id stringlengths 14 14 | text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 1 250 |
|---|---|---|
c_j1ppmqp83cum | In addition to Treasury Notes, Congress in 1861 authorized the Treasury to borrow $50 million in the form of Demand Notes, which did not bear interest but could be redeemed on demand for precious metals. However, by December 1861, the Union government's supply of specie was outstripped by demand for redemption and they... | US dollar |
c_cxalet8wiy4u | However, silver and gold coins continued to be issued, resulting in the depreciation of the newly printed notes through Gresham's Law. In 1869, Supreme Court ruled in Hepburn v. Griswold that Congress could not require creditors to accept United States Notes, but overturned that ruling the next year in the Legal Tender... | US dollar |
c_mew2q3onw3ec | The same argument repeated (by symmetry of the problem) is valid when ω {\displaystyle \omega } starts with a negative rotation about the z axis, or a rotation about the x axis. This shows that if ω {\displaystyle \omega } is given by a non-trivial word in A and B, then ω ≠ e {\displaystyle \omega \neq e} . Therefore, ... | Banach-Tarski paradox |
c_6dj3vk9vtidq | The two rotations behave just like the elements a and b in the group F2: there is now a paradoxical decomposition of H. This step cannot be performed in two dimensions since it involves rotations in three dimensions. If two rotations are taken about the same axis, the resulting group is the abelian circle group and doe... | Banach-Tarski paradox |
c_hqlhulpyvcfs | In order to find a variational formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, consider the following infinite-dimensional spaces: V g = { u ∈ d: u = g on Γ D } , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {V}}_{g}=\{{\boldsymbol {u}}\in ^{d}:{\boldsymbol {u}}={\boldsymbol {g}}{\text{ on }}\Gamma _{D}\},} V 0 = d = { u ∈ d: u = 0 on Γ D ... | Variational multiscale method |
c_y46rp09bwuti | In order to find and communicate with clients in proximity of a device, the protocol makes use of both the server and client modes of Bluetooth LE, switching between the two frequently. In server mode the device advertises its EphID to be read by clients, with clients scanning for servers. When a client and server meet... | Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing |
c_f554fp7s2igz | In order to find information on the Web, most users make use of search engines, which crawl the web, index it and show a list of results ordered by relevance. The use of search engines to access information through the web has become a key factor for online businesses, which depend on the flow of users visiting their p... | Search neutrality |
c_r6th0ba34bo5 | Many people see these "vertical search" sites as spam. Beginning in 2006 and for three and a half years following, Foundem's traffic and business dropped significantly due to what they assert to be a penalty deliberately applied by Google. It is unclear, however, whether their claim of a penalty was self-imposed via th... | Search neutrality |
c_z0sdrvm7v0yo | At the time at which Foundem claims the penalties were imposed, it was unclear whether web crawlers crawled beyond the main page of a website using iframe tags without some extra modifications. The former SEO director OMD UK, Jaamit Durrani, among others, offered this alternative explanation, stating that “Two of the m... | Search neutrality |
c_9il1caegws5q | They have been fixed somewhere between then and the lifting of the supposed ‘penalty’. I don't think that's a coincidence.”Most of Foundem’s accusations claim that Google deliberately applies penalties to other vertical search engines because they represent competition. Foundem is backed by a Microsoft proxy group, the... | Search neutrality |
c_jfe65qpo8kvv | In order to find out possible advantages and the interaction mechanisms of Electromagnetic fields (EMF), the minimum SAR (or intensity) that could have biological effect (MSBE) would be much more valuable in comparison to studying high intensity fields. Such studies can possibly shed light on thresholds of non-ionizing... | Specific absorption rate |
c_rqtvgfgzroub | In order to find the efficiency of the scheme proposed above, we use an argument defined as a credit scheme. The credit represents a currency. For example the credit can be used to pay for a table. The argument states the following: The creation of one table requires one credit Each call to CREATE-NODE comes with two c... | Ephemeral data structure |
c_bwfkql3ng4jq | Let us confirm that the invariant applies to all the three operations CREATE-NODE, CHANGE-EDGE and CHANGE-LABEL. CREATE-NODE: It acquires two credits, one is used to create the table and the other is given to the one row that is added to the table. Thus the invariant is maintained. | Ephemeral data structure |
c_8pd8tx9ea8vi | CHANGE-EDGE: There are two cases to consider. The first case occurs when there is still at least one empty row in the table. In this case one credit is used to the newly inserted row. | Ephemeral data structure |
c_ow4xwl0dxy88 | The second case occurs when the table is full. In this case the old table becomes inactive and the d + 1 {\displaystyle d+1} credits are transformed to the new table in addition to the one credit acquired from calling the CHANGE-EDGE. So in total we have d + 2 {\displaystyle d+2} credits. | Ephemeral data structure |
c_5mb5ry9h7y35 | One credit will be used for the creation of the new table. Another credit will be used for the new row added to the table and the d credits left are used for updating the tables of the other vertices that need to point to the new table. We conclude that the invariant is maintained. | Ephemeral data structure |
c_uoxl95wc0no4 | CHANGE-LABEL: It works exactly the same as CHANGE-EDGE.As a summary, we conclude that having n 1 {\displaystyle n_{1}} calls to CREATE_NODE and n 2 {\displaystyle n_{2}} calls to CHANGE_EDGE will result in the creation of 2 ⋅ n 1 + n 2 {\displaystyle 2\cdot n_{1}+n_{2}} tables. Since each table has size O ( d ) {\displ... | Ephemeral data structure |
c_ldv05jh87z5u | In order to find the luminosity of the stars, the rate of flow of radiant energy, otherwise known as radiant flux, must be observed. When the observed luminosities and masses are graphed, the mass–luminosity relation is obtained. This relationship was found by Arthur Eddington in 1924. L L ⊙ = ( M M ⊙ ) α {\displaystyl... | Visual double star |
c_7kntjji5am1t | L⊙ and M⊙ are the luminosity and mass of the Sun. The value α {\displaystyle \alpha } = 3.5 is commonly used for main-sequence stars. This equation and the usual value of a = 3.5 only applies to main-sequence stars with masses 2M⊙ < M < 20M⊙ and does not apply to red giants or white dwarfs. | Visual double star |
c_3bv4mv8of1np | For these stars, the equation applies with different constants, since these stars have different masses. For the different ranges of masses, an adequate form of the Mass–Luminosity Relation is L L ⊙ ≈ .23 ( M M ⊙ ) 2.3 ( M < .43 M ⊙ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {L}{L_{\odot }}}\approx .23\left({\frac {M}{M_{\odot }}}\right)... | Visual double star |
c_lqetsh20lgge | The stars bolometric magnitude is plotted against its mass, in units of the Sun's mass. This is determined through observation and then the mass of the star is read of the plot. Giants and main sequence stars tend to agree with this, but super giants do not and neither do white dwarfs. The Mass–Luminosity Relation is v... | Visual double star |
c_d9zeqku6iids | In order to find the particular integral, we need to 'guess' its form, with some coefficients left as variables to be solved for. This takes the form of the first derivative of the complementary function. Below is a table of some typical functions and the solution to guess for them. If a term in the above particular in... | Undetermined coefficients method |
c_e9uv3ci0i48l | In order to find the planes, which contain circular sections of a given quadric, one uses the following statements: (S:) If the common points of a quadric with a sphere are contained in a pair of planes, then the intersection curve consists of two circles. (P:) If the intersection of a plane and a quadric is a circle, ... | Circular section |
c_qmathxk908io | In order to find the weak form of the Navier–Stokes equations, firstly, consider the momentum equation multiply it for a test function v {\textstyle \mathbf {v} } , defined in a suitable space V {\textstyle V} , and integrate both members with respect to the domain Ω {\textstyle \Omega }: Counter-integrating by parts t... | Incompressible Navier–Stokes equations |
c_m4dyd8xg5pr8 | By using the same identities as here and using the value g(l)p = 1, we arrive at the following result, in units of the nuclear magneton μN μ = 1 4 ( j + 1 ) {\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{4(j+1)}}\left} For the s = 1, l = 0 state (j = 1), we obtain μ = 1 2 ( g ( s ) p + g ( s ) n ) = 0.879 {\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {... | Hydrogen-2 |
c_31l8lx8mzzof | The electric dipole is zero as usual. The measured electric quadrupole of the deuterium is 0.2859 e·fm2. While the order of magnitude is reasonable, since the deuterium radius is of order of 1 femtometer (see below) and its electric charge is e, the above model does not suffice for its computation. | Hydrogen-2 |
c_d0g66otcfo7d | More specifically, the electric quadrupole does not get a contribution from the l =0 state (which is the dominant one) and does get a contribution from a term mixing the l =0 and the l =2 states, because the electric quadrupole operator does not commute with angular momentum. The latter contribution is dominant in the ... | Hydrogen-2 |
c_hhw9hcdihhzr | In order to fine-tune the IMS network, and to build confidence in the system, Member States are advised to notify the CTBTO Technical Secretariat in the case of any chemical explosion using more than 300 tonnes of TNT-equivalent blasting material. This ensures that there is no misinterpretation of verification data and... | Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization |
c_f9e85wqi26ja | In order to fit 8 channels within the bandwidth limits of the standard TOSLINK transceiver modules, the bitstream is not biphase mark coded like S/PDIF. Instead, NRZI coding is used, where a 0 bit indicates no transition and a 1 bit is a transition. 8 audio samples at 24 bits per sample plus 4 user bits (196 bits total... | ADAT Lightpipe |
c_3hbhdnt0qmq0 | 10 consecutive 0 bits followed by a 1 bit provide frame synchronization.One frame is sent at the desired sample rate, for a bit rate of 256×48 kHz = 12.288 Mbit/s. This is twice the baud rate used by S/PDIF (3.072 Mbit/s, doubled by biphase coding to 6.144 MBd), but still within the specified 15 Mbaud capacity of the p... | ADAT Lightpipe |
c_yj2efduogo43 | In order to fit the most meaning into few characters, micropoetry often breaks traditional rules of grammar and lexicon, as in this example: evrywhr:i c mmnts crl'd back like lips frm ancnt teeth;evrywhr:i C the bones,their shapes ntwined in2 the flowrs of gd's infnite spirogrph The form is also often characterized by ... | Micropoetry |
c_itqbnb6z8zh8 | In order to fix this problem, vaccines must be able to cover the wide variety of strains within a bacterial population. In recent research of Neisseria meningitidis, the possibility of such broad coverage may be achieved through the combination of multi-component polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. However, in order to ... | Antigenic escape |
c_94ybnxb950yt | In order to fly, bird ancestors had to undergo a series of changes at the molecular level that translate into changes at morphological level. Approximately half of the genes involved in ossification are known to have been positively selected. Some relevant examples are AHSG, that controls bone mineralization density, a... | Genomic evolution of birds |
c_018cx8ur1rdb | Their action would be responsible for the differences observed between mammal and bird bones. Something similar occurs with the respiratory system. In mammals, the total inner volume of lungs changes during ventilation. | Genomic evolution of birds |
c_k15pt2h9mc27 | However, this does not happen in birds. They make the air circulate through their lungs by contracting and expanding their air sacs. Five genes are involved in this process in mammals and birds. | Genomic evolution of birds |
c_pq4yp3cr3ag8 | Feathers are one of the most characteristic features of birds, along with the beak. Feathers are formed of α- and β-keratins. Compared to reptiles and mammals, α-keratin protein family has been reduced in birds, whereas β-keratins has expanded enormously. | Genomic evolution of birds |
c_rtqjun473dqj | Since every major bird lineage possess at least one protein of each of the six β-keratin groups, it can be said that their last common ancestor already possessed a large diversity of this kind of protein. 56 % of β-keratins are feather-specific and can only be found in birds, whereas those that make up scales and claws... | Genomic evolution of birds |
c_p1rsi19xn8w6 | Birds are also known for being toothless. This feature seems to be a consequence of several modifications and deletions which occurred in the exons of the genes implicated in the formation of enamel and dentine. It is thought that the common ancestor of birds already lacked mineralized teeth, and that later genome chan... | Genomic evolution of birds |
c_2e1t73eji9iy | Also, birds have the best vision system known in vertebrates. They have a higher number of photoreceptors, and most birds are tetrachromats. The only exception are penguins, which have only three functional opsin genes (and hence are trichromats). | Genomic evolution of birds |
c_yshldkp9l1er | This exception could be related to the aquatic lifestyle, since marine mammals have also lost either one or two cone opsin genes. In many birds the right ovary has become non-functional. There are two ovary development-related genes, MMP19 and AKR1C3, that have disappeared in birds. The fact that a high number of genes... | Genomic evolution of birds |
c_esk9mwdgpgdw | In order to focus charged particles in the RARAF microbeam, an electrostatic lens consisting of six quadrupole arranged in two triplets with each successive quadrupole rotated by 90° around its axis, is used. Each quadrupole triplet consists of 4 ceramic rods on which gold electrodes were plated. This design ensures al... | RARAF |
c_rxkaqe6skuyd | In order to foment the Brazilian industry, in 1831 it was founded the Helper Society of the National Industry (Sain). This private company has served for 50 years as an advisory body to the Federal Government, especially in economic affairs of the Empire of Brazil. In 1850 – with the extinction of the Board of Trade, A... | FIRJAN System |
c_etnohe4dlcoc | In order to force a win with the extra pawn, normally the black king must be cut off from the pawn by the white rook along a rank or file, and that is not always sufficient. | Rook and pawn versus rook endgame |
c_2793r2uigrtn | In order to force politics to take more responsibility in acting against ecological, economic and social problems related to water, the European Union implemented the Water Framework Directive. For each river basin district member, the states had to develop, implement and monitor measures to reach its prescribed goals.... | Beam origin concept |
c_f5ceqo5hk638 | In order to forecast the surf, there is important data from the swells that need to be analyzed. There are three main factors used in surf forecasting: Swell height is the height of the swell in deep water. Swell direction is the direction from which the swell is coming. It is measured in degrees (as on a compass), and... | Surf forecasting |
c_8nix0kfrzwki | Swell period is an important factor in surf forecasting. It is a measurement of time between successive waves in seconds. If you multiply the swell period by 1.5 you will calculate the speed in knots of the wave group for deep water. | Surf forecasting |
c_moy6na4m5uxw | Waves travel in groups, with the individual wave traveling twice as fast the group. In general waves will be referred to as either short period (15 seconds or less) or long period waves(16 or more seconds). The swell period will give you information about how the swell will affect specific breaks differently.These thre... | Surf forecasting |
c_a6m845gqoz5n | In order to form a hypercane, according to Emanuel's hypothetical model, the ocean temperature would have to be at least 49 °C (120 °F). A critical difference between a hypercane and present-day hurricanes is that a hypercane would extend into the upper stratosphere, whereas present-day hurricanes extend into only the ... | Hypercane |
c_iteljrb5mi3q | Such a storm would be nearly eight times more powerful than Hurricane Patricia, the storm with the highest sustained wind speed recorded, which had 1-minute sustained winds of 345 km/h (215 mph). However, hypercanes may be as small as 25 km (15 mi) in size, and they would lose strength quickly after venturing into cold... | Hypercane |
c_74gf24ed6h7o | A hypercane's clouds would reach 30 to 40 km (20 to 25 mi) into the stratosphere. Such an intense storm would also damage the Earth's ozone layer, potentially having devastating consequences for life on Earth. Water molecules in the stratosphere would react with ozone to accelerate decay into O2 and reduce absorption o... | Hypercane |
c_pngpzmps7g2t | In order to form a watertight unit, a packaged metering manhole is provided with a solid fiberglass base at the bottom of the manhole barrel. The base can serve not only as the bottom of the manhole, but also as a means of anchoring the manhole to a concrete slab (required to counteract the buoyant forces on the manhol... | Packaged Metering Manhole |
c_pmtayiph1hyl | In order to form and test fundamental community ecology hypotheses or address applications such as impact assessment, conservation, and exploitation of the marine environment, one needs to investigate the complex interactions between sediments, organisms, and water. A host of burgeoning technologies are slowly gaining ... | Sediment Profile Imagery |
c_3tgqrxpn87yp | Betteridge et al. (2003) used acoustic technology to measure sedimentary dynamics in situ at a scale relevant to macrofauna. Their benthic landers recorded water velocities near the seabed while simultaneously quantifying sediment disturbance patterns in high resolution. Benthic chambers have been used to examine the p... | Sediment Profile Imagery |
c_igkxakkuhh6v | Isotopic analysis methods permit food-web and environmental impact investigations (e.g. Rogers 2003; Schleyer et al. 2006) impossible to conduct outside of a laboratory only a few years ago. Short-sequence DNA methods (e.g. Biodiversity Institute of Ontario 2006) are rapidly moving toward automated identification and d... | Sediment Profile Imagery |
c_izkudxgaq4in | Gray et al. (1999b) lamented that there is a strong institutional tendency for sediment ecologists to rely on sampling methods developed in the early 1900s! A fine balance needs to be struck. Some degree of paradigm inertia is necessary to maintain intellectual continuity, but it can be taken too far. | Sediment Profile Imagery |
c_mdiw9613mxw2 | Physics, as a science, confronted this issue long ago and has widely embraced new technologies after establishing a scientific culture of always linking new techniques to established findings in a period of calibration and evaluation. The pace of this process in biology, as a whole, has quickened over the past few deca... | Sediment Profile Imagery |
c_2bv0vh6pnmtp | Like many of the technologies mentioned above, each new capability requires a careful consideration of its appropriateness in any particular application. This is especially true when they cross important, though often subtle, boundaries of data collection limitations. For example, much of our benthic knowledge has been... | Sediment Profile Imagery |
c_isazms86r97x | While remote sampling techniques often improve our point-sampling resolution, benthologists need to consider the real-world heterogeneity at small spatial scales and compare them to the noise inherent to most high-volume data collection methods (e.g. Rabouille et al. 2003 for microelectrode investigations of pore water... | Sediment Profile Imagery |
c_8frjdzvp78kw | 66–400 kg with a full complement of weights to effectively penetrate sediments), and is limited to muddy sediments. REMOTS is not well suited to small research programmes, nor operation in shallow water from small vessels, which is, quite possibly, an area where it could be most useful. Studying shallow sub-tidal envir... | Sediment Profile Imagery |
c_n5ee3ii693ad | In order to formally state the rule of inference for the termination of a while loop we have demonstrated above, recall that in Floyd–Hoare logic, the rule for expressing the partial correctness of a while loop is: { I ∧ C } S { I } { I } w h i l e C d o S { I ∧ ¬ C } , {\displaystyle {\frac {\{I\land C\}\;S\;\{I\}}{\{... | Loop variant |
c_d21rrzhlznso | In order to formulate a classical field theory, the following structures are needed: | Covariant classical field theory |
c_g4h42k4ne6i3 | In order to foster handwriting discipline, a type of ruling known as Seyès ruling is used on paper in schools. Heavy vertical lines are spaced 8 mm (5⁄16 in) apart, beginning 16 mm (5⁄8 in) from the left-hand edge of the page. Three lighter lines are spaced 2 mm (5⁄64 in) apart between each pair of heavy lines. | Ruled paper |
c_64h1att1wzqu | These sheets of paper are generally known as grands carreaux (large tiles) as opposed to the petits carreaux (small tiles) which are 5 × 5mm. Seyès ruled paper is available in single sheets (copies simples) or joined double sheets (copies doubles) which are sometimes preferred for exams, being easier to handle (a singl... | Ruled paper |
c_0s3kj6k50o8o | In order to freeze and preserve peas, they must first be grown, picked, and shelled. Usually, the more tender the peas are, the more likely that they will be used in the final product. The peas must be put through the process of freezing shortly after being picked so that they do not spoil too soon. Once the peas have ... | Pea |
c_9u02zopf9x1u | After, they are sprayed with water to remove any residual dirt or dust that may remain on them. The next step is blanching. The peas are boiled for a few minutes to remove any enzymes that may shorten their shelf life. | Pea |
c_jy1vpzdf570b | They are then cooled and removed from the water. The final step is the actual freezing to produce the final product. This step may vary considerably; some companies freeze their peas by air blast freezing, where the vegetables are put through a tunnel at high speeds and frozen by cold air. Finally, the peas are package... | Pea |
c_0zjrwud4lwj7 | In order to fulfil existing export orders after production of the BSA twins had stopped, between 200 and 300 Triumph TR6 Trophys were rebadged as BSA T65 Thunderbolt and exported to Spain and Australia. | BSA unit twins |
c_5rs7ma2neo5v | In order to fulfil the TRT properly, the following recommendations should be considered (Gehlin, 2002, Sanner et al., 2005 and Kharseh ): Use a power load as steady as possible, Monitor the development of the inlet and outlet temperature of the borehole, The duration of the test is a minimum of 50 hours.Traditional res... | Thermal response test |
c_hood0x6kw4d6 | In order to fulfill World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for AML-5, a patient must have greater than 20% blasts in the bone marrow, and of these, greater than 80% must be of the monocytic lineage. A further subclassification (M5a versus M5b) is made depending on whether the monocytic cells are predominantly monobla... | Acute monocytic leukemia |
c_361jakwk3vug | By contrast, promonocytes have a more convoluted nucleus, and their cytoplasm may contain metachromatic granules. Monoblasts are typically MPO-negative and promonocytes are MPO variable. Both monoblasts and promonocytes stain positive for non-specific esterase (NSE), however NSE may often be negative. | Acute monocytic leukemia |
c_xwn1tnws5vli | Immunophenotypically, M5-AML variably express myeloid (CD13, CD33) and monocytic (CD11b, CD11c) markers. Cells may aberrantly express B-cell marker CD20 and the NK marker CD56. Monoblasts may be positive for CD34. | Acute monocytic leukemia |
c_mlic3j44o7iv | In order to fulfill the purpose of regenerating a variety of tissues, adult stems are known to migrate from their niches, adhere to new extracellular matrices (ECM) and differentiate. The ductility of these microenvironments are unique to different tissue types. The ECM surrounding brain, muscle and bone tissues range ... | Stem cell differentiation |
c_debv8d4jg0hv | The elasticity of the microenvironment can also affect the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs which originate in bone marrow.) When MSCs are placed on substrates of the same stiffness as brain, muscle and bone ECM, the MSCs take on properties of those respective cell types. Matrix sensing requires the cell... | Stem cell differentiation |
c_vgi9ln7r011f | To determine the key players in matrix-elasticity-driven lineage specification in MSCs, different matrix microenvironments were mimicked. From these experiments, it was concluded that focal adhesions of the MSCs were the cellular mechano-transducer sensing the differences of the matrix elasticity. The non-muscle myosin... | Stem cell differentiation |
c_1c7s91ce5ndt | Nonmuscle myosin IIa generates the least force increasing to non-muscle myosin IIc. There are also factors in the cell that inhibit non-muscle myosin II, such as blebbistatin. This makes the cell effectively blind to the surrounding matrix. | Stem cell differentiation |
c_scrfw1lp8w76 | Researchers have obtained some success in inducing stem cell-like properties in HEK 239 cells by providing a soft matrix without the use of diffusing factors. The stem-cell properties appear to be linked to tension in the cells' actin network. One identified mechanism for matrix-induced differentiation is tension-induc... | Stem cell differentiation |
c_gcm08y6xc3t3 | In order to fully assume the function of the damaged hippocampus, the prosthesis must be able to communicate with the existing tissue in a bidirectional manner. in other words, the implant must be able to receive information from the brain and give an appropriate and compressible feedback to the surrounding nerve cell. | Prosthetic neuronal memory silicon chips |
c_pf7r1meirkqf | In order to fully exploit benefits of soft decision decoding, one needs to quantize the input signal properly. The optimal quantization zone width is defined by the following formula: T = N 0 2 k , {\displaystyle \,\!T={\sqrt {\frac {N_{0}}{2^{k}}}},} where N 0 {\displaystyle N_{0}} is a noise power spectral density, a... | Viterbi decoder |
c_u8840a713ra5 | In order to fully grasp the idea of dark romanticism, we must recognize the attributes that come with the artwork so we can identify them. The characteristics that define dark romanticism are questioning the natural perfection of man, believing that man cannot ever be perfect, that man will never have perfection. Peopl... | Dark romanticism |
c_jvgz04a2z3rj | In order to fully specify the Bayesian network and thus fully represent the joint probability distribution, it is necessary to specify for each node X the probability distribution for X conditional upon X's parents. The distribution of X conditional upon its parents may have any form. It is common to work with discrete... | Hierarchical Bayesian model |
c_efnktt6vz9kf | Sometimes only constraints on distribution are known; one can then use the principle of maximum entropy to determine a single distribution, the one with the greatest entropy given the constraints. (Analogously, in the specific context of a dynamic Bayesian network, the conditional distribution for the hidden state's te... | Hierarchical Bayesian model |
c_iwyz9zfx1x54 | Direct maximization of the likelihood (or of the posterior probability) is often complex given unobserved variables. A classical approach to this problem is the expectation-maximization algorithm, which alternates computing expected values of the unobserved variables conditional on observed data, with maximizing the co... | Hierarchical Bayesian model |
c_wrefk7idy1jb | In order to fully test that all the requirements of an application are met, there must be at least two test cases for each requirement: one positive test and one negative test. If a requirement has sub-requirements, each sub-requirement must have at least two test cases. Keeping track of the link between the requiremen... | Test case |
c_29ttbxajsh0l | Written test cases should include a description of the functionality to be tested, and the preparation required to ensure that the test can be conducted. A formal written test case is characterized by a known input and by an expected output, which is worked out before the test is executed. The known input should test a... | Test case |
c_62ixlbcsnzw1 | In order to fully understand complex ocean systems, a wide variety of sensor arrays, capable of surviving for long periods of time in harsh conditions, are necessary. A suite of sensors (over 100) were selected and strategically placed throughout RSN. They are located at Axial Seamount, Hydrate Ridge, and also on the w... | Regional Scale Nodes |
c_mq6idsiclc3s | In order to fully understand market failure, one must first comprehend market success, which is defined as the ability of a set of idealized competitive markets to achieve an equilibrium allocation of resources that is Pareto-optimal in terms of resource allocation. According to the definition of market failure, it is ... | Pareto optimal |
c_d4cp3vxieddg | Due to the fact that it is feasible to improve, market failure implies Pareto inefficiency. For example, excessive consumption of depreciating items (drugs/tobacco) results in external costs to non-smokers, as well as premature death for smokers who do not quit. An increase in the price of cigarettes could motivate peo... | Pareto optimal |
c_399kkg13mftm | In order to fully understand this incident, North Korean foreign relations incidents from both the past and present should be considered. It was not out of the ordinary for the North Korean media to cover up incidents of North Korea breaking international law as foreign threats against national security. These other ev... | EC-121 shootdown incident |
c_ohibgq5irorg | In order to fully utilize a display with a 5K resolution, the source and display both require support for advanced connection interfaces, since traditional interfaces such as VGA or DVI don't provide adequate bandwidth for 5K resolutions at acceptable framerates. The earliest interface to support 5120 × 2880 at 30 Hz o... | 5K resolution |
c_cn6c8hyx6kn7 | HBR2 was first implemented in the AMD Radeon HD 6850 and 6870 in October 2010. NVIDIA introduced HBR2 support on their products with the Kepler family of GPUs, starting with the GeForce GTX 680 in March 2012. HDMI gained similar capability in version 2.0, which increased the maximum allowed transmission speed to 600 MH... | 5K resolution |
c_4fvjhdu42f2o | The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980, launched in late 2014, was the first graphics card to implement this capability, which was sufficient for 5120 × 2880 at 30 Hz with 30 bit/px color depth. The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 launched in mid 2016 and was the first graphics card to introduce support for the HBR3 transmission speed def... | 5K resolution |
c_56d79fg7440s | In order to function as a JavaBean class, an object class must obey certain conventions about method naming, construction, and behaviour. These conventions make it possible to have tools that can use, reuse, replace, and connect Java Beans. The required conventions are as follows: The class must have a public default c... | JavaBeans |
c_lcbych7wtut4 | The class properties must be accessible using get, set, is (can be used for boolean properties instead of get), to and other methods (so-called accessor methods and mutator methods) according to a standard naming convention. This allows easy automated inspection and updating of bean state within frameworks, many of whi... | JavaBeans |
c_v3o6tc35tydb | In order to function at all the colony would need the basic utilities to support human civilization. These would need to be designed to handle the harsh Martian environment and would either have to be serviceable while wearing an EVA suit or housed inside a human habitable environment. For example, if electricity gener... | Mars settlement |
c_ldb2rumk7csu | In order to function properly, the lunar penetrometer was designed to sense the accelerations encountered by the projectile body during the impact process and telemeter the collected information to a nearby receiving station. Doing so required the penetrometer to package an acceleration sensing device as well as an ind... | Lunar penetrometer |
c_yefdm7i300aa | The lunar penetrometer's spherical instrumentation compartment had an omnidirectional acceleration sensor located at the center surrounded by concentrically placed batteries and electronic modules. The components were enclosed within an electromagnetic shield that provided a uniform metallic reference for the omnidirec... | Lunar penetrometer |
c_vuby0l8aqm8s | In order to function, neurons require energy which is supplied by blood flow. Although it is not completely understood, the hemodynamic response has been correlated with neuronal activity, that is, as the activity level increases, the amount of blood used by neurons increases. This response takes several seconds to com... | Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging |
c_0ha4zchsrxe2 | The hemodynamic response is the basis for the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) contrast in fMRI. The hemodynamic response occurs within seconds of the presented stimuli, but it is essential to space out the events in order to ensure that the response being measured is from the event that was presented and not from a... | Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging |
c_tk5bstinkwgr | In order to fund online and print publications, journalists are enlisting the help of crowdfunding. Crowdfunding allows for small start-ups and individual journalists to fund their work without the institutional help of major public broadcasters. Stories are publicly pitched using crowdfunding platforms such as Kicksta... | Crowdfunding |
c_hyvl0i4gesy2 | Crowdfunding in journalism may also be viewed as a way to allow audiences to participate in news production and in creating a participatory culture. Though deciding which stories are published is a role that traditionally belongs to editors at more established publications, crowdfunding can give the public an opportuni... | Crowdfunding |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.