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c_ywdhxzkf77h2 | Corners are detected through the simplest implementation which literally extracts a ring of 16 pixels and compares the intensity values with an appropriate threshold. For candidate p, each location on the circle x ∈ {1, 2, 3, ..., 16} can be denoted by p→x. The state of each pixel, Sp→x must be in one of the following ... | Features from accelerated segment test |
c_b10cp4ekqgiq | Let Kp be a boolean variable which indicates whether p is a corner, then the entropy of Kp is used to measure the information of p being a corner. For a set of pixels Q, the total entropy of KQ (not normalized) is: H(Q) = ( c + n ) log2( c + n ) - clog2c - nlog2n where c = |{ i ∈ Q: Ki is true}| (number of corners) whe... | Features from accelerated segment test |
c_zrothxt6owdt | This recursive process ends when the entropy is zero so that either all pixels in that subset are corners or non-corners. This generated decision tree can then be converted into programming code, such as C and C++, which is just a bunch of nested if-else statements. For optimization purpose, profile-guided optimization... | Features from accelerated segment test |
c_ckovlqbeykv2 | The complied code is used as corner detector later for other images. Notice that the corners detected using this decision tree algorithm should be slightly different from the results using segment test detector. This is because that decision tree model depends on the training data, which could not cover all possible co... | Features from accelerated segment test |
c_2crngyz9sgq3 | In order to address the inability to separate white phase modulation from flicker phase modulation using traditional Allan variance estimators, an algorithmic filtering reduces the bandwidth by n. This filtering provides a modification to the definition and estimators and it now identifies as a separate class of varian... | Allan deviation |
c_ec2ywb3mbdzz | In order to address the issues of address space and other factors, Cisco created EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol). EIGRP adds support for VLSM (variable length subnet mask) and adds the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) in order to improve routing and provide a loopless environment. EIGRP has complete... | Interior Gateway Routing Protocol |
c_94wqm4fftnis | In order to address the issues presented by memorization and security many businesses and internet sites have turned to accepting different types of authentication. This authentication could be a single use password, non-text based, Biometric, a 2D key, multi-factor authentication, or Cognitive Passwords that are quest... | Password psychology |
c_boiruvtgoka2 | The most common alternative to tradition passwords and PIN codes has been biometric authentication. Biometric authentication is a method where systems use physical and/or behavioral traits unique to a specific individual to authorize access. Some of the most popular forms of biometric passwords are as follows: fingerpr... | Password psychology |
c_11smzt0o31f1 | The appeal of biometrics as a form of passwords is that they increase security. Only one person has access to a set of fingerprints or retinal patterns which means the likelihood of hacking decreases significantly. Biometric authentication has 4 important factors, or modules, that keep systems and accounts from being c... | Password psychology |
c_7fkyd3mjb6tf | These 4 sections of biometric authentication, while more involved, create a layer of protection that a tradition password option cannot. The sensor module is responsible for getting a hold of a user’s method of protection whether it be fingerprint scan, facial scan, or voice. The second module, feature extraction, is w... | Password psychology |
c_fj3uskw1sb38 | The template, or database module, takes the key components gathered previously and saves them virtually. Lastly, the matching module is employed in order to verify if the inputted biometric method is legitimate. The modules that record, process, and verify biometrics, need to be run in 2 different stages, enrollment an... | Password psychology |
c_upno7mg7wkgf | In the enrollment stage we see the entirety of the four modules working at once as a digital version of the biometric data is generated and stored. The recognition stage has two sub-sections called verification and identification. During verification process the systems job is to ensure that the individual trying to ga... | Password psychology |
c_5iql1b0rkucu | The identification process fully identifies the individual. Though biometric authentication is a method that in seen increasingly more often, it isn’t without its issues. | Password psychology |
c_zda6l8dzvrdw | A biometric system is affected by similar issues that a tradition password system has. When a user inputs their biometric information one of four things can happen. A user may be truly be who they say they are and are granted access to the system. | Password psychology |
c_laxj8vcvg6v3 | Conversely, a user may be impersonating someone and will be rejected access. The two other scenarios are when an authentic user is rejected access and an impersonator is granted access. This type of fraud can occur as there are certain individuals that may share virtually identical voices. | Password psychology |
c_9c9t1z6sg8bi | In other instances, the initial attempt to record the biometric data may have been compromised. During the 4 modules, a user may have inputted corrupted data. An example of this is most commonly seen in fingerprints where an individual may use a wet finger or a scarred finger to record their data. | Password psychology |
c_1g68p3mhs8st | These errors introduce the possibility of insecurity. These issues can occur for facial recognition. If a pair of twins or even two people who like similar try to access a system, they may be granted access. | Password psychology |
c_kys6c8o0yenk | In order to address the security concerns, NADRA have incorporated 36 security features in the physical design of the card, making it one of the securest cards in the world. The card is printed in multiple layers and each layer has its own security features. The chip is encrypted with algorithm developed by NADRA indig... | Computerised National Identity Card |
c_mnez911pl6d5 | When a citizen places their card into a card reader, the reader will first authenticate itself to the card. In return, the card will verify its authenticity to the reader. If both the verifications are successful, the device will ask for a finger. | Computerised National Identity Card |
c_mlcuunyqs7vm | This will enable verifications of individuals in the remotest parts of Pakistan. So say in a decade when an individual casts a vote, the government may ascertain that the person casting the vote is indeed the same as the one on the electoral roll. This is only one of the thousands of scenarios of identity fraud prevent... | Computerised National Identity Card |
c_cxkmw0wou33y | These kinds of contemporary features help gain citizen a new level of technology. Majority of space in the chip has been made available for the private sector to use for their products and services. It might appear expensive for the private sector to use this card initially but once the number of citizens having critic... | Computerised National Identity Card |
c_ev0kvnqdeda9 | In order to address the underserved, uneducated communities in need of nutrition, housing, and healthcare disparities seen in much of the world today, some argue that we must fall back on ethical values in order to create a foundation to move towards a reasonable understanding, which encourages commitment and motivatio... | Medical ethics |
c_bomgfl4d5xym | This would be congruous in situations where political strife could lead such aid being used in favor of one group over another. Another example of how foreign humanitarian aid can be misused in its intended community includes the possibility of dissonance forming between a foreign humanitarian aid group and the communi... | Medical ethics |
c_zfw4i82ywwyp | Humanitarian practices are based upon providing better medical equipment and care for communities whose country does not provide adequate healthcare. The issues with providing healthcare to communities in need may sometimes be religious or cultural backgrounds keeping people from performing certain procedures or taking... | Medical ethics |
c_i35la33y3jj0 | The ethical dilemma stems from differences in culture between communities helping those with medical disparities and the societies receiving aid. Women's rights, informed consent and education about health become controversial, as some treatments needed are against societal law, while some cultural traditions involve p... | Medical ethics |
c_50lc2k013a1s | In order to address these issues, another approach to decisional AI, also known as situated or behavioral AI, has been proposed. It does not attempt to model systems that produce deductive reasoning processes, but rather systems that behave realistically in their environment. The main characteristics of this approach a... | Situated approach (artificial intelligence) |
c_v6v21y8xcm7o | In order to adequately describe physical situations in more complex theories, it is often necessary to introduce a "coordinate basis" for some of the objects of the theory that do not have this simple relationship to the coordinates used to label points in space and time. (In mathematical terms, the theory involves a f... | Gauge theories |
c_hrb13b93mlw6 | In most gauge theories, the set of possible transformations of the abstract gauge basis at an individual point in space and time is a finite-dimensional Lie group. The simplest such group is U(1), which appears in the modern formulation of quantum electrodynamics (QED) via its use of complex numbers. QED is generally r... | Gauge theories |
c_7bzk33ncjpcw | The set of possible gauge transformations of the entire configuration of a given gauge theory also forms a group, the gauge group of the theory. An element of the gauge group can be parameterized by a smoothly varying function from the points of spacetime to the (finite-dimensional) Lie group, such that the value of th... | Gauge theories |
c_qy4td42gfgnj | As in the case of a rigid rotation, this gauge transformation affects expressions that represent the rate of change along a path of some gauge-dependent quantity in the same way as those that represent a truly local quantity. A gauge transformation whose parameter is not a constant function is referred to as a local sy... | Gauge theories |
c_p7wi96fkic4x | In order to adequately discuss extensions, structure that goes beyond the defining properties of a Lie algebra is needed. Rudimentary facts about these are collected here for quick reference. | Lie algebra extension |
c_fnjw3ver04ev | In order to adjust for age, a standard population must be selected. Some agencies which produce health statistics also publish standard populations for age adjustment. Standard populations have been developed for specific countries and regions. | Age-standardized mortality rate |
c_lcz7frcnv6yj | World standard populations have also been developed to compare data from different countries, including the Segi World Standard and the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. These agencies must balance between setting weights which may be used over a long period of time, which maximizes comparability of published s... | Age-standardized mortality rate |
c_hcls7ksw5vhq | In order to adjust some valence shell parameters, the Kappa formalism was proposed. It introduces two additional refineable parameters: an outer shell population (denoted as P v a l {\displaystyle P_{val}} ) and its expansion/contraction ( κ {\displaystyle \kappa } ). Therefore, the electron density is formulated as: ρ... | Multipole density formalism |
c_hqvol5aizwa1 | In order to adjust the rate, the balance spring usually has a regulator. The regulator is a moveable lever mounted on the balance cock or bridge, pivoted coaxially with the balance. A narrow slot is formed on one end of the regulator by two downward projecting pins, called curb pins, or by a curb pin and a pin with a h... | Balance spring |
c_2mtvpqvyuep5 | The outer turn of the spring then passes through the regulator slot. The portion of the spring between the stud and the slot is held stationary, so the position of the slot controls the free length of the spring. Moving the regulator slides the slot along the outer turn of the spring, changing its effective length. | Balance spring |
c_cuw5wg0z32i3 | Moving the slot away from the stud shortens the spring, making it stiffer, increasing the balance's oscillation rate, and making the timepiece gain time. The regulator interferes slightly with the motion of the spring, causing inaccuracy, so precision timepieces like marine chronometers and some high end watches are fr... | Balance spring |
c_o7vojwhtrv4f | Instead, their rate is adjusted by timing screws on the balance wheel. There are two principal types of balance spring regulator. The Tompion regulator, in which the curb pins are mounted on a sector-rack, moved by a pinion. | Balance spring |
c_egs7yhgppj51 | The pinion is usually fitted with a graduated silver or steel disc. The Bosley regulator, as described above, in which the Pins are mounted on a lever pivoted coaxially with the Balance, the extremity of the lever being able to be moved over a graduated scale. There are several variants which improve the accuracy with ... | Balance spring |
c_j64ek3tzo1hq | This was invented and patented by the American George P. Reed, US patent No. 61,867 dated February 5, 1867.There is also a hog's hair or pig's bristle regulator, in which stiff fibres are positioned at the extremities of the balance's arc, and bring it to a gentle halt before throwing it back. The watch is accelerated ... | Balance spring |
c_djtmlm8rs0zu | In order to advantage hydrologists, ecologists, and water-resource managers in the study of "water, its properties and laws, and its distribution over the earth's surface" in the United States, the United States Geological Survey created a hierarchical system of hydrologic units. Originally a four-tier system divided i... | Hydrologic unit system (United States) |
c_621ha4qbmum1 | As of 2010 there are six levels in the hierarchy, represented by hydrologic unit codes from 2 to 12 digits long, called regions, subregions, basins, subbasins, watersheds, and subwatersheds. The table below describes the system's hydrologic unit levels and their characteristics, along with example names and codes. The ... | Hydrologic unit system (United States) |
c_8gf9bf0lmcq1 | The newer delineation work on watersheds and subwatersheds was done using 1:24,000 scale maps and data. As a result, the subbasin boundaries were changed and adjusted in order to conform to the higher resolution watersheds within them. Changes to subbasin boundaries resulted in changes in area sizes. | Hydrologic unit system (United States) |
c_sqlpvhmyg5wh | Therefore, older data using "cataloging units" may differ from newer, higher resolution data using "subbasins". The regions (1st level hydrologic units) are geographic areas that contain either the drainage area of a major river, such as the Missouri region, or the combined drainage areas of a series of rivers, such as... | Hydrologic unit system (United States) |
c_zphvg0zaxu6n | Regions receive a two-digit code. The following levels are designated by the addition of another two digits.The hierarchy was designed and the units subdivided so that almost all the subbasins (formerly called cataloging units) are larger than 700 square miles (1,800 km2). Larger closed basins were subdivided until the... | Hydrologic unit system (United States) |
c_n517ftx29tu5 | The 10-digit watersheds were delineated to be between 40,000 and 250,000 acres in size, and the 12-digit subwatersheds between 10,000 and 40,000 acres. In addition to the hydrologic unit codes, each hydrologic unit was assigned a name corresponding to the unit's principal hydrologic feature or to a cultural or politica... | Hydrologic unit system (United States) |
c_pvmua19qwqkl | drainage into not only Puget Sound but also the Strait of Georgia, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Fraser River. Also, region and subregion boundaries end at the U.S. | Hydrologic unit system (United States) |
c_6frfeh55aejr | international boundary.The various subdivisions of this system are not necessarily synonymous with watersheds for a number of reasons. As one analysis put it: "The hydrologic unit framework is in fact composed mostly of watersheds and pieces of watersheds. The pieces include units that drain to segments of streams, rem... | Hydrologic unit system (United States) |
c_2pa4gi7p0pbh | Hence, half or more of the hydrologic units are not watersheds as the name of the framework Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) implies. Nonetheless, hydrologic units and watersheds are commonly treated as synonymous, and this misapplication and misunderstanding can have some serious scientific and management consequences... | Hydrologic unit system (United States) |
c_w3iuozwj8u2u | In order to advertise display capabilities VESA has introduced a scheme to redefining VGA connector pins 9, 12, and 15 as a serial bus for a Display Data Channel (DDC). | VGA connector |
c_1in8c8vcbfzq | In order to aid funding agencies to see the significance of proposals (either continuing existing projects or initiating new projects), GWIC may issue statements to indicate international support and consensus among the gravitational wave detection field. Statements or letters are issued if GWIC reaches a strong consen... | Gravitational Wave International Committee |
c_5uzrd99al45r | In order to aid his experiments, he developed a system of chemical notation in which the elements composing any particular chemical compound were given simple written labels—such as O for oxygen, or Fe for iron—with their proportions in the chemical compound denoted by numbers. Berzelius thus invented the system of che... | Jöns Jacob Berzelius |
c_nv2vblyjsgtf | In order to aid learning, in Modeling for all Scales Odum and Odum (2000) suggested systems might first be introduced with pictographic icons, and then later defined in the generic symbolism. Pictograms have therefore been used in software programs like ExtendSim to depict the basic categories of the Energy Systems Lan... | Energy Systems Language |
c_ldklpm2r876q | In order to aid the restriction of sale of tobacco to minors, cigarette machines are regulated in many countries. | Cigarette machine |
c_3xrfpz571zt0 | In order to align the two tunnels, Eupalinos first constructed a "mountain line", running over the top of the mountain at the easiest part of the summit even though this gave a non-optimal position both for feeding water into the tunnel and for water delivery to the city. He connected a “south line” to the mountain lin... | Tunnel of Eupalinos |
c_jhn2bce5zmx0 | This is shown by a point in the southern half of the tunnel where the course accidentally diverged to the west and had to be corrected; a notch has been cut out of the rock on the inside of the curve, in order to restore the sight line.After 273 metres (896 ft) from the northern end, an area full of water, weak rock an... | Tunnel of Eupalinos |
c_c5rsmcjq8xzs | In order to alleviate pressure on local hospitals dealing with the pandemic, a number of temporary critical care hospitals were established across the country. These were built and staffed with the assistance of the COVID Support Force (CSF). In England, these temporary hospitals were named the NHS Nightingale Hospital... | Operation Rescript |
c_0a65cz1nmr6y | It was constructed in just nine days with the assistance of 1st Battalion, The Royal Anglian Regiment, 256 Field Hospital and the Royal Engineers, and was staffed partly by military medics working alongside the NHS.Other NHS Nightingale hospitals were built and staffed with the assistance of the CSF in Birmingham, Bris... | Operation Rescript |
c_jjrel16bjxro | In April 2020, the CSF helped advise on a potential temporary hospital at HM Prison Maze, a disused prison in County Down, Northern Ireland.In addition to larger-scale temporary hospitals, the CSF also helped repurpose other sites to facilitate additional patient beds, intensive care units and morgues. Headley Court, a... | Operation Rescript |
c_p8k18qqurt77 | Another location, St. Mary's Hospital in the Isle of Wight, was expanded with the help of the Scots Guards. Morgues have also been established, including within disused RAF hangars, with the bodies transported via rental vans driven by military personnel. | Operation Rescript |
c_e7c8zzl5us8c | In order to allow early detection of loose lug nuts, some large vehicles are fitted with loose wheel nut indicators. The indicator spins with the nut so that loosening can be detected with a visual inspection. | Lug bolt |
c_6l45z3my9e0e | In order to allow more power and stability at reduced weight, a quadcopter, like any other multirotor can employ a coaxial rotor configuration. In this case, each arm has two motors running in opposite directions (one facing up and one facing down). | Quad copter |
c_ey3eso0zsxy5 | In order to allow the system to work even with the high inter-unit latencies, each processor used an 8-deep instruction pipeline. Branches used a variable delay slot, the end of which was signaled by a bit in the next instruction. The bit indicated that the results of the branch had to be re-merged at this point, stall... | Evans & Sutherland ES-1 |
c_35bpr1f1u2y0 | Each processor also included a floating point unit from Weitek. For marketing purposes, each processor was called a "computational unit", and a card-cage populated with 16 was referred to as a "processor". This allowed favorable per-processor performance comparisons with other supercomputers of the era. | Evans & Sutherland ES-1 |
c_tas7hbhvoibp | The processors ran at 20 MHz in the integer units and 40 MHz for the FPUs, with the intention being to increase this to 50 MHz by the time it shipped. At about 12 Mflops peak per CU, the machine as a whole would deliver up to 1.5 Gflops, although due to the memory latencies this was typically closer to 250 Mflops. Whil... | Evans & Sutherland ES-1 |
c_5ss0d74m4ekn | Nevertheless, the machine was air cooled, and would have been the fastest such machine on the market. The machine ran an early version of the Mach kernel for multi-processor support. The compilers were designed to keep the processors as full as possible by reducing the number of branch delay slots, and did a particular... | Evans & Sutherland ES-1 |
c_jvssbcjiqenw | In order to allow timely intervention, a system of monitoring is undertaken for infants at risk of developing ROP. These monitoring protocols differ geographically because the definition of high-risk is not uniform or perfectly defined. In the USA the consensus statement of experts is informed by data derived by clinic... | Retinopathy of prematurity |
c_vdyey091xef1 | They included infants with birthweights under 1500 grams or under 30 weeks gestation in most cases. The first examination should take place within the first 4 weeks of birth, and regular, weekly examination is required until it is clear that the eyes are not going to develop disease needing treatment, or one or both ey... | Retinopathy of prematurity |
c_90jvexq9cmof | In order to allow twin-engined aircraft to fly longer routes that are over an hour from a suitable diversion airport, a set of rules known as ETOPS (Extended Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards) is used to ensure a twin turbine engine powered aircraft is able to safely arrive at a diversionary airport after a... | Uncontained failure |
c_vpekg2d9annv | In order to allow understanding of spin dependence of the electron-nucleon collisions, both the ion beam and the electron beam must be polarized. Achieving and maintaining high levels of polarization is challenging. Nucleons and electrons pose different issues. | Electron-ion collider |
c_eww960cypz6o | Electron polarization is affected by synchrotron radiation. This gives rise to both self polarization via the Sokolov Ternov effect and depolarization due to the effects of quantum fluctuations. Ignoring the effects of synchrotron radiation, the motion of the spin follows the Thomas BMT equation. | Electron-ion collider |
c_19lrb6mqjxew | In order to allow vehicles to travel from a country to another one, some international regulations require test to be performed on vehicles. This is for instance required by the 1997 Unece agreement and by Directive 2014/45/EC on Periodic Road-worthiness tests, Directive 2014/47/EC on technical roadside inspections of ... | MOT test |
c_r4vtt87jmzeo | In order to also take advantage of data sorted in descending order, Timsort reverses strictly descending runs when it finds them and adds them to the stack of runs. Since descending runs are later blindly reversed, excluding runs with equal elements maintains the algorithm's stability; i.e., equal elements won't be rev... | Timsort |
c_zsgnk62disqw | In order to amplify the epigenome library, bisulfite-treated DNA is primed to generate DNA with a specific tagging sequence. The 3' end of this sequence is then tagged again, creating DNA fragments with markers on either end. These fragments are amplified in a final polymerase chain reaction reaction, after which the l... | Whole genome bisulfite sequencing |
c_5n4cj00kf0as | In order to analyse the length and strength of various interactions within the molecule, Richard Bader's "Atoms in molecules" theorem may be applied. Due to the complex description of the electron field provided by this aspherical model, it becomes possible to establish realistic bond paths between interacting atoms as... | Multipole density formalism |
c_akhk6tun1btc | In order to analytically find the stability of fluid flows, it is useful to note that hydrodynamic stability has a lot in common with stability in other fields, such as magnetohydrodynamics, plasma physics and elasticity; although the physics is different in each case, the mathematics and the techniques used are simila... | Dynamic instability (fluid mechanics) |
c_60eydwud2osr | In order to analyze a sample for its atomic constituents, it has to be atomized. The atomizers most commonly used nowadays are flames and electrothermal (graphite tube) atomizers. The atoms should then be irradiated by optical radiation, and the radiation source could be an element-specific line radiation source or a c... | Atomic absorption spectroscopy |
c_rv7asssonhzg | In order to analyze the nuclear magnetic resonance data, it is important to get a resonance assignment for the protein, that is to find out which chemical shift corresponds to which atom. This is typically achieved by sequential walking using information derived from several different types of NMR experiment. The exact... | Protein NMR |
c_3xrbrc31ff76 | In order to analyze the soil inside the crater it was decided to try to dig a trench with the wheels. The rover alternately pushed soil forward and backward out of the trench with its right front wheel while other wheels held the rover in place. The rover turned slightly between bouts of digging to widen the hole. The ... | Timeline of Opportunity |
c_d90oid7126wn | The resulting trench — the first dug by either Mars Exploration Rover — is about 50 centimeters (20 in) long and 10 centimeters (3.9 in) deep. Two features that caught scientists' attention were the clotty texture of soil in the upper wall of the trench and the brightness of soil on the trench floor. By inspecting the ... | Timeline of Opportunity |
c_fftrtik5tqhe | What is underneath is different from what is at the immediate surface. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Underlying the thin soil layer, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sul... | Timeline of Opportunity |
c_yxx22vyzswj0 | In order to answer criticisms of the Critique of Pure Reason that Transcendental Idealism denied the reality of external objects, Kant added a section to the second edition (1787) titled "The Refutation of Idealism" which turns the "game" of idealism against itself by arguing that self-consciousness presupposes externa... | Empirical realism |
c_i92sxt5c3qjc | In Book II, chapter II, section III of the Transcendental Analytic, right under "The Postulates of Empirical Thought", Kant adds a "Refutation of Idealism (Widerlegung des Idealismus)", where he refutes both Descartes' problematic idealism and Berkeley's dogmatic idealism. According to Kant, in problematic idealism the... | Empirical realism |
c_yrx1aag9r9ss | In order to answer these questions, it is of particular interest to investigate cosmic rays in the 1012 to 1015 eV region due to several theories predicting a change in elemental composition just below the knee. To determine the elemental spectrum of cosmic rays, CREAM uses a silicon charge detector, timing charge dete... | Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass |
c_wp00p2emxf1y | To dampen this effect, CREAM uses a larger number of pixels with a smaller area, along with a very fast readout time to differentiate between events caused by the primary particle and events caused by back-scattering from the calorimeter. The relatively low density of the TRD allows for a larger detector geometry to de... | Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass |
c_pvun6ina2r1s | Because of the relatively low geomagnetic cutoff energy for cosmic rays near the South Pole, a cherenkov detector is placed between modules of the TRD to act as a veto for these low-energy particles.For power, the system includes batteries for energy storage, along with a solar array rated to sustain the mission for 10... | Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass |
c_z90senv114s8 | This is mitigated by encasing all relevant electronics in a lightweight dielectric compound, such as plaster. The instrument must be able to operate in a wide range of temperatures, as the high albedo of Antarctica can cause very high temperatures, while periods of darkness will result in very low temperatures. Excludi... | Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass |
c_jr44tvth1fup | Retrieval is done by separating the instrument from the balloon after a sufficient amount of exposure, and a parachute opens to somewhat slow the descent of the instrument. Although the experiment is designed to meet the structural requirements of the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility, it is inevitable that some dam... | Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass |
c_jis2hpq1x3wy | In order to apply 'Maxwell's macroscopic equations', it is necessary to specify the relations between displacement field D and the electric field E, as well as the magnetizing field H and the magnetic field B. Equivalently, we have to specify the dependence of the polarization P (hence the bound charge) and the magneti... | Maxwell theory |
c_3dcrsw21wtqc | : 44–45 For materials without polarization and magnetization, the constitutive relations are (by definition): 2 where ε0 is the permittivity of free space and μ0 the permeability of free space. Since there is no bound charge, the total and the free charge and current are equal. An alternative viewpoint on the microscop... | Maxwell theory |
c_99zcq5agd3xu | More generally, for linear materials the constitutive relations are: 44–45 where ε is the permittivity and μ the permeability of the material. For the displacement field D the linear approximation is usually excellent because for all but the most extreme electric fields or temperatures obtainable in the laboratory (hig... | Maxwell theory |
c_80hlyhsqfoom | Even the linear case can have various complications, however. For homogeneous materials, ε and μ are constant throughout the material, while for inhomogeneous materials they depend on location within the material (and perhaps time). : 463 For isotropic materials, ε and μ are scalars, while for anisotropic materials (e.... | Maxwell theory |
c_x9nv7khideem | : 421: 463 Materials are generally dispersive, so ε and μ depend on the frequency of any incident EM waves. : 625: 397 Even more generally, in the case of non-linear materials (see for example nonlinear optics), D and P are not necessarily proportional to E, similarly H or M is not necessarily proportional to B. In gen... | Maxwell theory |
c_9pn7m1o3t1pn | In order to apply Moser's trick, we need to solve the following ODE where we used the hypothesis, the Cartan's magic formula, and the fact that ω t {\displaystyle \omega _{t}} is closed. However, since ω t {\displaystyle \omega _{t}} is non-degenerate, i.e. T M → ≅ T ∗ M , X t ↦ ι X t ω t {\textstyle TM\xrightarrow {\c... | Moser's trick |
c_p04rn4uem9t5 | In order to apply any traction to the wheels, some slippage of the wheel is required. For trains climbing up a grade, this slip is normally 1.5% to 2.5%. Slip (also known as creep) is normally roughly directly proportional to tractive effort. An exception is if the tractive effort is so high that the wheel is close to ... | Rolling friction |
c_i47fnjz6cbn5 | With a little higher applied tractive effort the wheel spins out of control and the adhesion drops resulting in the wheel spinning even faster. This is the type of slipping that is observable by eye—the slip of say 2% for traction is only observed by instruments. Such rapid slip may result in excessive wear or damage. | Rolling friction |
c_b8krtcoeaub5 | In order to apply backtracking to a specific class of problems, one must provide the data P for the particular instance of the problem that is to be solved, and six procedural parameters, root, reject, accept, first, next, and output. These procedures should take the instance data P as a parameter and should do the fol... | Back tracking |
c_cup7ew1rurxz | In order to apply combinatorial chemistry for the synthesis of DNA-encoded chemical libraries, a Split-&-Pool approach was pursued. Initially a set of unique DNA-oligonucleotides (n) each containing a specific coding sequence is chemically conjugated to a corresponding set of small organic molecules. Consequently, the ... | DNA-encoded chemical library |
c_99q1s1239ype | In appropriate conditions a second set of building blocks (m) are coupled to the first one and a further oligonucleotide which is coding for the second modification is enzymatically introduced before mixing again. This “split-&-pool” steps can be iterated a number of times (r) increasing at each round the library size ... | DNA-encoded chemical library |
c_s5tnv2l31rh1 | In order to apply control theory tools to the analysis of behavior trees, they can be defined as three-tuple. T i = { f i , r i , Δ t } , {\displaystyle T_{i}=\{f_{i},r_{i},\Delta t\},} where i ∈ N {\displaystyle i\in \mathbb {N} } is the index of the tree, f i: R n → R n {\displaystyle f_{i}:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarro... | Behavior trees (artificial intelligence, robotics and control) |
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