claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2 classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
1775 | Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:6",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Greenhouse effect",
"evidence": "The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Venus:13",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Venus",
"evidence": "It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Venus:27",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Venus",
"evidence": "Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being nitrogen.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Venus:88",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Venus",
"evidence": "The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).",
"entropy": 0,
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{
"evidence_id": "Venus:91",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Venus",
"evidence": "Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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721 | “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:351",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).",
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null,
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:108",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
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{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:545",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "\"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:1",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet",
"evidence": "The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
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{
"evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:36",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet",
"evidence": "They proposed that changes in air circulation patterns have led to increased upwelling of warm, deep ocean water along the coast of Antarctica and that this warm water has increased melting of floating ice shelves at the edge of the ice sheet.",
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null,
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] |
279 | In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:43",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy",
"evidence": "Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit:34",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit",
"evidence": "In August 2009 its director, Phil Jones, told the science journal Nature that he was working to make the data publicly available with the agreement of its owners but this was expected to take some months, and objections were anticipated from National Meteorological Organisations that made money from selling the data.",
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"votes": [
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"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:458",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Hockey stick controversy",
"evidence": "The AR4 SPM statement was that \"Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:488",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Hockey stick controversy",
"evidence": "Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.",
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"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Phil Jones (climatologist):16",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Phil Jones (climatologist)",
"evidence": "He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown.",
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"votes": [
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2054 | During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate sensitivity",
"evidence": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:3",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.",
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"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:5",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Ice age:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Ice age",
"evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
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] |
1672 | Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:288",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves",
"evidence": "In Israel, the year 2010 was the hottest on record, and average temperatures were 2-3 degrees Celsius higher than the average.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
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"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:22",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Moscow:209",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Moscow",
"evidence": "The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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] |
1951 | Scientists are "questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. " | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:370",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming\".",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:11",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "It is \"extremely likely\" that this warming arises from \"human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:58",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "The New York Times reported that \"the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950\".",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:69",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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] |
789 | Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:287",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Renewable energy:18",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Renewable energy",
"evidence": "As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Renewable energy:209",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Renewable energy",
"evidence": "The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Renewable energy:25",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Renewable energy",
"evidence": "It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Renewable energy:442",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Renewable energy",
"evidence": "Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
null
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] |
971 | Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:2",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "A 2007 study found the decline to be \"faster than forecasted\" by model simulations.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:46",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "However, these models do tend to underestimate the rate of sea ice loss since 2007.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:114",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "Since 1979, satellite records indicate the decline in summer sea ice coverage has been about 13% per decade.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:141",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:65",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
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1557 | Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):12",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
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null,
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"evidence_id": "Climate system:408",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate system",
"evidence": "\"Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
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"evidence_id": "Climate system:84",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate system",
"evidence": "Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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"evidence_id": "Climate variability:57",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate variability",
"evidence": "the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Pacific decadal oscillation:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Pacific decadal oscillation",
"evidence": "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
null
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] |
2688 | Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Neptune:141",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Neptune",
"evidence": "The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Neptune:170",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Neptune",
"evidence": "As a result, Neptune experiences similar seasonal changes to Earth.",
"entropy": 0,
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{
"evidence_id": "Neptune:766",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Neptune",
"evidence": "\"Evidence for methane escape and strong seasonal and dynamical perturbations of Neptune's atmospheric temperatures\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Planet:272",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Planet",
"evidence": "Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Uranus:12",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Uranus",
"evidence": "Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007.",
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548 | The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cyclone:113",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cyclone",
"evidence": "A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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"evidence_id": "Cyclone:69",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Cyclone",
"evidence": "A polar low is a small-scale, short-lived atmospheric low-pressure system (depression) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.",
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"evidence_id": "Extratropical cyclone:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Extratropical cyclone",
"evidence": "Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Extratropical cyclone:2",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Extratropical cyclone",
"evidence": "These types of cyclones are defined as large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
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{
"evidence_id": "Jet stream:69",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Jet stream",
"evidence": "This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
null
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}
] |
1173 | […]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cellulosic ethanol:188",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cellulosic ethanol",
"evidence": "\"The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Nuclear power debate:47",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Nuclear power debate",
"evidence": "The World Nuclear Association argues that: \"Obviously sun, wind, tides and waves cannot be controlled to provide directly either continuous base-load power, or peak-load power when it is needed,...\" \"In practical terms non-hydro renewables are therefore able to supply up to some 15–20% of the capacity of an electricity grid, though they cannot directly be applied as economic substitutes for most coal or nuclear power, however significant they become in particular areas with favourable conditions.\"",
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{
"evidence_id": "Renewable energy:273",
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199 | In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth. | 1REFUTES | [
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1513 | I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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161 | Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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310 | [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1692 | The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1474 | Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",
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"evidence": "According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.",
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254 | it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies] | 0SUPPORTS | [
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382 | The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "However, the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years.",
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240 | In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2267 | Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2062 | Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",
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"evidence": "The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.",
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1872 | Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1351 | a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2531 | "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region \"will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming\".",
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2336 | Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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575 | While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1303 | No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1986 | The Obama administration "has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem." | 0SUPPORTS | [
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477 | Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions | 0SUPPORTS | [
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818 | “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.",
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"evidence": "At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.",
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2060 | Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.",
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"evidence": "Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will \"either decrease or remain essentially unchanged\" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.",
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"evidence": "As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"",
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104 | Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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737 | The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "\"Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model\".",
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2521 | The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Earth:143",
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"evidence": "Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun.",
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"evidence": "For example, O2 and O3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers.",
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"evidence": "This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing.",
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"evidence_id": "Sun:47",
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"evidence": "Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.",
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2119 | Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1331 | More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges | 1REFUTES | [
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"article": "Ocean",
"evidence": "Plants : including sea grasses, or mangroves Fungi : many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments Animals : most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are only found in marine environments such as sponges, Cnidaria (such as corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods, and Echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea stars).",
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"evidence": "This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).",
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"evidence": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.",
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"evidence": "Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.",
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1960 | Solar panels drain the sun's energy. | 1REFUTES | [
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2359 | Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1648 | A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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190 | Climate change is normal and continual. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2086 | Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".",
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"evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",
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2068 | Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:164",
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"evidence": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".",
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"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:151",
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"evidence": "(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.",
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"evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:1868",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"What caused the recent \"Warm Arctic, Cold Continents\" trend pattern in winter temperatures?\".",
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"evidence": "Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",
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1772 | Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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133 | The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.",
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"evidence": "The report asserts that expanding human land use for agriculture and overfishing are the main causes of this decline.",
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"evidence_id": "Meat:202",
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982 | Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"",
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"evidence": "Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.",
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2075 | The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century. | 1REFUTES | [
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2607 | Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing - produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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954 | Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2460 | That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'." | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).",
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"evidence": "Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.",
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2111 | 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades. | 1REFUTES | [
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1971 | The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant. | 1REFUTES | [
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2395 | While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "The additional snowfall causes increased ice flow of the ice sheet into the ocean, so that the mass gain due to snowfall is partially compensated.",
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807 | the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1339 | “Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent \"dramatic impacts\" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that \"The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.",
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450 | If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",
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"evidence": "At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid \"dangerous\" levels, by 2036.",
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"evidence": "On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°.\"",
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888 | the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century | 1REFUTES | [
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"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.",
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"evidence": "As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.",
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"evidence": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.",
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"evidence": "If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.",
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1052 | But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "If the high latitude waters are below 5 °C (41 °F), they will be dense enough to sink; as they are cool, oxygen is highly soluble in their waters, and the deep ocean will be oxygenated.",
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"evidence_id": "Lake ecosystem:28",
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"evidence": "As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.",
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"evidence_id": "Marine habitats:49",
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"evidence": "Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, and the water becomes denser and sinks.",
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564 | This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.",
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"evidence": "Parties associated with the Accord aim to limit the future increase in global mean temperature to below 2 °C.",
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"evidence": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.",
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"evidence": "A 2018 published study points at a threshold at which temperatures could rise to 4 or 5 degrees compared to the pre-industrial levels, through self-reinforcing feedbacks in the climate system, suggesting this threshold is below the 2-degree temperature target, agreed upon by the Paris climate deal.",
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2508 | "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Pacific decadal oscillation:5",
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"evidence": "During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.",
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"evidence_id": "Pacific decadal oscillation:56",
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"evidence": "The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.",
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2511 | In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Pacific decadal oscillation",
"evidence": "There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.",
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"evidence_id": "Pacific decadal oscillation:50",
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1463 | The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.",
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"evidence_id": "New York City:237",
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"evidence": "The warmest month on record is July 1999, with a mean temperature of 81.4 °F (27.4 °C).",
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"evidence": "The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).",
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"evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:11",
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"evidence": "Global surface temperatures in 2016 had increased about 1.0 °C since the 1901.",
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1477 | Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.",
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"evidence": "Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.",
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"evidence": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",
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1669 | There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.",
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"evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:164",
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"evidence": "This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.",
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"evidence": "There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.",
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86 | There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.",
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"evidence": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",
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"evidence": "Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.",
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1268 | The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",
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"evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",
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"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:56",
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"evidence": "Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,640 feet) of sea water.",
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666 | while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Polar bear:173",
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"evidence": "Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen.",
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"evidence": "They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.",
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"evidence": "A study in Hudson Bay indicated that both the reproductive success and the maternal weight of females peaked in their mid-teens.Maternal success appeared to decline after this point, possibly because of an age-related impairment in the ability to store the fat necessary to rear cubs.",
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"evidence": "In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.",
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"evidence": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.",
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2199 | The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:371",
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"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.",
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"evidence": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:16",
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"evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:257",
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"evidence": "Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.",
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"evidence": "For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5 °C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980–1999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply.",
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1011 | The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’” | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:35",
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"evidence": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:46",
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"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:56",
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"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland:185",
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"article": "Greenland",
"evidence": "The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.",
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1815 | Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.",
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2666 | Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1567 | IPCC overestimate temperature rise. | 1REFUTES | [
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849 | The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1307 | a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.",
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"evidence": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.",
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1851 | Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2614 | "The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Keeling Curve:8",
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"evidence": "Charles David Keeling, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, was the first person to make frequent regular measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at the South Pole, and on Mauna Loa, Hawaii from March 1958 onwards.",
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2396 | Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:34",
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"evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:978",
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"evidence": "\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:119",
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"evidence": "Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:639",
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"evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".",
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"evidence": "A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.",
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293 | When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Microphone:365",
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"evidence_id": "Sound reinforcement system:297",
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"evidence_id": "Surveying:267",
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2170 | Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs | 1REFUTES | [
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275 | until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:42",
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"evidence": "Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.",
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1389 | If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?” | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:205",
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"evidence": "Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.",
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"evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:99",
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"evidence": "By 2014, another report revealed that, due to the change in climatic patterns, the heat waves were found to be increasingly more frequent and severe, with an earlier start to the season and longer duration.",
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"evidence_id": "El Niño:13",
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1729 | A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.",
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"evidence": "Quantifying the exact temperature change for which this tipping point is crossed remains controversial.",
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"evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".",
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139 | And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Climate change denial",
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"evidence": "Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled\" Begley 2007: \"polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was \"mainly caused by things people do.\"",
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"evidence": "In 2007, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the policy statement Global Climate Change and Children's Health: Anticipated direct health consequences of climate change include injury and death from extreme weather events and natural disasters, increases in climate-sensitive infectious diseases, increases in air pollution–related illness, and more heat-related, potentially fatal, illness.",
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"evidence": "Disasters, violence and disease are expected to be more frequent and intense, making the future of the world's poorest children more bleak.",
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"evidence": "Conservative environmental estimates of the impact of climate changes that are already in process indicate that they will result in numerous health effects to children.",
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609 | That’s because as Antarctica’s mass shrinks, the ice sheet’s gravitational pull on the ocean relaxes somewhat, and the seas travel back across the globe to pile up far away — with U.S. coasts being one prime destination.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1517 | Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2381 | Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor. | 1REFUTES | [
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1831 | (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have \"implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases\".",
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"evidence_id": "Valero Energy:134",
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1644 | Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:459",
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"evidence": "Earth's glaciers are expected to melt within the next forty years, greatly decreasing fresh water flow in the hotter times of the year, causing everyone to depend on rainwater, resulting in large shortages and fluctuations in fresh water availability which largely effects agriculture, power supply, and human health and well-being.",
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"evidence": "A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.",
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1056 | Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Environmental issues in Thailand:36",
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"evidence": "Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.",
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"evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:131",
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"evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:53",
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"evidence": "The greatest Arctic declines are in the winter and spring, reaching up to 30 percent when the stratosphere is coldest.",
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2493 | Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Mount Kenya:8",
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"evidence": "There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].",
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"evidence_id": "Mount Kilimanjaro:174",
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976 | The gas builds up in the soil, forming mounds called ‘pingoes.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Effigy Mounds National Monument:7",
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"article": "Effigy Mounds National Monument",
"evidence": "However, mounds in the shape of mammals, birds, or reptiles, known as effigies, apparently were constructed primarily by peoples in what is now known as southern Wisconsin, northeast Iowa, and small parts of Minnesota and Illinois.",
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"evidence": "At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures.",
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"evidence_id": "Soil:309",
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"evidence": "The clumping of the soil textural components of sand, silt and clay causes aggregates to form and the further association of those aggregates into larger units creates soil structures called peds (a contraction of the word pedolith).",
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"evidence": "At the same time, root hairs and fungal hyphae create microscopic tunnels that break up peds.",
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"evidence_id": "Soil:856",
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"evidence": "Phosphorus is largely immobile in the soil and is not leached but actually builds up in the surface layer if not cropped.",
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583 | But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Bahrain:195",
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"evidence": "Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 °C (122 °F) under the right conditions.",
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"evidence": "The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current.",
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"evidence_id": "Gulf Stream:22",
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"evidence": "By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be.",
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"evidence_id": "Gulf Stream:42",
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"evidence": "As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling.",
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"evidence_id": "Gulf Stream:45",
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"evidence": "These two processes produce water that is denser and colder (or, more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature).",
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257 | The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:0",
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"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.",
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"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:10",
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"evidence": "1250, during the European Middle Ages.",
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1588 | Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.",
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"evidence": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.",
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"evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",
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"evidence": "Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.",
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"evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",
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2630 | "A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Atmosphere of Jupiter",
"evidence": "The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22° south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years.",
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764 | […]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).",
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"evidence": "In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.",
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"evidence": "Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.\"",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Climate engineering (sometimes called geoengineering or climate intervention) is the deliberate modification of the climate.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:709",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "NASA's Global Climate Change.",
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2081 | Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally. | 1REFUTES | [
{
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"article": "Heat wave",
"evidence": "The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.",
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"evidence": "June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.",
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"evidence": "This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.",
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"evidence": "'s Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990.",
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"evidence_id": "List of heat waves:15",
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"evidence": "Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.",
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2363 | The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:108",
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"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "The choice of authors aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation, ensuring representation of experts from developing and developed countries and countries with economies in transition.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:27",
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"evidence": "The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:79",
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"evidence": "Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:8",
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"evidence": "Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:80",
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"evidence": "According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.",
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2071 | Carbon pollution is a health hazard. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
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"evidence": "It is considered to be a health hazard.",
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"evidence": "Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.",
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"evidence_id": "Air pollution:53",
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"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.",
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"evidence_id": "Hazard:120",
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"article": "Hazard",
"evidence": "Health hazards Hazards affecting the health of exposed persons, usually having an acute or chronic illness as the consequence.",
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"evidence_id": "Pollution:176",
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"article": "Pollution",
"evidence": "Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards.",
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