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In order to accurately measure longitude, the precise time of a sextant sighting (down to the second, if possible) must be recorded. Each second of error is equivalent to 15 seconds of longitude error, which at the equator is a position error of .25 of a nautical mile, about the accuracy limit of manual celestial navig...
Navigation
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The difference between GMT and chronometer time is carefully determined and applied as a correction to all chronometer readings. Spring-driven chronometers must be wound at about the same time each day.Quartz crystal marine chronometers have replaced spring-driven chronometers aboard many ships because of their greater...
Navigation
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They are maintained on GMT directly from radio time signals. This eliminates chronometer error and watch error corrections. Should the second hand be in error by a readable amount, it can be reset electrically.The basic element for time generation is a quartz crystal oscillator.
Navigation
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The quartz crystal is temperature compensated and is hermetically sealed in an evacuated envelope. A calibrated adjustment capability is provided to adjust for the aging of the crystal.The chronometer is designed to operate for a minimum of 1 year on a single set of batteries. Observations may be timed and ship's clock...
Navigation
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In practice, a wrist watch coordinated to the nearest second with the chronometer will be adequate.A stop watch, either spring wound or digital, may also be used for celestial observations. In this case, the watch is started at a known GMT by chronometer, and the elapsed time of each sight added to this to obtain GMT o...
Navigation
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In order to accurately measure the aerodynamics of scale models, the density of the air used in a wind tunnel must also be scaled to replicate realistic conditions that would affect the full-scale aircraft. The Reynolds number is a quantification of the complex behaviors of dynamic fluids and is calculated as the ratio...
Variable Density Tunnel
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Without properly scaling the Reynolds number, the air flowing over a scale model would react very differently with a full-scale aircraft than it would in a wind tunnel. If a full-scale airfoil is to be simulated in a wind tunnel by a small-scale model, the Reynolds number can only be matched by increasing the velocity ...
Variable Density Tunnel
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In order to achieve a better and more equitable distribution of insurance costs, the government intervenes through the means of taxation of low risk individuals in order to subsidise the premiums that have to be paid by high risk individuals. Therefore, there is a redistribution from low risk individuals to high risk i...
Social Insurance
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In the case of the Affordable Care Act, for example, an individual mandate was included which required Americans to purchase health insurance or be subject to a financial penalty. This allowed higher cost individuals, from the perspective of insurance companies, such as people with pre-existing conditions to be covered...
Social Insurance
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In order to achieve a linear improvement in usefulness over time it is necessary to have an exponential increase in technology over time. Moore's law delivers an exponential increase in technology, and so when Claasen's law is combined with Moore's law it implies a linear improvement in usefulness over time.
Claasen's law
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In order to achieve a near thermodynamically reversible process so that most of the energy is saved in the system and can be retrieved, and losses are kept negligible, a near reversible isothermal process or an isentropic process is desired.
Compressed-air energy storage
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In order to achieve a precise and effective typestate analysis, it is necessary to address the problem of aliasing. Aliasing occurs when an object has more than one reference or pointer that points to it. For the analysis to be correct, state changes to a given object must be reflected in all references that point to t...
Typestate analysis
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As another issue, for some programs, the method of taking the greatest lower bound at converging execution paths and adding corresponding down-coercion operations appears to be inadequate. For example, before the return 1 in the following program, all components x, y, and z of coord are initialized, but Strom's and Yem...
Typestate analysis
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In order to achieve an abstract goal, architects often plan outside the needs of their clients. The Chicago physician Edith Farnsworth, who commissioned Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in 1945 to design a weekend house in which she could retreat for relaxation, was not impressed by the purism of her Farnsworth House, which co...
Architectural icon
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But his tenacity is worth it, because to fully understand a building, you have to see it for yourself." (in German: "Der Architekturtourist ist ein beherzter Mensch, der ohne weiteres eine ganze Reise plant, um ein bestimmtes Bauwerk zu sehen; der einen halben Tag sucht, um es zu finden; der stundenlang an der Türschwe...
Architectural icon
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Jürgen Tietz, who in the Neuen Zürcher Zeitung critically examines the urge for ever new architectural symbols triggered by the so-called "Bilbao effect" of Frank O. Gehry's Guggenheim Museum in the Basque Bilbao, also takes up the fact that you have to see a building yourself. First this fashion wave reached the metro...
Architectural icon
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In the times of globalization architectural icons are becoming trademarks in the competition between metropolises: "At the same time, the growing inflation on the catwalk of architectural images threatens to contribute to general confusion. Did this house stand in Hamburg, Tokyo or Paris? Was it the museum in Bern, Man...
Architectural icon
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Was it the architect Eisenman, Koolhaas or Piano?" (in German: Zugleich droht die wachsende Inflation auf dem Catwalk der Architekturbilder zur allgemeinen Verwirrung beizutragen. Stand dieses Haus in Hamburg, Tokio oder Paris?
Architectural icon
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War es das Museum in Bern, Manchester oder Seoul? Hiess der Architekt Eisenman, Koolhaas oder Piano?) The dilemma of this architecture, which is oriented towards the visual effect, is that it must rely on the quick glance.
Architectural icon
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Tietz calls it "an architectural fast food that is as easy to consume as possible" (in German: ein möglichst leicht konsumierbares architektonisches Fast Food). At the same time, it is often forgotten that what constitutes the quality of architecture can only be experienced on location: "But the Modernist building set ...
Architectural icon
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In order to achieve an integrated network including different modes of transport, all agencies responsible for the various modes must work effectively together. If they are fragmented, and especially if they are in direct competition with each other, effective joint working is unlikely.
Integrated route network
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In order to achieve compression ratios of close to 1 byte per word, T9 uses an optimized algorithm that maintains word order and partial words (also known as stems); however, because of this compression, it over-generates words that are sometimes visible as "junk words". This is a side effect of the requirements for sm...
T9 (predictive text)
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In order to achieve good spectral resolution, any EUV spectrometer must be designed to limit the effect of diffuse sky radiation. The medium and long wavelength channels of the EUVE Spectrometer have wire-grid collimators placed directly after the aperture before the mirror, which limit the grazing angles of the incide...
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer
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The transmission of each collimator assembly was tested in visible light. The collimator relative transmissions were measured in the EUV by comparing the Spectrometer throughputs, measured as a function of off-axis angle, before and after installation of the collimators in the medium and long wavelength channels. Align...
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer
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In order to achieve high delta-v, the structural mass of a launch vehicle should be as low as possible. Liquid fuel tanks can be constructed lighter if the pressure within those tanks is kept low. Typically, for pump-fed rocket engines, the propellant tank pressures (and masses) are 1/10 to 1/40 of those in a pressure-...
Pump inducer
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For example, the rotating speed of the oxygen turbopump of the Japanese LE-7 rocket engine is 18300rpm. These two factors above combine to make the pump impeller very susceptible to cavitation. If cavitation occurs in the impeller, the performance of the pump will be severely degraded and the pump itself may be damaged...
Pump inducer
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In order to achieve high ionic conductivity, electrochemical measurements are conducted in the presence of excess electrolyte. In water the electrolyte is often a simple salt such as potassium chloride. For measurements in nonaqueous solutions, salts composed of both lipophilic cations and anions are employed, e.g., te...
Counterion
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In order to achieve higher power density and reliability, it makes sense to consider Matrix Converters that achieve three-phase AC-AC conversion without any intermediate energy storage element. Conventional Direct Matrix Converters (Fig. 4) perform voltage and current conversion in one single stage. There is the altern...
Direct matrix converter
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Generally, by employing matrix converters, the storage element in the DC-link is eliminated at the cost of a larger number of semiconductors. Matrix converters are often seen as a future concept for variable speed drives technology, but despite intensive research over the decades they have until now only achieved low i...
Direct matrix converter
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In order to achieve its objectives EFDA conducts the following group of activities: Collective use of JET, the world's largest fusion experiment Reinforced coordination of fusion physics and technology research and development in EU laboratories. Training and carrier development of researchers, promoting links to unive...
European Fusion Development Agreement
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The implementation of these activities benefits from structures so called Task Forces and Topical Groups. The European Task Forces on Plasma Wall Interaction (PWI) and on Integrated Tokamak Modelling (ITM) set up respectively in 2002 and 2003. To strengthen the co-ordination in other key areas five Topical Groups have ...
European Fusion Development Agreement
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In order to achieve linear motion from compressed air, a system of pistons is most commonly used. The compressed air is fed into an air-tight chamber that houses the shaft of the piston. Also inside this chamber a spring is coiled around the shaft of the piston in order to hold the chamber completely open when air is n...
Pneumatic motor
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As more air is fed into the chamber, the pressure increases and the piston begins to move down the chamber. When it reaches its maximum length the air pressure is released from the chamber and the spring completes the cycle by closing off the chamber to return to its original position. Piston motors are the most common...
Pneumatic motor
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Essentially, piston motors are the same as hydraulic motors except they are used to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.Piston motors are often used in series of two, three, four, five, or six cylinders that are enclosed in a housing. This allows for more power to be delivered by the pistons because several...
Pneumatic motor
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In order to achieve linear time complexity, Re-Pair requires the following data structures A sequence representing the input string. Position i {\displaystyle i} of the sequence contains the i-th symbol of the input string plus two references to other positions in the sequence. These references point to the next/previo...
Re-Pair
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Each element of the queue is a pair of symbols (terminals or previously defined pairs) that occur consecutively in the sequence. The priority of a pair is given by the number of occurrences of the pair in the remaining sequence. Each time a new pair is created, the priority queue is updated.
Re-Pair
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A hash table to keep track of already defined pairs. This table is updated each time a new pair is created or removed.Since the hash table and the priority queue refer to the same elements (pairs), they can be implemented by a common data structure called PAIR with pointers for the hash table (h_next) and the priority ...
Re-Pair
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In order to achieve maximum light transmission, the Uppendahl prism system should be provided with an anti-reflective coating on the incidence and exit surfaces. In addition, a high-quality dielectric mirroring and phase correction coatings should be used on both roof surfaces.
Uppendahl prism
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In order to achieve noticeable material strengthening via solution strengthening, one should alloy with solutes of higher shear modulus, hence increasing the local shear modulus in the material. In addition, one should alloy with elements of different equilibrium lattice constants. The greater the difference in lattice...
Solid solution strengthening
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In either case, the dislocation propagation will be hindered at these sites, impeding plasticity and increasing yield strength proportionally with solute concentration. Solid solution strengthening depends on: Concentration of solute atoms Shear modulus of solute atoms Size of solute atoms Valency of solute atoms (for ...
Solid solution strengthening
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In order to achieve optimal blending, the micromixing process must be studied to determine mixing parameters such as blending time, blending speed, type and size of blender. When blending is performed too long, overblending may occur, with particles re-aggregating, resulting in segregation of the previously ideal blend...
Micromixing
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In order to achieve optimal place and routing for partitioned designs, the engineer must focus on FPGA pin count and inter-FPGA signals. After partitioning the design into separate FPGAs, the number of inter-FPGA signals must not to exceed the pin count on the FPGA. This is very difficult to avoid when circuit designs ...
FPGA prototyping
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In order to achieve sensory substitution and stimulate the brain without intact sensory organs to relay the information, machines can be used to do the signal transduction, rather than the sensory organs. This brain–machine interface collects external signals and transforms them into electrical signals for the brain to...
Sensory substitution
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The visual or auditory data collected from the sensors is transformed into tactile stimuli that are then relayed to the brain for visual and auditory perception. Crucially, this transformation sustains the sensorimotor contingency inherent to the respective sensory modality. This and all types of sensory substitution a...
Sensory substitution
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In order to achieve temperatures lower than liquid helium at atmospheric pressure, additional cooler stages may be added to the cryostat. Temperatures down to 1 K can be reached by attaching the cold plate to a 1-K pot, which is a container of the He-4 isotope that may be pumped to low vapor pressure via a vacuum pump....
Cryostat
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In order to achieve the 2 n w − r − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{nw-r}-1} theoretical upper limit of the period in a TGFSR, ϕ B ( t ) {\displaystyle \phi _{B}(t)} must be a primitive polynomial, ϕ B ( t ) {\displaystyle \phi _{B}(t)} being the characteristic polynomial of B = ( 0 I w ⋯ 0 0 ⋮ I w ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ 0 0 ⋯ I w 0 0 0 ⋯ 0 I ...
Mersenne Twister
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In order to achieve the desired precision, the NA62 experiment requires a certain level of background rejection concerning signal strength. Namely, high-resolution timing (to support a high-rate environment), kinematic rejection (involving the cutting on the square of the missing mass of the observed particles in the d...
NA62 experiment
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In order to achieve the energy transition in transport, it is considered necessary to refrain from burning petroleum-based fuel and to use more climate-friendly propulsion technologies or fuels. Electricity from renewable sources, or e-fuels or biofuels produced from green electricity, can serve as substitutes for petr...
Mobility transition
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In general, electric cars consume around 12 to 15 kWh of electrical energy per 100 km, while conventionally powered cars use the equivalent of around 50 kWh per 100 km. At the same time, the energy required for the production, transport and distribution of fuels such as petrol or diesel is also eliminated. In China in ...
Mobility transition
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In order to achieve the highest level of privacy and protection when calculating and transmitting sensitive information, biometric tokenization leverages existing encryption algorithms, authentication protocols, as well as hardware trust zones. Combining some or all of these methods maximizes the level of protection ne...
Biometric tokenization
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In order to achieve the required amount of 'testing volume' needed to validate real-world testing, three points must be considered: System accuracy Federal and/or state health and safety guidelines and/or standards Economic viability based on the first two points.Once a particular portable emissions system has been ide...
Portable Emissions Measurement System
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In order to achieve the required boost in spatial resolution across the celestial sphere, MUSE makes use of the GALACSI interface which is part of the Adaptive Optics Facility on UT4 at VLT. All the adaptive optics (AO) components are all mounted in the Nasmyth derotator and a metrology system is used to ensure alignme...
Multi-unit spectroscopic explorer
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In order to achieve the scientific objectives NIRSpec has four operational modes:Multi-Object Spectroscopy (MOS) In MOS the total instrument field of view of 3 × 3 arcminutes is covered using 4 arrays of programmable slit masks. These programmable slit masks consist of 250 000 micro shutters where each can individually...
NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph)
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In this mode up to 100 objects can simultaneously be observed and the spectra be measured. Integral Field Unit Mode (IFU) The integral field spectrometry will primarily be used for large, extended objects like galaxies. In this mode a 3 × 3 arcsecond field of view is sliced into 0.1 arcsecond bands which are thereafter...
NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph)
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This allows to obtain spatially resolved spectra of large scenes and can be used to measure the motion speed and direction within an extended object. Since measured spectra in the IFU mode would overlap with spectra of the MOS mode it can not be used in parallel. High-Contrast Slit Spectroscopy (SLIT) A set of 5 fixed ...
NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph)
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Of the five fixed slits, three are 0.2 arcseconds wide, one is 0.4 arcsecond wide and one is a square aperture of 1.6 arcseconds. The SLIT mode can be used simultaneously with the MOS or IFU modes. Imaging Mode (IMA) The imaging mode is used for target acquisition only. In this mode no dispersive element is placed in t...
NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph)
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In order to achieve the throughput and jitter requirements in Sercos applications, Sercos III operates primarily in a Master/Slave arrangement exchanging cyclic data between nodes. The master initiates all data transmission during a Sercos real-time cycle. All data transmissions begin and end at the master (circular).
SERCOS III
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In order to achieve this separation, the BDI software model implements the principal aspects of Michael Bratman's theory of human practical reasoning (also referred to as Belief-Desire-Intention, or BDI). That is to say, it implements the notions of belief, desire and (in particular) intention, in a manner inspired by ...
BDI software agent
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He identifies commitment as the distinguishing factor between desire and intention, noting that it leads to (1) temporal persistence in plans and (2) further plans being made on the basis of those to which it is already committed. The BDI software model partially addresses these issues. Temporal persistence, in the sen...
BDI software agent
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The hierarchical nature of plans is more easily implemented: a plan consists of a number of steps, some of which may invoke other plans. The hierarchical definition of plans itself implies a kind of temporal persistence, since the overarching plan remains in effect while subsidiary plans are being executed. An importan...
BDI software agent
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Research in this area has led, for example, to the axiomatization of some BDI implementations, as well as to formal logical descriptions such as Anand Rao and Michael Georgeff's BDICTL. The latter combines a multiple-modal logic (with modalities representing beliefs, desires and intentions) with the temporal logic CTL*...
BDI software agent
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In principle, LORA allows reasoning not only about individual agents, but also about communication and other interaction in a multi-agent system. The BDI software model is closely associated with intelligent agents, but does not, of itself, ensure all the characteristics associated with such agents. For example, it all...
BDI software agent
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It also has nothing to say about agent communication. Ultimately, the BDI software model is an attempt to solve a problem that has more to do with plans and planning (the choice and execution thereof) than it has to do with the programming of intelligent agents. This approach has recently been proposed by Steven Umbrel...
BDI software agent
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In order to achieve this, the process should be split up into several steps. While the steps leading to results can differ, a basic distinction can be made by looking at six phases: Find: Searching for data on the web Clean: Process to filter and transform data, preparation for visualization Visualize: Displaying the p...
Data-driven journalism
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In order to acquire a 3D image with a fixed C-Arm, the C-Arm is positioned at the body part in question so that this body part is in the isocenter between the x-ray tube and the detector. The C-Arm then rotates around that isocenter, the rotation being between 200° and 360° (depending on the equipment manufacturer). Su...
Rotational angiography
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In order to acquire the views necessary to allow a high-quality rendering of the scene from any angle, several cameras are placed around the scene; either in a studio environment or an outdoor venue, such as a sporting arena for example. The output Multiview Video (MVV) must then be packaged suitably so that the data m...
Free viewpoint television
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Restricted free viewpoint television views for large environments can be captured from a single location camera system mounted on a moving platform. Depth data must also be captured, which is necessary to generate the free viewpoint.
Free viewpoint television
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The Google Street View capture system is an example with limited functionality. The first full commercial implementation, iFlex, was delivered in 2009 by Real Time Race.Multiview video capture varies from partial (usually about 30 degrees) to complete (360 degrees) coverage of the scene. Therefore, it is possible to ou...
Free viewpoint television
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Systems with more physical cameras can capture images with more coverage of the viewable scene, however, it is likely that certain regions will always be occluded from any viewpoint. A larger number of cameras should make it possible to obtain high quality output because less interpolation is needed. More cameras mean ...
Free viewpoint television
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In order to acquire the world's demand for wood, it is suggested that high yielding forest plantations are suitable according to forest writers Botkins and Sedjo. Plantations that yield 10 cubic meters per hectare a year would supply enough wood for trading of 5% of the world's existing forestland. By contrast, natural...
Land clearing
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Forester Chad Oliver has suggested a forest mosaic with high-yield forest lands interspersed with conservation land.Plantation forests cover about 131 million ha, which is 3 percent of the global forest area and 45 percent of the total area of planted forests.Globally, planted forests increased from 4.1% to 7.0% of the...
Land clearing
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The highest share of plantation forest is in South America, where this forest type represents 99 percent of the total planted-forest area and 2 percent of the total forest area. The lowest share of plantation forest is in Europe, where it represents 6 percent of the planted forest estate and 0.4 percent of the total fo...
Land clearing
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There are large differences between regions: for example, plantation forests in North and Central America mostly comprise native species and those in South America consist almost entirely of introduced species.In South America, Oceania, and East and Southern Africa, planted forests are dominated by introduced species: ...
Land clearing
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The purposes of other planted forests may include ecosystem restoration and the protection of soil and water values.In the country of Senegal, on the western coast of Africa, a movement headed by youths has helped to plant over 6 million mangrove trees. The trees will protect local villages from storm damages and will ...
Land clearing
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In order to actively control the position and body orientation of a ballbot by a sensor-computer-actuator framework, beside a suitable microprocessor or some sort of other computing unit to run the necessary control loops, a ballbot fundamentally requires a series of sensors which allow to measure the orientation of th...
Ballbot
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The CMU Ballbot uses a Hokuyo URG-04LX Laser Range Finder to localize itself in a 2D map of the environment. It also uses the laser range finder for detecting obstacles and avoiding them. Conversely the Kugle robot uses two SICK TiM571 2D LiDAR to localize itself, perform obstacle avoidance and detect people for guidan...
Ballbot
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In order to actually green finance or make it more sustainable, specific tools may be required and some have already been developed. The main one is the green bond. Green bonds are loans issued in the market by a public or private organization to finance environmentally friendly activities. Their issuance is growing st...
Sustainable finance
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They reached $170 billion in 2018 and $523 billion in 2021. The aim of this type of bond (finance) is to encourage the financing of green projects by attracting investors and therefore reducing the cost of borrowing. According to empirical studies, the high demand for this type of bond provides it with a lower yield th...
Sustainable finance
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Some scientific papers such as Gabor & al. (2019) strongly recommend including this climate factor in the risk assessment of bonds. The aim is, on the one hand, to increase the borrowing cost of brown bonds which can fund carbon-intensive projects and de-incentivise their investment by increasing the weight of climate ...
Sustainable finance
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The promises made to investors are not always included in the contract, and not often in a binding way. Issuers of green bonds usually follow standards and principles set by private-led organisations such as the International Capital Market Association (ICMA)'s Green Bond Principles or the label of the Climate bond ini...
Sustainable finance
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To date, there are no regulations requiring the borrower to specify its "green" intentions in writing, however, the EU is currently developing a green bond standard which will force issuers to fund activities aligned with the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities. This standard is expected to be a voluntary standard, ...
Sustainable finance
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Up to 30% of the budget will be raised by issuing green bonds, which results in up to 250 million, and a total of 14.5 million had already been raised by January 2022. This will make the European Commission the largest issuer of green bonds.Empirical studies such as that conducted by Baldi and Pandimiglio (2022) show t...
Sustainable finance
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In order to adapt to the stimulation parameters, adaptive DBS (aDBS) employs the local field potential (LFP) of the target structure recorded through the implanted electrodes that deliver stimulation. The present application of adaptive DBS (aDBS) technique is primarily based on the detection of increased beta oscillat...
Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
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In order to add first order protection against phase-flips within a single degree of freedom, a higher dimension manifold is required. The 4-component cat code uses the even-parity submanifold of the superposition of 4 coherent states to encode information. The odd-parity submanifold is also 2-dimensional and serves as...
Cat state
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Just as in the 2-component cat code, one needs to stabilize the code in order to prevent bit-flips. The same strategies can be used but are challenging to implement experimentally because higher order non-linearities are required. == References ==
Cat state
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In order to address growing public unrest concerning construction of the WIPP, the New Mexico Environmental Evaluation Group (EEG) was created in 1978. This group, charged with overseeing the WIPP, verified statements, facts, and studies conducted and released by the DOE regarding the facility. The stewardship this gro...
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
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In a 1981 drilling, pressurized brine was again discovered. The site was set to be abandoned when the EEG stepped in and suggested a series of tests on the brine and the surrounding area. These tests were conducted and the results showed that the brine deposit was relatively small and was isolated from other deposits. ...
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
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In order to address priorities set by the Washington State legislature, the WSG is conducting research on three key areas: Geochemical and Ecological Consequences of Disturbances Associated with Geoduck Aquaculture Operations in Washington. Cultured-Wild Interactions: Disease Prevalence in Wild Geoduck Populations. Res...
Geoduck aquaculture
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One of the studies have been completed, and results showed that the seemingly disruptive nature of harvesting geoducks has no effect on the infaunal benthic community. The report suggested that because the infauna are already accustomed to natural disturbances such as wave action and extreme weather conditions, harvest...
Geoduck aquaculture
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In order to address social stigma, it is important to build trust in reliable health services and advice, show empathy to the affected individuals and adopting effective practical measures to keep people safe. The following measures are recommended to address social stigma by the UNICEF: Use of people-first language, t...
Social stigma associated with COVID-19
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Linking up to the other initiatives that address social stigma and stereotyping Observe communication tips:Correct misconceptions, while acknowledging that people's feelings and subsequent behaviour are real, even if their underlying assumptions are false. Share sympathetic narratives and stories that humanise the stru...
Social stigma associated with COVID-19
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In order to address speed concerns, several hardware upgrades have been incorporated into the Janet system. In 1989 SuperJanet was proposed, to re-host JANET on a fibre optic network. Work started in late 1992, and by late 1993 the first 14 sites had migrated to the new 34 Mbit/s ATM system. SuperJanet also moved solel...
JANET
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JANET's mandate now included running metropolitan area networks centred on these sites. SuperJanet3 created new 155 Mbit/s ATM nodes to fully connect all of the major sites at London, Bristol, Manchester and Leeds, with 34 Mbit/s links to smaller sites around the country. In March 2001 SuperJanet4 was launched.
JANET
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The key challenges for SuperJanet4 were the need to increase network capacity and to strengthen the design and management of the JANET network to allow it to meet a similar increase in the size of its userbase. SuperJanet4 saw the implementation of a 2.5 Gbit/s core backbone from which connections to regional network p...
JANET
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SuperJanet4 also saw an increase in the userbase of the JANET network, with the inclusion of the Further Education Community and the use of the SuperJanet4 backbone to interconnect schools' networks. The core point of presence (Backbone) sites in SuperJanet4 were Edinburgh, Glasgow, Warrington, Reading, Bristol, Portsm...
JANET
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It provides a 10 Gbit/s backbone, with an upgrade path to 40 Gbit/s over the next few years. The new backbone as a result of the SuperJanet5 project is a hybrid network offering, providing both a high speed IP transit service and private bandwidth channel services provisioned over a dedicated fibre network. It is desig...
JANET
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In April 2011 Verizon helped Janet upgrade 4 central locations to run at 100 Gbit/s bringing it to a national research and education network performance parity with Internet2 (which upgraded its backbone to 100 Gbit/s in October 2007). As of October 2011 they have over 18 million end-users.Janet6 started to go live in ...
JANET
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In order to address the fifth issue, function approximation methods are used. Linear function approximation starts with a mapping ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } that assigns a finite-dimensional vector to each state-action pair. Then, the action values of a state-action pair ( s , a ) {\displaystyle (s,a)} are obtained by lin...
Reinforcement Learning
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The algorithms then adjust the weights, instead of adjusting the values associated with the individual state-action pairs. Methods based on ideas from nonparametric statistics (which can be seen to construct their own features) have been explored. Value iteration can also be used as a starting point, giving rise to the...
Reinforcement Learning
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In order to address the first two weakness points of high-speed test, a machine learning approach is introduced to help improve the detecting algorithm. This machine learning approach operates in two stages. Firstly, corner detection with a given N is processed on a set of training images which are preferable from the ...
Features from accelerated segment test