claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2 classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
474 | Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
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{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:249",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
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{
"evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:5",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic ice pack",
"evidence": "As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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"SUPPORTS",
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:22",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in the Arctic",
"evidence": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Sea ice:120",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea ice",
"evidence": "Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.",
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"votes": [
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2662 | "...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.) | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Botany:129",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Botany",
"evidence": "The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Eocene:20",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Eocene",
"evidence": "For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Eocene:210",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Eocene",
"evidence": "\"Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Eocene:22",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Eocene",
"evidence": "For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.",
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Ice age:153",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Ice age",
"evidence": "At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
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null,
null,
null
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1088 | ‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):10",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:236",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.",
"entropy": 0,
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:39",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend.",
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"evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:30",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Instrumental temperature record",
"evidence": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"",
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"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Phenology:36",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Phenology",
"evidence": "Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null
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1090 | Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:260",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves",
"evidence": "Temperatures of 53.7C (128.66 F) have been recorded in Pakistan.",
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{
"evidence_id": "2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan:29",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan",
"evidence": "On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Abadan, Iran:65",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Abadan, Iran",
"evidence": "which was recorded on January 20, 1964 and February 3, 1967 while the highest is 53 °C (127 °F), recorded on July 11, 1951 and August 9, 1981.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Phalodi:4",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Phalodi",
"evidence": "It holds the record for the highest verified temperature recorded in India at 51 °C (124 °F) on 19 May 2016.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Phalodi:47",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Phalodi",
"evidence": "The highest temperatures recorded in Phalodi during 2016 summers from 18 May to 21 May when it rose up to 51 degrees Celsius.",
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"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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868 | In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Spanish flu:1",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Spanish flu",
"evidence": "It infected 500 million people around the world, or about 27% of the then world population of about 1.8 billion, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Spanish flu:2",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Spanish flu",
"evidence": "The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Spanish flu:315",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Spanish flu",
"evidence": "\"1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say\".",
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Spanish flu:56",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Spanish flu",
"evidence": "Older estimates say it killed 40–50 million people, while current estimates put the death toll at probably 50 million (less than 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%).",
"entropy": 0,
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Spanish flu:69",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Spanish flu",
"evidence": "In the U.S., about 28% of the population of 105 million became infected, and 500,000 to 675,000 died (0.48 to 0.64 percent of the population).",
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null,
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772 | Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:11",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "CO 2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.",
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"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:74",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Carbon dioxide can be obtained by distillation from air, but the method is inefficient.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:43",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:59",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",
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"votes": [
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Nature:42",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Nature",
"evidence": "Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere.",
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418 | describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040 | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:43",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Drought:81",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Drought",
"evidence": "Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through hydroelectric dams Shortages of water for industrial users Snake migration, which results in snake-bites Social unrest War over natural resources, including water and food Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:350",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
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"evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:845",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Great Barrier Reef",
"evidence": "Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.",
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"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Wild fisheries:136",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Wild fisheries",
"evidence": "A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: \"Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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1251 | “Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Clathrate gun hypothesis:50",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Clathrate gun hypothesis",
"evidence": "(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.",
"entropy": 0,
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Methane:122",
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"article": "Methane",
"evidence": "Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Permafrost carbon cycle:50",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Permafrost carbon cycle",
"evidence": "Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.",
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Permafrost:51",
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"article": "Permafrost",
"evidence": "It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a \"potential abundant source of energy\" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.",
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"votes": [
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Permian–Triassic extinction event:1069",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Permian–Triassic extinction event",
"evidence": "\"The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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1627 | In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:72",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Climate:12",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:998",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:22",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",
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null,
null,
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1136 | When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:242",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.",
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"votes": [
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Coral reef:181",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral reef",
"evidence": "Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.",
"entropy": 0,
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{
"evidence_id": "Coral:149",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral",
"evidence": "Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Coral:68",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral",
"evidence": "Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs).",
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2575 | Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami:144",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami",
"evidence": "The tsunami devastated the northwestern coastlines of Sumatra, especially in Aceh Province, Indonesia, about 20 minutes after the initial earthquake.",
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"votes": [
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"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:32",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.",
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"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:67",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "The Indian Ocean in 1998 reported 20% of its coral had died and 80% was bleached.",
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"evidence_id": "Coral:141",
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"article": "Coral",
"evidence": "In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.",
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Coral:145",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Coral",
"evidence": "Over 50% of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by 2030; as a result, most nations protect them through environmental laws.",
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] |
616 | The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cryosphere:59",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cryosphere",
"evidence": "Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:29",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Lake Tahoe:60",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Lake Tahoe",
"evidence": "There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from year to year.",
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"evidence_id": "Season creep:17",
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"article": "Season creep",
"evidence": "Modeling of snowmelt predicted that warming of 3 to 5 °C in the Western United States could cause snowmelt-driven runoff to occur as much as two months earlier, with profound effects on hydroelectricity, land use, agriculture, and water management.",
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"evidence": "Some agricultural areas depend on an accumulation of snow during winter that will melt gradually in spring, providing water for crop growth, both directly and via runoff through streams and rivers, which supply irrigation canals.",
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812 | The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm | 1REFUTES | [
{
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"article": "Physical impacts of climate change",
"evidence": "For 2 °C of warming the fraction of precipitation extremes attributable to human influence rises to about 40%.",
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"evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:377",
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"article": "Physical impacts of climate change",
"evidence": "We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence.",
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"evidence_id": "Puerto Rico:406",
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"evidence": "On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño.",
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"evidence_id": "Saudi Arabia:427",
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"evidence": "An average of 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall occurs during this period, which is about 60 percent of the annual precipitation.",
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"evidence_id": "Urban heat island:98",
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"evidence": "Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51%.",
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1421 | The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Climate change in the Arctic",
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"evidence_id": "Thaumasia quadrangle:84",
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"evidence": "On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.",
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1617 | IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded. | 1REFUTES | [
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"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).",
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"evidence_id": "IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:48",
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"evidence": "There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.",
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"evidence": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190",
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173 | If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black. | 1REFUTES | [
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"article": "Coal",
"evidence": "Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.",
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"evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).",
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"evidence": "China and India have recently increased their emissions of black carbon corresponding to their rapid development.",
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"evidence": "This causes reduced visibility and yellow color.",
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"evidence": "As shown in the seventh image on this page, an optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish-brown) indicates very hazy conditions.",
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2441 | Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "\"When and how did the ice age end?",
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"evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.",
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"evidence": "This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.",
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"article": "Little Ice Age",
"evidence": "According to JM Lamb of Cambridge University the little ice age was already under way in Canada and Switzerland and in the wider North Atlantic region in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries \"Worldwide glacier retreat\".",
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"evidence": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.",
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2027 | You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:375",
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"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.",
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"evidence": "According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:331",
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"evidence": "These include the large-scale singularities such as the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, and changes to the AMOC.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:11",
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"evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:347",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased \"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act\".",
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2323 | Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Extraterrestrial atmosphere:266",
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"evidence": "\"Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says\".",
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"article": "Mars ocean hypothesis",
"evidence": "As Tharsis volcanoes erupted they added huge amounts of gases into the atmosphere that created a global warming, thereby allowing liquid water to exist.",
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"article": "Mars",
"evidence": "Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water.",
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"evidence_id": "Mars:224",
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"article": "Mars",
"evidence": "They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.",
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"evidence_id": "Martian:39",
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"article": "Martian",
"evidence": "They invade Earth because Mars is dying, and they need a warmer planet to live.",
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2184 | We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Ice age:102",
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"evidence": "The colder periods are called glacial periods, the warmer periods interglacials, such as the Eemian Stage.",
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"evidence_id": "Ice age:220",
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"article": "Ice age",
"evidence": "The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years.",
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"evidence_id": "Miocene:34",
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"evidence": "Climates remained moderately warm, although the slow global cooling that eventually led to the Pleistocene glaciations continued.",
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2100 | IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
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"article": "Ganges",
"evidence": "In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.",
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"evidence": "In its statement, the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming (with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin).",
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"evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:168",
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"evidence": "The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:183",
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"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:265",
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"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said, regarding the Himalayan glaciers estimation, \"The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact.",
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1347 | Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:18",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.",
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"evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:153",
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"evidence": "A pair of studies in Nature have said that, as of 2017, none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had envisioned and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise \"well below 2 °C\".",
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"evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:77",
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"evidence": "At the Paris Conference in 2015 where the Agreement was negotiated, the developed countries reaffirmed the commitment to mobilize $100 billion a year in climate finance by 2020, and agreed to continue mobilizing finance at the level of $100 billion a year until 2025.",
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"evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423",
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"evidence": "The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.",
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1400 | The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:45",
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"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though \"the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then\" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming).",
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"evidence_id": "Global cooling:73",
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"evidence": "\"During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.\"",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:366",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).",
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"evidence_id": "Quaternary glaciation:124",
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"article": "Quaternary glaciation",
"evidence": "Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.",
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null,
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"evidence_id": "Quaternary glaciation:126",
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"article": "Quaternary glaciation",
"evidence": "It is possible that the current cooling trend may be interrupted by an interstadial in about 60,000 years, with the next glacial maximum reached only in about 100,000 years.",
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1061 | warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".",
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1001 | ‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Climate of Mars:289",
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"evidence": "K. I. Abdusamatov has proposed that \"parallel global warmings\" observed simultaneously on Mars and on Earth can only be a consequence of the same factor: a long-time change in solar irradiance.\"",
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"evidence": "Observational studies analyze uncontrolled data in search of correlations; multivariate statistics are typically used to interpret the more complex situation.",
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1614 | Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.",
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"evidence": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.",
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1315 | cold kills many more people than heat. | 1REFUTES | [
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2398 | While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).",
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"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",
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350 | Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.",
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"evidence": "When this turns to rain, it tends to come in heavy downpours potentially leading to more floods.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:99",
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"evidence_id": "New York City:243",
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"evidence": "The driest year on record is 1965, with 26.09 inches (663 mm) of rainfall.",
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"evidence": "According the Vermont state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter.",
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528 | Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.",
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"evidence": "Following the Cambrian explosion, 535 Mya, there have been five mass extinctions.",
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"evidence_id": "Evolution:347",
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"evidence_id": "Future of Earth:26",
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"evidence": "This has resulted in a widespread, ongoing mass extinction of other species during the present geological epoch, now known as the Holocene extinction.",
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"evidence_id": "Nature:51",
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"evidence": "The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.",
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765 | The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.",
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"evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".",
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"evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",
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"evidence": "This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.",
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"evidence_id": "Tropical rainforest:66",
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452 | “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.",
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"evidence_id": "Sustainable development:73",
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2250 | Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).",
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"evidence": "The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.",
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"evidence": "In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",
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"evidence": "The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a \"best guess in the light of current knowledge\" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).",
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1170 | If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?” | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans:58",
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"article": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans",
"evidence": "It was also forecast that the storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain would reach 14–18 feet (4.3–5.5 m), with waves reaching 7 feet (2 m) above the storm surge.",
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"evidence_id": "Hurricane Katrina:123",
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"evidence": "The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 m) and a 12-foot (3.7 m) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle.",
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"evidence_id": "Hurricane Katrina:134",
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"evidence": "The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13–16 feet (4.0–4.9 m), not including wave action.",
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"evidence": "Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.",
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"evidence_id": "Storm surge:13",
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920 | If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Antarctica:119",
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"evidence": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.",
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"evidence_id": "Antarctica:395",
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"evidence": "As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting.",
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"evidence": "If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:189",
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"evidence": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:24",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets.",
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75 | The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:57",
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"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.",
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"evidence": "Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:715",
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"evidence": "As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"",
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"evidence": "This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.",
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"evidence_id": "Weather:96",
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"evidence": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",
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717 | Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:100",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:53",
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"evidence": "An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.\"",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:16",
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"evidence": "Its conclusions are summarized below: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.\"",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:671",
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993 | While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
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"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:165",
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"evidence": "This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.",
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"evidence": "Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:49",
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"evidence": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",
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"evidence": "Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",
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2426 | "Twentieth century global warming did not start until 1910. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",
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"evidence": "In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.",
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"evidence": "From 1938 Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO 2 levels increasing, but his calculations met the same objections.",
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"evidence": "Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).",
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2178 | Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Global warming hiatus",
"evidence": "A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular warming trend due mainly to human caused increases in greenhouse gas levels.",
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"evidence": "The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.",
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"evidence": "By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.",
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"evidence": "In a 2011 article published in The Open Atmospheric Science Journal ecologist Craig Loehle of the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (a forest industry institution) and Scafetta forecast that the world climate \"may remain approximately steady until 2030-2040, and may at most warm 0.5-1.0°C by 2100 at the estimated 0.66°C/century anthropogenic warming rate\".",
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"evidence": "\"Hotter sun may affect global warming\".",
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2691 | There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:15",
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"evidence_id": "Earth's energy budget:67",
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1592 | 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_label": 2,
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"evidence": "In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a \"crisis\" or a \"serious problem\", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.",
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"evidence": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",
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"evidence": "It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:266",
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"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.",
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2430 | Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation",
"evidence": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.",
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"evidence_id": "Eocene:114",
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"evidence": "This warming is short lived, as benthic oxygen isotope records indicate a return to cooling at ~40 million years ago.",
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"evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:162",
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"evidence_id": "Quaternary glaciation:112",
"evidence_label": 2,
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"evidence": "Before the current ice age, which began 2 to 3 Ma, Earth's climate was typically mild and uniform for long periods of time.",
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692 | “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",
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"evidence": "For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:207",
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"evidence_id": "James Hansen:126",
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1756 | Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:114",
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"article": "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge",
"evidence": "The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.",
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"evidence": "Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.",
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"evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:16",
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"evidence": "The primary cause of this phenomenon is ice-albedo feedback, where by melting ice uncovers darker land or ocean beneath, which then absorbs more sunlight, causing more heating.",
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"evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.",
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2201 | That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing.",
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"evidence": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:171",
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"evidence": "The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:89",
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"evidence": "Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.",
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2275 | […] Constant 24-7 media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem that way.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "2003 invasion of Iraq:553",
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"article": "2003 invasion of Iraq",
"evidence": "This attracted considerable media coverage at the time.",
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"evidence_id": "Daniel Bryan:2060",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Daniel Bryan",
"evidence": "\"Radican's ROH Respect Is Earned Report 7/20: ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of PPV\".",
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784 | “Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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19 | If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "These gases are proposed for introduction because they generate a greenhouse effect thousands of times stronger than that of CO 2.",
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1547 | Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1532 | Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2603 | While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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983 | ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Kalahari Desert:47",
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"evidence": "In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: \"open\" as opposed to \"closed\" vegetation.",
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"evidence": "Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier?",
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"evidence": "Wetlands can be dry during the dry season and abnormally dry periods during the wet season, but under normal environmental conditions the soils in a wetland will be saturated to the surface or inundated such that the soils become anaerobic, and those conditions will persist through the wet portion of the growing season.",
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1572 | Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:21",
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"evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).",
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"evidence": "The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.",
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"evidence": "10–14 Tyndall 1861.",
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"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:175",
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905 | “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "In an op-ed for The New York Times, he wrote, \"Ironically, much of the hysteria over global warming is itself fueled by concerns that it may drive numerous species to extinction and increase hunger worldwide, especially in developing countries.",
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490 | IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.",
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"evidence_id": "Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C:292",
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"evidence": "\"Australia is not on track to reach 2030 Paris target (but the potential is there)\".",
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"evidence": "In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted, governing emission reductions from 2020 on through commitments of countries in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), with a view of lowering the target to 1.5 °C.",
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2500 | Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.' | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:100",
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"evidence": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".",
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"evidence": "The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.",
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294 | A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Emergency management:350",
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"evidence": "TIEMS is a Global Forum for Education, Training, Certification and Policy in Emergency and Disaster Management.",
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"evidence": "Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled \"Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference.\"",
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"evidence_id": "Sustainability:151",
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"article": "Sustainability",
"evidence": "The scientists declared \"climate emergency\" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.",
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2262 | Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "The Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1998 (MBH98) multiproxy study on \"Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries\" was submitted to the journal Nature on 9 May 1997, accepted on 27 February 1998 and published on 23 April 1998.",
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"evidence": "Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.",
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997 | Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for experts to debate, if not settle.",
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"evidence": "The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.",
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"evidence": "It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.",
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897 | The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.” | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.",
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9 | Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space.",
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284 | The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analysed \"1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers\".",
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"evidence": "The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.",
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"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",
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"evidence": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".",
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2286 | By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun can turn the temperature up and down. ... | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.",
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"evidence": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.",
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"evidence": "If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.",
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"evidence": "Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.",
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"evidence": "The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K, whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000–2,000,000 K. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere.",
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1678 | No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.",
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"evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",
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"evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",
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"evidence": "Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"",
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"evidence": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"",
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1665 | The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Biodiversity",
"evidence": "Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.",
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"evidence": "Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.",
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"evidence": "The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.",
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"evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:266",
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"evidence": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.",
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"evidence_id": "Sustainability:256",
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"evidence": "The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.",
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365 | The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Bioterrorism",
"evidence": "These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.",
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"evidence": "A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.",
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"evidence": "These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.",
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"evidence": "For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared: \"Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more.\"",
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1712 | The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:16",
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"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.",
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"evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).",
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"evidence": "\"Is the Sun causing global warming?\".",
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2069 | Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:204",
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"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.",
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"evidence": "Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.",
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"article": "Ocean acidification",
"evidence": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.",
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"evidence": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.",
"entropy": 0,
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1205 | “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "2010 United Kingdom general election:12",
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"article": "2010 United Kingdom general election",
"evidence": "Realising that a deal between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats was imminent, the next day on Tuesday 11 May Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister, marking the end of 13 years of Labour government.",
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"evidence": "In 2009 several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord, which has been widely portrayed as disappointing because of its low goals, leading poor nations to reject it.",
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369 | By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "A study published in 2017 concluded that Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt.",
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"evidence": "Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.",
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"evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".",
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"evidence": "For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries.",
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2318 | A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "McIntyre agreed, and made contact with University of Guelph economics professor Ross McKitrick, a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute which opposed the Kyoto treaty, and co-author of Taken By Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming.",
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2344 | Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Argo (oceanography)",
"evidence": "In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000 metres (the so-called parking depth) and, every 10 days, by changing their buoyancy, dive to a depth of 2000 metres and then move to the sea-surface, measuring conductivity and temperature profiles as well as pressure.",
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"evidence": "David Morrison reports that \"[b]oth of these data sets show clear signatures of heat deposition in the ocean, from the temperature changes in the top 2 km of water and from the expansion of the ocean water due to heating.",
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"evidence_id": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:58",
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2358 | The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation). | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.",
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"evidence": "Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.",
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"evidence": "Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.",
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2160 | Renewable energy investment kills jobs | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "BP:283",
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"article": "BP",
"evidence": "It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.",
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71 | Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Solar minimum:19",
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"evidence": "The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 500 km above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about 4,100 K. This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra.",
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2539 | "[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".",
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"evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:76",
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"evidence": "The presence of N2, CH4, and H2 in the atmosphere contribute to a greenhouse effect, increasing the surface temperature by 21K over the expected temperature of the body with no atmosphere.",
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"evidence": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",
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1785 | Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113",
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"evidence": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:128",
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"evidence": "The 2013 annual report stated that \"While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content.",
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"evidence": "Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.",
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"evidence": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.",
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1013 | Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).",
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"evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",
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"evidence": "This in turn caused sea-levels to rise 20 metres.",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "18 January 2019.",
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100 | 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.",
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"evidence": "A 2013 study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research Letters analyzed 11,944 abstracts from papers published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature between 1991 and 2011, identified by searching the ISI Web of Science citation index engine for the text strings \"global climate change\" or \"global warming\".",
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"evidence": "His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused \"all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal\" and would explain ice age changes.",
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"evidence_id": "James Delingpole:18",
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"evidence": "Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of \"The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth\".",
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1525 | Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.",
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"evidence": "A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that \"amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries.\"",
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"evidence_id": "Global catastrophic risk:221",
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"evidence": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.",
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"evidence_id": "Sustainability:225",
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"article": "Sustainability",
"evidence": "Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation.",
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625 | I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
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"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
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"evidence": "For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.",
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"evidence": "The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.",
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"evidence": "Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",
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"evidence": "The sea-level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25 mm per year from 1993–2005, and 0.42 mm per year from 2005 to 2015.",
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1799 | Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Digital radio:128",
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"article": "Digital radio",
"evidence": "Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.",
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"evidence_id": "Satellite television:110",
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"evidence_id": "Satellite television:222",
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"evidence_id": "Satellite television:234",
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"evidence": "Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.",
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1431 | Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.",
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"evidence": "Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.",
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"evidence": "Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.",
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"evidence": "The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.",
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"evidence": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).",
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960 | This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years | 1REFUTES | [
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:22",
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"evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150",
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"evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:48",
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"evidence": "Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.",
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1390 | “Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "East Coast of the United States",
"evidence": "The area from southern Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York City south to central Florida has a temperate climate, with long, hot summers and cold winters with occasional snow in the northern portions, and milder winters in the southern portions.",
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"evidence_id": "Lyme disease:168",
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"evidence_id": "Temperate climate:15",
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"evidence": "These are the climates that are typically found at southernmost portion of the temperate zone between 23.5° and 35° north or south, and thus are far more influenced by the tropics than any other tepid climate type, usually having warmer temperatures over the year, longer summers and mild, short winters.",
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"evidence_id": "Temperate climate:28",
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"evidence": "In these the temperatures remain relatively cool through most of the year as opposed to mild and warm in the subtropics and cold in the subpoles.",
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44 | Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:78",
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"evidence": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:139",
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"evidence": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:283",
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"evidence": "Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:543",
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"evidence": "7–10 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:692",
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"evidence": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",
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1565 | They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:0",
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"article": "Climate change adaptation",
"evidence": "Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as \"climate change\" or \"anthropogenic climate change\").",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:1428",
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"evidence": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:1828",
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"evidence": "\"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'\".",
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"evidence": "In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:709",
"evidence_label": 2,
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"evidence": "NASA's Global Climate Change.",
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79 | The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:99",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.",
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"evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:48",
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"evidence": "The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:507",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:719",
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"evidence": "On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.",
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1504 | Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:167",
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"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "The effects of climate change, in combination with the sustained increases in greenhouse gas emissions, have led scientists to characterize it as a climate emergency.",
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"evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:1021",
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"evidence": "\"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly\".",
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"evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:292",
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"evidence": "The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.",
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"evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:294",
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"evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:996",
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"evidence": "\"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming\".",
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1271 | Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:43",
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"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:46",
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"evidence": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:6",
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"evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland:172",
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"evidence": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",
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"evidence_id": "Ice sheet:21",
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"evidence": "The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.",
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1313 | Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:50",
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"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.",
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"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:513",
"evidence_label": 2,
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"evidence": "\"Coral Bleaching Has Ravaged Half of Hawaii's Coral Reefs\".",
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"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:52",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.",
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"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:8",
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"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.",
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"evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:104",
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"article": "Great Barrier Reef",
"evidence": "Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures, affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress.",
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1807 | CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:64",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:111",
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"evidence": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:116",
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"evidence": "The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:244",
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"evidence": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:288",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.",
"entropy": 0,
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1404 | receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:270",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:297",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:397",
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"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:437",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.",
"entropy": 0,
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31 | Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
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"article": "Carbon tax",
"evidence": "CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.",
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"evidence_id": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:152",
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"article": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum",
"evidence": "Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.",
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"evidence_id": "Permian–Triassic extinction event:1171",
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"evidence": "\"Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction\".",
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"evidence_id": "Permian–Triassic extinction event:177",
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"evidence": "The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.",
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"evidence_id": "Permian–Triassic extinction event:182",
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"article": "Permian–Triassic extinction event",
"evidence": "The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.",
"entropy": 0,
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2113 | IPCC overestimate temperature rise | 1REFUTES | [
{
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:22",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",
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"evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:162",
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"article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report",
"evidence": "As global average temperature increase exceeds about 3.5°C, model projections suggest significant extinctions (40–70% of species assessed) around the globe.",
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"evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:63",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report",
"evidence": "This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.",
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"evidence_id": "Richard Lindzen:87",
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"article": "Richard Lindzen",
"evidence": "The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.",
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1183 | “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Battle of the Coral Sea:178",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Battle of the Coral Sea",
"evidence": "Heavily damaged and without power, Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking (16°09′S 158°03′E / 16.150°S 158.050°E / -16.150; 158.050).",
"entropy": 0,
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"evidence_id": "Bikini Atoll:540",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Bikini Atoll",
"evidence": "\"Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Kiribati:191",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Kiribati",
"evidence": "Since land height has not changed the vulnerability of the greater part of the land area of each island to submergence due to sea level rise is also unchanged and these low-lying atolls remain immediately and extremely vulnerable to inundation or sea water flooding.\"",
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"evidence_id": "Kiribati:436",
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"article": "Kiribati",
"evidence": "\"Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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"evidence_id": "Kiribati:529",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Kiribati",
"evidence": "\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".",
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762 | ‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Environmental impact of the coal industry:87",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Environmental impact of the coal industry",
"evidence": "The presence of acid-forming materials exposed as a result of surface mining can affect wildlife by eliminating habitat and by causing direct destruction of some species.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
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"evidence_id": "Human impact on marine life:99",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Human impact on marine life",
"evidence": "These large-scale alterations in the physical environment are \"driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs\".",
"entropy": 0,
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"evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:139",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Ocean acidification",
"evidence": "Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.",
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"evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:175",
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"article": "Ocean acidification",
"evidence": "Other organisms are directly harmed as a result of acidification.",
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"evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:57",
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"article": "Ocean acidification",
"evidence": "Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats.",
"entropy": 0,
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null,
null,
null
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] |
1505 | according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "2000s (decade):628",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "2000s (decade)",
"evidence": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
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"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:22",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",
"entropy": 0,
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
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null,
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] |
184 | It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:218",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.",
"entropy": 0,
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:59",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:6",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
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] |
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