claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2
classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
1775 | Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:6",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Greenhouse effect",
"evidence": "The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) under... |
721 | “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:351",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).",
"entropy": 0.69314718246459... |
279 | In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:43",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy",
"evidence": "Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological O... |
2054 | During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
1672 | Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:288",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves",
"evidence": "In Israel, the year 2010 was the hottest on record, and average temperatures were 2-3 degrees Celsius higher than the average.",
"entropy": 0,
"vote... |
1951 | Scientists are "questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. " | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
789 | Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:287",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruis... |
971 | Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:2",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "A 2007 study found the decline to be \"faster than forecasted\" by model simulations.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
... |
1557 | Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):12",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
... |
2688 | Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Neptune:141",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Neptune",
"evidence": "The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id... |
548 | The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cyclone:113",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cyclone",
"evidence": "A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere,... |
1173 | […]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cellulosic ethanol:188",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cellulosic ethanol",
"evidence": "\"The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
199 | In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Biodiversity:307",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Biodiversity",
"evidence": "Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Global... |
1513 | I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-... |
161 | Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:316",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.",
"entropy": 0,
"v... |
310 | [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cloud:328",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Cloud",
"evidence": "The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INF... |
1692 | The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Ocean acidification",
"evidence": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPP... |
1474 | Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:59",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and ... |
254 | it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies] | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:1029",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "\"Dirty Money, Oil Companies and Special Interests Spend Millions to Oppose Climate Legislation\".",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"... |
382 | The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Net metering:353",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Net metering",
"evidence": "The energy can be generated from a variety of renewable sources including solar, wind, and hydro.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null... |
240 | In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:224",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 19... |
2267 | Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:126",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "Despite leaked emails during the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, as well as multinational, independent research on the topic, no evidence of such a conspiracy has been presen... |
2062 | Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:12",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"SU... |
1872 | Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:718",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "\"NASA Faked the Moon Landing—Therefore, (Climate) Science Is a Hoax\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
1351 | a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:184",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies.",
"... |
2531 | "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:34",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report",
"evidence": "This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology... |
2336 | Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cloud:326",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Cloud",
"evidence": "Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
... |
575 | While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:21",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
1303 | No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:148",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
1986 | The Obama administration "has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem." | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Barack Obama:282",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Barack Obama",
"evidence": "On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.",
... |
477 | Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Avoided Deforestation Partners:5",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Avoided Deforestation Partners",
"evidence": "Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases.",
"entropy": 0,
"vo... |
818 | “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:253",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsci... |
2060 | Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:159",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
104 | Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
737 | The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Pleistocene:92",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Pleistocene",
"evidence": "Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
... |
2521 | The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Earth:143",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmosphere of Earth",
"evidence": "Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INF... |
2119 | Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1219",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "\"SYR 2.3: Climate sensitivity and feedbacks\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
... |
1331 | More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Ocean:106",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Ocean",
"evidence": "Plants : including sea grasses, or mangroves Fungi : many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments Animals : most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are onl... |
1960 | Solar panels drain the sun's energy. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Photovoltaics:29",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Photovoltaics",
"evidence": "Solar photovoltaic power generation has long been seen as a clean energy technology which draws upon the planet's most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source – the sun.",
"entropy... |
2359 | Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be ma... |
1648 | A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS... |
190 | Climate change is normal and continual. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):10",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,... |
2086 | Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Extreme weather:179",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Extreme weather",
"evidence": "Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
null,
"REFUTE... |
2068 | Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:164",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
... |
1772 | Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:300",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
133 | The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Agriculture:138",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Agriculture",
"evidence": "As of 2010[update], 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": ... |
982 | Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:90",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Physical impacts of climate change",
"evidence": "Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.",
"entropy": 0.562335133552551... |
2075 | The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",... |
2607 | Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing - produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Agriculture:257",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Agriculture",
"evidence": "Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.",
"entropy": 1.039720... |
954 | Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Permafrost:122",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Permafrost",
"evidence": "Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPP... |
2460 | That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'." | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:2631",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
... |
2111 | 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):2",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasi... |
1971 | The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon footprint:133",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon footprint",
"evidence": "Wind power and solar power, emit no carbon from the operation, but do leave a footprint during construction phase and maintenance during operation.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"vote... |
2395 | While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:60",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850",
"evidence": "Inland glaciers have had a generally negative mass balance, whereby during the 1990s, maritime glaciers showed a positive mass balance and advanced.",
"entropy": 0... |
807 | the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:104",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORT... |
1339 | “Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:216",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
... |
450 | If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
888 | the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:174",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.",
"entropy": ... |
1052 | But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Anoxic event:88",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Anoxic event",
"evidence": "If the high latitude waters are below 5 °C (41 °F), they will be dense enough to sink; as they are cool, oxygen is highly soluble in their waters, and the deep ocean will be oxygenated.",
"entropy": ... |
564 | This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:18",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth... |
2508 | "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate variability:42",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate variability",
"evidence": "The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS... |
2511 | In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Pacific decadal oscillation:3",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Pacific decadal oscillation",
"evidence": "There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring a... |
1463 | The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:106",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.",
"entropy": 1.... |
1477 | Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:78",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is chan... |
1669 | There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:125",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "An Inconvenient Truth",
"evidence": "Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; S... |
86 | There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate:108",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null... |
1268 | The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice... |
666 | while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Polar bear:173",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Polar bear",
"evidence": "Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
2199 | The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:371",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
1011 | The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:35",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possib... |
1815 | Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Neanderthal:437",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Neanderthal",
"evidence": "Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also ... |
2666 | Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate:115",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
1567 | IPCC overestimate temperature rise. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
"NOT_... |
849 | The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:95",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": ... |
1307 | a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:250",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in Australia",
"evidence": "A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cau... |
1851 | Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Democratic Party (United States):307",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Democratic Party (United States)",
"evidence": "Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.",
"en... |
2614 | "The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Keeling Curve:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Keeling Curve",
"evidence": "The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the ... |
2396 | Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:34",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in the Arctic",
"evidence": "The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
293 | When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Heat flux sensor:89",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Heat flux sensor",
"evidence": "While heat flux sensors are typically supplied with a sensitivity by the manufacturer, there are times and situations that call for a re-calibration of the sensor.",
"entropy": 0.562335133552... |
2170 | Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:45",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change in the United States",
"evidence": "Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods... |
275 | until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:22",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
]
... |
1389 | If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:205",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in Australia",
"evidence": "Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.",
"entropy": 0,
"vo... |
1729 | A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate engineering:51",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate engineering",
"evidence": "Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
139 | And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:1170",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "ISBN 978-1-4614-3640-9. belief that climate change is \"real\" and confidence in climate science has surprisingly decreased… Angus Reid polls conducted in December 2009 found declinin... |
609 | That’s because as Antarctica’s mass shrinks, the ice sheet’s gravitational pull on the ocean relaxes somewhat, and the seas travel back across the globe to pile up far away — with U.S. coasts being one prime destination.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:351",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": ... |
1517 | Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
2381 | Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon tax:301",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon tax",
"evidence": "Various studies in the 1990s, and an economic analysis by Statistics Norway, have estimated the effect of the CO2 tax to be a reduction of 2.5–11% of Norwegian emissions under a business-as-usual approach (... |
1831 | (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:22",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst clim... |
1644 | Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:459",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "Earth's glaciers are expected to melt within the next forty years, greatly decreasing fresh water flow in the hotter times of the year, causing ... |
1056 | Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:134",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "The ocean has already lost oxygen, throughout the entire water column and oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
... |
2493 | Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Mount Kenya:8",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Mount Kenya",
"evidence": "There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO... |
976 | The gas builds up in the soil, forming mounds called ‘pingoes.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effigy Mounds National Monument:7",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effigy Mounds National Monument",
"evidence": "However, mounds in the shape of mammals, birds, or reptiles, known as effigies, apparently were constructed primarily by peoples in what is now known as southern Wisc... |
583 | But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Bahrain:195",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Bahrain",
"evidence": "Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 °C (122 °F) under the right conditions.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
... |
257 | The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 12... |
1588 | Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:14",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
... |
2630 | "A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Jupiter:230",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Atmosphere of Jupiter",
"evidence": "The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22° south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years.",
"entropy": 0... |
764 | […]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):18",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996... |
2081 | Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Heat wave:142",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Heat wave",
"evidence": "The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
2363 | The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:108",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "The choice of authors aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation, ensuring representation of experts from developing a... |
2071 | Carbon pollution is a health hazard. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:102",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "It is considered to be a health hazard.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:330",... |
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