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c_x5p0vqm5k386 | In order to apply direct methods to a set of data for successful structure determination, there must be reasonable sufficient conditions satisfied by the experimental conditions or sample properties. Outlined here are several cases. Kinematical DiffractionOne of the reasons direct methods was originally developed for a... | Direct methods (electron microscopy) |
c_jyhhg56fe2ur | One specific example is surface diffraction in plan view orientation. When analyzing the surface of a sample in plan view, the sample is often tilted off a zone axis in order to isolate the diffracted beams of the surface from those of the bulk. Achieving kinematical conditions is difficult in most cases—it requires ve... | Direct methods (electron microscopy) |
c_xly85g8yjojz | Statistical Kinematical DiffractionEven though most cases of electron diffraction are dynamical, it is still possible to achieve scattering that is statistically kinematical in nature. This is what enables the analysis of amorphous and biological materials, where dynamical scattering from random phases add up to be nea... | Direct methods (electron microscopy) |
c_qtqiuoo4xffl | Furthermore, as explained earlier, it is not critical to retrieve phase information completely accurately. Errors in the phase information are tolerable. Recalling the Cochran distribution and considering a logarithm of that distribution: D ( ϕ ( k ) − ϕ ( k-h ) − ϕ ( h ) ) = A ( k,h ) I ( k ) I ( k-h ) I ( h ) × c o s... | Direct methods (electron microscopy) |
c_mgs7pxv6ok4q | Here, the most probable phases will maximize the function D ( k,h ) {\displaystyle D({\textbf {k,h}})} . If the intensities are sufficiently high and the sum in the cosine term remains ≈ 0 {\displaystyle \approx 0} , then B ( k,h ) {\displaystyle B({\textbf {k,h}})} will also be large, thereby maximizing D ( k,h ) {\di... | Direct methods (electron microscopy) |
c_irf0vvsefpu5 | Intensity MappingConsider two scattered beams with different intensities. The magnitude of their intensities will then have to be related to the amplitude of their corresponding scattering factors by the relationship: I ( k ) > I ( k' ) i f f | F ( k ) | > | F ( k' ) | {\displaystyle I({\textbf {k}})>I({\textbf {k'}})~... | Direct methods (electron microscopy) |
c_dpwfhpv0n4zl | So, the observed intensities can be used to reasonably estimate the phases for diffracted beams. The observed intensity can be related to the structure factor more formally using the Blackman formula.Other cases to consider for intensity mapping are specific diffraction experiments, including powder diffraction and pre... | Direct methods (electron microscopy) |
c_hfcb0f94dist | Dominated ScatteringIn some cases, scattering from a sample can be dominated by one type of atom. Therefore, the exit wave from the sample will also be dominated by that atom type. For example, the exit wave and intensity of a sample dominated by channeling can be written in reciprocal space in the form: Ψ ( k ) = A ( ... | Direct methods (electron microscopy) |
c_jiws7nx14ott | A ( k ) {\displaystyle A({\textbf {k}})} is real in reciprocal space and complex in the object plane. If B ( k ) {\displaystyle B({\textbf {k}})} , a conjugate symmetric function, is substituted for A ( k ) {\displaystyle A({\textbf {k}})} , then it is feasible to retrieve atom-like features from the object plane: B ( ... | Direct methods (electron microscopy) |
c_e819cxs47xun | In order to apply the moment distribution method to analyse a structure, the following things must be considered. | Moment distribution |
c_cjqqf71cewhr | In order to apply the simulated annealing method to a specific problem, one must specify the following parameters: the state space, the energy (goal) function E(), the candidate generator procedure neighbour(), the acceptance probability function P(), and the annealing schedule temperature() AND initial temperature ini... | Deterministic annealing |
c_5ki156owwlkm | In order to apply the theory of NP-completeness to the minimum feedback arc set, it is necessary to modify the problem from being an optimization problem (how few edges can be removed to break all cycles) to an equivalent decision version, with a yes or no answer (is it possible to remove k {\displaystyle k} edges). Th... | Feedback arc set |
c_ihssd19f1m9t | This problem is NP-complete, implying that neither it nor the optimization problem are expected to have polynomial time algorithms. It was one of Richard M. Karp's original set of 21 NP-complete problems; its NP-completeness was proved by Karp and Eugene Lawler by showing that inputs for another hard problem, the verte... | Feedback arc set |
c_epybrh2vhf4u | In order to ascertain if an individual has activated PI3K delta syndrome, usually one finds atypical levels of immunoglobulins. Methods to determine the condition are the following: Genetic testing Laboratory findings Symptoms exhibited | Activated PI3K delta syndrome |
c_99a63pq7e781 | In order to assemble and install accessories on the fiberglass base, the board for fixing position and slingshot for arm/hip joint collapsible movement need to place inside the fiberglass base. The Load-bearing steel bar from the dress forms top to around waist which is for hanging purpose also need to place before sur... | Dress form |
c_g30izxi4qnmr | In order to assemble local data pertaining to all local fields attached to K {\displaystyle K} , the adele ring is set up. A multiplicative variant is referred to as ideles. | Degree of a number field |
c_05wpt6i2ufvb | In order to assess US capability to execute Joint Integrating Concepts there are three phases to capabilities-based assessment: a functional area analysis, a functional needs analysis, and a functional solutions analysis. The functional area analysis identifies operational tasks, conditions and standards needed to acco... | Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System |
c_jogxqa8svuph | Functional solutions analysis (FSA) evaluates solutions from an operational perspective across the DOTMLPF spectrum. The FSA results in a list of potential need-based solutions and is further divided into three subcomponents: non-materiel analysis (DOT_LPF), materiel solutions (ideas for materiel approaches, or IMA, an... | Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System |
c_1ce4x9i00f7d | The original proposal sponsor documents a recommended change or produces an Initial Capabilities Document for a system. A proposal receives one of three designations based on the degree in which it applies to all three services: "JROC Interest", "JCB Interest", or "Joint Information". "JROC Interest" programs apply to ... | Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System |
c_6x1dv1502d0k | In order to assess and characterize influences and effects of the centrifuge relative to human reactions, mechanical dynamic responses and influences, the demonstration of Nautilus-X centrifuge would be tested on the ISS. If produced, this centrifuge would have been the first in-space demonstration of sufficient scale ... | US Orbital Segment |
c_x5cksz86noie | In order to assess and quantify the health condition of the bridges located in their national territory, many countries have formulated a series of general indications and guidelines for the implementation of dedicated bridge management systems. | Bridge management system |
c_vd6qio166opg | In order to assess cerebral autoregulation one must at least continuously measure arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow. Because CO2 levels are of great influence to cerebral autoregulation it is recommended to also continuously measure CO2. | Cerebral autoregulation |
c_y37tad2bxsfi | In order to assess lactose intolerance, intestinal function is challenged by ingesting more dairy products than can be readily digested. Clinical symptoms typically appear within 30 minutes, but may take up to two hours, depending on other foods and activities. Substantial variability in response (symptoms of nausea, c... | Lactose intolerence |
c_1djt8pdfgtpi | They may be distinguished in diagnosis by giving lactose-free milk, producing no symptoms in the case of lactose intolerance, but the same reaction as to normal milk in the presence of a milk allergy. A person can have both conditions. If positive confirmation is necessary, four tests are available. | Lactose intolerence |
c_lrbong3mssd9 | In order to assess the efficacy of the spinal cord stimulator before implantation, a trial must be performed. This trial begins with placement of temporary leads into the epidural space and connected percutaneously to an external generator. The trial typically lasts 3–7 days followed by a 2-week reprieve before SCD imp... | Spinal Cord Stimulator |
c_jx1qvffz8853 | In order to assess the influence of real-world uncertainties and tolerances on a given design, Optimus contains Monte Carlo Simulation as well as a First-Order Second Moment method to estimate and improve the robustness of a design. Optimus calculates and optimizes the probability of failure using advanced reliability ... | Optimus platform |
c_ujtwm8v2yfyo | In order to assess the likelihood of finding any sort of life on various planets and moons, Dirk Schulze-Makuch and other scientists have developed a planetary habitability index which takes into account factors including characteristics of the surface and atmosphere, availability of energy, solvents and organic compou... | Life on Titan |
c_zcb02bno9pog | In order to assess the performance of machine learning models, TensorFlow gives API access to commonly used metrics. Examples include various accuracy metrics (binary, categorical, sparse categorical) along with other metrics such as Precision, Recall, and Intersection-over-Union (IoU). | TensorFlow |
c_57zca77b6300 | In order to assess the safety and resilience of dikes, as well as the robustness of the grass lining on their crests and landward slopes, a wave overtopping simulator can be employed. The most onerous wave conditions for which a dike is designed occur relatively rarely, so using a wave overtopping simulator enables in-... | Wave overtopping |
c_xmw0qntk4htw | The device features valves at its base that can be opened to release varying volumes of water, thereby simulating a wide range of wave overtopping events. This approach helps ensure that the dike's integrity is accurately and effectively assessed.In the case of dikes with grass slopes, another test method is to use a s... | Wave overtopping |
c_pubk4iqjrslf | In order to assess the strategic impact of IT, McFarlan proposed the analysis of five basic questions about IT applications, related to the competitive forces: Can IT applications build barriers to the entry of new competitors in the industry? Can IT applications build switching costs for suppliers? Can IT applications... | Strategic Grid Model |
c_nllw89sizl0i | Can IT applications create new products?Nevertheless, these questions should take into account current and future planned circumstances. Thus, IT may present a smaller or greater importance, according to the kind of company and industry operations. == References == | Strategic Grid Model |
c_yx66jjm4bja5 | In order to assess whether financial management for IT services has been successfully deployed, the following key performance indicators may be examined: do the predicted budgets match the actual expenditure? has user behavior changed to follow the corporate IT goals? are charges seen by users and customers to be simpl... | Financial management for IT services |
c_7ozc8w77br53 | does the IT organization provide the expected level of income/profit? does management feel more confident in their ability to predict costs in IT planning? == References == | Financial management for IT services |
c_l49w8ol5afsc | In order to assign a digital representation to an entity, the attributing party must trust that the claim of an attribute (such as name, location, role as an employee, or age) is correct and associated with the person or thing presenting the attribute. Conversely, the individual claiming an attribute may only grant sel... | Digital Identity |
c_0st2n1skcewl | In order to assist in its deliberations regarding rate and service complaints, the Canadian Transportation Agency has identified various types of costs. These costs include: the maintenance and operation of way and structures, such as track and roadway, signals, communication, and fuel stations the maintenance and oper... | Railway costing |
c_9etgcf7iusrz | In order to assist in the assignment of isotope mass numbers for livermorium, in March–May 2003 the Dubna team bombarded a 245Cm target with 48Ca ions. They were able to observe two new isotopes, assigned to 291Lv and 290Lv. This experiment was successfully repeated in February–March 2005 where 10 atoms were created wi... | Livermorium-292 |
c_8pbshgopa8sj | In order to assist other associations in the development and accreditation of their own education and certification programs, ICEC also provides a range of professional competency standards. These are developed by member associations for the purpose of sharing information about the various standards for cost engineerin... | International Cost Engineering Council |
c_03dazquymi3o | In order to assist the forging supplier to utilize his experience to the best effect, both in designing the dies and tools and in establishing forging inspection procedures, rt is in the purchaser's interest to supply the following Information: a) A finished machined drawing; b) Details and dimensions of machining loca... | Rule based DFM analysis for forging |
c_7rovyg252amr | In order to associate with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, many G proteins and small GTPases are lipidated, that is, covalently modified with lipid extensions. They may be myristoylated, palmitoylated or prenylated. | G protein |
c_d2yh2gg77prw | In order to attain the proper directional and spectral characteristics, a Gardon gauge's main components are: A thermocouple sensor with a black coating. This sensor absorbs all radiation, has a flat spectrum covering the 300 to 50,000 nanometer range, and has a near-perfect cosine response.The black coating on the the... | Gardon gauge |
c_oxp9mrkw3e43 | In order to attain the proper directional and spectral characteristics, a thermopile pyranometer is constructed with the following main components: A thermopile sensor with a black coating. It absorbs all solar radiation, has a flat spectrum covering the 300 to 50,000 nanometer range, and has a near-perfect cosine resp... | Pyranometer |
c_irx1hih6kq5j | It also shields the thermopile sensor from convection. Many, but not all, first-class and secondary standard pyranometers (see ISO 9060 classification of thermopile pyranometers) include a second glass dome as an additional "radiation shield", resulting in a better thermal equilibrium between the sensor and inner dome,... | Pyranometer |
c_9ihmcdp4cle8 | Class A, single dome models, with low zero-offset (+/- 1 W/m2) are available.In the modern thermopile pyranometers the active (hot) junctions of the thermopile are located beneath the black coating surface and are heated by the radiation absorbed from the black coating. The passive (cold) junctions of the thermopile ar... | Pyranometer |
c_8anvo6pbuz2h | The thermopile generates a small voltage in proportion to the temperature difference between the black coating surface and the instrument housing. This is of the order of 10 μV (microvolts) per W/m2, so on a sunny day the output will be around 10 mV (millivolts). Each pyranometer has a unique sensitivity, unless otherw... | Pyranometer |
c_ewjys4o28p43 | In order to attract mates, male lesser wax moths stay in a stationary position and emit a high-frequency sound. Bats, such as Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, can hear this sound. Thus, both the male's high-frequency calling and its stationary position leave it vulnerable to attacks by bats. Even though the bats do not exist... | Lesser wax moth |
c_f1ec6vmgn1y1 | In order to authenticate, the user is asked to input a series of numbers based on a preregistered pattern on a grid (that the user knows) and a grid of pseudo-random numbers generated by the authenticator. This results in a different series of numbers each time the user authenticates. | GrIDsure |
c_x1ejun9x8j0h | In order to automate an application, the developer of an automation controller must know the object model that is employed by the target application exporting activation objects. This requires that the developer of the target application publicly document its object model. Development of automation controllers without ... | OLE Automation |
c_weqj675ivong | Interfaces are described in Microsoft Interface Definition Language. Type libraries can be viewed using various tools, such as the Microsoft OLE/COM Object Viewer (oleview.exe, part of the Microsoft Platform SDK) or the Object Browser in Visual Basic (up to version 6) and Visual Studio .NET. Type libraries are used to ... | OLE Automation |
c_tazqtvxbkxjn | For instance, the .NET Framework SDK includes tools that can generate a proxy .NET DLL to access Automation objects using both early binding (with information about interfaces extracted from a type library) and late binding (via IDispatch, mapped to the .NET Reflection API), with the built-in .NET-to-COM bridge called ... | OLE Automation |
c_4opmx0q5kag7 | Another Java based j-Interop library which enables interoperability with COM components without JNI, using DCOM wire protocol (MSRPC) and works on non-Windows platforms also. Microsoft has publicly documented the object model of all of the applications in Microsoft Office, and some other software developers have also d... | OLE Automation |
c_dhbei94o6xa9 | In order to avoid "hardened stories", or "narratives that become context-free, portable, and ready to be used anywhere and anytime for illustrative purposes" and are being used as conceptual metaphors as defined by linguist George Lakoff, an approach called narrative inquiry was proposed, resting on the epistemological... | Illness narrative |
c_yq16lkptns5a | But humans can read meaning into data and compose stories, even where this is unwarranted. Some scholars suggest that the narrative fallacy and other biases can be avoided by applying standard methodical checks for validity (statistics) and reliability (statistics) in terms of how data (narratives) are collected, analy... | Illness narrative |
c_t9tsm4tnpa3r | In order to avoid O(n log n) complexity, the LISP 2 algorithm uses three different passes over the heap. In addition, heap objects must have a separate forwarding pointer slot that is not used outside of garbage collection. After standard marking, the algorithm proceeds in the following three passes: Compute the forwar... | Mark-compact algorithm |
c_bz0lv6xv0cw4 | If the live pointer points to a live object, update that object's forwarding pointer to the current free pointer and increment the free pointer according to the object's size. Move the live pointer to the next object End when the live pointer reaches the end of heap. Update all pointers For each live object, update its... | Mark-compact algorithm |
c_klpk22803id9 | In order to avoid being consumed by the female, some male spiders may utilize their silk to physically bind the female spider. For example, in Pisaurina mira, also known as the nursery web spider, the male wraps the legs of the female in silk prior to and during copulation. While he holds legs III and IV of the female,... | Sexual cannibalism |
c_9vhuhjh0k1xi | In order to avoid continuous activation of receptors on the post-synaptic or target cell, neurotransmitters must be removed from the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are removed through one of three mechanisms: Diffusion – neurotransmitters drift out of the synaptic cleft, where they are absorbed by glial cells. These... | Neurotransmitter system |
c_jdexbcbt7n25 | Neuronal activity triggers an increase in astrocytic calcium levels, prompting the release of gliotransmitters, such as glutamate, ATP, and D-serine.These gliotransmitters diffuse into the extracellular space, interacting with nearby neurons and influencing synaptic transmission. By regulating extracellular neurotransm... | Neurotransmitter system |
c_ifk7u135mwzs | This bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons add complexity to brain signaling, with implications for brain function and neurological disorders. Enzyme degradation – proteins called enzymes break the neurotransmitters down. Reuptake – neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the pre-synaptic neuron. | Neurotransmitter system |
c_5ojc28ml5ks0 | Transporters, or membrane transport proteins, pump neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft back into axon terminals (the presynaptic neuron) where they are stored for reuse.For example, acetylcholine is eliminated by having its acetyl group cleaved by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase; the remaining choline is then tak... | Neurotransmitter system |
c_gika31o2e90x | In order to avoid generating different InChIs for tautomeric structures, before generating the InChI, an input chemical structure is normalized to reduce it to its so-called core parent structure. This may involve changing bond orders, rearranging formal charges and possibly adding and removing protons. Different input... | International Chemical Identifier |
c_vl460rqhv4jz | One way this can happen is that all metal atoms are disconnected during normalization; so, for example, the InChI for tetraethyllead will have five components, one for lead and four for the ethyl groups.The first, main, layer of the InChI refers to this core parent structure, giving its chemical formula, non-hydrogen c... | International Chemical Identifier |
c_4221b2lld88l | These are the only layers which can occur in a standard InChI.If the user wants to specify an exact tautomer, a fixed hydrogen layer /f can be appended, which may contain various additional sublayers; this cannot be done in standard InChI though, so different tautomers will have the same standard InChI (for example, al... | International Chemical Identifier |
c_5gtpmq3dc6vh | In order to avoid having aircraft become unable to operate from a base after an hostile airstrike on it kortbanor ("short runways" or "short strips") were built as backup runways in the vicinity of the airfield. Typically 2-3 kortbanor were built per base. Similar to the road runways in the Bas 60 system these runways ... | Bas 90 |
c_xd46ee067t3j | Using shorter runways was made possible by the STOL capability of the Viggen (and later the Gripen). Also unlike the Bas 60 road runways the new short runways were built in direct vicinity and directly connected to the main airfield and each other via taxiways, which often also were sections of public road integrated i... | Bas 90 |
c_tcpzp918wz83 | Usage of the short runways was limited in adverse light and weather conditions and would primarily be used if the main runway was not available. The short runways were designated Bertil (B), Cesar (C), David (D), and so on in accordance with the Swedish phonetic alphabet. The designations were assigned from north to so... | Bas 90 |
c_ujl0yk7yvcuu | In order to avoid heavy transformers onboard vehicles, high power charging of battery electric vehicles has the transformers in the ground station, and supply to the vehicle is done with DC at around 400 volts. There are some competing standards: Combined Charging System (CCS) in Europe and Americas GB/T in China CHAde... | DC connector |
c_nhgv021k2g5n | In order to avoid leakage at the packing or seal particularly when a liquid is dangerous, toxic, or noxious, diaphragm pumps are used for metering. Diaphragm pumps have a diaphragm through which repeated compression/decompression motion is transmitted. The liquid does not penetrate through the diaphragm, so the liquid ... | Metering pump |
c_6jsf976slbgu | Diaphragm pumps can also be made which discharge at fairly high pressure. Diaphragm metering pumps are commonly hydraulically driven. Peristaltic pumps use motor-driven rollers to roll along flexible tubing, compressing it to push forward a liquid inside. Although peristaltic pumps can be used to meter at lower pressur... | Metering pump |
c_3icy2i5t8flk | In order to avoid patent issues, some companies developed alternative salts of paroxetine. In the mid-1990s SmithKline Beecham (now a part of GSK) and Synthon independently developed paroxetine mesylate. They obtained two separate patents. | Disappearing polymorphs |
c_646riq2e5qyg | Subsequently, all attempts to produce Synthon's version of paroxetine mesylate ended up with Beecham's version. There were two possibilities: either Synthon's version is a disappearing polymorph, or Synthon's patent application contained erroneous data. Many litigations later, there was no legal consensus on which poss... | Disappearing polymorphs |
c_l7vhuitat690 | In order to avoid regressions being seen by the end-user after release, developers regularly run regression tests after changes are introduced to the software. These tests can include unit tests to catch local regressions as well as integration tests to catch remote regressions. Regression testing techniques often leve... | Software regression |
c_npl1525som9h | For detecting performance regressions, software performance tests are run on a regular basis, to monitor the response time and resource usage metrics of the software after subsequent changes. Unlike functional regression tests, the results of performance tests are subject to variance - that is, results can differ betwe... | Software regression |
c_a0b4dej2py80 | In order to avoid shade, plants utilize a shade avoidance response. When a plant is under dense vegetation, the presence of other vegetation nearby will cause the plant to avoid lateral growth and experience an increase in upward shoot, as well as downward root growth. In order to escape shade, plants adjust their root... | Plant roots |
c_w5a0koxwu9tf | Nearby plant leaves will absorb red light and reflect far- red light which will cause the ratio red to far red light to lower. The phytochrome PhyA that senses this Red to Far Red light ratio is localized in both the root system as well as the shoot system of plants, but through knockout mutant experimentation, it was ... | Plant roots |
c_6iy1sdc10419 | Research has also found that phytochrome completes these architectural changes through the manipulation of auxin distribution in the root of the plant. When a low enough Red to Far Red ratio is sensed by PhyA, the phyA in the shoot will be mostly in its active form. In this form, PhyA stabilize the transcription factor... | Plant roots |
c_np01ndqappgk | This stabilized transcription factor is then able to be transported to the roots of the plant through the phloem, where it proceeds to induce its own transcription as a way to amplify its signal. In the roots of the plant HY5 functions to inhibit an auxin response factor known as ARF19, a response factor responsible fo... | Plant roots |
c_5afhdw5wgwgv | Once inhibited, auxin levels will be low in areas where lateral root emergence normally occurs, resulting in a failure for the plant to have the emergence of the lateral root primordium through the root pericycle. With this complex manipulation of Auxin transport in the roots, lateral root emergence will be inhibited i... | Plant roots |
c_eom0b4w1l6x0 | Salisbury et al. used wild type plants along with varying protein knockout and gene knockout Arabidopsis mutants to observe the results these mutations had on the root architecture, protein presence, and gene expression. To do this, Salisbury et al. used GFP fluorescence along with other forms of both macro and microsc... | Plant roots |
c_hj1hen4kt4bi | In the experiments of van Gelderen et al. (2018), they wanted to see if and how it is that the shoot of Arabidopsis thaliana alters and affects root development and root architecture. To do this, they took Arabidopsis plants, grew them in agar gel, and exposed the roots and shoots to separate sources of light. From her... | Plant roots |
c_e3wtw6znoziw | In order to avoid specifying the default correlation between each entity pair in a portfolio a factorization is often applied. This leads to conditionally independent default (CID) modeling. The most widely applied CID model is the one-factor Gaussian copula (OFGC) model. It was the de facto market model for pricing CD... | Financial correlation |
c_isdawv5am5zb | The core equation of the OFGC model x i = ρ M + 1 − ρ Z i {\displaystyle x_{i}={\sqrt {\rho }}M+{\sqrt {1-\rho }}Z_{i}} (10)where M {\displaystyle M} and Z i {\displaystyle Z_{i}} are random drawings from N ( 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle N(0,1)} and 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq \rho \leq 1} . As a result, the latent variab... | Financial correlation |
c_1s3yrdxa8rds | Z i {\displaystyle Z_{i}} is the idiosyncratic component, the ‘strength’ of entity i, possibly measured by entity i's stock price return. From equation (10) we see, that the correlation between entities i is modeled indirectly by conditioning the latent variable x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} on the common factor M {\displa... | Financial correlation |
c_8ae6wc2wayuk | For example, for p =1, the latent variables of all entities i = 1 , . . . | Financial correlation |
c_vgj0el18df78 | , n , x i = M {\displaystyle i=1,...,n,\ x_{i}=M} , so the x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} are identical in each simulation. For p = 0, all latent variable for all entities i = 1 , … , n , x i = Z i {\displaystyle i=1,\ldots ,n,\ x_{i}=Z_{i}} , hence the x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} are independent. Importantly, once we fix the... | Financial correlation |
c_q8bc0ht49pec | The benefits of the model are simplicity and intuition. One of the main shortcomings of the model is that traders when pricing CDOs randomly alter the correlation parameter for different CDO tranches to achieve desired tranche spreads. However conceptually, the correlation parameter should be identical for the whole po... | Financial correlation |
c_o7ypfavlp61z | In order to avoid staring into the sun to measure its altitude, navigators could hold the instrument in front of them with the sun to their side. By having the sunward sighting vane cast its shadow on the lower sighting vane, it was possible to align the instrument to the sun. Care would have to be taken to ensure that... | Quadrant (instrument) |
c_r9gfht85125z | In order to avoid taxes on profits, multinational corporations often make use of offshore subsidiaries in order to employ a creative accounting technique known as "Minimum-Profit Accounting". The subsidiary is created in a tax haven—often just as a shell company—then charges large fees to the primary corporation, effec... | Creative accounting |
c_uk0n3mf583u6 | The licensing fees totaled $3.86Bn over the course of 3 years and were discovered due to an unrelated U.S.-based lawsuit as well as the Paradise Papers. In 2014, the Bermuda deal with Dutch authorities expired, and Nike shifted the profits to another offshore subsidiary, a Netherlands-based Limited Liability Partnershi... | Creative accounting |
c_z8ia5h33uma1 | In order to avoid the appearance of impropriety the inspectors must be Swiss citizens, must take an oath to discharge the duties of their office with fidelity and must not have any conflicts of interest, i.e.: they must not trade in watches. These obligations on the inspectors serve to warrant the proper conduct of the... | Geneva Seal |
c_4j477iu1twmi | In order to avoid the complications of sex and recombination, the concept of fitness is restricted to an asexual population without genetic recombination. Thus, fitnesses can be assigned directly to genotypes and measured. There are two commonly used measures of fitness – absolute fitness and relative fitness. | Reproductive fitness |
c_qwnurkr85nz5 | In order to avoid the destruction of the riverine forest and other environmental damage in Bura, a plantation programme was included in the BISP. The World Bank estimated that 3,900 ha forest would be necessary. It calculated that the cost of irrigating would be low, as surplus water would be used. In the early ninetie... | Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project (Kenya) |
c_i0cmnmw3rnwu | In 1983 the NIB forester established a plot of 10 ha with Prosopis. Later this plot was the main source of seeds for other treeplanting activities and for natural regeneration of ‘wild’ Prosopis.After establishment of the forest plots, Prosopis spread vigorously outside the plantations. Animals ate the pods and moved a... | Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project (Kenya) |
c_4fyhf8a95t5g | Whenever water was available, seeds in the droppings germinated readily and within a few years almost all canal sides in Bura were occupied by this fast growing shrub. This ‘wild’ Prosopis, in Tana River County popularly known as Mathenge, did not limit itself to the canal banks and it also blossomed along roads, in th... | Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project (Kenya) |
c_yxi56benaijz | The pods were used as animal food and wind erosion in the area was reduced. Unfortunately eradicating the tree at unwanted places as in the fields and along the canal banks was almost impossible because after cutting the stumps coppice vigorously and within a few months, as long as a little water is available, a new sh... | Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project (Kenya) |
c_83pjjtrannsf | In order to avoid the influence of "contamination by knowledge", a Japanese psychologist group published a series of studies, but no significant differences were found except for Japanese prime ministers. Later, it was reported that significant differences were found not only for prime ministers, but also for foreign m... | Blood type personality theory |
c_n94j2e31z3p1 | In order to avoid the loss of data due to disk failure, common solutions include: Data backup, to allow restoration of data after a failure Data scrubbing, to detect and repair latent corruption Data redundancy, to allow systems to tolerate failures of individual drives Active hard-drive protection, to protect laptop d... | Hard disk drive failure |
c_s6674n1srvkv | In order to avoid the quotation marks around "define" in the previous simple example, the "definition" of f {\displaystyle f} could be broken down into two simple logical steps: While the definition in step 1 is formulated with the freedom of any definition and is certainly effective (without the need to classify it as... | Well-defined expression |
c_cvoe2upet2as | Despite these subtle logical problems, it is quite common to anticipatorily use the term definition (without apostrophes) for "definitions" of this kind – for three reasons: It provides a handy shorthand of the two-step approach. The relevant mathematical reasoning (i.e., step 2) is the same in both cases. In mathemati... | Well-defined expression |
c_q3k2a8cjwhg6 | In order to avoid underground cabling complexity for the last mile, Google Fiber relies on aggregators dubbed Google Fiber Huts. From these Google Fiber Huts, the fiber cables travel along utility poles into neighborhoods and homes, and stop at a Fiber Jack (an Optical Network Terminal or ONT) in each home.The estimate... | Google Fiber |
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