claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2
classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
474 | Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS"... |
2662 | "...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.) | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Botany:129",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Botany",
"evidence": "The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
... |
1088 | ‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):10",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",... |
1090 | Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:260",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves",
"evidence": "Temperatures of 53.7C (128.66 F) have been recorded in Pakistan.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENO... |
868 | In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Spanish flu:1",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Spanish flu",
"evidence": "It infected 500 million people around the world, or about 27% of the then world population of about 1.8 billion, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes"... |
772 | Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:11",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "CO 2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"N... |
418 | describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040 | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:43",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
... |
1251 | “Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Clathrate gun hypothesis:50",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Clathrate gun hypothesis",
"evidence": "(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area ... |
1627 | In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:72",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).",... |
1136 | When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
... |
2575 | Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami:144",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami",
"evidence": "The tsunami devastated the northwestern coastlines of Sumatra, especially in Aceh Province, Indonesia, about 20 minutes after the initial earthqua... |
616 | The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cryosphere:59",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cryosphere",
"evidence": "Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.",
"ent... |
812 | The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:30",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Physical impacts of climate change",
"evidence": "For 2 °C of warming the fraction of precipitation extremes attributable to human influence rises to about 40%.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes"... |
1421 | The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change in the Arctic",
"evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sh... |
1617 | IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:10",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scient... |
173 | If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coal:37",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Coal",
"evidence": "Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",... |
2441 | Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:730",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "\"When and how did the ice age end?",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Ice age:0",
... |
2027 | You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:375",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.",
... |
2323 | Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Extraterrestrial atmosphere:266",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Extraterrestrial atmosphere",
"evidence": "\"Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says\".",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
2184 | We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Ice age:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Ice age",
"evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.",
"entropy": 0,... |
2100 | IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Ganges:364",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Ganges",
"evidence": "In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
... |
1347 | Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:18",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth... |
1400 | The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:45",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though \"the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then\" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling t... |
1061 | warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:326",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850",
"evidence": "In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice s... |
1001 | ‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:67",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "This relationship has been documented through observation evidence and model responses to sea ice loss according to the 2017 Wiley Periodicals Article, Amplified Arctic warming and mi... |
1614 | Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:122",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": ... |
1315 | cold kills many more people than heat. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "2015 Indian heat wave:15",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "2015 Indian heat wave",
"evidence": "In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Ca... |
2398 | While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:188",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and ... |
350 | Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:232",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
... |
528 | Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:16",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,... |
765 | The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:3",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effect... |
452 | “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:103",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead ... |
2250 | Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:18",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate sensitivity",
"evidence": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equival... |
1170 | If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans:58",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans",
"evidence": "It was also forecast that the storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain would reach 14–18 feet (4.3–5.5 m), with waves reaching 7 feet (2 m) above th... |
920 | If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:119",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"REFUTES",
null,
nul... |
75 | The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:57",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
717 | Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatology:22",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climatology",
"evidence": "While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
993 | While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS... |
2426 | "Twentieth century global warming did not start until 1910. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "20th century:6",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "20th century",
"evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",... |
2178 | Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:84",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming hiatus",
"evidence": "A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular ... |
2691 | There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:15",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Radiative forcing is a measure of how various factors alter the energy balance of the Earth's atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORT... |
1592 | 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
2430 | Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation",
"evidence": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climat... |
692 | “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:51",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate sensitivity",
"evidence": "The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.",
"entrop... |
1756 | Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:114",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge",
"evidence": "The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes... |
2201 | That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:130",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
... |
2275 | […] Constant 24-7 media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem that way.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2003 invasion of Iraq:553",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2003 invasion of Iraq",
"evidence": "This attracted considerable media coverage at the time.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"ev... |
784 | “Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:46",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in the United States",
"evidence": "A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an i... |
19 | If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have i... |
1547 | Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:1",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT... |
1532 | Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global issue:135",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global issue",
"evidence": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NO... |
2603 | While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:20",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as ... |
983 | ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:70",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
1572 | Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:1428",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
... |
905 | “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:128",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing... |
490 | IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:18",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth... |
2500 | Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.' | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:100",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "An Inconvenient Truth",
"evidence": "The film's thesis is that global warming is real, potentially catastrophic, and human-caused.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"REFUTES",
... |
294 | A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Emergency management:350",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Emergency management",
"evidence": "TIEMS is a Global Forum for Education, Training, Certification and Policy in Emergency and Disaster Management.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
... |
2262 | Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:73",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Hockey stick controversy",
"evidence": "For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of t... |
997 | Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:206",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for e... |
897 | The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.” | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Developing country:10",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Developing country",
"evidence": "For example, with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty; high levels of pollution (e.g.",
"entro... |
9 | Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Mars:131",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmosphere of Mars",
"evidence": "CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
n... |
284 | The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:127",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"SUPPORTS... |
2286 | By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun can turn the temperature up and down. ... | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):53",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water ... |
1678 | No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:49",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forci... |
1665 | The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Biodiversity:310",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Biodiversity",
"evidence": "Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that... |
365 | The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Bioterrorism:51",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Bioterrorism",
"evidence": "These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or re... |
1712 | The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:16",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial perio... |
2069 | Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:204",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred... |
1205 | “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 United Kingdom general election:12",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2010 United Kingdom general election",
"evidence": "Realising that a deal between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats was imminent, the next day on Tuesday 11 May Brown announced his resignation as P... |
369 | By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:121",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "A study published in 2017 concluded that Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [... |
2318 | A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:259",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Hockey stick controversy",
"evidence": "McIntyre agreed, and made contact with University of Guelph economics professor Ross McKitrick, a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute which opposed the Kyoto treaty, and co-aut... |
2344 | Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Argo (oceanography):5",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Argo (oceanography)",
"evidence": "In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000 metres (the so-called parking depth) and, every 10 days, by changing their buoyancy, dive to a depth of 2000 metres and then move to the sea-sur... |
2358 | The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation). | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:86",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",... |
2160 | Renewable energy investment kills jobs | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "BP:283",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "BP",
"evidence": "It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources inclu... |
71 | Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "NASA:365",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "NASA",
"evidence": "Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
... |
2539 | "[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:1270",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
]
},
... |
1785 | Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation",
"evidence": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.",
"entrop... |
1013 | Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2014–16 El Niño event",
"evidence": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date ... |
100 | 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:85",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy",
"evidence": "On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already b... |
1525 | Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or ind... |
625 | I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",... |
1799 | Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Digital radio:128",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Digital radio",
"evidence": "Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.",
"entropy": 0,... |
1431 | Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Deforestation:41",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Deforestation",
"evidence": "Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
... |
960 | This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:21",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
1390 | “Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "East Coast of the United States:13",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "East Coast of the United States",
"evidence": "The area from southern Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York City south to central Florida has a temperate climate, with long, hot summers and cold winters with occ... |
44 | Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:78",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is chan... |
1565 | They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change adaptation",
"evidence": "Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as \"climate change\" or \"anthropogenic climate change\").",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"... |
79 | The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:99",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
1504 | Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:167",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "The effects of climate change, in combination with the sustained increases in greenhouse gas emissions, have led scientists to characterize it as a climate emergency.",
"en... |
1271 | Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:43",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
nul... |
1313 | Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:50",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, ... |
1807 | CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:64",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).",
... |
1404 | receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"SUP... |
31 | Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon tax:6",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon tax",
"evidence": "CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"... |
2113 | IPCC overestimate temperature rise | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
null,... |
1183 | “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Battle of the Coral Sea:178",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Battle of the Coral Sea",
"evidence": "Heavily damaged and without power, Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking (16°09′S 158°03′E / 16.150°S 158.050°E / -16.150; 158.050).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
762 | ‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Environmental impact of the coal industry:87",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Environmental impact of the coal industry",
"evidence": "The presence of acid-forming materials exposed as a result of surface mining can affect wildlife by eliminating habitat and by causing direct des... |
1505 | according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "2000s (decade):628",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "2000s (decade)",
"evidence": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Glo... |
184 | It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.... |
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