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c_ts54sgshzds7 | This is very similar to, but distinct from an operational definition. The difference is that coordinative definitions do not necessarily define theoretical terms in terms of laboratory procedures or experimentation, as operationalism does, but may also define them in terms of observable or empirical entities. | Coordinative definition |
c_88ax7uf1jaas | In any case, such definitions (also called bridge laws or correspondence rules) were held to serve three important purposes. In the first place, by connecting the uninterpreted formalism with the observation language, they permit the assignment of synthetic content to theories. In the second, according to whether they ... | Coordinative definition |
c_ytklm532b54z | This distinction is reminiscent of Kant's division of knowledge into content and form. Lastly, they allow for the possibility to avoid certain vicious circles that arise with regard to such matters as the measurement of the speed of light in one direction. | Coordinative definition |
c_omkepyg25wd0 | As has been pointed out by John Norton with regard to Hans Reichenbach's arguments about the nature of geometry: on the one hand, we cannot know if there are universal forces until we know the true geometry of spacetime, but on the other, we cannot know the true geometry of spacetime until we know whether there are uni... | Coordinative definition |
c_4p5gd0h7wk8a | From the point of view of the logical empiricist, in fact, the question of the "true geometry" of spacetime does not arise, given that saving, e.g., Euclidean geometry by introducing universal forces which cause rulers to contract in certain directions, or postulating that such forces are equal to zero, does not mean s... | Coordinative definition |
c_a33fz3frwu4z | In order to get a meaningful sulfur signal from the analysis, the buffer should not contain sulfur (i.e. no BES, DDT, HEPES, MES, MOPSO or PIPES compounds). Excessive amounts of chlorine in the buffer should also be avoided, since this will overlap with the sulfur peak; KBr and NaBr are suitable alternatives. | Particle induced X-ray emission |
c_kp6y3urjbj9f | In order to get a permit to build the Thirty Meter Telescope project on Mauna Kea, the University of Hawaii had to commit to closing and dismantling three existing observatories on the mountain. The three chosen were the CSO, the UKIRT, and the Hoku Keʻa telescope. Two additional telescopes must also be removed by 2033... | Caltech Submillimeter Observatory |
c_wxgekyo730cm | Delays in the environmental assessment and permitting processes have led to postponement of the telescope removal. On 24 January 2019, Robert McLaren, the interim Director of the University of Hawaii Institute of Astronomy, gave an update to state lawmakers and suggested the permitting will be accomplished in 2019 with... | Caltech Submillimeter Observatory |
c_p7d7esg7dzow | In order to get a strong weld, several conditions have to be reached: Jetting condition: the collision has to be subsonic compared to the local material's speed of sound to generate a jet. High pressure regime: the impact velocity has to be sufficient to obtain a hydrodynamic regime, otherwise the parts will only be cr... | Magnetic pulse welding |
c_ytx4s54qt596 | In order to get an estimate of the critical speed, we use the fact that the condition for which this kinematic solution is valid corresponds to the case where there is no net energy exchange with the surroundings, so by considering the kinetic and potential energy of the system, we should be able to derive the critical... | Hunting oscillation |
c_rwizb5rsdjak | The outer wheel velocity is given by: The kinetic energy is: for the inner wheel it is where m is the mass of both wheels. The increase in kinetic energy is: The motion will continue at constant amplitude as long as the energy extracted from the forward motion, and manifesting itself as increased kinetic energy of the ... | Hunting oscillation |
c_ay07zm7e7ttb | If the treads were truly conical in shape, the critical speed would be independent of the taper. In practice, wear on the wheel causes the taper to vary across the tread width, so that the value of taper used to determine the potential energy is different from that used to calculate the kinetic energy. Denoting the for... | Hunting oscillation |
c_zr38d8prazsz | In order to get around California laws barring the payout of a game being directly related to the roll of dice, Indian reservations have adapted the game to substitute cards for dice. | Floating craps |
c_cssou9tn9gg2 | In order to get better receive coverage over a wide area, a similar linked setup can also be done with what is known as a voted receiver system. In a voted receiver, there are several satellite receivers set up to receive on the same frequency (the one that the users transmit on). All of the satellite receivers are lin... | Amateur radio repeater |
c_qgkvv2epx6u1 | In order to get more reasonable values for the nuclear masses in the liquid drop model, it is necessary to include shell effects. Soviet physicist Vilen Strutinsky proposed such a method using "shell correction" and corrections for nuclear pairing to the liquid drop model. In this method, the total energy of the nucleu... | Fission barrier |
c_xmex4x99gflo | They also tend to lower the ground state mass of mid shell nuclei at some finite deformation thus accounting for the deformed nature of the actinides. Without these shell effects, the heaviest nuclei could not be observed, as they would decay by spontaneous fission on a time scale much shorter than we can observe. | Fission barrier |
c_bq966iww0dv7 | This combination of macroscopic liquid drop and microscopic shell effects predicts that for nuclei in the U-Pu region, a double-humped fission barrier with equal barrier heights and a deep secondary minimum will occur. For heavier nuclei, like californium, the first barrier is predicted to be much larger than the secon... | Fission barrier |
c_9s6na3zaetxw | In order to get more stable results and use all valuable data for training, a data set can be repeatedly split into several training and a validation datasets. This is known as cross-validation. To confirm the model's performance, an additional test data set held out from cross-validation is normally used. | Training data set |
c_39vgyo2hbfef | In order to get on the ballot, a candidate, political party, or ballot measure must meet a variety of requirements. The Elections Clause in Article I of the Constitution states that "the Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the Legislature ... | Ballot access |
c_p3o295vqd8d9 | The United States is one of the very few nations that does not have uniform federal ballot access laws.The primary argument put forward by States for restricting ballot access has been the presumption that setting ballot access criteria too low would result in numerous candidates on the ballot, splitting the votes of s... | Ballot access |
c_rjvfd31pvpb1 | If two candidates appeal to A, but only one appeals to B, the votes of A could split between the two A candidates, say 25% vote for one and 30% for the other, giving the B candidate the office although 55% preferred to see an A candidate in the office. However, proponents of ballot access reform say that reasonably eas... | Ballot access |
c_edmd5d8gjzly | As historian Peter Argersinger has pointed out, the reform that empowered officials to regulate access onto the ballot, also carried the danger that this power would be abused by officialdom and that legislatures controlled by established political parties, would enact restrictive ballot access laws to ensure re-electi... | Ballot access |
c_7fuh02dmve6h | In order to get results from home computers the work is split into "workunits". The time it takes to complete a workunit depends on the size of the calculated system and the speed of the user's computer. The target time is between 4 and 48 hours on a 2.4 GHz system. This is a list of molecules recently tested: 1a Ammon... | QMC@Home |
c_ohbigfqsk2xy | In order to get the most out of path analysis the first step would be to determine what needs to be analyzed and what are the goals of the analysis. A company might be trying to figure out why their site is running slow, are certain types of users interested in certain pages or products, or if their user interface is s... | Path analysis (computing) |
c_i32okzdxqfh5 | By seeing this group of users following the path that they did a developer will be able to analyze the data and realize that after creating a profile, the “play game” button does not appear. Thus, path analysis was able to provide actionable data for the company to act on and fix an error. In eCommerce, path analysis c... | Path analysis (computing) |
c_erd9oxazqpks | By looking at what products other customers in a certain cohort looked at before buying one, a company can suggest “items you may also like” to the next customer and increase the chances of them making a purchase. Also, path analysis can help solve performance issues on a platform. For example, a company looks at a pat... | Path analysis (computing) |
c_qwa3syflrtyd | In order to get the representation of the semicubical parabola ( t 2 , a t 3 ) {\displaystyle (t^{2},at^{3})} in polar coordinates, one determines the intersection point of the line y = m x {\displaystyle y=mx} with the curve. For m ≠ 0 {\displaystyle m\neq 0} there is one point different from the origin: ( m 2 a 2 , m... | Cuspidal cubic |
c_yqvoeicqpf8p | In order to get to the appropriate height and maintain the mural's secrecy during its creation, scaffolding was erected against the wall, covered by tarpaulin. After three days, the council removed the scaffolding, discovering the artwork. | Well Hung Lover |
c_kwad1ronfnx7 | In order to give a more precise definition of foliation, it is necessary to define some auxiliary elements. A rectangular neighborhood in Rn is an open subset of the form B = J1 × ⋅⋅⋅ × Jn, where Ji is a (possibly unbounded) relatively open interval in the ith coordinate axis. If J1 is of the form (a,0], it is said tha... | Foliation theory |
c_ug0rbif0yvwb | In the following definition, coordinate charts are considered that have values in Rp × Rq, allowing the possibility of manifolds with boundary and (convex) corners. A foliated chart on the n-manifold M of codimension q is a pair (U,φ), where U ⊆ M is open and φ: U → B τ × B ⋔ {\displaystyle \varphi :U\to B_{\tau }\time... | Foliation theory |
c_3go8ng2rwsut | For each x ∈ Bτ, the set Sx = φ−1({x} × B ⋔ {\displaystyle B_{\pitchfork }} ) is called a transversal of the foliated chart. The set ∂τU = φ−1(Bτ × (∂ B ⋔ {\displaystyle B_{\pitchfork }} )) is called the tangential boundary of U and ∂ ⋔ U {\displaystyle \partial _{\pitchfork }U} = φ−1((∂Bτ) × B ⋔ {\displaystyle B_{\pit... | Foliation theory |
c_fl82drxxcwob | There are also various possibilities. If both B ⋔ {\displaystyle B_{\pitchfork }} and Bτ have empty boundary, the foliated chart models codimension-q foliations of n-manifolds without boundary. If one, but not both of these rectangular neighborhoods has boundary, the foliated chart models the various possibilities for ... | Foliation theory |
c_jc0gloo48ph7 | Specifically, if ∂ B ⋔ {\displaystyle B_{\pitchfork }} ≠ ∅ = ∂Bτ, then ∂U = ∂τU is a union of plaques and the foliation by plaques is tangent to the boundary. If ∂Bτ ≠ ∅ = ∂ B ⋔ {\displaystyle B_{\pitchfork }} , then ∂U = ∂ ⋔ U {\displaystyle \partial _{\pitchfork }U} is a union of transversals and the foliation is tra... | Foliation theory |
c_mzpyxvbx2i6a | A foliated atlas of codimension q and class Cr (0 ≤ r ≤ ∞) on the n-manifold M is a Cr-atlas U = { ( U α , φ α ) ∣ α ∈ A } {\displaystyle {\mathcal {U}}=\{(U_{\alpha },\varphi _{\alpha })\mid \alpha \in A\}} of foliated charts of codimension q which are coherently foliated in the sense that, whenever P and Q are plaque... | Foliation theory |
c_9hzgce4wv1cs | {\displaystyle y_{\alpha }=\left(y_{\alpha }^{1},\dots ,y_{\alpha }^{q}\right).} On φβ(Uα ∩ Uβ) the coordinates formula can be changed as g α β ( x β , y β ) = φ α ∘ φ β − 1 ( x β , y β ) = ( x α ( x β , y β ) , y α ( x β , y β ) ) . {\displaystyle g_{\alpha \beta }\left(x_{\beta },y_{\beta }\right)=\varphi _{\alpha }\... | Foliation theory |
c_crgjynli79k5 | The condition that (Uα,xα,yα) and (Uβ,xβ,yβ) be coherently foliated means that, if P ⊂ Uα is a plaque, the connected components of P ∩ Uβ lie in (possibly distinct) plaques of Uβ. Equivalently, since the plaques of Uα and Uβ are level sets of the transverse coordinates yα and yβ, respectively, each point z ∈ Uα ∩ Uβ ha... | Foliation theory |
c_kcgf05huiz5i | One problem is that a plaque of (Uα,φα) can meet multiple plaques of (Uβ,φβ). It can even happen that a plaque of one chart meets infinitely many plaques of another chart. | Foliation theory |
c_geryllfplrar | However, no generality is lost in assuming the situation to be much more regular as shown below. Two foliated atlases U {\displaystyle {\mathcal {U}}} and V {\displaystyle {\mathcal {V}}} on M of the same codimension and smoothness class Cr are coherent ( U ≈ V ) {\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {U}}\thickapprox {\mathca... | Foliation theory |
c_5glkkdzon7nq | Coherence of foliated atlases is an equivalence relation. Plaques and transversals defined above on open sets are also open. But one can speak also of closed plaques and transversals. | Foliation theory |
c_yt8hcmld6cyg | Namely, if (U,φ) and (W,ψ) are foliated charts such that U ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {U}}} (the closure of U) is a subset of W and φ = ψ|U then, if φ ( U ) = B τ × B ⋔ , {\displaystyle \varphi (U)=B_{\tau }\times B_{\pitchfork },} it can be seen that ψ | U ¯ {\displaystyle \psi |{\overline {U}}} , written φ ¯ {\displ... | Foliation theory |
c_w2f145q8ds6u | {\displaystyle {\overline {U}}_{\beta }.} By property (1), the coordinates xα and yα extend to coordinates x ¯ α {\displaystyle {\overline {x}}_{\alpha }} and y ¯ α {\displaystyle {\overline {y}}_{\alpha }} on U ¯ α {\displaystyle {\overline {U}}_{\alpha }} and one writes φ ¯ α = ( x ¯ α , y ¯ α ) . {\displaystyle {\ov... | Foliation theory |
c_jpfrspw2xxlg | Property (3) is equivalent to requiring that, if Uα ∩ Uβ ≠ ∅, the transverse coordinate changes y ¯ α = y ¯ α ( x ¯ β , y ¯ β ) {\displaystyle {\overline {y}}_{\alpha }={\overline {y}}_{\alpha }\left({\overline {x}}_{\beta },{\overline {y}}_{\beta }\right)} be independent of x ¯ β . {\displaystyle {\overline {x}}_{\bet... | Foliation theory |
c_6sdzjoy620x4 | {\displaystyle {\overline {g}}_{\alpha \beta }\left({\overline {x}}_{\beta },{\overline {y}}_{\beta }\right)=\left({\overline {x}}_{\alpha }\left({\overline {x}}_{\beta },{\overline {y}}_{\beta }\right),{\overline {y}}_{\alpha }\left({\overline {y}}_{\beta }\right)\right).} Similar assertions hold also for open charts ... | Foliation theory |
c_o76led7bdif1 | The transverse coordinate map yα can be viewed as a submersion y α: U α → R q {\displaystyle y_{\alpha }:U_{\alpha }\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{q}} and the formulas yα = yα(yβ) can be viewed as diffeomorphisms γ α β: y β ( U α ∩ U β ) → y α ( U α ∩ U β ) . {\displaystyle \gamma _{\alpha \beta }:y_{\beta }\left(U_{\alpha ... | Foliation theory |
c_ldw1uawc5jui | That is, on yδ(Uα ∩ Uβ ∩ Uδ), γ α δ = γ α β ∘ γ β δ {\displaystyle \gamma _{\alpha \delta }=\gamma _{\alpha \beta }\circ \gamma _{\beta \delta }} and, in particular, γ α α ≡ y α ( U α ) , {\displaystyle \gamma _{\alpha \alpha }\equiv y_{\alpha }\left(U_{\alpha }\right),} γ α β = γ β α − 1 . {\displaystyle \gamma _{\alp... | Foliation theory |
c_b6h97i2ksh38 | In order to give the correct diagnosis of hypertrichosis, health care providers must determine if the excess hair growth is truly due to hypertrichosis or if it is due to different conditions such as hirsutism. While both conditions cause excessive hair growth, hirsutism and hypertrichosis differ based on location of h... | Prepubertal hypertrichosis |
c_l1jvlf4vppsl | In order to give the definition for something that is PAC-learnable, we first have to introduce some terminology.For the following definitions, two examples will be used. The first is the problem of character recognition given an array of n {\displaystyle n} bits encoding a binary-valued image. The other example is the... | PAC learning |
c_1j7q38ae683j | In the character recognition problem, the instance space is X = { 0 , 1 } n {\displaystyle X=\{0,1\}^{n}} . In the interval problem the instance space, X {\displaystyle X} , is the set of all bounded intervals in R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } , where R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } denotes the set of all real numbers. ... | PAC learning |
c_5jret15xc0t0 | One concept is the set of all patterns of bits in X = { 0 , 1 } n {\displaystyle X=\{0,1\}^{n}} that encode a picture of the letter "P". An example concept from the second example is the set of open intervals, { ( a , b ) ∣ 0 ≤ a ≤ π / 2 , π ≤ b ≤ 13 } {\displaystyle \{(a,b)\mid 0\leq a\leq \pi /2,\pi \leq b\leq {\sqrt... | PAC learning |
c_ssyqpzu2ezmp | This could be the set of all subsets of the array of bits that are skeletonized 4-connected (width of the font is 1). Let E X ( c , D ) {\displaystyle EX(c,D)} be a procedure that draws an example, x {\displaystyle x} , using a probability distribution D {\displaystyle D} and gives the correct label c ( x ) {\displayst... | PAC learning |
c_o46j7o4tf4cl | In order to give the model a more realistic appearance, one or more light sources are usually established during transformation. However, this stage cannot be reached without first transforming the 3D scene into view space. In view space, the observer (camera) is typically placed at the origin. If using a right-handed ... | Interactive computer graphics |
c_erd1x2ezsuzl | In order to give the topological definition of a variety of finite semigroups, some other definitions related to profinite words are needed. Let A be an arbitrary finite alphabet. Let A+ be its free semigroup. Then let A ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}} be the set of profinite words over A. Given a semigroup morphism ϕ: A ... | Variety of finite semigroups |
c_r1kvvr2j9y47 | A profinite identity is a pair u and v of profinite words. A semigroup S is said to satisfy the profinite identity u = v if, for each semigroup morphism ϕ: A + → S {\displaystyle \phi :A^{+}\to S} , the equality ϕ ^ ( u ) = ϕ ^ ( v ) {\displaystyle {\hat {\phi }}(u)={\hat {\phi }}(v)} holds. A variety of finite semigro... | Variety of finite semigroups |
c_me2r003ca2oo | In order to grant an application administrative privileges, sudo, gksudo, and Authenticate prompt administrators to re-enter their password. With UAC, when logged in as a standard user, the user must enter an administrator's name and password each time they need to grant an application elevated privileges; but when log... | Comparison of privilege authorization features |
c_h3iwoln5sfsg | In order to grow an economy while preventing depletion of natural resources, a given amount of a resource must be used as much as possible with as little waste as possible. Closed-loop recycling systems attempt to maximize the amount of time a given amount of a resource is available to an economy. In ideal systems, mat... | Closed-loop recycling |
c_5gc2t1bkpn8u | Waste is considered a resource in itself, closing the loop of resource production.Recycled resources require less labor and energy to convert into new products, which reduces environmental pollution and production costs. Therefore, closed-loop recycling may be considered part of environmental sustainability programs.On... | Closed-loop recycling |
c_rn4h0b3bpfca | In order to grow the geriatric workforce, JAHF has helped to develop training programs across various disciplines, from university-based physicians to nurses and social workers. The hope has been to establish a strong interdisciplinary labor force that is well-trained clinically and well-equipped academically to furthe... | John A. Hartford Foundation |
c_0anfuxcj6cxx | In order to grow their collections, music librarians purchase books and music reference materials, subscribe to serials, order music scores and sound recordings, and buy or license electronic resources. This involves not only contact with publishers and other agencies that provide music materials, but also budgetary ma... | Music librarianship |
c_hm2oa1exak6x | In order to guarantee interoperability, DCF specifies the file system for image and sound files to be used on formatted DCF media (like removable or non-removable memory) as FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, or exFAT. Media with a capacity of more than 2 GB must be formatted using FAT32 or exFAT. The filesystem in a digital camera ... | Digital compact camera |
c_1wovtrknv0tb | These directories contain files with names such as "ABCD1234.JPG" that consist of four alphanumeric characters (often "100_", "DSC0", "DSCF", "IMG_", "MOV_", or "P000"), followed by a number. Handling of directories with possibly user-created duplicate numbers may vary among camera firmwares. DCF 2.0 adds support for D... | Digital compact camera |
c_04sy8285hqf3 | In order to guarantee safety (also called "consistency"), Paxos defines three properties and ensures the first two are always held, regardless of the pattern of failures: Validity (or non-triviality) Only proposed values can be chosen and learned. Agreement (or consistency, or safety) No two distinct learners can learn... | Paxos (computer science) |
c_tcsa2tp5vqh6 | In order to guarantee safety, Gbcast defines three safety properties and ensures they hold, regardless of the pattern of failures: | Gbcast |
c_13ju80p9ulxn | In order to guarantee the quality and security of the services, DBCE, in cooperation with TÜV Rheinland developed a special testing procedure for providers as a prerequisite for access to the marketplace. For existing suppliers in the marketplace, an annual review of various parameters is conducted, including performan... | Deutsche Börse Cloud Exchange AG |
c_fazi4x8cctsb | In order to harmonize the various VA standards and approaches in use, WHO undertook further revisions and generated a 2016 WHO VA standard. This 2016 WHO standard included all the items from the 2012 WHO version plus all the items from the SmartVA tool as an important strategy for the revision. On the same principle th... | Verbal autopsy |
c_sz8mx2581nyn | In order to have a cooling effect, there must be some dissipation of energy. Selection rules for dipole transitions dictate that for this example, and with relative intensities given by the square of the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. Suppose we start with a single atom in the ground state, J = 1 2 {\textstyle J={\frac {... | Sisyphus effect |
c_fc6i3z0sybnw | The key concept is that in the presence of σ − {\textstyle \sigma -} light, the AC stark shift lowers the M J = − 1 2 {\textstyle M_{J}=-{\frac {1}{2}}} further in energy than the M J = + 1 2 {\textstyle M_{J}=+{\frac {1}{2}}} state. In going from the M J = + 1 2 {\textstyle M_{J}=+{\frac {1}{2}}} to the M J = − 1 2 {\... | Sisyphus effect |
c_pmp810tyuzpv | The atom, still in its M J = − 1 2 {\textstyle M_{J}=-{\frac {1}{2}}} state that it was pumped into, now experiences the opposite AC Stark shift as it did in σ {\textstyle \sigma } - light, and the M J = 1 2 {\textstyle M_{J}={\frac {1}{2}}} state is now lower in energy than the M J = − 1 2 {\textstyle M_{J}=-{\frac {1... | Sisyphus effect |
c_cy8ccliprn9c | In order to have a description of what constitutes intelligent behavior, one must study behavior itself. This type of research is closely tied to that in cognitive psychology and psychophysics. By measuring behavioral responses to different stimuli, one can understand something about how those stimuli are processed. Le... | Cognitive studies |
c_jsn06r2mvx6m | Behavioral traces are pieces of evidence that indicate behavior occurred, but the actor is not present (e.g., litter in a parking lot or readings on an electric meter). Behavioral observations involve the direct witnessing of the actor engaging in the behavior (e.g., watching how close a person sits next to another per... | Cognitive studies |
c_w3tq2jwitdhd | Reaction time. The time between the presentation of a stimulus and an appropriate response can indicate differences between two cognitive processes, and can indicate some things about their nature. For example, if in a search task the reaction times vary proportionally with the number of elements, then it is evident th... | Cognitive studies |
c_rfgs0qkrmmvt | Psychophysical responses. Psychophysical experiments are an old psychological technique, which has been adopted by cognitive psychology. | Cognitive studies |
c_dzawitcdnblb | They typically involve making judgments of some physical property, e.g. the loudness of a sound. Correlation of subjective scales between individuals can show cognitive or sensory biases as compared to actual physical measurements. Some examples include: sameness judgments for colors, tones, textures, etc. threshold di... | Cognitive studies |
c_82bur3v7k1ea | This methodology is used to study a variety of cognitive processes, most notably visual perception and language processing. The fixation point of the eyes is linked to an individual's focus of attention. Thus, by monitoring eye movements, we can study what information is being processed at a given time. Eye tracking al... | Cognitive studies |
c_txyqxnlngtca | In order to have a functioning system, a circuit has to be set up consisting of two transmissions in both directions. One station will be the master, and the other will be the slave station. The slave station will determine its timing from the master station. The first stage is automatic phasing, also called phase hunt... | International Telegraph Alphabet No. 3 |
c_rapmh98o31fa | During this stage a receiver will slip a bit until system phase is achieved and the system phase matches the marking pattern. The slave station is supposed to send seven bits 0000000 or 1111111 in place of the signal repetition. Once synchronisation is achieved data can be transferred. | International Telegraph Alphabet No. 3 |
c_be27tin3tv9s | The mark signal will be sent to the connected equipment so signal that the circuit is available. As characters are received at one end they will be inverted according to the marking pattern and checked for the present of three 1 (mark) symbols. If it is an error, a RQ character is sent on the return path. | International Telegraph Alphabet No. 3 |
c_q2btymgkp0xz | No characters are sent on from the receiver for a period of four character times. If an RQ character is received, then the transmitter will start a BQ-cycle in response, send an RQ character and repeat the last three characters sent. This phase of operation is called cycling as the same four characters will be recycled... | International Telegraph Alphabet No. 3 |
c_4apsjdx8tssl | In order to have a stable numerics for IFT problems, a field functional that if minimized provides the posterior mean field is needed. Such is given by the effective action or Gibbs free energy of a field. The Gibbs free energy G {\displaystyle G} can be constructed from the Helmholtz free energy via a Legendre transfo... | Information field theory |
c_cijl39engsi1 | As the latter does not depend on the approximate data d ′ = ( m , D ) {\displaystyle d'=(m,D)} , minimizing the Gibbs free energy is equivalent to minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between approximate and exact posterior. Thus, the effective action approach of IFT is equivalent to the variational Bayesian meth... | Information field theory |
c_4m0hb1od7srh | In order to have a successful civil discourse, there are some guidelines that each participant should follow. First, participants have to remain respectful and calm even when confronted with ideas or views that they disagree with. To make a point or defend a position in a civil discussion, you would employ logic, persu... | Civil discourse |
c_bf686ikb138p | A lot of individuals feel threatened when their ideas are challenged, which impacts the discourse. Keeping a logical frame is very valuable in these situations. | Civil discourse |
c_d1l7fwdb2vsh | As mentioned by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, separating facts and opinions will result in a more constructive discussion. While both are valid, they have to be expressed appropriately.Proponents of civil discourse have proposed loosely defined "rules" to be followed. | Civil discourse |
c_16fufesce8in | Andrea Leskes, writing in Liberal Education in 2013, gave a list of such rules, such as listening thoughtfully to what others say, seeking to understand the sources of disagreement and common ground, coming into the discussion willing to compromise, using verified information to support one's argument, and refraining f... | Civil discourse |
c_yad6cpoosoj9 | In order to have a valid solution for a MAPF problem, it is necessary that the single-agent plans of the k {\displaystyle k} agents do not collide one another. Given plan π i {\displaystyle \pi _{i}} , the expression π i {\displaystyle \pi _{i}} denotes the position of agent i {\displaystyle i} after having performed ... | Multi-agent pathfinding |
c_hkhqgco4s535 | Formally, a vertex conflict happens when π i = π j {\displaystyle \pi _{i}=\pi _{j}} . Edge conflict: an edge conflict occurs whenever two agents cross the same edge in the same direction at the same time, that is π i = π j {\displaystyle \pi _{i}=\pi _{j}} and π i = π j {\displaystyle \pi _{i}=\pi _{j}} . If ver... | Multi-agent pathfinding |
c_i2qre7tnbqu8 | Following conflict: a following conflict happens when at a certain time step an agent occupies a location that was occupied by another agent in the previous time step. Mathematically, a following conflict is described as π i = π j {\displaystyle \pi _{i}=\pi _{j}} . Cycle conflict: a cycle conflict happens whenever a... | Multi-agent pathfinding |
c_9jnohnzhdltz | It means that each agent takes the position that was previously occupied by the other agent one step-ahead in the cycle. If following conflicts are forbidden, then cycle conflicts cannot happen. | Multi-agent pathfinding |
c_3ugfh98ibc6f | Swapping conflict: a swapping conflict is the case in which two agents exchange their position, passing on the same edge at the same time in two different directions. It is expressed as π i = π j {\displaystyle \pi _{i}=\pi _{j}} and π j = π i {\displaystyle \pi _{j}=\pi _{i}} .When formalizing a MAPF problem, it i... | Multi-agent pathfinding |
c_nnsz2wy1kwn3 | In order to have access to more premium digital goods, consumers usually have to pay an upfront charge for digital content, or a subscription based fee. Video – Many licensed videos, such as movies and television shows, require money in order to be viewed or downloaded. Popular services used by many include streaming g... | Digital content |
c_jtd0vnq7qxw5 | However, Spotify Premium is emerging as a new model for purchasing digital content on the web: consumers pay a monthly fee to unlimited streaming and downloading from Spotify's music library.According to a report done by IHS Inc. in 2013, the global consumer spending on digital content grew to over $57 billion in 2013,... | Digital content |
c_g4mplglb4td2 | In order to have accurate diagnosis, 2-D or 3-D medical signals, such as ultrasound, X-ray, MRI, and CT, often require very high sampling rate and image resolutions to reconstruct images. By applying GPGPUs' superior computation power, it was shown that we can acquire better-quality medical images == References == | Multidimensional DSP with GPU acceleration |
c_it3y8asg45qk | In order to have an accurate phylodynamic analysis, quality control methods must be performed. This includes checking the samples in the data set for possible contamination, measuring phylogenetic signal of the sequences, and checking the sequences for possible signs of recombinant strains. Contamination of samples in ... | Bacterial phylodynamics |
c_9su3t8bmpvil | If phylogenetic signal of an alignment is too low then a longer alignment or an alignment of another gene in the organism may be necessary to perform phylogenetic analysis. Typically substitution saturation is only in issue in data sets with viral sequences. Most algorithms used for phylogenetic analysis do not take in... | Bacterial phylodynamics |
c_5sm53pneaaw0 | In order to have an adaptive immune response occur, T cells need to be activated. T cells become activated by recognising foreign antigens bound to antigen presenting cells (APC), in particular, dendritic cells. In order for naïve T cells to bind to their specific antigen, they need to experience physical contact with ... | High endothelial venules |
c_ib4dj4u47ecn | Since antigen levels are usually low, contact in blood circulation would be unlikely. Therefore, T cells need a region where they can go to sample foreign antigens that have entered the body. When an APC, such as a dendritic cell, binds a foreign antigen; it becomes activated and moves into the lymph nodes (sites for a... | High endothelial venules |
c_pz4q0vzbxtr9 | Naïve T cells in the circulation regularly move through the lymph nodes via HEV in order to scan the APC for foreign antigens. When they encounter such an antigen, the cell becomes activated, resulting in the immune system mounting a response against the causative agent of the infection. Depletion of CD11c+ dendritic c... | High endothelial venules |
c_1dr0pr8gs0b9 | In order to have coherent thoughts, I must have an "I" that is not changing and that thinks the changing thoughts. Yet we cannot prove that there is a permanent soul or an undying "I" that constitutes my person. I only know that I am one person during the time that I am conscious. As a subject who observes my own exper... | Transcendental Logic |
c_hv9e5bn36nvz | He may attribute a different persisting identity to me. In the third paralogism, the "I" is a self-conscious person in a time continuum, which is the same as saying that personal identity is the result of an immaterial soul. The third paralogism mistakes the "I", as unit of apperception being the same all the time, wit... | Transcendental Logic |
c_q2jkjptvh78q | According to Kant, the thought of "I" accompanies every personal thought and it is this that gives the illusion of a permanent I. However, the permanence of "I" in the unity of apperception is not the permanence of substance. For Kant, permanence is a schema, the conceptual means of bringing intuitions under a category... | Transcendental Logic |
c_j9qrejxz8i2n | From the oneness of the apperceptive "I" nothing may be deduced. The "I" itself shall always remain unknown. The only ground for knowledge is the intuition, the basis of sense experience. | Transcendental Logic |
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