacent colors particular color enemy colors thematically opposed instance red tends aggressive white blue defensive nature team aims balance power abilities colors color pie differentiate strengths weaknesses lays capabilities themes mechanics color allows color distinct attributes gameplay color pie ensure new cards thematically correct color territory colors multi color cards introduced legends set typically use gold frame distinguish color cards cards require different colors played count belonging colors play multi color cards typically combine philosophy mechanics colors spell cost tend powerful compared single color hybrid cards requiring multiple colors makes harder cast recently color hybrid cards introduced set appeared extensively sets hybrid cards distinguished gradient frame colors paid card colors instance card hybrid red white icons cast red white sets multi colored cards theme including blocks core sets typically include multi color cards core set cards belong color appear form lands artifacts unlike colors cards specific personality style play cards imitate mechanics particular color efficient manner similar colored card cards linked colors abilities story references flavor text cards rise expansion cards artifacts lands introduced time larger quantities luck skill magic like games combines chance skill frequent complaint game involves notion luck involved especially concerning possessing lands early game especially lands ruin player chance victory player having mistake game statistical proper deck construction appropriate land count reduce problems land count automatically adjusted total deck size rule introduced game informally casual play official game rules modern paris allows players shuffle unsatisfactory opening hand deck start game draw new hand fewer card repeat satisfied player taken look card deck return deck multiplayer player penalty subsequent cost card rule known partial paris original allowed player single seven new cards player initial hand contained seven zero lands variation rule called forced casual play circles multiplayer formats magic online allows single free seven new cards player initial hand contains seven zero lands love games combining luck skill magic creator admitted influence design magic addressing complaint luck influencing game points new casual players tend appreciate luck field random effect increases chances winning player higher skills game chance higher degree control increases chances winning according magic likely continue decreasing degree luck game matured rule card design past present good examples trend feels universal trend games explained chess example unlike modern chess predecessors players use determine chess piece gambling original set rules prescribed games played partly inspired game wanted folks play cards collect magic player removed card random deck wished play cards set aside end match winner cards early sets included cards rules designed interact gambling aspect allowing replacements cards adding cards permanently trading cards play concept controversial regions restrictions games chance rule later optional restrictions players reluctance possibly lose card owned gambling rule forbidden sanctioned events past sees occasional usage friendly games color format card mention printed expansion set variant rules primary method magic play standard deck construction rules alternative formats playing game popular alternatives describe ways playing players teams free change rules decks built organized play magic tournaments regularly occur gaming stores venues larger tournaments hundreds competitors globe sponsored arranged times year substantial cash prizes finishers number websites report tournament news complete lists currently popular decks feature articles current issues debate game owned operated organizing body sanctioned magic events major categories tournament play constructed limited constructed constructed tournaments player arrives pre built deck minimum cards follow deck construction rules deck card allows players modify deck normally player win games winner match different formats exist allowing different cards maintains banned restricted list format players use banned cards restricted cards limited copy deck cards determines damaging health format seeks use remedy possible handful cards banned recent years formats defined cycle sets cards given block example block format consists city cards printed sets appropriate block formats standard known type contains current block completed blocks standard card pool undergoes rotation twice year april october set block released april standard card pool consists oath shadows standard rotation purpose dragons released previous set block core set model considered block modern format played magic online community cup response players desire non rotating format accessible newer players coast introduced modern legal format august saw paper magic play modern consists block core set modern card frame release 8th edition present certain cards released products standard legal commander series cards legal modern modern card frame legacy format allows card printed legacy banned list distinguished vintage certain cards banned power reasons vintage previously known type eternal format banned cards vintage cards mechanic cards considers inappropriate competitive magic expense acquiring scarce old cards play competitive vintage vintage tournaments permit players certain number cards currently format vintage cards forbidden sanctioned tournaments replacements damaged cards created event judge commander originally known elder casual format played format player deck legendary creature acts commander deck construction limited colors represented chosen commander cards exception basic lands legendary creature chosen commander kept special command zone cast time afford cast creature commander card enter zone battlefield owner choice return card command zone cast additional generic regular cost banned list unique rules governed independent body limited limited tournaments players construct decks packs plus additional basic lands choice decks limited tournaments minimum cards unused cards function constructed formats freely exchanged games match long deck continues adhere card minimum rule player use copies given card apply tournaments player card packs build deck usually played players players seated table player given packs player opens pack card passes remaining cards player player remaining cards pack received passes remaining cards continues cards depleted players pass left packs right second players build decks cards selected drafting talking signaling showing cards forbidden drafting process double faced cards shadows blocks magic origins hidden physical card spell printed formats players create formats based number criteria based limiting financial value deck mixing matching different blocks sets taking existing format modifying commander format officially supported variant commander officially supported popular player created formats limited cube drafting similar structure draft players instead use collection cards instead random draft player created formats allowed friday night magic events long follow basic tournament magic rules fake cards gambling etc tournament structure maintains set rules able tournaments runs circuit local shops offer friday night magic tournaments stepping stone competitive play runs series major tournaments attract interest right compete earned winning tournament successful previous tournament similar level usually structured days individual competition played swiss format final day players compete elimination format select winner end competition players awarded depending finishing place player finishes high awarded prize money frequent winners events names magic community promotional tool launched hall_of_fame honor selected players end year magic world championship held world championship functions like competitors present skill different formats usually standard draft second constructed format difference invitation world championship gained national championship country countries send players tournament representatives nations minor magic playing communities send player team based competition national teams compete beginning world championship new members inducted hall_of_fame tournament concludes current season tournament play end event player earned year awarded title pro player year player earned compete previous season awarded title rookie year invitation prize money earned lesser tournaments called grand prix open general public held frequently year grand prix events usually largest magic tournaments drawing players largest magic tournament held grand prix las_vegas june total players product marketing magic gathering cards produced way normal playing cards magic card approximately size inches face displays card rules text illustration appropriate card concept unique cards produced game variant editions artwork new ones added year magic cards printed exclusively english current sets printed traditional chinese french german italian japanese korean portuguese russian spanish overwhelming majority magic cards issued marketed form sets majority history types core set themed expansion sets coast current production marketing scheme new set released quarterly products released set appeal different segments magic playing community majority cards sold packs contain cards normally divided differentiated color expansion symbol card typically contain rare gold silver black basic land colored black sets prior contained instead basic land debuted red orange replace rare cards average premium versions card foil randomly inserted place common replace seventy cards released set intro pack pre constructed deck aimed newcomers highlights set mechanical themes comes packs set fixed selection cards including foil rare product replaced card decks featuring set set featured event decks pre constructed decks designed introduction tournament play beginning dragon maze set featured event decks discontinued following block previously cards sold typically containing thirty thirty basic lands tournament packs discontinued expansion sets currently released set block starting large set ending smaller months later prior expansion sets released set block beginning larger set followed smaller sets sets consist exclusively newly designed cards contrasting wide ranging expansion focused mechanics ties set storyline expansions cards handful particular newly introduced game mechanics began released annually previously july coinciding change 10th edition magic shift introduced new printed cards core set previously core sets discontinued following release magic origins july time set blocks introduced addition quarterly set releases magic cards released products spin games combine reprinted magic cards new cards new functionality magic cards printed specifically collectors vault premium deck series sets contain exclusively premium foil cards starting game went biggest visual change creation new card frame layout developed allow rules text larger art cards reducing thick colored border minimum new frame design aimed improve contrast black type instead previous white new font areas card type power years production magic gathering featured small number cards names artwork demonic themes company elected remove references game believing depiction demons controversial game established sufficiently coast reversed policy resumed printing cards demon names spin offs magic gathering video games comics books produced licensing directly comics books develop background story game video games produced lean varying degree original game computer games sold licenses acclaim roughly time magic gathering received favorable reviews acclaim magic gathering dismissed negative reaction magic gathering online developed released computer version game allows players compete online players original magic cards rules latest computer implementation magic magic gathering developed released xbox june game ported windows june year months release game ported playstation platform game played xbox live title weeks release september accorded issue mini series magic gathering new story heavily based elements new called story mainly developed planes ongoing series started february coast published magic gathering arena arena tactical players maneuver board game terrain based addition spell cards original master set includes represent select creatures magic gathering universe later released expansion battle featuring color second master set shadows new includes addition film january 20th century fox acquired rights produce magic gathering movie producer april enter battlefield documentary life magic pro tour released film written parodies created parody magic gathering coast owned rights magic gathering took active steps hinder distribution game successfully shut attending july attempt avoid copyright patent starter deck printed parody rule card printed player construct library number game components examining selecting game components reservoir game components patent secondary market active secondary market individual cards players game shops physical online stores sell single cards card common cards rarely sell cents usually sold bulk uncommon cards weak rare cards typically sell expensive cards standard tournament play usually priced commonly played cards modern legacy formats sell foil versions rare rare cards typically priced twice regular versions sought rare rare cards foil versions cost times non foil versions oldest cards smaller limited distribution highly valued extremely rare list cards sets alpha destiny promised reprint expensive card regular print opposed promotional special printing grade graded bought anonymous buyer record secondary market started comic book stores hobby shops displaying selling cards cards values determined somewhat employees store expansion internet prices cards determined tournament deck lists given card appear card played tournament frequently cost card higher addition market availability card amazon large online markets started gain popularity magic secondary market evolved substantially buying selling magic cards online source income people learned manipulate market today secondary market large complex area study consumer research people career market manipulation creating mathematical models analyze growth cards worth predict market value individual cards entire sets cards late coast expressed concern increasing number cards secondary market coast effort counteract rise introducing new stamp rare rare cards magic artwork card illustration represent flavor card reflecting setting expansion designed magic early artwork commissioned little specific direction concern visual infamous example printing creature flying ability art showed bird flight art direction team later decided impose constraints artistic vision closely aligned design development cards block cards style guide sketches descriptions races places featured setting early sets experimented alternate art cards came believe easy recognition card having multiple versions caused confusion identifying card consequently alternate art promotional cards older cards reprinted new sets guaranteed printed new art older cards starting copyright artwork commissioned transferred contract signed artist allowed sell original piece printed established prolific magic artists lucrative source revenue magic expanded globe artwork change international audience artwork edited given alternate art comply governmental standards example portrayal skeletons artwork prohibited chinese government storyline way magic storylines conceived deployed changed considerably years main premise magic countless possible worlds planes exist unique rare beings called capable traversing allows game frequently change worlds renew mechanical inspiration maintaining common elements worlds intricate storyline cards released expansion shown art flavor text cards novels published harper important storyline characters objects locations appear cards magic sets usually legendary creatures artifacts lands cards original magic gathering limited edition overarching storyline cards unconnected bits lore cards individual depth early expansion sets visions usually real story arc instead sets inspired cultures apparent arabian nights takes thousand nights characters makes magic cards norse mythological influences seen worked ice age african influences early sets linked directly earth mythology touches independent storyline brothers exception period set story conceived cards set designed fit storyline beginning expansion shift way magic storylines blocks apocalypse story laid character driven story following events ship crew help capabilities protagonists travel fight army odyssey unconnected storyline set years later multiple factions battle control powerful magical artifact left magic storylines panned away new planes created set scene new storylines contrast previous character driven stories releases focused thematic worlds model world split culturally distinct later reunited magic visited world prison race parasitic monsters called inspired old ones beginning world centric storytelling complemented story layer cards introduced characters overarching storyline sense continuity despite constant change setting block following revisited plane natives battled invading corruption left storylines integrate storyline gameplay certain events second set encouraged players affiliate faction recent focus integrating play experience story line making mechanics individual cards represent pivotal points story plane inspired heavily gothic horror guardian angel gone missing darkness started consume plane players discover magical prison holding demons broke open released demons return block players encouraged affiliate guild control city completing maze discovered plane inspired greek mythology containing references greek mythological figures gods plane dragons long dead time travel dragons took plane ruled people battle return plane ravaged marks change magic storytelling uses team called tell story shadows return corrupted newest set focuses fact powerful missing storyline find way save plane story focuses cosmic horror instead traditional gothic horror old academic research examples academic peer reviewed research concerning different aspects magic gathering example examined players use playing research studied hobby players showed players sought create participate epic fantasy narrative example online magic cards test revenue outcomes auction types final example uses probability examine magic card collecting strategies specific set cards specialized manner shown magic gathering complete | Magic: The Gathering | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
10347_TheLostCavernsofTsojcanth | lost lost adventure module fantasy role playing game written published edition rules page adventure bears code special set campaign setting divided parts page adventure page booklet monsters magic items plot involves player characters investigating rumors lost treasure traversing wilderness levels dungeons players face daughter long deceased lost published revised expanded version tournament adventure wrote gaming convention expanded tournament adventure adding wilderness area based earlier work work adventure delayed completion adventure included realms horror updated online edition received critics ranked 22nd greatest adventure time dungeon magazine white dwarf reviewer gave adventure noting difficulty rewards powerful magic series tomb white mountain expedition loosely connected sequel forgotten temple plot summary introduction instructions dungeon master read aloud players outlines treasure south realm player characters investigate rumors lost treasure scores perished attempting find treasure remnant wealth amassed ruler prior presumed death hands demon imprisoned forced players traverse wilderness area numbered encounters arriving encounters names border patrol encounter hill giants encounter wilderness encounters includes map humans capturing sell player characters reach consist lesser encounters greater encounters map lesser include encounters cave encounter contains underground lake encounter greater include encounters uneven encounter player characters face hulk canyon encounter 20th final encounter titled inner sphere woman sleeps slab armored toe neck gold chased plate mail woman actually fighter vampire daughter defeating players rewarded treasure adventure ends publication history lost revised expanded version tournament adventure wrote gaming convention sponsored based dungeon levels helped revise tournament version original version consisted loose sheets outer locked bag copies printed issue dragon said reworked lost module finalized want print soon possible later suggested evidence considered longer campaign placing adventure temple evil forgotten temple lost published series got completed order good delay began adventure edition expanding include outdoor encounters redevelopment major delays completion version module revised expanded included page books outer november issue dragon said needed competition level module effort needed finish second pages evil went preparation scenario initially convention tournament new product extensive outdoor adventure completely new series encounters middle working added complete outdoor story arc original tournament story arc leads includes new spells new monsters later featured forgotten temple starts event lost features monsters revised included realms horror updated included parts legacy lost adventure available online versions module included monsters later included products monsters introduced original published version updated rules included edition monsters appearing published version included demon princes later appeared original published module cover features illustration series included dungeons hardcover collection released march writes foreword lost marked end series despite based hole dungeon originally designed tournament updated version belonged 80s campaign setting school design wild 70s standalone easily dropped campaign firmly based world reception favorably received critics book described adventure monster filled labyrinth classic mode kill rob leave ranked 22nd greatest adventure time dungeon magazine 30th anniversary game dungeon editors felt pedestrian character echoes adventure nature complicated wilderness setting large second booklet set apart adventures time booklet introduced new creatures including demon lords reviewers felt adventure defining moment players find treasure vampire daughter reviewed adventure gave overall presentation rules enjoyment skill complexity noted module ended long time tough good play stressed introduction sub par play quickly ended story rewards powerful magic satisfaction completing difficult task worthwhile noted adventure came page booklet new monsters small new magic new creatures featured plot adventures magical given depth treatment including creation effectiveness credits work lost inspiration work column dragon magazine | The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
10462_WhitePlumeMountain | white mountain white mountain adventure module fantasy role playing game written published page adventure bears code special adventure dungeon crawl players characters hired retrieve notorious magical weapons war hammer sword possessing intelligence adventure contains art cover sequel return white mountain published updated version rules released online white mountain received critics ranked 9th greatest adventure time dungeon magazine judge commenting required complete adventure described puzzle dungeon end puzzle dungeons review british magazine gave overall rating noting adventure focuses problem solving favorite adventure wired magazine described amusement park dungeons adventures series include tomb expedition plot summary white mountain set world campaign setting module dungeon crawl precipitated theft magical weapons named wave war hammer named sword named introduced adventure weapons owners received copy poem instructing weapons located poem signed wizard thirteen years ago descended volcanic mountain company disappeared player characters goal follow path retrieve weapons adventure divided encounters page module encounters varied presents challenges encounter seven characters jumping platform platform sea hot mud whilst turn leads encounter room permanent darkness vampire guards encounter occurs giant fragile bubble located boiling lake players needing defeat giant crab retrieve wave damaging bubble encounter involves negotiating magical populated monsters including sea lions giant giant encounter battle possesses final challenge departing encounter characters succeeded taking magical weapons publication history original white mountain adventure written published features interior art cover module includes page booklet outer featured color cover original printing module expanded pages color cover adventure included compilation produced celebrate 25th anniversary game original adventure available dungeons dragons silver anniversary collector edition boxed set slight modifications distinguishable original collecting purposes coast released sequel adventure return white mountain 25th anniversary series publications events sequel assumed place years following original novel classics series wrote module applying job took felt best parts previously created dungeons create white mountain looking hired published module making changes looking interview said little embarrassed day blatant rip scenario thought published later admitted adventure published little embarrassing adventure clever ideas fully central dungeon tricky obstacles designed challenge amusement mad wizard cliché date online version adventure released free download updated conform rules coast periodically rules releases new version revised module designed characters seventh level experience return white mountain received update likewise available free download website revised classic weapons associated wave white mountain return white mountain converted series included dungeons hardcover collection released march foreword wrote unlike tomb challenges designed players think work party ultimately win feel successful players liked reception white mountain received critics dungeon master lists best classic adventures referring classic dungeon crawl ranked 9th greatest adventure time dungeon magazine 30th anniversary game judge commented required complete adventure describing puzzle dungeon end puzzle dungeons speaking adventures said lacked sheer brutality tomb crazy pure fun judge said liked magical weapons wave inclusion makes white mountain classic editors dungeon felt adventure defined monsters reviewed adventure space gamer found background interesting having stolen magical weapons prominent dealers player having hired cryptic poem help found module organized content believable despite stated good module real flaws reviewed british magazine rated favorably overall gave enjoyment skill ratings complexity rating noted adventure focuses problem solving interesting problems players overcome comparing challenges previous series adventure tomb found tomb wrong decision leave player character dead merely leaves player frustrated adventure tests designed stretch party limits deal death opportunity wired says favorite adventure necessarily best amusement park dungeons describes story arc hired retrieve magic items similar hired help able felt sword blatant way cool commented adventure encounters felt boiling mud hanging cruel concerning permanently dark room houses vampire commented ease player character easily hit describes room giant crab guards wave basically bubble inside tank boiling water noting crab knows pierce walls asks smart players end adventure magic weapons need bribe dungeon master allow items | White Plume Mountain | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
12904_TheMansionofHappiness | mansion happiness mansion happiness moral entertaining amusement children board game inspired christian morality players race space spiral track depicting virtues goal mansion happiness track end instructions virtue spaces advance players goal vice spaces force retreat designed children author game designer england edition printed gold ink containing real gold copper plate black ink second copper plate produced copies water coloring complete game board making brilliant colorful expensive product fit nobility later second edition printed probably rich common folk copper plate print black ink water coloring game popular england edition printed copper plates black second green lines indicate blank spaces water colors added beautiful product published editions editions listed inventor game honored edition gold added color price homage royalty editions paper fold inserted heavy labeled cardboard case published game united_states salem massachusetts november republished bought rights games claimed board game published united_states_of_america today distinction awarded traveller tour games popularity mansion happiness similar board games challenged decades 19th century focus games competitive behavior context united_states early 19th century american middle class experienced increase leisure time home gradually lost traditional role center economic production leisure activities education supervision mothers result demand increased children board games emphasizing literacy christian principles morals values advances printing technology era publication inexpensive board games possible technological invention colorful board games welcome addition earliest children board games published america mansion happiness american board games like children games followed wake based world view christian virtue deeds assurances happiness success life game mechanics influenced view spinner like instance utilized children board games associated gambling view forbade game playing mansion happiness similar games high moral content permitted children liberal households developed radically different concept success game life american board game rewarding players ventures attending college elected congress getting rich virtue means end end daily life focus game secular virtues ambition receiving emphasis religious virtues suggestion religion bradley game marriage altar wildly popular selling copies year gradually began viewing accumulation material goods cultivation wealth signs god blessing decade economic expansion optimism 1880s wealth defining characteristic american success protestant values shifted christian living values based competitive capitalist behavior good christian successful capitalist incompatible lost period replaced games twist mansion happiness released games late 1880s based popular theme games game district messenger boy game telegraph boy allowed players emulate successful capitalist players began games company luck won game seat seat heaven mansion happiness head firm spaces designating sent player track spaces designating capability honesty advanced goal games reflected belief american regardless background humble privileged rewarded american capitalist system success increased social status accumulation wealth wealth goods game rewards decades 19th century winner game playing department store instance player carefully spent money accumulating goods department store bears great wall game promised players feel like catalog advertisement informed interested board great struggle capital labor fought satisfaction parties players successful break game play mansion happiness roll track board game typical games object player reach goal end board track called mansion happiness heaven centrally located board goal pictures happy men women making music dancing house garden reach mansion happiness player spins races space spiral track depicting virtues instructions spaces depicting virtues player closer spaces depicting send player prison mansion happiness breakers sent post vice pride sends player vice game rules noted possesses honesty gratitude truth sincerity entitled advance numbers mansion happiness gets passion taken water cool cruelty return situation till turn comes spin think happiness design publication published forms england united_states designed published game board folded hard cover booklet published editions game relative published england published united_states salem massachusetts november game folding game board cloth cardboard pocket attached game board edge pocket rules ivory point end inserted octagonal ivory plate type referred pin plate board games published morality important aspect game called bones devil determine roman soldier christ cloth instead different mansion happiness edition print runs stone color printing black white paper stock paper included lavish fiber taken fade like wood pulp paper today print run copied game gold ink mixed ink look gold brown like game octagonal end space second edition second print run stones edition green instead brown remained september printed games sold publishers edition fall left business replaced worked boston previously owned firm new_york title end boston company changed edition listed edition printed beginning fall end printed games edition mansion happiness game list green stones end space green circle stone printed black fourth edition returned business needed print run mansion happiness year needed new stones resulting fourth edition printed color black color green changed green entire game board looked different print runs second edition stones longer usable ground new black printing stone position company moved new green printing stone included green printing unnamed spaces corner decorations highlight beginning banner fifth edition edition needed splitting difference results know different edition green printing stone apparently damaged green printing beginning banner removed sixth edition needed early leave boston business final time finished job firm sixth edition resulted need green printing stone green removed banner corners blank spaces printed green seventh edition left brother law took business late seventh edition needed beginning new stones printed black stone green changed green circle known copies edition owned deceased game historian owned charter member eighth edition william dissolved partnership april william time managing newspaper held games started fancy goods business boston overseeing salem business owned partnership youngest son henry partner business location new print run needed longer business control copyright family chose consequently smith sell mansion happiness salem right copyright needed new stones eighth edition created stone print black print green circle retained addition continue publishing mansion happiness published new games ninth edition december bought obtain business partnered form publishing business published game authors continued publish mansion happiness including free publish mansion happiness games brother father tenth edition sold remaining inventory reprinted green cover label read label original label sold game rights family rest green printing circle end space remained different eleventh edition published eleventh edition continued print edition early 1900s twelfth edition new_york published edition different edition game box cover game board thirteenth edition republished original form minor modification game spaces game included circular end space introduced edition sixth edition folding game board fabric cardboard pocket edge game board wood cardboard believed designer game mansion years design mansion happiness design games pupils proof busy designing game boston competitor according game went sale salem massachusetts january went sale boston earlier abbot working boston firm published considered mass produced board game united_states years purchased inventory taken business george green label printed proceeded label brothers died board game charles purchased rights republished mansion happiness new patented box game came cover box game board attached box added box spinner longer needed metal attached card pop spin produce random number game board box printed making game look like work art vice spaces removed depicting women engaged immoral acts behaviors men substituted women game remained catalog thirty years displaying line board game published america box cover new_york game firm printed published version mansion happiness version better artwork version makes valuable collectors version game box game board attached inside box spinner simply placed box distinction published american board game awarded today traveller tour united_states published new_york book sellers printing game boards difficult term mass market gray area reversed copper plates print game boards impressions breaks quickly appeared lines games expensive people afford want game boards read water color painting popular easily produce perfect impressions legacy mansion happiness published england united_states longest continuously published board game known designer totals years continuous publication obviously chess board games continuously published longer time knows designer games | The Mansion of Happiness | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
13308_OnceUponaTime(game) | time game time card game produced originally released second edition published current edition object time tell fairy tale group story developed group competitive aspect game player individual goal storytelling cards hand finishing story special happy card player time current giving chance play storytelling cards players chance story example mentions player cards gameplay player dealt hand cards represent story elements objects people events aspects involved fairy tales instance cards crown key death time passes sleeping storytelling cards represent ingredients fairy tale words phrases likely appear fairy tales different deck cards player dealt single happy ending card kept secret players object game player use cards telling story finishing story happy card player time 2nd edition rules suggest starting player longest beard method players agree story ingredient mentioned player storytelling card ingredient play continue player required draw extra storytelling cards example interrupted player new long telling story ends story ending happy card cards wins players expected cooperate extent order avoid contradictions story develops story sense according ending story satisfying expansions expansions contain additional cards expansions include dark story elements blank cards expansions include aquatic elements prince princess elements tales medieval elements blank cards 3rd edition writer handbook available trade paperback format awards critical reception essay game hobby games best british author game designer stated time best ways found grab non gamer imagination world pyramid magazine named time millennium games editor stated game good kids adults commenting second edition reviewer said game brilliant example getting new game market game easy learn fast fun idea time come girls think rocks commenting occasional insulting lip service game companies paid female readership awards include time 2nd edition named games magazine best family card game section games list 3rd edition game won recommended parents choice award 3rd edition featured web series time 3rd edition received best family fun award cover art featured spectrum 3rd edition nominated children family category | Once Upon a Time (game) | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
13603_DwellersoftheForbiddenCity | adventure module pre packaged adventure booklet ready use fantasy role playing game adventure module tournament play origins game fair later published use edition rules module written game designer partly hiring work module adventure characters hired find object taken lost oriental style city taken cult snake servants module ranked 13th greatest adventure time dungeon magazine 30th anniversary game plot summary adventure begins player characters hear reports attacking jungle region ambushed merchants guards killed returned alive tell fantastic stories deformed plants deadly jungle stolen goods taken provide impetus characters enter search lost treasure long journey player characters encounter friendly native people invited stay village characters learn village chief dangers creatures called servants creatures recently kidnapped chief son taking jungle chief village tell player characters forbidden city jungle believe houses ghosts dead enemies supply characters guides party way forbidden city environment module allows action intrigue player characters recruit allies power groups factions city help pit factions benefit publication history tournament play origins game fair module published edition rules consisted thirty page booklet outer module written cover art interior art unrelated unconnected intermediate series series designed characters 4th 8th levels module originally intended bear code code reassigned published published adventure bears code adventures written cook attributed early version module hired cook lead designer second edition rules debuted years later lead designer city villains adventure instrumental introducing new species antagonists like queen spiders series featured number 1st 2nd 3rd edition books game species open open game license expanded introduction module game worlds particular forgotten realms campaign setting new monsters introduced game module include yellow module set world campaign setting later add detail continent named mountains lies called reception described good buy gave slightly favorable rating nearly good writer described super adventure lamented pages memorable landmark reviewed adventure magazine open box feature gave overall rating commenting presentation module good hastily thrown gave adventure enjoyment ratings skill complexity ratings felt adventure mundane lacks real noted parts adventure created tournament play tournament section deals getting city felt rest module like mini campaign included adventure ideas included expand felt dungeon master effort series encounters better starting scratch concluded adventure worth considering better quality available ranked 13th greatest adventure time dungeon magazine 30th anniversary game judge described classic adventure cook created lost city jungle great tradition players battle way city labyrinth traps monsters find way jungle ruins cook provides host backgrounds exploration city map motivation judge editor dungeon magazine described adventures adventure best remembered monsters gained man guarded entrances city local god | Dwellers of the Forbidden City | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
15914_ForgottenRealms | campaign setting fantasy role playing game commonly referred players game designers alike realms created game designer setting childhood stories years later brought setting game series magazine articles realms game products released role playing game products produced setting licensed products including sword novels role playing video game adaptations including massively multiplayer online role playing game use graphics comic books forgotten realms popular settings largely success novels authors numerous role playing video games including pool gate fantasy world setting described world strange lands dangerous creatures mighty deities magic supernatural phenomena real premise long ago earth world forgotten realms closely connected time passed inhabitants planet earth forgotten existence world term original logo small letters read lie lost lands allusion connection worlds world focus forgotten realms setting continent fictional world usually called simply earth like planet real world influences unlike earth lands forgotten realms ruled human race planet shared humans peoples creatures world forgotten realms nearly advanced earth respect resembles pre industrial earth 13th 14th century presence magic provides additional element power societies nation states independent cities loose alliances formed defense conquest trade performed ship horse drawn vehicle manufacturing based cottage industry geography consists large continents including western continent roughly modeled continent earth detailed original published continents include unspecified roughly corresponding ancient later focus source book eastern realms published vast subterranean world called beneath surface products detailing specific areas 2nd edition gold glory shining south released continent heavily detailed documented creating highly developed setting early editions setting realms shared unified campaign settings called great wheel way campaign settings linked form interwoven world connected planes existence release setting given distinct separate arrangement unique planes explicitly connected settings religion religion plays large deities followers integral world passive role fact interact directly mortal affairs answer prayers personal deities survive worship patron deity secure good huge number diverse deities exist large number documented detail history realms detailed novels source books concerns actions deities chosen mortal representatives portion deities power midnight later new embodiment goddess magic seven sisters deities overlord distances single responsible seen characters setting home iconic characters popularized authors including wizard appeared series novels created highly popular dark ranger created history early years began writing stories forgotten realms child starting dream space swords stories came forgotten realms notion parallel worlds earth world realms original conception fantastic legends earth derive fantasy world way lost discovered game role playing game releases setting home personal campaign began realms campaign city started group known felt players detail realms want real work honest jobs personal activities thing grows far casual campaign rules adventures develop stated version forgotten realms run personal campaign darker published versions beginning periodical 30th issue published series short articles detailed setting dragon magazine monster known wrote entries dragon magazine realms setting descriptions magic items monsters spells american game publishing company began looking new campaign setting game assigned find setting portrayed articles dragon according asked stuff huge campaign world answered yes questions felt forgotten realms open ended setting epic setting chose realms ready campaign setting deciding publish agreed work project began working forgotten realms officially published sent dozen cardboard boxes stuffed pencil notes maps sold rights realms token fee noted altered original conception realms place travel world concerns possible lawsuits kids getting hurt trying find gate led emphasize meaning 1st edition realms official campaign world module released considered wasn module wars released official setting module series official product book trilogy month referred grey box later released boxed set source books realms realms large maps designed collaboration author set introduced campaign setting explained use reserved space map computer role playing games set instant hit compilation module reworked fit module bears logo cover released throne swords iron legion crystal released novel feature successful character appeared seventeen subsequent novels appeared new_york_times best seller list line role playing video games pool released inc game popular winning game ported nintendo_entertainment_system original boxed set released edition rules including north sands savage frontier dreams lords darkness came city system boxed set containing maps city ruins adventure module based computer game released boxed set eastern realms released giving details lands previously appeared book officially placed forgotten realms world year module dragon released setting forgotten realms product began publishing series comics written issue contained pages illustrated primarily issues published total released page annual comic annual illustrated artists released 2nd edition eponymous module based role playing video game curse bonds released series novels consisting detailed storyline known series module adaptations novels released year detailing major characters appearing novels published time early hardcover released introduced realms setting second edition game detailed changed setting forgotten realms city bluff setting living campaign official support product line included series number sub settings forgotten realms briefly supported early 1990s produced setting released detailed featured series released detailed continent original gray boxed set received revision update second edition rules system release new boxed set containing books grand tour realms running realms monster new graphic look additional material setting released steadily 1990s novels legacy series books series numerous released 1990s led setting hailed successful shared fantasy 1990s novels turn sparked interest role playing activity new gamers numerous video games released eye game released game later followed sequels second games released dos single disk release graphical massively multiplayer online gate released line popular role playing video games developed considered hands best game game followed sequel gate shadows separate game utilized game engine gate pool ruins released popular characters minor appearances games 3rd edition release 3rd edition rules system released hardcover official material advancing timeline game world won origins award best role playing game supplement additional released new edition including monsters magic races adventure included dragon pool attack city spider queen released set northern reaches operating revised rules followed expansion packs shadows sequel version rules produced followed expansion sets mask storm compilation released containing gate series excluding games series nights games nights release version update rules forgotten realms product line continued expand accessories released included player guide kingdoms shining south champions ruin city champions mysteries grand history realms adventure released included sons twilight tomb tearing land empire shade 4th edition release 4th edition forgotten realms updated new rules system featuring changed realms moving fictional world timeline years future released august page book dungeon masters forgotten realms player guide released following month contains information players help create characters adventure released september combination adventure start campaign forgotten realms setting sole living campaign replacing released 5th edition release 5th edition coast announced forgotten realms continue serve official campaign setting upcoming published adventure materials date officially licensed products set forgotten realms published dragon queen september rise october princes apocalypse april abyss september official campaign guide sword coast guide released november 5th edition world returned previous 3rd edition geography event called resulted worlds split coast announced upcoming adventure series set reception book fantasy gamer bible describes forgotten realms ambitious fantasy game setting published widely played game setting rpg history similarly literature novels written forgotten realms setting formed industry leading fantasy series time novels gained unprecedented popularity led noted book 1990s novels having extraordinary shelf life remaining print years popular reception reflected public libraries example states readers advisory guide genre fiction novels requested books fans fantasy genre | Forgotten Realms | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
17574_Bunnies&Burrows | role playing game rpg inspired novel published game centered intelligent rabbits introduced innovations role playing game design game allow players non roles detailed martial arts skill systems published second edition game game modified republished official supplement rabbits player characters faced dangers real world true monsters game humans predators natural hazards characters position food chain promotes emphasis role playing problem solving combat history originally published years role playing game published edition long print game inspired fantasy novel players given opportunity role rabbits game emphasized role playing combat according sullivan playing rabbit combat want book men commented pushed setting farther early like garde player characters intelligent rabbits compete food avoid predators deal internal warren politics poor production values provided barrier acceptance game art poor quality document gave appearance having building edition wrote different worlds present world valley campaign magazine published detailed combine world fantasy worlds followed mini adventure written magazine published judges guild second edition printed continuing popularity edition evidenced actively played rise retro games late 1980s early 1990s entered negotiations current owners copyright publish official supplement sullivan wrote unofficial conversion negotiations continued indicated hoped day work official supplement published setting unofficial conversion rpg rules free fan articles gameplay original game innovative time years published rpg play non time role playing game detailed martial arts rules attempt skill system rpg appeal widely women men role playing game allow non play addition role playing game detailed martial arts rules known attempt skill system time game considered light years ahead role rabbits player characters interaction different animal species normal gameplay humans thought processes motivations completely alien monster encountered advantage offering players intuitive grasp relative dangers appropriate actions possible game worlds substantially fictional example player told character confronted fox immediate rabbit facing player characters substantially weaker dangers face game encourage problem solving obstacles fighting mechanics role playing game system created specifically common time original publishing features abilities classes task resolution system based rolls newer systems updated game mechanics significantly ideas presented created framework modern role playing games reception game incredible role playing potential concept role playing rabbits viewed bizarre commentator believes people thought stupid released view mirrored describing exposure game says laughed earth want rabbit mocked point publications books second edition articles present world valley campaign dennis judges guild | Bunnies & Burrows | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
18821_Ogre(game) | game board released concepts designed forces game set late 21st century player single giant robot tank called pitted second player headquarters defended mixture conventional tanks infantry artillery concept strongly influenced novel short story named large strong mythological beast initial release reprinted times recently jackson founded company sequel expansions published pocket box format march announced planned production 6th edition new version successfully completed funding release november multiple delays elaborate pound designer edition shipped november game description uses map depicting barren terrain large radioactive obstacles defender sets forces map enters opposite beginning game basic version game attacker single heavy tank referred mark iii advanced scenario gives attacker larger powerful mark tank versus increased number defenders defender allocated certain number infantry armor units gets decide exact composition armored forces different types units encourage combined arms approach type better different aspects heavy tanks high attack defense moderate speed low range missile tanks moderate attack defense moderate range low speed ground effect vehicles roughly heavily armored high speed moving twice turn low attack low range moderate defense high attack range easily destroyed attacker managed close expensive according game designer balanced mix units right edition second edition sped heavy tanks slowed changed defender purchasing attack factors armor units considered equivalent worth critical reception began review edition saying warned game adding idea remarkable rated game criticized game title equipment weak infantry reviewing editions designer moved away called legend ranks lot fun play interesting high tech armoured warfare noted rules remained essentially new edition significant changes physical design larger black white colour maps watson welcomed retention original artwork alongside new pieces draws like reviewing combined edition stated simulation board games armored combat future battlefield best field seen fast elegant whilst praising production values color playing pieces found box somewhat essay game designer said think success fast open ended teaching tool mind pretty completely wasn realized effective getting important component mechanisms play design editions second editions released edition featured artwork second larger print run artwork edition released introduced double sided edition called deluxe edition released cover artwork illustration computer game board previous edition paper map provided stand plastic bases magazine review deluxe edition highlighted game ease introduction short playing time pointed gamers like game combined game called sequel box rules designated 4th edition rules designated 3rd edition released single box rules combined single booklet rules printed booklet flipped rules green white sided maps 3rd edition maps printed sheet released designated 5th edition new cover art sold vhs box rules page booklet black red white sided new deluxe issued version original packaged original crater map printed larger scale deluxe won award excellence announced sixth edition combining larger color flat units cardboard figures released reprinted version original game sold game original price new designers edition funded original goal final funding total funding grew options upgrades added final game weighing pounds began shipping supporters october expected arrive retail stores december spawned sequel focusing conventional armor infantry types games based include expansion introduced new unit types including cruise missiles map map adaptation game miniature scale adaptation won origins award best rules addition set developed won origins award best series set produced license won wells award best model series paper game games computer adaptations including release bit commodore dos books book collection articles rules variants space gamer reissued expanded pages retrospective supplement role playing game | Ogre (game) | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
19748_AgainsttheGiants | giants giants adventure module written published fantasy role playing game combines series previously published hill giant chief frost giant produced use 1st edition rules recognize 25th anniversary company released updated version giants liberation later published novelization giants plot original focuses particular type evil giant played standalone adventure series hill giant chief tribe hill giants raiding lands occupied humans humans hire player characters defeat frost giant pits player characters evil frost giants hall fire giant king concludes series time group fire giants disclose existence secret force giants module revealed evil plot involving continues additional printed received contemporary critics earned overall rating magazine reviewer impressed found time write working reviewed released module series giving queen spiders consisted combined subsequent series queen pits voted single greatest adventure time dungeon magazine 30th anniversary game plot summary original dungeon crawl player characters focus battling hill giants frost giants fire giants original evil giant types hill giant chief module begins prologue explaining giants different types raiding lands occupied humans angered human rulers hire group player characters punish giants players party informed defeat giants heads placed block human nobles equip party weapons horses guide map shows location hill giants players informed hill giants led sly hill giant loves set unknown force binding different giant groups player characters informed find return determine sinister hand alliance bulk adventure takes place locations upper level fortress hill giants dungeon level beneath upper level halls barracks common rooms rooms house chief hill giants servants dungeon level consists slave quarters torture chambers house majority treasure found searching dungeons chief treasure room contains map glacial rift frost giant magic chain automatically transports party glacial rift frost giant module starts ways players finished hill giant chief transported glacial rift magic chain know searching force giant alliance players starting frost giant hired nobles destroy frost giants way safe hidden cave easily found base operations hill giant chief bulk adventure takes place locations upper area consisting caves rift floor lower area consisting natural upper area ice caves barracks dome ice inhabited frost giants winter wolves dome ice houses lower area house servants serve prison contain come meet main inhabitants frost giants prison contains attractive storm polar bears pets defeating chance pull iron transport near hall hall fire giant king hall fire giant king played continuation players know searching force giants alliance hired nobles destroy fire giants module twice long previous sixteen pages instead unlike previous giant complex consists levels fire giant hall contains levels giants live hot barren area rock previous module party able find safe location giants leader fire giants king hall natural level includes queen rooms barracks creatures encountered include fire giants hell second level rocks natural houses chambers spiritual interest fire giants hall houses dead fire giant kings rooms worship rooms contain party learns giant alliance led high level fighter level consists natural contains great treasure guarded red dragon fire giants fire giants penetrate deep active volcano live wishes tunnel leads deep earth home allows adventure continued descent depths earth publication history hill giant chief frost giant written hill giant chief adventure module published wrote break writing original player handbook covers hall featured drawings drew glacial rift cover giants cover features painting interior art provided giant set campaign setting formed lead overall campaign continued odyssey adventures included series descent depths earth shrine vault campaign finally culminated module queen pits pages long hall pages length featured outer collection combination module giants pages long featured outer giants revised reprinted page queen spiders combination series queen pits hall fire giant king marked time players encountered game statistics appear module mentioned edition time released module marked code indicating series belonged earlier module codes respectively combined module code module code represents letter word giant released commemorate 25th anniversary giants liberation provided set materials expanded original featured available dungeons dragons silver anniversary collector edition boxed set slight modifications distinguishable original collecting purposes concepts characters giants appearances media novel classics series coast website released new versions maps july released new maps coast released miniature figure eponymous king hall fire giant king released large frost giant miniature inspired frost giant released super adventure homage giants game fourth edition reception combined single adventure rest series module voted single greatest adventure time dungeon magazine 30th anniversary game according dungeon editors remain popular villains exciting introduction module judge felt hack slash classic packed action run module judge said giants module showed gamers create themed adventure mystery clues periodically provided reviewed hall fire giant king space gamer commenting scenario thought nicely detailed includes intriguing special instructions given playing intelligent inhabitants dungeon felt dungeon easy challenge especially strong numerous monsters roughly eighty level conclusion stated advise looking exciting worthwhile adventure players pick won disappointed don magazine gave separate comprising series overall impressed able find time write creating rules saying things felt presentation easily read maps preferred black white maps module blue white maps later found module level detail improvement previous scenarios gave dungeon master little information review declared tough stating notes suggest characters ninth level better relevant magic items commented points felt went unnoticed module maps contain scale assumed feet square unclear traps module second module exit map level entrance marked second level map ultimately found errors minor easily fixed major criticism adventure aimed parties high level said gets chance run source excellent design quality reviewed released module series positively issue magazine awarding liked stating printing cover reduced price quality noted original tournament characters included included original separate conform rules spells added absent original says suggest playing playing years success depends player skill high character levels adventures level nightmare plenty experience reviewed dungeon module magazine notes lower level hill giant conventional underground dungeon populated slaves guards odd monsters relatively small space occupied slaves unrealistic calls constructed dungeon complex fire giants tough giants place constructed defense feel scale map small comments shows progress adventures published single products longer note individual room descriptions lacking consistent format important monsters lost middle room description felt lower levels random monster mix strong points adventures flaws concludes stating giants solid adventure worthwhile purchase dungeon master lists hill giant chief best classic adventures played child old giants tremendous favorite memories working way fire giant frost giant storm giant castles wired said module pretty easy crash grab second contains excellent treasure end hack according hill giant adventure prepare players later adventures describing difficulty battling fire giants said remember | Against the Giants | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
20319_LibrisMortis | book book official supplement edition dungeons dragons role playing game fictional universe comprises seven chapters introducing new content players providing general information received positively reviewers praise material illustrations received criticism weak player oriented content book second series books specific monster types similar books published include included content older books blood book darkness reworked inspiration production written present comprehensive overview universe offering new game rules content players dungeon masters book format earlier published instead focused dragons described super sized monster ecology similar books released include abyss inspiration book content came numerous sources interview posted coast website collins said inspiration came vampire slayer angel films films returns said pop culture impact mention evil dead days later novel salem lot according collins worked equally book collins focusing material relating character building sample running dealt monster design material said sections bit mentioned monster template designed originally written included origin named book universe written named dialect language good outsiders title fictional book probably translates english dialect longer title intended interpreted latin book dead translate subject collins quoted saying don insight naming process produced don know latin wasn involved selecting regardless think book far important attached content seven chapters introduction chapters named character options prestige classes spells equipment new monsters campaigns chapter contains general information monsters chapter discusses ecology creatures section described small talks religion introducing new deities chapter discusses stranger areas including idea citizenship cosmopolitan cities variant rules introduced areas including received positively hunger section includes advice combat according magazine rack veteran players probably won book overall section described reviewer interesting character options second chapter character options lists feats discusses characters party offers rules monster classes feats geared martial feats single feat feats geared specifically different types feats include tree improve monstrous feats modify special abilities creatures tomb feats allowing living characters gain traits smith commended feats use reserves said feats players use aren nearly interesting discussion rules characters said weakest section book alternate base classes introduced savage species monsters classes format classes prestige classes chapter prestige classes introduces new prestige classes death chosen masters specific class personal favourite smith master specific class fighting master summon edition versions originally blood found chapter prestige classes specifically class class abilities possessed vampire prestige class designed guard tombs said prestige classes excellent turning traditional threats exceptional said complaint prestige classes aren spells chapter spells introduces new spells spells focus school domain spells new deities introduced chapter spells commented reviewers included related spells including spells aimed players mass death ward described pragmatic exciting spells included chapter version spells found book darkness equipment chapter equipment contains sections special items substances magic items affect poorly received reviewers asking plenty folklore create magical versions magic items included weapons sacred weapons armor specific items including section criticized said magic item section pages like seen magic items particularly unique ones lesser artifacts section worked rules introduced book darkness adding new include rules creating new monsters chapter new monsters introduces new monsters weakest strongest praised like commended smith praised brain called corpse surprisingly called skin angel decay revived fossil interesting bad idea campaigns seventh final chapter campaigns includes tips use campaigns adventures control specific monsters adventure sites stories chapter received called best section book better reviewer expected maps commended called useful right box said basically book terribly remarkable section includes statistics stories alternatives classic monsters including different ghosts skeletons vampires zombies illustrations art staff comprises art director dawn graphic designers graphic production specialist image technician provided cover designed interior illustrations provided provided images start chapter artwork praised said art good assuring quality expect department criticized unintentionally goofy images archer commended tinged work fitting book mood work praised images angel decay said creepy expect reviews generally received positively reviewers gave book style substance summary comment personally think great creepy book especially chapters good found gave book reviewer opinion averaging scores overall grade gave rating comment isn essential source book useful gave book saying good essential worth picking play major role campaign flames rising dot gave book style substance overall reviewer pyramid commented little campaign advice previous coast products lot short introduction eat theories come examples cities religions cosmopolitan zombie advice strategy facing dead especially self aware threats good reading sadly brief | Libris Mortis | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
20341_Acesandeights(blackjack) | aces splitting aces basic strategy rules vary gambling establishments doubling multiple card draws strategic responses depend number decks frequency dealer cards regardless situations common strategic wisdom community split aces dealt pair initial cards generally rule splitting strategy splitting object player defeat dealer obtaining total close possible accumulating total exceeds number standard rule player dealt pair ranked initial cards known pair player allowed split separate hands ask new second card placing initial bet identical original placing split hands dealer gives player additional card split card hands created splitting considered independently competition dealer splitting allows turn bad hand hands good possibility winning allows player double bet dealer rules allow player hands allow doubling bet split hand bet double original standard rules bet doubled hand player allowed draw card hand aces pair aces gives player starting hand value soft problematic starting hand case splitting aces gives player chances hit splitting aces favorable player gambling establishments rules limiting player rights player allowed draw card split ace general rule split ace vice versa considered natural bonus prohibiting common regardless rules rules doubling rules multiple card draws dealer cards split aces player dealt pair total considered troublesome hand fact value said worst hand sixteen cards value value strong chance getting split cards hand totaling stronger having splitting limits losses improves hand research expected value scenarios shows splitting convert hand presents expected loss hands present expected profit reduced loss depending dealer showing split pair expected win dealer lose dealer ace player hits pair expected lose bet player splits expected lose bet history horsemen adding machines determined splitting costly playing pair 1950s group discovered strategy reduce house edge zero typical strategy involves following sequence playing decisions decides surrender split double hit stand earliest proponents strategy splitting developed strategy overall strategic theory published game card counting system | Aces and eights (blackjack) | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
25001_GaryGygax | july march american game designer author best known creating pioneering role playing game described father 1960s created organization clubs founded con gaming convention helped develop based medieval warfare founded company tactical studies rules inc childhood friend following year expanded included elements fantasy stories loved child year founded dragon magazine based new game began work comprehensive version game called designed numerous game system pre packaged adventures called gave person running game dungeon master rough script ideas run particular gaming scenario worked license product line successful cartoon series leaving issues new majority owner continued create role playing game titles independently beginning multi genre designed gaming system called adventure released involved role playing game conceived hybrid edition original version game conceived married twice children suffered strokes narrowly avoided subsequent heart attack diagnosed abdominal died march early life inspiration born chicago near field july son swiss immigrant spent early childhood chicago involved brawl large group boys father decided family wisconsin mother family settled early 19th century childhood teen years developed love games appreciation fantasy science fiction literature played card games board games chess age friends played sort games eventually came called live action role playing games acting referee father introduced science fiction fantasy pulp novels interest games combined appreciation history eventually led begin playing miniature war games best friend teenagers designed rules toy soldiers large collection figures small simulate explosions dropped high school junior year worked odd jobs moved chicago age attend night classes junior college took classes university_of_chicago following year married marriage produced children luke continued night school classes college dean list urging professors applied university_of_chicago admitted married decided time job insurance instead december game company particularly captured attention ordered blank mapping sheets available employed design games active involved play mail diplomacy games designed variants active hobby writing magazine articles subject learned little wars book play military book later looked innovative ways generate random numbers common sided solid shapes discovered school supply catalog family moved months spend clinton wisconsin following divorce time hollywood head entertainment division home rest life 1960s worked insurance chicago founded grew rapidly especially pre existing clubs aimed promote interest periods provided forum societies enabled form local groups share rules organized person gaming meet basement home event later referred con rented vine covered hold lake geneva convention known con gaming convention short north_america largest annual hobby game gatherings met future creator second con august fond medieval period dark ages particular started playing period found appropriate started rules plastic figure wearing shield armor shield shields half armor half armor rules armor figure armor rules rules weapons created military society called lake geneva tactical studies association headquarters basement shortly founded late october lost job insurance company shoe gave time pursuing interest game development began working editor chief games publisher produced board games early year published simulated medieval era tactical combat originally written hobby shop owner medieval rules originally published book hired produce series games new edition book series collaborated napoleonic naval don ship edition included fantasy supplement rules comprised system warriors monsters non human races drawn works sources included spells affect battle plus missiles fire ball lightning bolt adopted rules fantasy campaign visiting ran fantasy game new rules immediately saw potential role playing games collaborated fantasy game role playing game later basing work modified version campaign aspects system governing magic game inspired dying earth stories fantasy author notably fact magic users game forget spells learned immediately casting study order cast system drew work authors page copy interested parties followed second page amateur edition rules year attempted publish game hill turned offer group started group grown dozen players included people dungeon master game referee groups dozen players left games partner founded publishing company later known inc october men invested venture borrowed life insurance policy order finance start capital publish rules worried companies able publish similar projects convinced acquaintance join december equal partner brought financing enabled publish worked rules battle games including english civil war ancient period warriors mars appeared pre release copies game circulation end year commercial version released january boxed set hand assembled print run copies home sold year year created magazine strategic review editor hired assist transition magazine fantasy periodical dragon writer columnist publisher dragon debuted june commented success years later decided strategic review right vehicle hired magazine editor named new publication produce dragon thought eventually great periodical serve gaming enthusiasts worldwide time great success long lifespan wrote original game designed wild west oriented role playing game boot hill dungeons dragons basic set released variation original geared younger players edited years old specific provision share company unexpectedly died heart attack january share passed wife woman characterized don died dumped tactical studies rules materials porch impossible manage business involved partner relocated dining room basement money buy shares owned wife persuaded allow father buy shares place equal partner july officially formed new company controlled originally held ownership new reorganization new partners buy widow pay fees unable contribute fair share costs ownership eventually dropped company leaving minority hired time employee moved house professional home known new version published released later year supplemental rule book new system followed rules compatible result distinct product lines splitting game lines created rift claimed property royalties filed lawsuit result settled march ruling compensation game wrote dungeon masters guide monster manual wrote wrote numerous basic adventure including tomb expedition forgotten temple seven later combined queen spiders long time campaign setting published form world fantasy world setting expanded setting boxed set sales game reached million provided assistance gamma world science fantasy role playing game authored adventure student allegedly disappeared school steam tunnels playing live action version result negative mainstream media attention focused cause son killed son suicide pulling formed organization named attack game company produced defended game segment minutes aired death threats started arriving office hired bodyguard annual sales increased million january new_york_times speculated great game 1980s manner monopoly great depression early 1980s divorced moved clinton wisconsin short time persuaded allow brother purchase shares father gave brothers controlling interest inc increasingly unhappy conservative approach business greater stock ownership brothers effectively took control forced step ceo replaced forced west coast deal potential movie opportunities split inc inc president chairman board directors inc president inc inc later known went hollywood producer licensed cartoon series cbs series led time slot years creations time dimensional fantasy chess variant published dragon august played boards stacked board represents sky middle ground underworld pieces characters monsters inspired setting king dragon griffin hero thief dwarf warrior leaving time hollywood left day day operations fellow board members kevin discovered run financial difficulties time came wisconsin company million debt point hired manage company engineered removal ceo brothers subsequently sold majority shares company time evident williams differing visions future took court bid block sale shares williams lost october board directors removed company president chairman board remained board director contributions company creative efforts sales reached million seeing future left company december pretty boxed running company guys controlling interest thought run company better set manage west_coast deal start new corporation called took long time lot hard work recognized real civilian shall entertainment eventually got cartoon going cbs number projects works heard company severe financial difficulties guys partnered shopping street new_york came discovered number gross areas company bank million half debt eventually got straightened kind got partners kicked office removed ceo partners retribution sold shares tried block court ensuing legal struggle judge ruled lost control company point decided sell leaving authored novels series featuring rogue saga novel artifact evil terms settlement kept rights rogue characters names plays example lost rights work including world names characters material october resigned positions inc settled disputes december immediately leaving helped form company inc worked consultant wrote business plan convinced try business results baker ceo chairman board october company publicly announced design executives formed creative committee single product released baker disappeared promised outside investment million dollars failed come retained rights rogue agreement licensed started writing new novels beginning novels main things keeping new business role playing game work new science fiction themed published announced company newsletter working new fantasy rpg company fantasy master line detail castle city originally envisioned called castle new game called infinite adventures envisioned rpg supported different different genres new investors forced company bankruptcy company dissolved continued write rogue novels published sea death city hawks come endless darkness happy new direction taking world literary declaration old world dead wanting clean break things destroyed version final rogue novel time worked books sequel master game wrote number published short stories 1990s game designers workshop saw opportunity game developing began working called carpenter project planned blitz fiction publication produce computer game like suggested calling game dangerous dimensions changed response threat lawsuit similar authored products dangerous journeys including product released immediately sued copyright infringement suit eventually settled court buying complete rights dangerous journeys system new permanently entire project 1990s wrote novels released publisher later reprinted murders solution death delhi printed lost novel primary author issues entire page magazine began work new computer role playing game called game game system intended support multiple genres releasing game computers work instead designed game inner city games designs approached suggest produce adventures sell game stores largely stopped production severe financial problems result pair fantasy adventures published challenge arms ritual golden eyes introduced investors clark publication setup willing fund clark business plan allow clark publish books forming partnership called able return writing role playing games game published volume set rules players coast able write clarify issues ownership write new books contribute column dragon january dragon june contributed preface adventure return tomb 2000s lent voice cartoons video games later life including providing voice cartoon self episode anthology interest aired performed narration guest dungeon master tomb quest series massively multiplayer online role playing game online worked number releases system open game license included generic adventure module challenge arms fun catalog book joke magic items slayer guide dragons offered lord games write books lord june lord announced fact october announced publishing version adventure originally planned new productions later printed adventure took year produce work early work lord included series hardcover books eventually came called fantasy worlds included look underworld generic game design books usable different settings books series dropped role carried series logo lord published adventures result partnership including adventure intended adventures given word text describing earth clark split manuscript books expanded final books coming words gave line supplement core rules adventures managed publish earth noble kings having financial difficulties led clark ask lord games angel investor publishing new books editor chief lord games series fantasy reference books stroke able commit time effort writing previously beginning extraordinary book names series overseen line lasted years publication builder result agreement lord able publish dozen additional books announced working publish original previously unpublished details volumes project use rules castles bought owned rights changed castle reverse changed nearby city play initials project proved work envisioned time stopped working original home campaign castle dungeons encompassed levels complex passages thousands rooms traps plus plans city encounter areas outside castle city clearly fit proposed volumes decided castle dungeons levels size original best boxes old notes kept careful comprehensive plans details play sessions spot usually quick map played notes monsters treasures traps maps contained detail ensure independent work old notes year old memories happened room decision new piece city challenge old maps original city previously published work city owned create city scratch maintaining look feel original slow process came complete halt april suffered stroke production came halt health team people continue creation background material returned keyboard seven month output reduced hour work days hours day withdraw projects continued work adventure module published time book circumstances work project continued slowly castle line kicked page book page hardcover book contained details original city personalities politics encounters outside city later year published castle dark adventure module written setting helped creation dungeon eventually resulting publication limited edition book published indicated volumes series follow shortly wasn second volume castle upper works appeared lord games revealed rights rogue novels fourth product line lord final publications massive boxes entirely detailing dungeons beneath castle described details castle ground acting teaser volumes concerning actual dungeons follow died march books published months death games new company formed widow pulled licenses lord games took project continues development personal life early age hunted target shooter bow gun avid gun collector times owned variety rifles married wife children later assist play testing children separating march august sixth child alexander born married carpenter second wife august day parents 50th wedding anniversary seven grandchildren described christian life reluctant discuss beliefs citing fears hurt reputation christianity connection moral panic people associated reason having vocal faith went semi retirement suffering strokes april suffered heart attack receiving incorrect medication prevent strokes lifelong cigarette switched strokes late diagnosed abdominal despite reduced workload continued active gaming community regularly contributed discussion forums gaming websites world died morning march home age like world remember guy enjoyed playing games sharing knowledge fun everybody awards honors father role playing games received awards honors tributes related gaming inducted magazine named number list biggest time sfx magazine listed number list pyramid magazine named millennium influential persons realm adventure gaming tied number gamespy influential people gaming numerous names ring alterations strain bacteria named honor dedicated patch fury electronic arts dedicated publish online included new room dungeon doom containing special encounter unique decorations turbine inc included tributes online module released june new area online region graveyard contains memorial marker new unique item voice master improves experience awards avid gamer youth dedicated march episode report commemorated number including comic ultimate game bordering semi tower thanks rules order stick brief tribute cartoon march journey end vault film game contained post closing credits title card paying tribute clip episode anthology interest saying want play years people involved including fans played game production honored famous game designer featured king voice appears bit self code edition core dedicated memory love gaming celebrated gaming convention hosted annually family members fans tribute widow raising funds construct memorial late husband honor establishing nonprofit january plans secure location wisconsin march wisconsin approved application site memorial statue monument include castle turret bust possibly dragon wrapped turret played kid lot actually lot writers know bars late night literary festivals conversation sort corner saying play amazing yes lot answer probably phd thesis realms possible phd write influence 20th century novel | Gary Gygax | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
25839_UnearthedArcana | abbreviated title shared books published different editions fantasy role playing game designed core containing material expanded rules original written primarily published game publisher use edition rules book consisted material previously published magazines included new races classes material expand rules players handbook book notorious considerable number errors received negatively gaming press criticisms targeted powered races classes issues intended use book content planned second edition book content reused second edition went development shortly departure second book unearthed title produced edition designers reproduce material original book instead attempted emulate purpose providing variant rules options change game development history original written design editing contributions respectively published reportedly produced book raise money deeply debt time announced march issue dragon magazine released summer year proposed book interim volume expand players handbook information spread places difficult track include material previously published dragon written updated revised book book contain previously unpublished material written contributors dragon according british writer material previously published imagine magazine original contains errors text readers discovered reported dragon magazine positive reviews book pointed considerable number mistakes dragon editor ideas addressed errors found book november issue dragon magazine printed pages rules new material intended inserted book explanations items actually errors compiled page list type meant revisions dragon devoted entirety sage advice column january issue answering readers questions follow prior column incorporated later manual original reproduced premium edition pages released february premium 1st edition player handbook dungeon masters guide reprint printing book modified previously published dragon magazine incorporated corrected text contents page written use edition rules divided sections players dungeon master game organizer book provided new races classes expansion material book gives details standard races dark deep use player characters non player characters includes found dragon found dragon thief found dragon character classes includes expansions revisions ranger classes book presents large addition range character races including book includes new weapons revised information character level non human player characters details weapon rules fighter ranger adopt weapon special arm receive bonuses use book describes attribute contains new spells section covers suggestions handling player characters social class rank tables new magic items combat rules deities 2nd edition planning second edition rules intended beginning work intended incorporate material original new edition book explore ideas new edition changing mechanics hit measurement character health game altering game mechanics allow game system work genres allow characters skills complement character classes shortly announcing intentions second edition removed president chairman board resigned positions leaving shape direction game designers designers second edition removed material original new edition new material appeared considered book release edition printing published years new edition released 3rd edition second book use written published february use edition rules cover art interior art john designers aimed book experienced players looking new encouraging game rules designers want edition book like original according book market looks like original new classes new spells new magic items default recipe product days saw need book original simply expanded rules options core game page supplement aimed providing extensive list variant rules options change standard game volume options added intentionally excessive according designers dungeon master reads book prepared drink fire think options radically game book ends included variants preceded short chapter discussing ways transitioning multiple games different explicitly eternal champion stories 5th edition appearance 4th edition return 5th edition february instead retail book like previous volumes 5th edition far digital article released month explicitly said written pencil ink unearthed articles showcase new work progress content consisting options players alike class playable races rule variants reception reaction critical according book players regard new character classes introduced volume overly powerful line player handbook reviewed original issue magazine january rating overall summed book contents calling rules extension package add little interest value anybody game predicted book huge commercial success seemingly filled appetite people new material felt rules companion book universally gaming tournaments publishers players moving group book wind causing problems confusion gamers criticized weapons rules new character generating method called class losing prohibition magic considered extended number character races virtually ridiculous added powerful races list noted bulk book taken new spells felt spells said add game compared class calling place felt compared thief class offers possibilities attached thief beginning following review subjected criticism articles published magazine january skin deep general discussion subject race touched subject context covered volume specifically opening observation material published book definitely affecting way game played despite fact bulk reception negative miles began mentioning aspects book considered predominantly addition new spells magic items weapons introduction minimum starting values hit points went discuss areas considered game balance length including new methods character generation limits human class levels characteristics rules new attribute aspects classes changes thief alignment requirements results version weapon review edition lauded book content criticizing interest level content flat found power level new sub systems introduced found little suggested rules wanted use note book jam packed pages variants ideas suggestions found curtain explanations designers gave insight thought process book contents called book art terrible explaining looks little flavor strength found art products | Unearthed Arcana | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Board, card, and role-playing games |
1605_ARugratsPassover | 26th final episode season american animated television series episode overall broadcast originally april cable network nickelodeon plot follows series regulars babies trapped attic pass time tells jewish story exodus episode babies story young tommy portraying moses cousin represents directed script episode conceived responded nickelodeon request special creating episode instead episode scored nielsen rating making highest rated nickelodeon history received overwhelmingly positive reviews including jewish community publications nominated primetime emmy award award episode attracted controversy compared artistic design older characters anti semitic drawings 1930s nazi newspaper episode animated series focus jewish holiday success precipitated creation special attracted critical acclaim novelization episode exhibited oklahoma plot episode opens tommy parents gathering celebrate home parents christians find boring argues parents especially considering aren actually related following argument type wine glasses use glasses belonged mother ones belonged father storms room families arrive tries mom believes run away hasn reappeared time tommy best friend dad arrive join celebration begins children set search eventually finding attic explains felt bad gone look mother wine glasses locked inside door closed open inside tests door inadvertently locks tells missing admits thinks dumb holiday tries convincing telling boys story exodus hoping improve understanding talks commands hebrew slaves imagined numerous babies throw newborn sons hebrew slave order putting infant son moses imagined tommy basket setting basket afloat river basket baby discovered shows moses palace kingdom decides partner explains unaware moses actually hebrew enters attic looking children locked rest sits continues years later says moses stood abused hebrew slave imagined hebrew episode pictures tommy moses fleeing desert shepherd egypt voice god calls burning bush telling free slavery moses confronts demands free refuses calls guards kid named voiced drag moses away kingdom terrible allows moses leave enslaved explaining prevents leaving parents drew charlotte arrive locked resumes story causes moses curse time plague born children egypt realizing born child moses leave calls final plague moses leads egypt promise realizing set free leads remaining army pursue arrive attic find group end story moses calls power god red_sea approaching pass parted waters crash army story family gets finish wind blow door shut locking decides tell story thinks desert years finally reaching promised land explains actually story aunt uncle met russia production episode inception followed nickelodeon production staff pitching concept special episode concerning crew agreed instead special offer historical interest funny idea founder series pitched idea instead wrote episode regular writers animators directed scripting episode entitled writers forced elements portrayal particularly accessible children frightening regular episodes series comprised separate minute segments special minute format occupying network slot voice actors spent minutes hours recording sessions episode episode released formats including dvd vhs appears video release alongside features toys attic let babies featured video release episode return publisher released novelization episode entitled let babies story written featuring illustrations themes unusual contemporary animations attention jewish ritual tradition portrayal dinner received press attention rare occurrence children programming episode unusual animated series discussing characters religious revealed adherence judaism compared relative non participation family father portrayed inclusive learn customs holiday episodes depicts innocence baby perception world emphasizing young characters intense reactions environment identified episode depiction family loving basically functional different prevailing trends contemporary television programming episode element common series broader themes treatment mother charlotte episode cell phone business life despite professed desire provide educational environment reception ratings accolades broadcast originally april nickelodeon television network repeats episode began saturday episode received nielsen rating share american audiences making sixth watched american telecast week according vice president executive producer episode highest nielsen rated telecast network history episode supplanted nickelodeon viewed special thanksgiving episode turkey came dinner attracted million viewers episode nominated primetime emmy award category primetime emmy award outstanding animated program programming hour lost simpsons episode lisa wedding 23rd annual annie awards nominated category best individual achievement writing beaten episode account animated series submission award received nomination win critical response received overwhelmingly positive reviews series time popular episodes connor new_york_times wrote episode certainly rarity called episode best holiday specials produced reviews applauded episode treatment judaism authors book perfect films occasion holiday mood ordeal praised episode celebrating secular entertaining fashion kids epic albeit exodus story forward magazine called episode comical getting children ready upcoming left lost teen spirit noted episode jewish themes clearly expressed context mass appeal entertainment positive reviews episode jewish community publications said episode entertain children ages parents aol squad hand noted hated episode resented themed television episodes find google search controversy episodes featuring attracted controversy claimed characters resembled anti semitic drawings appeared 1930s nazi newspaper nickelodeon president jewish professed criticism calling absurd controversy resurfaced criticized appearance time reciting comic strip published newspapers jewish new year unlike nickelodeon new president agreed criticism apologized promising run character strip legacy nickelodeon programming network went broadcast episodes concerning jewish traditions including bar episode hey arnold character prepares turn produced second jewish holiday episode time meet network executives original special pitch recently converted judaism david stem collaborated write script directed episode entitled originally broadcast december nickelodeon received nielsen rating kids demographic like critically acclaimed popular episodes series oklahoma opened exhibition biblical images art pop culture including poster let babies story picture book based items highlighted gallery included promotional poster simpsons episode simpsons bible stories vintage superman comic book entitled red headed featuring character time traveling adventures biblical age | A Rugrats Passover | Media and drama | Television | Rugrats |
3718_JudaisminRugrats | judaism animated television series noted portrayal judaism dynamic rarely portrayed american animated programming series broadcast run episodes series devoted jewish holidays explaining history family shown jewish jewish holiday special suggested production staff nickelodeon executives special devoted instead episode series explore special critical reaction jewish themes largely positive holiday special achieved high viewing numbers according nielsen_media_research received positive reviews jewish character portrayal comic strip criticized apparent jewish themes root jewish themes stem maternal grandparents infant follow traditional jewish practices speak heavy accents tommy family jewish activities series particularly holidays occurrence episode originally aired united_states april episode tommy rest accompanied respective parents attend hosted argument storms attic find discover locked pass time story imagine characters story including tommy moses mean spirited cousin originally aired december tale origins cast characters imagination outraged recast old rival playing greek king subtle jewish references included aspects franchise movie film based series tommy prepared pour banana baby food infant brother attract group vicious likely harm young baby scene parallels jewish studies background based eastern european great creator jewish including jewish themes series deemed essential particular believed making tommy father christian crucial dynamic important difference family grew jewish mother non jewish father appeared series episode tommy birthday voice jewish cast play called agent try second voice role series given description character felt incredibly wanted try role reading lines found difficult grasp character personality created jews script clearly written took break research family memorabilia conceive personality reflect character voice nickelodeon executives pitched idea making special production team responded special instead considered funny idea historical interest scripting episode entitled writers forced elements portrayal particularly episode remain accessible children frightening overall success staff decided special created writers episode converted christianity judaism shortly reception unusual contemporary animations attention jewish ritual tradition portrayal dinner received press attention rare occurrence children programming episode marked special nickelodeon broadcast marked televised animated program fan reaction jewish themes overwhelmingly positive popular episodes series broadcast run special achieved nielsen rating share american viewers making sixth watched american telecast week special received nielsen rating kids key demographic received abundance fan letters praising series detailing judaism sensitive fashion received complaint mother claimed anti semitic critically treatment judaism acclaimed wrote book left lost teen spirit think animated jewish traditions clearly expressed context mass appeal entertainment authors book perfect films occasion holiday mood ordeal praised series celebrating secular entertaining fashion guide listed number best classic family holiday specials list opining episode nickelodeon secured place television history jewish online magazine listed tommy number fictional jewish character time wrote holiday specials jewish education incomplete series received accolades jewish themes won jewish image award outstanding achievement received nominations different television award programs nominated primetime emmy award category primetime emmy award outstanding animated program programming hour lost simpsons episode lisa wedding 23rd annual annie awards nominated category best individual achievement writing beaten episode account animated series submission award received nomination win oklahoma opened exhibition biblical images art pop culture including poster let babies story picture book based criticized design charged anti semitic controversy erupted comic strip published featuring reciting issued statement saying design resembled nazi era depictions jews fact character reciting sacred prayer washington_post newspaper published strip issued similar statement editor note section criticizing nickelodeon showing better judgment editing strip nickelodeon president jew accusation deemed absurd president company responded complaints apologized issued statement promising strip character published statement noted unfortunately creators strip error judgment referencing agree meaning use comic strip inappropriate national director responded press release thanked response commended company general understanding issue hand concluded saying appreciate nickelodeon long record creative quality programming understand intention | Judaism in Rugrats | Media and drama | Television | Rugrats |
12218_AttheMovies(Rugrats) | movies movies episode animated television series originally aired television network nickelodeon august series season episode movie theatre bears land tommy seeing monster movie babies sneak theater room catch showing leaving wake accidental destruction movies written series creator directed episode introduced characters bears inspired non violent children characters disney heavily inspired japanese monster growing domination japanese culture children society character appeared countless media tie ins series including brand shirts video games reused episodes series run author gave generally positive review movies book children popular culture available vhs return nominated home entertainment award category plot decide tommy bears land west kids want movie rated minor guidance recommended theater movie starts kids sneak try find room showing theater room attempt showing romance film end accidentally creating huge mess concession stand look eating candy bars playing orange pumps find hot dogs hot dog cups find way projection booth finally find room playing watching film booth window fall film decide ride fun process room films break exit room soon run getting concession stand led theater arrive bears land reach climax film burns result kids earlier leaves production movies written creator directed additionally served animation director role played early episodes series recording sessions episode located hollywood california actor individually took day complete taking minutes hours depending scene role episode marked appearance character modeled visually resemble mannerisms actions meant parody fictional monster appeared film released japan portrayed based child ferocious dinosaur iconic appearance steven_spielberg film noted book dinosaur book children generally begin fascination ages seven times pre school elementary school demographic general age viewers likely reason species movies available vhs release entitled return release included themed episodes including ice released special promotional deal oral promotion videos holiday season cultural impact references movies introduced characters bears recurring characters series marked time series seen movie particular appear episodes series different different episodes appeared focal point marketing campaign brands character television series movie released appears mechanical wagon built voiced rapper sequel paris movie released central setting located vast theme park france called similar features stage production robotic created actual merchandising piece basis promotional works videos books clothing marketed nickelodeon serving high profit margin parody character fictional success series bed sheets lamps brand available stores feature video game entitled search followed tommy looking missing pieces puzzle game widely successful playstation greatest hits label bears parodies care bears franchise film featured land parody feature length film care bears movie based franchise title film reference special care bears bears reference series disney scene land details bears firing clouds sad bullied lonely teased children world references similar scene reception movies originally broadcast television network nickelodeon august paired episode party return episode featured nominated home entertainment award outstanding marketing campaign major direct video release nickelodeon allowed viewers vote favorite episode series 10th anniversary poll results announced movies ranked number episode received generally positive response book children popular culture opted appropriate introduce episode television commercial series power popularity increases paris euro exists noted existence series unexpected treatments japanese culture contemporary american children culture | At the Movies (Rugrats) | Media and drama | Television | Rugrats |
28372_ReptaronIce | ice ice tenth episode second season animated television series segment episode entire series episode written directed originally broadcast november ice followed infant main characters tommy going ice parents follows love story babies favorite monster babies attempt return actor assuming child ice continued employment character satirical parody episode included cultural references basic theme children media products merchandise tie ins ice children real life ice shows disney ice plot centers beauty beast style love story episode released dvd vhs compilation decade included favorite episodes respected category voted fans celebratory tenth anniversary ice particular categorized favorite episode described favorite episodes compilation tied vacation special adapted audio story featured prominently cassette tape search mighty plot babies discover tiny backyard convinced offspring fictitious green dinosaur main character action movies fond learning extinction tommy decides return family purchased tickets musical ice based character tommy parents grandfather fallen asleep babies sneak ice present leo actor portraying coincidentally happens possess tommy father sees retrieve ice production ice written directed tenth episode season created founders self titled company ice originally broadcast november nickelodeon guest starred episode played man named leo season revenge dressed state fair written themes season episode movies satirical parody fictional japanese monster despite green dinosaur embodies character portrayed way child famous appearance film highly unlikely inspiration released début demonstrate subsequently growing domination japanese culture children society ice continues satirical tradition heavily displaying media dragged merchandising tie ins eating brand states actual food ice babies attend different real life ice shows including disney ice ice reference episode subsequent joke beauty beast romantic plot entire ice performance reception home media releases ice originally broadcast november vhs tape return home video release episode years later episode featured vhs dvd compilation tenth anniversary entitled decade included episodes voted fans favorites specific categories ice listed favorite episode decades video originally released vhs intended concurrently dvd opted wait year episode recently released dvd june season dvd set named episode favorites compilation tying episode vacation special followed families going las_vegas relax ice adapted entitled search mighty features story time set adventures babies second story features story entitled journey center basement venture basement order rescue toy cassette tapes released july search nickelodeon event published different merchandise types including direct video releases magazines | Reptar on Ice | Media and drama | Television | Rugrats |
1618_Connor(Angel) | connor angel connor fictional character created tim television series angel character portrayed infant connor jake teenager connor recurring role season regular season television appearance series finale guest star continues story canonical comic book series angel fall series connor son title character angel vampire introduced season newborn connor kidnapped taken hell dimension act revenge father returns battle hardened disturbed teenager raised hate angel consequent violent estranged relationship father increasing internal conflict making shift alliances protagonists antagonists forms storyline character end season events toll connor memories rewritten normal life time appears season connor adjusted person return memories connor finally angel series finale comic book series follows connor accepting abilities role hero addition maintaining normal life college student created angel emotional connection infant connor develop characters grows initially tragic figure foil protagonists eventually evolving protagonist connor received attention academic texts related family studies fiction character proved controversial fans critics given mixed views appearances television season seemingly impossible event vampires angel child end result connor human abilities connor introduced episode sacrifices birth heart sacrifice son allows angel peace months life connor jointly raised angel team including constantly targeted different factions connor destroy time shifting demon lord attempt prophecy travels time prophecy read father kill son reference angel connor recruits nemesis family vampire killed centuries ago kidnaps baby effort save life angel leading hands steals baby forced escape hell dimension dark world raises connor son deep hatred angel revealed later occasionally abuses connor training hatred connor parents time runs quickly connor ages accelerated rate relation time earth surviving hell teenage connor returns goal family killing angel failing attempt angel life connor tentatively begins reconcile fearful development killed manner frames angel action finale tomorrow enraged connor seals angel metal box ocean season opening episode deep picks months season angel returns deception revealed relations angel kicks connor house punishment sinking secretly keeps protective eye stricken betrayal adoptive father apparent abandonment real connor seeks arms powerful demon lord beast rises ground place born connor feels responsible beast causes fire rain sky apparent apocalypse sleeps connor happiness end apocalypse occur angel love doesn development causing rift connor unbeknownst possessed connor cosmic entity looking birth world union pregnant connor helping sacrifice innocent girl child actions begin conflicting inner good accelerating deteriorating mental health arrives grown woman immediately immense joy bidding connor left misery sharing blood link results isolation plans world domination angel team break free spell caught father daughter connor initially supports angel conflict combined belief truly cares eventually makes completely snap connor kills angel manages break hold city fails kill emotional wreck attempting suicide connor wires shop innocent people explosives season finale home shows angel desperate save son angel agrees exchange connor life agreement connor new existence ordinary boy raised happy family angel memories rewritten accommodate new reality season months events season episode origin shows connor son reilly connor crosses paths angel demon draws fulfill destiny killing angel informs connor special abilities helps prepare fight reveal connor real father duel begins connor having forgotten formidable fighting skills discovers angel deception altering reality connor memories remembering old self discovering directly responsible pain endured connor slips original persona demon killer dispatches ease fade away finale series angel visits connor coffee eve final battle circle black connor reveals remembers angel father tells angel grateful prefers leave angel fights connor shows fight father knowing angel wouldn world end saving angel hamilton helping gain upper hand senior partners begin exact vengeance angel tells connor home foster parents assures long connor safe partners destroy angel literature comic series angel fall picks immediately events television series connor shown home ordered angel debates going gets drawn battle city sent hell veteran hell connor takes provide sanctuary humans good demons help vampire spike connor closer angel joins newest battle wrestle control city story centers connor gwen romance ends discovers gwen betrayed team following event demonic form decides wholly collapse time existence attempt prevent angel team stopping mortally wounds connor connor pleads angel let senior partners win assures good person despite vampire connor dies angel arms restored life angel killing forcing senior partners turn time moment original fight television finale died city sent hell come life memories intervening time intact spike fall companion piece angel fall shows connor came form alliance spike shortly los_angeles went hell connor appears spike violent showdown group demonic women catching demonic leader guard rescues human hostage rescued spike second encounter strikes connection immediately leading joint crusade saving remaining humans connor set appear arcs angel faith connor appears family reunion arc willow quest restore magic world asks angel faith travel london use magic connor connection reopen tear reality dimension magic agree order gain piece soul help reopen tear connor agrees connor living normal life college student studying social work girlfriend initially disappointed angel ignored attempts contact father connor glad angel life realizes normal life precious wants angel angel genuinely proud man son connor agrees magic needs returned world vulnerable society starting lose hope connor briefly falls aggressive behavior able shake negative influences dimension fake magical memories childhood created faded magic taken world real memories happy life fall unstable behavior dog like demons came fear respect destroyer telling connor love generations demons expressed love compassion connor slaughtered connor angel faith willow able rescue demons fighting old rules willow sends dog demons peaceful dimension angel piece soul angel faith connor return hotel tear closes willow goes find new source magic earth connor accepts angel important business england wishes father angel agrees spend week son going london character development creation casting intent connor character angel emotional space meant angel live usual day day living experiencing plus love idea embarrassing effect night stand explained decision introduce angel son character given irish connor meaning counselor helping warrior match angel irish ancestry different babies connor jake chosen portray connor remain set long main focus season creators aware limitations baby character connor initial role plot decided came concept teenage version appearances looking stable usual feature movies decided audition agent sent role tapes previous seasons producers wanted character surprise audiences informed trying angel son instead auditioned character created purpose audition street kid normal teenager angel guardian right away kind good feeling joining cast vincent says fit right excited learning real role angel son demon killer confused portrayal thinking character living brush kind failed attitude instead told stand straight use normal voice let regular boy come initially contracted episodes option pick characterization teenage connor angry brooding intense volatile teenager angel described withdrawn willing open group happiness inclined highlighted world resulting caution trust tim characterizes connor strong need family means kid emphasis conflicted personality triggered upbringing highlight connor similarity angel fury worked resemblance strength fighting style personality compared trait accepting responsibility worst times intending connor formidable fighter described hunter killer notes truly jokingly compares fighting style attracted women older running gag series connor despite son vampires meant human super powers wasn given vampire makeup series expresses simultaneous joy dismay considering makeup added benefit character agreeing lack saved time connor initially clad clothes animal skin attire said resemble wearing trophy necklace parts demons killed hell world drops necklace given casual set clothes jeans shirts jackets concept connor wardrobe world fashion sense took available interviewer notices clothing conservative somebody seen connor start short cut knife afterward given modern cleaner look longer styled hair critical new hair style calling hair feeling little bit heavy connor undergoes dramatic changes season opposite earlier persona features common previous self loved ones attraction older women later fighting prowess prosperous sweet young man fake memories happy childhood wanted highlight connor adjusted mentality season vincent calls happy person liked playing version playing brooding version year half year comic book connor develops direction starts emerging hero keeping pleasant personality characterizes comic book connor closest thing superhero hell powers weaknesses vampire adjusted brain considers characters series comics story progression characteristic characters connor goes drastic changes series progression introduced impossible birth start season infant character little chance development agent evolution villainous acts spanning television series transform goofy sidekick brooding anti hero developments came fruition creators chose upgrade connor teen taking advantage fantasy genre able accelerate growth weeks normal timeline affecting ages rest characters setting stage act middle season sees infant kidnapped angel long term adversary takes connor hell dimension time moves differently explains didn want raise baby years connor returns near end season feral teenage warrior angel connor age return disputed creators episodes vary putting connor upbringing brought connor hate father father devil far concerned tells connor development allowed writers explore unique foil protagonists connor established deep like angel goes explain smith immediately following connor return hell angel started converting boy showing longer bad guy connor bonding angel kills sensing danger reconciliation makes connor track sets forth pattern continues repeat till end season taking position father son connor development season continuous shifting alliances protagonists antagonists unable find place purpose says confusing conflicting circumstances allow connor break thinks makes midst making wrong choices says wanted highlight tragic victim childhood lied manipulated episode find reason bring thing world played entire life root right decision know tragic figure doesn season sees writers exploring teenage sexuality small arc faith compares characterization youth overarching arc father love states animosity king arthur son love triangle inspiration connor angel plot line notes decided connor going sex story changed faster pregnant plot line additionally gave writers opportunity explain connor birth character brought replace carpenter final villain taking base point writers started connecting dots set previous seasons words big mystery angel child cause vampires sterile find miracle birth created kind like secret ingredient planned sleep create resolution character season dropping regular cast says idea conception teenage connor season time end character story changed original violent relatively happy citing actor character reason nice happy ending satisfied particularly issue angel connor confronted soul character angel comes connor stems place angel got opportunity let think came tough shell showed little bit sensitivity showed hurt father hurt scene angel watching memory wiped connor new family slipping away quietly idea derived classic movie given child child happy know happy thing greatest thing episode work despite claim fourth season final statement connor character returns couple guests appearances fifth season sees big development adjusted connor long reconciliation father son connor able accept appreciate angel memories return bell open mentioned possibility character return end season following return isn sure appearance necessity tying loose ends series canceled originally asked appear episode origin crew enjoyed working revamped connor clear appear series finale connor returns angel fall initially confused incorporate connor story hit arc connor follow series said connor young kid got powers doesn bad things vampire maybe enjoy maybe closest thing superhero hell adjusted connor shown fully embracing qualities role hero comic series originally lynch planned involved storyline time clear connor story relationship angel fell went closer father son unit connor went character lynch trouble character enjoys writing connor upcoming role joked time traveling early 1960s making executive referencing recent role critically acclaimed television series mad men author describes necessity connor appearance angel dad angel faith comics connor returns family reunion arc beginning issue willow telling angel needs connor act compass world grew help restore magic world connor college student studying social work girlfriend named dating months rapidly agrees help willow reluctant angel connor seen toll society especially occurred magic seed destroyed season blood ritual connor blood willow tears fabric reality willow faith angel connor head dark worlds reception merchandise pieces merchandise based angel television comic series featuring connor released merchandise includes action figures prominently novels spin comic books connor stars regular fall spin aftermath shot title character connor spotlight continuing appearances media connor stars novels love death appearances official merchandise considered canon reviews cast crew repeatedly praised ability bring character bet family fortune kid stated director producer tim described vincent main reasons avoidance giving character send planned grown fond character actor didn want fans critics reception portrayal disturbed teen positive character storylines turned controversial sexual relationship mother particularly evoked attention responses couple negative columnist declared finalist disturbing couple television history academic essay assassination chase complained plot line led destruction character despite previously noted fun portraying role critical storyline time declaring character teenage boy creepy gave positive response included angel connor triangle plus points fourth season praised plot line king arthur like tale love betrayal group neutral development book blood relations angel simply observed relationship completes present circuit erotic angel academic essay world love failure family angel agreed previous statements noting connor product relationship tones angel mother granddaughter connor life unbeknownst parent begun connor characterization main storyline father season received mixed positive reviews ben fond initial episodes baby connor angel wasted time baby talking loved development teenage connor season ends great storyline connor returns angel praised father son dynamics described highly dramatic journalist called connor frustrating character wrote gets coming interactions ring true old quick lack real development character relationship angel season expressed development concern said end season happy chances getting statement echoed review called ending connor emotionally satisfying despite noting particularly endearing remaining season described connor overall characterization sharp intriguing sub material saving season television pity praised character psychology thing like created teenager doesn feel like alienated person world actually love connor thinks described angel connor arc surely ambitious story arcs television attempted popmatters called angel connor storyline provocative pure family melodrama summed connor challenging year playing angel son audiences hoped reconciliation meant connor instead started remained teens real life pairing completely boy fan vincent earns amazing inning transformation connor tragic figure worthy pity understanding peace home vincent able connor short time true feat responsible making finale heartbreaking haunting ended revamped connor received praise final season phoenix declared connor return triumphant saying shy sweet happy young man kid angel wanted audience version character finally worth liking supporting essay sense ending angel praised new connor heroic youth admitted love season connor liked season came adjusted connor mentioned younger sister summers similarly created strong emotional connection titular character years cancellation angel ign included connor dawn list classic cliché adding kid ditch effort save dying refused comment addition good bad choice order avoid fans book thinking openly criticized connor dawn addition appointing number list events television history connor appearance regular fall initially met dismay fans representative responded complaints optimism assuring fans character win way time series end true words fall connor received positively confirmed interview stating connor surprising character write surprising fans connor great character don think favorite slowly surely popular characters fall wonderful said like character wants book called son angel based analysis connor analyzed compared male characters series terms presentation evolution fiction sexual relation mother coupled struggles kill father led numerous mythical greek figure inspiration character references book sexual rhetoric works found interesting ancient complex continues way added connor angel spike fred kill father father figures order come individuals citing gwen role connor comic series triangle observed use women device men shore popmatters cited statement angel hard man observed raises questions means man characterization angel men said like male characters taken connor stereotypical teen boy considered rest cast offers complex image modern compared connor journey terms identity considers poignant theme series found ironic connor initially damaged characters able reconcile actions new man existence peace end | Connor (Angel) | Media and drama | Television | Buffy the Vampire Slayer |
1979_WelcometotheHellmouth | welcome welcome series premiere supernatural drama television series vampire slayer episode harvest originally aired series premiere march episode written series creator executive producer directed welcome received nielsen rating original airing received largely positive reviews critics narrative follows day new school new town hopes live normal teenager duties fate slayer fight vampires demons supernatural beings leave ancient vampire master threatens break free turn help school librarian new classmates willow stranger named angel developed vampire slayer hollywood formula little blonde girl goes dark alley gets killed horror movie series created movie attempt stay original ideas scenes filmed location los_angeles california high school external internal scenes series school series beverly_hills plot series premiere begins boy played breaks school night seemingly reluctant girl promising fun nervous edge girl says thinks heard fears school boy calls gets response leading girl assure girl says good turns face boy revealing facial true identity vampire bites boy neck later revealed summers nightmare morning day school mother drives school encourages think positive inside building tells start clean slate realizing burned previous school gym starts explain rapidly changes end statement exits office female student contents floor sees helps mainly introduce earlier suggested attracted leaves stake pockets called walked away history class helped popular girl tests factor written moved california los_angeles horror awkward water fountain inside library places book titled recognizing stunned makes hasty exit willow meet break returns stake claims standard self defense los_angeles appears tells gym cancelled extreme dead guy student gym locker asks marks body forces way locker room examines body finds characteristic wounds vampire neck returns library confronts informs refuses accept calling slayer gotten kicked previous school robbed social life leave library emerges shelves having strange conversation night route visit bronze cool meets mysterious handsome stranger warns living open harvest coming gives large silver cross bronze meets willow encourages seize moment tomorrow dead finds tells stranger tells learn skills sense vampires uses fashion sense pick vampire club alarmed willow leave loses surprised nearly immediately calls friends tell looks willow bronze stopped convinces help search willow streets master ancient powerful vampire king lesser vampires long sleep prepare harvest sends luke young blood willow new acquaintance takes cemetery joined arrive kills willow vampire willow help weakened flee luke takes place fight help catch kids luke throws stone coffin kill continuity angel speaks met episode reveals fallen love reveals destiny vampire slayer later episode helpless angel confessed love acquainted episode followed los_angeles production background writing says immortal incarnation concept idea woman completely insignificant turns extraordinary early idea evolved hollywood formula little blonde girl goes dark alley gets killed horror movie wanted idea create hero explained mission statement joy female power having sharing idea visited script movie featured title role director saw pop culture comedy people think vampires disagreed written scary film empowered woman turned broad comedy crushing years later fox executive approached develop concept television series explained said want thought high school horror movie metaphor central concept sold supernatural elements series stood metaphors personal associated young adulthood early development series going simply titled slayer went write partly fund minute non broadcast pilot shown networks eventually sold vampire slayer aired march mid season replacement savannah network played key role growth television network early years music episode series premiere features usage theme song pop punk band band songwriter guitarist admitted fan explained band created theme song fancy pants hollywood failed write theme song producers approved eventually producers asked bunch local small time bands pay little money come ideas liked idea rest history songs band play episode deciding wear song saturated playing background bronze band plays songs believe things changing songs featured episode found album score episode season entries created casting filming explained characters appeared series based real life individuals instance modeled girl wife attended high school based hoped include actor title credits shock viewers character dies unfortunately afford extra set title credits time wish granted season episode seeing red character plays vampire luke returns series season different character judge surprise innocence original non broadcast pilot willow portrayed network executives requested replaced willow character demanded shy unsure casting department encountered difficulty finding actresses portray effectively likable seven auditions eventually chosen role chosen able spin character lines self optimism stated didn want willow feeling sorry especially season couldn talk guys liked like don want play somebody conceived character saying wanted willow kind colorful interior life truly shy people definitely found way willow talked great extent actors conform way write character stands willow case recently fired job struggling financially attracted pilot script hated high school recognized based attended high school accounting gets good lines originally planned read role late audition instead tried minutes prepare character producers responsive carpenter audition left feeling confident got carpenter audition offered role carpenter asked come audition originally won role turned contractual obligations later cast vampire slayer second season originally intended serve dramatic foil represent characteristics mature shallower portrayed original film portrayed originally auditioned role later offered minor role pilot episode character originally unnamed minor vampire supposed die pilot liked performance named character appeared episodes went portray episodes spin television series angel later went new actor los_angeles didn know business excited work play vampire clue going going scary vampire makeup went trailer thought creepy said intrigued looked like talked like like vampire wanted sweet voice sudden vicious vampire veteran character actor appeared heavy prosthetic role master iconic performance film national recognized role favorites actors auditioned felt played complexity bringing sly kind sensitivity charm character cast mother disliked horror genre looking acting jobs agent called opportunity play auditioned day impressed naturally felt ease material scripts principal originally played pilot cast broadcast version certain scenes argument library meeting angel shot months episode recorded feeling angry original takes subsequently teased going scenes time high school external internal scenes series high school series beverly_hills vampire effects created idea faces vampires human features demonic wanted normal high school students characters interact normally turn vampires creating sense paranoia wanted vampires clearly monsters like high school girl killing normal looking people vampires originally appeared white faced creepy toned later episodes makeup time consuming claims people thought white faces funny looking personally found comparing monsters zombie movies day dead evil dead character master designed face permanently highlight age appear artist based master appearance bat reasoning character demonic state years decided vampires clothes turn dust died practical storytelling reasons characters spend time cleaning bodies episode introduced idea vampires clothes resemble era died identifying dated outfit felt concept charming notion ultimately rejected believed vampire dressed old fashioned clothes cease scary reception welcome aired united_states march original airing episode provided teaser advertisement briefing history past revealed horrific events towns halted particular woman arrived promotional teaser appear syndication dvd welcome earned nielsen rating meaning roughly percent television equipped households tuned episode 100th watched episode television aired week ending march episode received largely positive reviews critics wrote episode good introduction establishing characters premise quickly ending cliffhanger murray note contained dialogue sounds faux clever actually clever overall action horror sequences continue second season writing called fledgling series witty intelligent thoroughly entertaining dubbed best thing seen praised acting noting plays perfection atlanta constitution called little mix camp comedy high school monsters likened plot fox sci series files nickelodeon horror themed anthology series afraid dark ultimately gave episode book bite called episode excellent complimented strengths main cast unique approach contrasted earlier movie noting movie version like near end suddenly tried film television carries comedy action drama simultaneously features far superior ensemble cast | Welcome to the Hellmouth | Media and drama | Television | Buffy the Vampire Slayer |
2046_Hush(BuffytheVampireSlayer) | vampire slayer tenth episode fourth season supernatural drama television series written directed series creator originally aired united_states december reading critical response series dialogue praised successful aspect set write episode completely devoid speech minutes dialogue presented entire minutes group fairy tale named gentlemen come town steal voices leaving unable scream gentlemen cut hearts friends communicate try discover speak find murdering townspeople find ways express feelings control town descends chaos episode highly praised aired episode entire series nominated outstanding writing drama series received nomination single camera series addresses limits assets language communication disruption society communication breaks gentlemen counted series frightening villains episode frequently included lists best vampire slayer plot college lecture discussing difference language communication dream riley kisses interrupted young girl holding distinctive box singing cryptic rhyme gentlemen riley speak class kiss unable stop talking leave awkward calls tell dream details little girl rhyme apartment argue trying tell means unable answer willow attends meeting campus group hoping meet share interest studying disappointed talk sales willow raises subject spells stereotype performing magic shy woman group starts speak support willow suggestion falls silent attention turns night sleeps white float person mouth settle box dream skeletal figures metal toothed black suits look morning willow discover unable speak visibly distressed soon discover everybody unable speak group news reporting suffering epidemic riley concerned chaos find attempting order streets time sees riley paramilitary role agent initiative turn unaware slayer exchange look kiss parting continue efforts night leave float town accompanied deformed knock door student opens aroused sleeping hold heart tries vain scream apartment visiting girlfriend olivia frightened gentlemen outside window following morning campus classroom uses series overhead explain gentlemen steal townspeople voices scream gather hearts need folklore indicates princess thing kill live human voice evening falls asleep spike takes blood enters apartment spike mouth wet blood bends pick dropped sleeps spike bit drank wakes stops excited fought defend gestures sex finds spell help town voices goes willow way willow trips turns sees gentlemen floating willow knocks doors open gentlemen steadily pursue willow hears panicked knocking hall exits room sending lock laundry room try door machine heavy willow injured sits moving machine fails sees hands machine moves swiftly room blocking door patrol riley notices shadows goes investigate finds gentlemen kills runs riley fights way crashes window fighting turns attack finds face face fights sees recognizes box dream wildly riley destroy stolen voices escape screams heads gentlemen explode day tells willow special significant power riley comes visit room sit facing saying production writing impetus create reaction hearing primary reason success dialogue felt director turning hack making formulaic episodes tended concentrate visual aspects series production fox executives earlier seasons writing producing depended solely visuals dialogue prospect found terrifying worried viewers find episode boring like fourth season finale restless consisted entirely dream sequences sixth season musical feeling certain fail attempting present novel way initially episode riley sex took comfort plan knew people mind silence ultimately decided early characters sleep scrapped idea gentlemen called villains series writer inspired nightmare child specifically bed approached floating monster fashioned gentlemen fairy tale intending frightening children monsters people hearts smiling burns simpsons served physical models gentlemen victorian costume demeanor found grace especially unsettling metallic teeth inspired intersection victorian culture height industrial age era considers creepy studies scholar gentlemen wearing representative class gentlemen victorian suits accomplish set called dirty work actors played gentlemen previous experience performing monsters professional gave elegant grace especially hand movements floating effect accomplished cranes wires digitally removed post production pulling cast found actors costume terrifying broad daylight impressed physical movements gentlemen admitted dvd commentary mocking general went episode filmed newcomers girlfriend olivia inexperienced monsters brought express real terror willow seasons grown considerably confident having found intellectual emotional niche college longer terror shy unsure experiences served fill gap willow created according olivia fear sense vulnerability scenes frightening said favorite shots episode olivia frightened reaction gentlemen floating window regularly recurring character fourth fifth sixth seasons eventually willow girlfriend long term lesbian relationship television writers decided replace played willow boyfriend announced leaving early fourth season unaware time relationship willow romantic performance demeanor minds according writers wanted scene willow machine working sensual powerful empowering statement love people accomplish considers scene romantic images film course series chemistry impressive episodes willow friendship took actors aside informed relationship turning romantic episode tribute silent films played theaters musical accompaniment minutes entirely dialogue free types music express said music acts narrator overhead presentation plays recorded version saint riley love theme presented time kiss episode composition composed scores regularly pleased angel love theme considered riley theme adult bit strange blue angel theme prediction relationship riley themes language explores issues relating limits benefits language communication act episode characters presented overwhelmed language white noise employed means avoiding truth conversations characters seemingly insignificant episode plot overall history deal way aspects forms communication stated unaware inevitably coherent theme script completed riley unable act attraction stop primarily true identities concealed avoid closer emotionally unable unwilling express means new interacting humans uses blunt rude language distances characters desperately wants stop talking willow considers women group later complaining talk talk moon power know couple sessions hoping real pseudo conversations refer acts language formed meaning engage listener finally faced loss speech characters readily express feel riley series movements simply questions able kiss spontaneously actions clearly directed protecting spike likewise matter moments doubts feels disappeared instantly overcome speaking meeting easily expresses courage touching willow willow realizes finally found understands shares seeking speech resort gestures writing humorous arise example driving stake killing vampire close causing think suggesting rid town gentlemen riley fighting gentlemen indicates riley smash box dream breaks looks awaiting approval characters direct contrast grace gentlemen communicate easily gestures visual signals communication simple direct head hand movements achieve exactly want confused accomplish opposite intend rendered silent rendered useless unsure fight gentlemen according horror stemming arrival gentlemen silence makes people helpless easy victims stuart assert loss speech communication transformed acts ideas conveyed instant meaning action scream destroy gentlemen severe implications real meaning writing willow room number going thinking willow wishes find act confirms audience interested willow community long familiar demons monsters inhabited town fed residents episode conventions societal functions disrupted unexplained silence significant chaos results warrant riley going patrol order willow walk familiar street arm arm easily bank closed patrons running liquor store obviously open breakdown order causes sudden religious group people gathered street read bible revelation written allusion seven angels seven seven gentlemen according author capitalist results man selling dry boards community notes citing consists institutions language religion economics institution disappears residents begin depend heavily individuals isolated silence find bonds shaken unable use witty marked group far extended actors silent scene entire cast attempted gathering apartment following discovery lost voices took rehearsals scene came actors having trouble playing use verbal cues common language fall forced depend shared history help recover able action resolution isolation speaking restoring voices people shade states episode gives political writes silence imposed gentlemen metaphor evil spreads dissent people fail tell truth distracted concerns things hand authority figures series school principal mayor office repeatedly town endemic evil choose hear apartment listen reporting authorities town attribute silence flu gone causing mass writes times power maintain silence evil proceeds surprising gentlemen wear suggests insanity behavior killing accepted matter course fairy tales episodes canon based elements fairy tales killed death sick children demon away lives demon takes forms create moral panic compared episodes contain similar elements intended gentlemen brothers like monsters playing role wise man princess little girl wandering woods incarnation princess scream saves town instead distress hero breaking boarded window grabbing rope swinging room kill gentlemen smashing feet chest episodes understanding evil appeared important knowing fight reasons gentlemen arrival need seven human hearts explicit simply according overhead appear town scholars assert sexual element similar presented classic fairy tales evident dreams dream sees gentlemen sees flash face riley touches shoulder sexually intimate twice vampire angel cost soul riley notably different anxiety intimate according scholars calls gentlemen represented gentlemen murder cutting open removing hearts acts dream riley says kiss sun instantly night crossed threshold riley kiss creates physical emotional intimacy mental intuitive knowledge episode learns riley secret role member initiative threshold imagery willow block door combined efforts shutting gentlemen reception episode originally broadcast united_states december received nielsen rating share meaning roughly percent television equipped households percent households watching television tuned episode episode placed fifth timeslot broadcast television week december watched program night second watched program week trailing 7th heaven highly praised aired presenting viewers extended silence frightening qualities gentlemen usa_today comments medium producers tend grow bored creations taking increasingly bizarre directions continues find new ways entertaining series richer compelling words treasure writes wondered enormously entertaining cult favourite lose favourite little slayer moved college happily continues win way genres comedy horror romance recent silent episode brilliant alan_sepinwall star calls daring episode explaining hat makes particularly brave failing click dramatically year able witty dialogue absent scenes finds ways cast members particularly scholarly nervous witch willow proving wonderfully expressive silent likewise new_york_daily_news states episode true tour force inventive triumph vastly series brian australia sunday age agrees writes written brightly directed best independent writes vampire slayer weeks funniest programme reached new heights calls episode unlike score genuinely disturbing imagery seen episode included films television shows justified states like dreams try scream everybody way eerie quiet feel experience privately episode entire series nominated writing drama series category received nomination following series finale continued receive praise los_angeles_times states episode terrifying hours counted television episodes inspire creativity squad named best episode series writing seen asked episode hooked named fourth frightening episode television history new_york_post listed scene gentlemen humorous characters best moments especially praising comedic acting author bite writes mind blowing best hours television studies scholar primary reason successful acting strengths central cast willow favorite episode series considers frightening series writer stated episode episode television | Hush (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) | Media and drama | Television | Buffy the Vampire Slayer |
3996_Darla(BuffytheVampireSlayer) | recurring fictional character created played second fifth seasons american supernatural television series character later appeared spin series angel making appearance season television appearance appearing special guest star fifth final season angel introduced welcome episode revealed early vampire initially league primary antagonist season backstory disclosed episode angel revealed angel turned vampire longtime lover character appears numerous flashback episodes receives significantly expanded role angel angel resurrected evil law firm attempt weaken angel later story arcs second season pregnant unique occurrence vampire sacrifices order birth angel human son connor ending run series continues appear flashback episodes seasons character reviewed television critics ign saying dying twice important story series angel conception casting initially auditioned role later went previously won offered small role vampire pilot episode performance received character appeared episodes interview said casting supposed die pilot halfway pilot like giving going kill finally came time kill kill kill killed sic later went new actor los_angeles didn know business excited work play vampire clue going going scary vampire makeup went trailer thought creepy said intrigued looked like talked like like vampire wanted sweet voice sudden vicious vampire killed seventh episode episode revealed romantically involved angel vampire angel stakes heart asked return role years later wanted appear spin angel focused angel adventures los_angeles said interview shocked sent script angel kept asking remember calling agent asking sure want episode find page naked box awesome exciting asked interview robert_canning ign felt asked come angel previously killed commented shocked thought thought threw coming didn tell bringing life sent script season finale season angel rose dead reading script half way hadn shown went add like quarters way think maybe sent wrong script page like god believe cool time committed project didn know going available ended working appears angel episodes mainly evil antagonist character known dying vampire slayer franchise later emphasized didn know going happen sent script episode angel basically sign life away read sitting trailer started cry thought beautiful ending brought life kind moment upset day filming thought characterization presented series wicked vampire generally pure intentions interview said misunderstood intentions pure kind perspective eat happens eat people second love angel viewed wife dumped look sympathy beginning life prostitute actually talked lot probably abused growing needed survive lacked people skills achieving look struggle said taking makeup like having layers skin ripped face time miserable contact lenses terrible don wear contacts don know people sticking things time character sense fashion vital understanding past says dressed time period lives fully goes certain look going living boxer rebellion time got big hair style beautiful style clothes points pilot episode attempting dress like high school student little twist wearing catholic uniform instead think influenced fashion wise second season angel little classic looking tailored says explaining collaborated costume designer transition hipper look vampire pregnant season angel interview bbc admitted yeah felt point pretty world thought pregnant sudden carrying child experiencing soul time years soon baby born soul going away time experienced true love going lot emotionally didn think time think looked don think priority actor important reveal caught actress portray character interview bbc described strong amazing stunt double looks exactly like brilliant fearless cent stunts think element strong fierce lisa definitely adds element huge didn allow work help add element important strength storylines born late 16th century british isles birth revealed series eventually young prostitute virginia colony north_america independently wealthy contracts fatal case lies dying luxurious house owns priest comes deathbed reveals true identity master leader elite cult vampires known clergy religion trait follows vampire master turns vampire meaning dear early modern english spends centuries innocent people accompanied angel soul restored showing appearance welcome episode aired breaks student goes toys youth face vampire bites boy later appears episode harvest ascension master old powerful vampire role series prominent episode angel revealed angel lover bites mother making look angel angel eventually kills later appears numerous flashbacks involvement angel spike role franchise increased dramatically resurrection law firm final episode angel season titled second season opener judgement lawyers question past talks feel angel slowly memory begins return episode impressions angel begins having romantic dreams maker dreams strength dear boy angel shocked walking streets tells partners think starting lose course angel investigations woman suspected having affair angel confronts woman looks exactly like claims runs away walks outside sunlight meaning resurrected human plan convert angel evil fails end bring vampire returns starts die ironically turned vampire accepts fate failed attempt angel save unsuccessfully attack angel leave los_angeles knowing angel cursed experiences pure happiness lose soul later returns sleeps plot fails brings angel despair providing new understanding role champion night stand leads unexpected development reappears season pregnant angel child despite fact vampires normally conceive pregnancy allows experience emotions previously lost presence human soul child admitting creating life angel good thing makes sure angel relay child stakes heart sacrificing life son connor born turns dust baby remains later appears spirit trying persuade son effort save deity actions bringing connor dark path angel taken reception character received ign said character seen instantly impression television seasons different role dying twice important story series angel allowed greatly expand character appearances vampire slayer appears guest episodes season welcome harvest angel season season fool love appears guest episodes season season judgment impressions untouched dear boy trial reunion reprise season vision thing offspring season inside season girl question | Darla (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) | Media and drama | Television | Buffy the Vampire Slayer |
8989_Restless(BuffytheVampireSlayer) | restless vampire slayer restless 22nd episode season finale season supernatural drama television series episode series overall episode written directed creator originally aired united_states premise adolescent girl chosen mystical forces given powers kill vampires demons evil creatures fictional town supported close circle family friends nicknamed restless centers dreams main characters enduring exhausting fight previous episode dreams comment characters fears past possible future consistent dream presence slayer hunts kills final sequence confronted episode serves coda fourth season instead climax wanted achieve different season finale experimented filming techniques episode possible episode upcoming events notably appearance sister dawn scholar calls episode unprecedented television saying jam packed information probably seeing allusions rest series referring mysterious lead emotionally turbulent season restless received high praise critics airing particularly character development visual direction wit frequently noted best episodes series background series teenager age chosen mystical forces latest slayer girl endowed powers fight defeat vampires demons evil forces moving mother fictional town befriends join struggle evil guided responsible training slayer group collectively refer season willow begins experiment magic eventually formidable witch season vampire slayer simplified presents overall story arc episodes tie specific manifestation evil known noted scholar episodes fourth season address authority order self friends new roles high school ongoing theme series complex relationship destiny current slayer uniquely expresses role plot element explored season general episode restless particular season begins willow starting college attending works series odd jobs begins dating lived years vengeance demon losing powers getting stuck body teenager fourth season willow romantically involved fellow student amber experienced witch big bad season result work covert military force called initiative capturing performing experiments vampires demons friends discover chief experiments creation human hybrid known adam programming gone terribly wrong leading havoc town challenge find way achieve penultimate episode season order join create single super slayer perform ritual confronts defeats adam empowered mind heart willow spirit aiding ritual employs like cards meaning hands strength represents meaning teacher wise represents meaning courage heart represents meaning spirit magical power represents willow symbols relevant central motif episode dream sequences plot following victory meet relax movies including apocalypse quickly fall asleep confronted slayer dreams willow dream opens willow painting love poem hymn greek finds high school stage perform radically changed riley playing cowboy harmony trying bite neck willow realizes increasing knows lines role takes willow stand classroom clothes wore welcome harvest beginning series begins read book report willow boyfriend current girlfriend watching willow suddenly willow attacked life slayer dream begins wakes couch use finds object attempted starts realizes bathroom attached large white room men white coats ready observe notes performance meets spike playground spike unaffected daylight tells going teach plays finds ice cream truck willow wearing clothing invite join goes end basement goes university comes starts revealing reason dream suddenly switches speaking french finds apocalypse scene captive captain colonel sequence finds basement chased unseen revealed slayer tears heart dream begins swinging watch apartment stripped furniture chair bed laughs dream cuts family scene girlfriend olivia quicker understand wrong confronts spike posing photo shoot bronze meets failing stand comic willow bloody chest wound warn attacker breaks song giving suggestions deal hunts sound system breaks backstage trace fault begins realize slayer final dream sequence room finds room home speaks future university talks mother lives walls meets riley initiative promoted drawing plans adam ordinary human form world domination interrupted demon attack riley adam start fort finds weapons bag thing mud face transported desert finally confronts pre verbal slayer present speak slayer tells friends work rejects fight desert living room dying friends realizes stop fight mentally simply ignoring slayer refuses fight walks away slayer slayer everybody wakes wake discuss significance having tapped power slayer privately recalls words dream looks bedroom production writing previous seasons ended action episode tied threads season main plot line series creator wanted end season differently penultimate episode concluded initiative storyline felt season overall story arc cohesive chose create episode act grace note season episode comment main characters talking writing episode said like writing poetry process found strange like earlier episode dialogue viewed episode exercise form writing means write episode real structure departure written constructed starting script despite fragmented style episode acts act comprising character dream filming techniques variety techniques achieve quality restless tracking shots follow characters place place creating flow way real dreams logical connections places things dream walks carnival grounds spike corridor straight bronze locations related able simply having actor walk sets built created sense example occurs dream walks moving ice cream van boxes window drops basement theater scene willow dream lens provide large depth field allowing foreground background focus time dream moves room room house university rooms lens sense motion camera passes walls unusual framing shots leaving frame character placed near scenes spike dream shot black white emphasize spike seen old movie villain outdoor scene sees intentionally intensifying foreground blowing background making sky look white flash frames shot desert allowed shots far longer common television episode cinematic technique allowed images meaning highly stylized lighting dream university hallway scene lit green orange shot shot creation apocalypse section lit carefully controlled allow background fall black cites inspiration colored university sequence scene apocalypse playing tape filming ensure close match possible sequence driving ice cream truck backgrounds outside car intentionally look fake sense motion originally wanted use rear screen projection driving scene utilize instead rear screen projection difficult set stages special effects shots came accident commentary explains mud face looked giving facial dissolved shot negative image creating intense colors shot interesting dynamic editing contributed nature episode abrupt cuts close extreme wide angles sudden shifts normal speed super slow motion dream sequences slow motion revert normal speed continue dream features sound image characters shown speaking voices heard additionally silence frequently reflect characters audience cited films main inspirations odd editing especially underneath listed version inspirations shooting editing decisions cast main cast episode features appearances returning currently recurring characters dream sequences left series earlier season makes brief appearance willow dream character killed season finale appears apocalypse scene appears dream sequences willow girlfriend spirit guide commented appearances dream idea spirit guide sense didn particular relationship kind good mystical energy appears adam human form demon makeup appeared season appears present willow dream ordinary classmate vampire appears olivia dream heavily pregnant pushing baby appears mother enjoyed got play completely sexy dream play mom sort relegated nice filming episode play sister dawn season visited set worked previously suggested read dawn music dream actor sings exposition song time sang season song written arranged composer performed star mary appears scene playing piano members star mary play instruments seasons series star mary real band character fictional band baby analysis dream acts character study exploring fears future willow figure killed dreams way killed directly related role assumed previous episode role indicated like card symbolize character essence willow card representing magical powers killed having spirit card representing heart killed having heart ripped represented card symbol intellect role teacher killed card representative physical strength dream revealed primitive slayer confronts aggressively fight slayer defeated realizes key difference slayer isolated unique friends life factors greatest slayer willow dream struggles find place school theater production friends classmates apparently fully prepared ready stage confusion represents lack self confidence fear fit place world unlike competent know going wears ordinary clothes repeatedly comment excellence costume reference fear friends grown younger awkward fear confirmed strips shirt jeans revealing wore episode series years earlier demon fighting experiences study magic increased confidence willow stands class trying read paper classmates express listening ear attacked slayer breath body stated maze red stage willow dream direct homage represent safety comfort girlfriend sexual metaphor main theme dream sense failure left friends ahead life fear stuck reiterated dream inability escape basement bedroom parents home matter dream takes ends basement college feels anxiety ability understand ideas conversations fear realized goes university place feels excluded finds understand people aware chased danger asks happening understand answer says speaking french don understand dream willow tell way ahead tells gone ahead fear case dream presents choice remain father figure begin life represented presence girlfriend olivia pushes baby dream dressed child unable throw ball straight help instruction indication fear unable job guidance later olivia seen baby overturned abandoned signifying elements life marriage children later bronze explaining reason attacked performing job singing information represents longing musician exploring privately season major theme dream fear personal cost life slayer isolation loneliness forced endure theme reiterated shots frame notably wide shot vast desert source anxiety relationship current boyfriend riley finds plotting world domination adam original human form fears riley turn result alliance military fears effect alliance relationship effect relationship life slayer shown putting mud face mimicking mud mask slayer end encounter desert slayer realizes entirely friends family makes great slayer experiences revelation efforts slayer continue engage battle fruitless increasingly comical dream finally ends mundane way refuses accept tragic climax instead insists life elements dream sequences meaning exception cheese man explains cheese man meaningless needed meaningless dream doesn sense case cheese man everybody people meaning means successful means worried means sort understand things events dream includes references past future episodes dream sequence season finale faith says little counting dawn arrival years later season number appears clock dream restless says late replies clock completely wrong year passed making previous number days arrival incorrect leaves room tells dawn character dawn appears episode words think know come haven begun repeated following episode dream spike swing swing set spike wearing jacket comments spike like son season characters lose memories spike wears jacket believes father reception episode received critical praise included lists best episodes entertainment_weekly list best episodes including episodes restless placed called visually lush said genre truly deeply affecting character drama bent sense humor episode listed seventh best episode list episodes saying surreal episode marks turning point moved executed urban fantasy drama series creative thoughtful surprising pretty television critic list best episodes episode placed author calling daring episode acclaimed episode fourth season author placed episode second best series stating episode infinite interpretations watches way mark true masterpiece reviewed restless beginning look series praised ability represent dreams actually like included restless essential episode series list best series 2000s placed restless listed list episodes dream sequences right commenting device allows lot surreal images moments weird comedy striking unsettling touches power real dream episode listed daily list episodes series episode listed second best episode featuring dream sequences usa_today series creator list favorite episodes includes restless saying people sort shake heads different pointless episode received nominations hair stylist best contemporary makeup series best contemporary hair series | Restless (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) | Media and drama | Television | Buffy the Vampire Slayer |
10520_CordeliaChase | fictional character created television series vampire slayer appeared spin series angel portrayed character appears series regular seasons exiting series regular seasons angel character television appearance appearing special guest star angel episode appears canonical angel material comic books novels introduced welcome high popular attending school alongside vampire slayer summers interactions friends comes accept existence supernatural forces helps fight television series angel joins angel heroic vampire soul forming detective agency dedicated stopping supernatural forces helping helpless ability visions need heroic character middle season love interest protagonist angel fourth season angel appears villainous role revealed possessed deity storyline eventually leads death subsequent exit series character makes canonical appearances comic books season angel fall dream flashback spirit guide created foil titular heroine initially characterized shallow vain self centered series create conflict characters character went changes gradually course angel received attention academic texts related gender studies social status appearances television appears premiere episode titled welcome introduced potential friend newest student reveals true colors mocking willow befriends instead ignorant supernatural shows regularly season insult ridicule characters plays larger role episode mind sight falls victim social wants revenge popular students ignoring turned invisible season finale helps friends battle vampires finally coming terms existence supernatural forces season active ally begins romantic relationship bothered dating social status causes popular peers reluctantly breaks performs love spell pay hurting realises cares takes rejecting superficial friends process season lovers walk kissing willow ends relationship season episode wish slips antagonistic persona season altogether episode reveals family wealth seized tax fraud later attempts unsuccessful relationship makes peace season finale rallies alongside friends graduation demonic mayor vampire seasons moved star angel spin series focusing vampire lover angel season angel sees los_angeles hopes escaping new found poverty actress angel saves life series pilot helps found supernatural detective agency working administrative position close half demon worker romance ended death episodes series dying episode hero passes ability people distress kisses initially views visions curse season finale demon causes visions causing experience worldwide pain recovery vows help need season reunion staff fired angel increasingly obsessed bringing evil law firm joins august richards forming agency angel eventually reconcile episode acting career continues princess medieval hell dimension called season episode rainbow presented opportunity pass visions champion named refuses returns friends season finale season birthday learns demon skip visions slowly killing human beings strong control save life accepts skip offer alter history met angel instead landing big break actress alternate timeline feels compelled help eventually crosses paths angel received visions place insane unable let friend suffer skip return timeline normal agrees half demon new powers order harbor visions safely season sees angel father stepping mother infant connor kidnapped hell dimension episode sleep tight emerge disturbed teenager price episode waiting wings angel realizes romantic feelings prevented voicing return dates remainder season notices loves angel instead decides leave season finale arranges meet angel confess feelings prevented skip informs higher accepts duty leaves earth dimension season feels trapped position higher episode house wins returns earth state spin bottle memories returned spell vision mysterious beast afterward admits angel feelings apocalypse season apocalypse begins behave character connor murders episode commands beast salvage battles friend willow angel soul episode season players team realize pregnant possessed takes unstable connor run birth supernatural offspring inside skip explains master higher possessed returning earth manipulating events born new body falls post coma remainder season following episode absence returns angel season 100th episode welcome having apparently coma reunites discovers taken defeat angel accepting deal devil reminds true mission higher calling face defeat old enemy attempt destroy angel episode closing moments angel loves kisses shortly receives phone reporting died morning angel turns gone later revealed encounter powers debt allowed pass vision angel giving knowledge needs bring circle black developed minute pilot episode set season series picked network featured voiced high school adventures following leak pilot youtube expressed hope series resurrected form literature appears comic books novels based angel television series vol novelization episodes mind sight assembly required homecoming episodes tell specific incidents targeted classmate zombie bride hunters case mistaken identity appears numerous angel novels member feature prominently forgotten exploitation child immigrants haunted appears contestant supernatural themed reality television vision appears majority angel comics published set episodes television series appears frequently mainly stories set fifth season typically plays minimal role dark horse angel comics issue seventeen special demonic items apartment dark horse presents story lovely dark deep lands role star demonic movie appears comic mini series angel curse set season flashback scenes subsequently reappears mini series angel old friends sees angel battle evil clones friends claims genuine article having returned dead angel kills suspicions prove correct body immediately like clones angel fall canonical comic book continuation television series plotted written features characters angel los_angeles condemned hell events series finale fade away appear twelfth issue acts guide angel dying moments revealed serves capacity higher power character departs issue thirteen appears dream sequence twentieth issue canonical continuation vampire slayer season titled messages right dreams year high physical appearance based art style animated series conception casting originally intended serve dramatic foil series main character adapting concept movie television series decided character shallow cheerleader film played grown mature open minded identified social willow result created traits shallower despite portraying shallow valley girl stock character actress felt early seasons dimensional superficial people thought time carpenter critical frequent role distress angel creator executive producer describes years somewhat shallow somewhat vain somewhat self centered lively honest character spoke mind showed lot originally planned read role late audition instead tried carpenter dressed role believed felt unprepared read definitely character dress minutes prepare character producers responsive carpenter audition left feeling confident got carpenter audition actress offered role carpenter asked come audition originally won role turned contractual obligations later cast vampire slayer second season carpenter proud character growth series winning role characterization characteristics analysis representation modern woman character arc commented academic texts particularly gender studies praising aggression adaptation adolescent girls sex slayer describes initial place series normal life familiar character teen drama popular cheerleader center power status furthermore based real material privilege supernatural power represents exaggerated form unnamed white middle class qualities read privilege characters point visible notes status highlighted nickname queen harmony remark reign functions typical female victim horror screaming running away makes perfect contrast female characters praising argues representations competitive young women represent kinds aggressive adolescent girls article focuses competitive relationship characters initial friendship compromised sees attractive socially competent threat joins friend theirs friendship mutual support warmth intimacy mutual authors unlike representation feminine type stereotypes time dominating girls school commanding attention boys describing character arc views transformed characters reveals previously unexpected vulnerability attractive traits argues main group largely relationship main character rendered sympathetic audience witness peer pressure old friends viewer scenes showing pain shown viewer cheated willow chooses instead retains autonomy note subversive representation feminine stereotypes describing stereotype bitch actually offers viewers clandestine pleasures female self assertion strongest traits honesty highlighted temporarily develops powers hear thoughts friends avoid hide thoughts thought processes actual completely identical embodies female self sacrifice years opposite kind typically attributed women writer interprets lack depth strength mean argue stupid pointing easily mistaken comes coupled keen intelligence purpose makes invincible feels confidence based wealth despite sympathetic series progressed comic appeal offers viewers opportunity honest truth telling development early seasons comic relief occasionally distress plot device require series heroine save concerns simply dimensional actress writers developed character relationships later led carpenter convinced potential article psychology characters writes wealthy superficial appearing care popularity progresses learn mother suffers chronic fatigue syndrome father prosecuted income tax reluctant participant loyal feelings attraction unpopular goes describe characters particularly compelling depictions important adolescent themes discussing relationship carpenter says lot conflict lot comes love spite spite best moments character growing involvement friends caused actress concern wasn sure felt didn want lose edge didn want nice didn want change carpenter challenge find balance good bad sides explains enjoy playing got somewhat hang try lose edge honesty carpenter claims rough edges difficult experiences fans expected like character charisma continually pleaded vampire writers let final appearance graduation day course appearances angel develop enormously character describing evolution carpenter comments started playing wasn nice deepened stronger sense responsibility team player case beginning carpenter playing multi character like meant actress describing road travelled journey taken joy play actress chances different emotions heroic vulnerable angry possessed funny different things rolled getting role god good decision cultural critic points initially perfect transition selfish superficial los_angeles turned trial fire executive producer keen acquire character spin series commenting desperately wanted come angel angel dark need big bright smile time felt presence missed fourth season characters got point loving sort like leading introduce spike cast accommodate absence describes rich gal family ended losing episode angel showed trying start career actress family jail actually states mourning begins finding new level humanity discusses sort forced deeper character starts receive visions suffering helpless sort living foot world want actress foot world want save help people deeper purpose mission felt development allowed develop high like superhero provided carpenter opportunity stretch potential actress tenth episode parting gifts begins actively function supernatural character series introduction contributes added comic relief series episode forced mature death visions serve painful reminder season finale saw visions inflict suffering human world effectively act carpenter acting coach showed pictures real human pain motivation scene took hours film carpenter relieved experience saw resolve help need stating saw world pain help carpenter explains suffering world experiences discovers important life carpenter pleaded producers let cut hair second season angel dissatisfied darker tone cut created dark edge wasn warm usually season wanted shorter angel season demonstrates development fully fledged heroine episode birthday saw offered chance live life met angel inner desire help sees sacrifice life humanity half demon better withstand visions carries billy begins train alongside angel better fighter learns quickly carpenter began train extensively stunt learn fight handle weaponry episode waiting wings angel remark fine woman finally noting like superhero expected growing episode angel realize fallen love goes critically considers ascension heavens end season point writers evidently lost minds goes describe compliance skip entirely character argues created character privilege gets higher exit angel overwhelmingly positive force later fred amy character conflicted privilege season ends possessed old demon angel season played audience expectations heroic revealing season big bad later established possessed manipulative deity called storyline controversial fans carpenter admitted possessed angel teenage son carpenter said denial storyline creepy director comments carpenter lot fun playing manipulative episode enjoyed coming new characterization episode inside saw height character seen urging connor murder innocent girl order birth child conceived effort stop connor powers send spirit connor mother convince episode sees carpenter dressed black appears heavenly white voice reason morality wrote directed episode felt brilliant role reversal actresses carpenter accustomed playing normally seen sinister vampire season storyline adjusted carpenter real life pregnancy gives birth episode inside left coma remainder fourth season discusses felt flaws execution fourth season man absolutely boy dresses like drag queen talks like dynasty reject fun watch let secret connor extended rape death beloved character discuss treatment angel monstrous mothers vampires soul investigating television horror reading angel spin soul send offs fred characters pattern highly elaborated seen angel possession season recurring pattern characters angel suffered threatened invasion rape symbolically literally recounts demon expecting similarly develops demon head told mate looking glass remarks hills williams quote remarks status violated character states figure want find dimension demon doesn want spawn horror motif examples inside called monstrous book monstrous feminine film feminism comments comparison season storyline storyline positive fred rebirth fred got live taken right receives interesting blue haired continuing fact meaningful connection real bad things killed moment true wakes coma illustrating comparisons fred joined mother daughter dual constituent connected evil child remembered healthy vibrant knew pointing symbolic parallels notes vocal advocate privilege creates fully formed supernatural attempts control world fred hand privilege express terms body inside demon angel fifth season fourth spike steps replace source comedic dialogue series noted critics fifth season doesn long version giving cold honest truth want appearance angel fifth final season says 100th episode reinforce mission statement assess characters compared began explains episode presents ideal opportunity beginning ask angel started feel return original concerns echoed flashback season advertisement points aerial images los_angeles time tells angel forgot bringing link city summers originally intended appear 100th episode angel track obligations writer director explains couldn sarah episode instead written adds turned charisma fantastic original script fury wrote conversation angel driving hospital set possible vegetable scene shot shock seeing month coma didn want tip soon says fury reception role appeared television series angel nominated times saturn awards carpenter earned nominations best actress television respectively actress receive nominations obtained nominations best actress television series television series respectively | Cordelia Chase | Media and drama | Television | Buffy the Vampire Slayer |
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