id stringlengths 14 14 | text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 1 250 |
|---|---|---|
c_yyyj944boiv0 | In order to have comparable values and usable data across the state of Germany, the Federal and State Water Authorities agreed in December 1970 to create a unified system for hydrological work on certain important rivers and their above-ground catchment areas and to issue them with index numbers. Linked to that was the... | Gewässerkennzahl |
c_rxwyyhd4zbkf | In order to have evolved and persisted in the population, the Bruce effect must afford individuals a fitness advantage. The possible advantages of pregnancy block are widely debated. | Bruce effect |
c_su32dfje7tmm | In order to have legal certainty and in order to avoid the situation that courts have to decide ex-post if a trade should be binding or not, erroneous trade rules of exchanges usually exclude civil-law rescission rights.This explains why banks usually have to carry huge losses when clearly erroneous trades occurred tha... | Erroneous trades |
c_7xrwjwhs47lw | In order to have legal certainty at the stock exchange, all exchanges have tight deadlines to request a review and cancellation, if possible. At the NYSE, BATS, CBOT, NASDAQ, OMX and American Stock Exchange requests for review must be received "within thirty (30) minutes of execution time".At the NYSE-Euronext Liffe (P... | Fat-finger error |
c_hlpjsaz85gse | In order to have sufficient redox potential, microorganisms that use sulfur as an electron donor often use oxygen or nitrate as terminal electron acceptors. Members of the chemotrophic Acidithiobacillus genus are able to oxidize a vast range of reduced sulfur compounds, but are restricted to acidic environments. Chemot... | Sulfur metabolism |
c_lshcjjvj193o | In order to have the mass differentiation of cells needed to form the specified cell tissues of different organisms, proliferation and growth of embryonic stem cells must take place. This process is mediated through canonical Wnt signaling, which increases nuclear and cytoplasmic β-catenin. Increased β-catenin can init... | Wnt signalling pathway |
c_gf8zhv1k7dik | This proliferation increase is directly paired with cell differentiation because as the stem cells proliferate, they also differentiate. This allows for overall growth and development of specific tissue systems during embryonic development. This is apparent in systems such as the circulatory system where Wnt3a leads to... | Wnt signalling pathway |
c_ivk2u2bob6dn | These so-called Wnt-addicted cells hijack and depend on constant stimulation of the Wnt pathway to promote their uncontrolled growth, survival and migration. In cancer, Wnt signaling can become independent of regular stimuli, through mutations in downstream oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that become permanently a... | Wnt signalling pathway |
c_j3wxepfeh71t | LF3 strongly inhibits this binding in vitro, in cell lines and reduced tumor growth in mouse models. It prevented replication and reduced their ability to migrate, all without affecting healthy cells. No cancer stem cells remained after treatment. The discovery was the product of "rational drug design", involving Alpha... | Wnt signalling pathway |
c_8silixy81xo6 | In order to have the record of a lien released a taxpayer must obtain a Certificate of Release of Federal Tax Lien. Generally, the IRS will not issue a certificate of release of lien until the tax has either been paid in full or the IRS no longer has a legal interest in collecting the tax. The IRS has standardized proc... | Tax lien |
c_4xbzoi7d3con | In order to have this invariance, there should exist at least one relation between q i {\displaystyle q_{i}} and Q i {\displaystyle Q_{i}} only (without any p i , P i {\displaystyle p_{i},P_{i}} involved). Ω 1 ( q 1 , q 2 , … , q n , Q 1 , Q 2 , … Q n ) = 0 ⋮ Ω m ( q 1 , q 2 , … , q n , Q 1 , Q 2 , … Q n ) = 0 {\displa... | Mathieu transformation |
c_m2dyhfr1cgu1 | In order to help distinguish between language disorders, they are often categorized as either primary disorders of language, secondary disorders of langue, acquired or developmental. A primary language disorder is one that cannot be attributed to an underlying disorder and is solely responsible for the language disturb... | Language disorder |
c_d8o9nch23lq4 | In order to help families cope with COVID-19, the Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival, under the leadership of Hector Rosario, launched the JRMF Webinar Series on March 26, 2020. In this weekly series, they explore an activity that they use at their festivals. In order to serve the national and international communitie... | Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival |
c_4k4i03ngz7u4 | In order to help in classification, methods other than a genitalia inspection can be performed. For instance, a karyotype display of a tissue sample may determine which of the causes of intersex is prevalent in the case. Additionally, electrolyte tests, endoscopic exam, ultrasound and hormone stimulation tests can be d... | Intersex condition |
c_h7kcv5k7i0wh | In order to help relieve respiratory distress, mechanical ventilation is required in most severe cases; while pulmonary infections that tend to lead to respiratory failure occur in less severe cases. In order to treat these infections, doctors may suggest antibiotics, endotracheal suctioning, or postural drainage. | Jeune syndrome |
c_tznvm907h53u | In order to help the effort to rapidly incorporate the 88110 bus architecture to the 601 for the benefit of the alliance and its customers, Motorola management provided not only the 88110 bus architecture specifications, but also a handful of 88110 bus-literate designers to help with the 60x bus logic implementation an... | PowerPC 603 |
c_b9axznzs3d1v | Using the 88110 bus as the basis for the 60x bus helped schedules in a number of ways. It helped the Apple Power Macintosh team by reducing the amount of redesign of their support ASICs and it reduced the amount of time required for the processor designers and architects to propose, document, negotiate, and close a new... | PowerPC 603 |
c_r1vdw8wsoov5 | In order to help with the concurrent modification problem, the non-concurrent Map implementations and other Collections use internal modification counters which are consulted before and after a read to watch for changes: the writers increment the modification counters. A concurrent modification is supposed to be detect... | Java ConcurrentMap |
c_0lzzlbqxi6ee | In order to hide serious financial problems, some businesses have been known to use fraudulent bookkeeping to overstate sales and income, inflate the worth of the company's assets, or state a profit when the company is operating at a loss. These tampered records are then used to seek investment in the company's bond or... | Wire transfer fraud |
c_99ogda9wnsza | In order to home in on a target, a semi-active seeker relies on the reflection of radar signals being provided by the launching aircraft. One can visualize such a signal as a cone-shaped reflection off the target, and the missile will see this signal if it is anywhere within that cone. In order to approach the target w... | Inverse monopulse seeker |
c_sb3wscro2bxa | In this system, the receiver is connected not to a single receiver antenna, but two, pointed slightly on either side of the missile's centerline, or boresight. They are arranged so the signal will be stronger if the target is located directly along one of these two lines of shoot. If the target is to one side, say the ... | Inverse monopulse seeker |
c_l736xhv2u3fs | The missile can guide itself by turning towards the stronger of the two signals, and when it is pointed directly at the target, the two signals will become equal. To guide in two dimensions, the antenna is spun. At any given instant, the two antennas might be horizontal and the seeker will command a left or right turn ... | Inverse monopulse seeker |
c_y710i1n9z019 | In this fashion, the missile seeks its target in a rapid circular motion. This is typically smoothed out in the control system to provide steady control inputs. There are numerous problems with this method of tracking. | Inverse monopulse seeker |
c_t72r7aq3o56h | For one, it relies on the difference in signal strength between the two antennas being due only to the position of the target within the beam. There are a number of reasons this might not be the case, for instance, while the target flies through rain. This problem becomes more acute as the missile approaches the target... | Inverse monopulse seeker |
c_02b9fi8lun41 | At close range the antenna begins to see only portions of the aircraft as it spins. For instance, when the antenna is in the 12 o'clock position it might receive a strong return from the aircraft's vertical tail, but by the time it reaches the 3 o'clock position the reflection off the wing might dominate. Over the peri... | Inverse monopulse seeker |
c_ciaguwve9pv2 | This effect limits the accuracy of this method to about 10 metres (33 ft) at the absolute best, demanding that missiles with such a seeker have very large warheads. Another serious problem is that the seeker cannot tell the difference between a signal reflecting off the aircraft and one reflecting off other objects. Th... | Inverse monopulse seeker |
c_al4c3k84v4cw | As the ground is much larger than an aircraft, this signal can overwhelm the seeker whenever it is being used at low altitudes. This can be addressed to a degree using a range gate, which mutes signals outside a selected distance, but this has problems when the range to the target and the ground is the same. Additional... | Inverse monopulse seeker |
c_hbh77v4yp4ag | In order to host the large data-sets the journal covers, GigaScience has built and integrated its own disciplinary repository: GigaDB. The journal also provides a Galaxy-based platform to analyze data, GigaGalaxy. The journal has tried to promote the use of Galaxy pipelines as publishable research outputs through its '... | GigaScience |
c_lwd6z8vao64x | In order to hunt in Peru, the sport hunter requires a hunting license provided by the Agriculture Ministry through SERFOR. As requirement for obtaining the Hunting License, a Hunter Education Course must be passed, according to the Ley Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre 29763. Wildlife management plan for game species is fo... | Hunting license |
c_wbkc3nfv5mmt | In order to hydroxylate L-tryptophan, the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (THB) must first react with oxygen and the active site iron of tryptophan hydroxylase. This mechanism is not well understood, but two mechanisms have been proposed: 1. A slow transfer of one electron from the THB to O2 could produce a superoxide whi... | Melatonin |
c_zcku8y4ocm3p | 2. O2 could react with the active site iron (II) first, producing iron (III) superoxide which could then react with the THB to form an iron-peroxypterin intermediate. | Melatonin |
c_erqokj3510o2 | Iron (IV) oxide from the iron-peroxypterin intermediate is selectively attacked by a double bond to give a carbocation at the C5 position of the indole ring. A 1.2-shift of the hydrogen and then a loss of one of the two hydrogen atoms on C5 reestablishes aromaticity to furnish 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan.A decarboxylase wit... | Melatonin |
c_215h44jbmrg0 | The amine on the pyridine is protonated and acts as an electron sink, enabling the breaking of the C-C bond and releasing CO2. Protonation of the amine from tryptophan restores the aromaticity of the pyridine ring and then imine is hydrolyzed to produce 5-hydroxytryptamine and PLP.It has been proposed that histidine re... | Melatonin |
c_xqqlzguxjroj | In order to identify a location in the galaxy as being a part of the galactic habitable zone, a variety of factors must be accounted for. These include the distribution of stars and spiral arms, the presence or absence of an active galactic nucleus, the frequency of nearby supernovae that can threaten the existence of ... | Galactic habitable zone |
c_1l4bgtn8xxop | In order to identify a person, a security system has to compare personal characteristics with a database. A scan of a person's iris, fingerprint, face, or other distinguishing feature is created, and a series of biometric points are drawn at key locations in the scan. For example, in the case of a facial scan, biometri... | Biometric points |
c_cu7p638evupp | In order to identify all particles produced at the interaction point where the particle beams collide, the detector is designed in layers made up of detectors of different types, each of which is designed to observe specific types of particles. The different traces that particles leave in each layer of the detector all... | A Toroidal LHC Apparatus |
c_7uhqtum0a5ng | In order to identify and quantify metabolites produced by the body, various detection methods have been employed. Most often, these involve the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS), providing universal detection, identification and quantification of metabolites in individual pa... | Pharmacometabolomics |
c_npi87zyh2eru | In order to identify deviations, the team applies (systematically i.e. in a given order) a set of guidewords to each node in the process. To prompt discussion, or to ensure completeness, appropriate process parameters are considered in turn, which apply to the design intent. Typical parameters are flow (or flowrate), t... | Hazard and operability study |
c_raxvdewojz57 | A fairly standard set of guidewords (given as an example the standard) is as follows: Where a guide word is meaningfully applicable to a parameter (e.g., "no flow", "more temperature"), their combination should be recorded as a credible potential deviation from the design intent that requires review. The following tabl... | Hazard and operability study |
c_9vuh4kwzdals | In order to identify individuals having a serious disease in an early curable form, one may consider screening a large group of people. While the benefits are obvious, an argument against such screenings is the disturbance caused by false positive screening results: If a person not having the disease is incorrectly fou... | Confusion of the inverse |
c_2m20cgdou1gq | Suppose 1% of the group suffer from the disease, and the rest are well. Choosing an individual at random, P ( ill ) = 1 % = 0.01 and P ( well ) = 99 % = 0.99. {\displaystyle P({\text{ill}})=1\%=0.01{\text{ and }}P({\text{well}})=99\%=0.99.} | Confusion of the inverse |
c_9xgam6kmn02i | Suppose that when the screening test is applied to a person not having the disease, there is a 1% chance of getting a false positive result (and hence 99% chance of getting a true negative result, a number known as the specificity of the test), i.e. P ( positive | well ) = 1 % , and P ( negative | well ) = 99 % . {\dis... | Confusion of the inverse |
c_n6bgptr8wohd | In order to identify successful importance sampling techniques, it is useful to be able to quantify the run-time savings due to the use of the importance sampling approach. The performance measure commonly used is σ M C 2 / σ I S 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{MC}^{2}/\sigma _{IS}^{2}\,} , and this can be interpreted as the... | Importance sampling |
c_182n05sj2f8k | In order to identify the location of HGT events, genome spectral approaches decompose a gene tree into substructures (such as bipartitions or quartets) and identify those that are consistent or inconsistent with the species tree. Bipartitions Removing one edge from a reference tree produces two unconnected sub-trees, e... | Inferring horizontal gene transfer |
c_fyw7h1v4955v | These conflicts can indicate an HGT event or may be the result of uncertainty in gene tree inference. To reduce uncertainty, bipartition analyses typically focus on strongly supported bipartitions such as those associated with branches with bootstrap values or posterior probabilities above certain thresholds. Any gene ... | Inferring horizontal gene transfer |
c_11gb0pry4yh4 | In bifurcating (fully resolved) trees, each internal branch induces a quartet whose leaves are either subtrees of the original tree or actual leaves of the original tree. If the topology of a quartet extracted from the reference species tree is embedded in the gene tree, the quartet is compatible with the gene tree. Co... | Inferring horizontal gene transfer |
c_4tktz40zcg5v | In order to identify the putative functions and annotation of the genes, MG-RAST builds clusters of proteins at 90% identity level using the UCLUST implementation in QIIME. The longest sequence of each cluster will be selected for a similarity analysis. The similarity analysis is computed through sBLAT (in which BLAT a... | MG-RAST |
c_5414ev9oj5y8 | In order to identify the specifications to which a file based on the ISO base media file format complies, "brands" are used as identifiers in the file format. These are set in a box named file type box ("ftyp"), which must be placed in the beginning of the file. It is somewhat analogous to the so-called fourcc code, us... | ISO base media file format |
c_7tb3h9q3tn0z | Brands are a printable four-character codes. A file type box contains two kinds of brands. One is "major_brand", which identifies the specification of the best use for the file. | ISO base media file format |
c_r58mflidonl8 | It is followed by "minor_version", an informative 4-byte integer for the minor version of the major brand. The second kind of brand is "compatible_brands", which identifies multiple specifications to which the file complies. All files shall contain a file type box, but for compatibility reasons with an earlier version ... | ISO base media file format |
c_xnl50675kg3y | In that case they should be read as if they contained an ftyp with major and compatible brand "mp41" (MP4 v1 – ISO 14496-1, Chapter 13). Some in-use brands (ftyps) are not registered and can be found on some webpages.A multimedia file structured upon ISO/IEC base media file format may be compatible with more than one c... | ISO base media file format |
c_k9haqhpuk8ra | In order to identify which transitions must be made, the protocol detects sharing using a special bus line named CopiesExist. All other caches snoop all memory operations and raise the CopiesExist(C) if they detect a "snoop hit", i.e. if they have a copy of the data in their own cache. An arrow that goes from nowhere t... | Firefly (cache coherence protocol) |
c_ctb3rsaq475g | In order to illustrate Generalized Paxos, the example below shows a message flow between two concurrently executing clients and a replicated state machine implementing read/write operations over two distinct registers A and B. Note that in this table indicates operations which are non-commutative. A possible sequence o... | Paxos (computer science) |
c_b6zh47h6vcan | In order to illustrate the rules of the MToH, and also show the route to a more general solution, it is useful to work through examples for n = 2 and n = 3. For the case of n = 2, four steps are required, as shown in the accompanying figure, compared to three steps in the n = 2 case of the original ToH. The extra step ... | Magnetic Tower of Hanoi |
c_qfhr1u8iugsz | For the n = 3 case, the solution involves the following steps: Numbering the disks 1 to 3 from largest to smallest, one first moves disks 2 and 3 from the S post to the I post (four moves)This first stage is similar to the n = 2 puzzle described above, which also takes four moves, where the D and I posts are interchang... | Magnetic Tower of Hanoi |
c_27jitgex3chf | Move disk 1 from S to D (one move)At this stage one might be tempted to again make use of the n = 2 puzzle, and try to move disks 2 and 3 from I to D in 4 moves. However, here again care is needed. | Magnetic Tower of Hanoi |
c_kx809uyze9hm | Due to the presence of disk 1 on D, D is now "colored" Blue, i.e. another disk can be placed on it only if it has its Blue side facing up. Furthermore, with the n = 2 puzzle the disks have their red side facing upwards in the starting position, whereas here they have their blue sides facing upwards. Thus, this intermed... | Magnetic Tower of Hanoi |
c_tezs1rfhyfb2 | Instead, we proceed as follows: Move disk 3 from I to D via S (2 moves) Move disk 2 from I to S (1 move) Move disk 3 from D to I (1 move) Move disk 2 from S to D (1 move) Move disk 3 from I to D (1 move)Thus, the solution requires 11 steps altogether. As just shown, it is natural to try to use the n = 2 solution to sol... | Magnetic Tower of Hanoi |
c_3sy43okjrfla | In order to illustrate the technique that will be used to prove PSPACE ⊆ IP, we will first prove a weaker theorem, which was proven by Lund, et al.: #SAT ∈ IP. Then using the concepts from this proof we will extend it to show that TQBF ∈ IP. Since TQBF ∈ PSPACE-complete, and TQBF ∈ IP then PSPACE ⊆ IP. | IP (complexity) |
c_sloqz3fkmxqy | In order to illustrate this process, consider the problem of finding the extremal function y = f ( x ) , {\displaystyle y=f(x),} which is the shortest curve that connects two points ( x 1 , y 1 ) {\displaystyle \left(x_{1},y_{1}\right)} and ( x 2 , y 2 ) . {\displaystyle \left(x_{2},y_{2}\right).} The arc length of the... | Variation calculus |
c_qhr63tz39clc | This approach is good solely for instructive purposes. The Euler–Lagrange equation will now be used to find the extremal function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} that minimizes the functional A . {\displaystyle A.} | Variation calculus |
c_rte4u71iswi4 | with Since f {\displaystyle f} does not appear explicitly in L , {\displaystyle L,} the first term in the Euler–Lagrange equation vanishes for all f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} and thus, Substituting for L {\displaystyle L} and taking the derivative, Thus for some constant c . {\displaystyle c.} Then where Solving, we g... | Variation calculus |
c_t8nebmgfwj5e | The equation for a straight line is y = f ( x ) . {\displaystyle y=f(x).} In other words, the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. | Variation calculus |
c_nqxvq0jb3lvt | In order to image cells using IRM, a microscope needs at least the following elements: 1) a light source, such as a halogen lamp, 2) an optical filter (which passes a small range of wavelengths), and 3) a beam splitter (which reflects 50% and transmits 50% of the chosen wavelength). The light source needs to produce hi... | Interference reflection microscopy |
c_pd7d1z9uqb2h | By placing polarizers and a quarter wave plate between the beam splitter and the specimen, the linear polarized light can be converted into circular polarized light and afterwards be converted back to linear polarized light, which increases the efficiency of the system. The circular polarizer article discusses this pro... | Interference reflection microscopy |
c_d7hr767f9hcg | In order to impart the required functional properties to the fiber or fabric, it is customary to subject the material to different types of physical and chemical treatments. For example, wash and wear finish for a cotton fabric is necessary to make it crease-free or wrinkle-free. In a similar way, mercerising, singeing... | Finishing (textiles) |
c_p43k6gpyaq84 | The use of 100% synthetic textiles has increased considerably since the development of textured yarns made of filaments and the growing production of knit goods. The use of open weave has enabled the production of lighter, breathable, fabrics to ensure better wearing comfort. The properties of petroleum-based synthetic... | Finishing (textiles) |
c_a5bnyxgctdp9 | In order to implement 802.11i, one must first make sure both that the router/access point(s), as well as all client devices are indeed equipped to support the network encryption. If this is done, a server such as RADIUS, ADS, NDS, or LDAP needs to be integrated. This server can be a computer on the local network, an ac... | Wireless LAN Security |
c_r59nc8u2c1ex | Hosted 802.1X servers via the Internet require a monthly fee; running a private server is free yet has the disadvantage that one must set it up and that the server needs to be on continuously.To set up a server, server and client software must be installed. Server software required is an enterprise authentication serve... | Wireless LAN Security |
c_t7jzwpakqjul | In order to implement a successful PAT project, a combination of three main PAT tools is essential: Multivariate data acquisition and data analysis tools: usually advanced software packages which aid in design of experiments, collection of raw data and statistically analyzing this data in order to determine what parame... | Process Analytical Technology |
c_43n3zs5x8kg5 | In order to implement cellular manufacturing, a number of steps must be performed. First, the parts to be made must be grouped by similarity (in design or manufacturing requirements) into families. Then a systematic analysis of each family must be performed; typically in the form of production flow analysis (PFA) for m... | Manufacturing cells |
c_5kpyxks5oq73 | Clustering of machines and parts is one of the most popular production flow analysis methods. The algorithms for machine part grouping include Rank Order Clustering, Modified Rank Order Clustering, and Similarity coefficients. There are also a number of mathematical models and algorithms to aid in planning a cellular m... | Manufacturing cells |
c_q0ffpcdckjzi | In order to implement general-purpose coroutines, a second call stack must be obtained, which is a feature not directly supported by the C language. A reliable (albeit platform-specific) way to achieve this is to use a small amount of inline assembly to explicitly manipulate the stack pointer during initial creation of... | Coroutine |
c_ycllnf5z4a5z | C libraries complying to POSIX or the Single Unix Specification (SUSv3) provided such routines as getcontext, setcontext, makecontext and swapcontext, but these functions were declared obsolete in POSIX 1.2008.Once a second call stack has been obtained with one of the methods listed above, the setjmp and longjmp functi... | Coroutine |
c_2rmnjfjatc50 | This can be significantly faster, as setjmp and longjmp must conservatively store all registers which may be in use according to the ABI, whereas the clobber method allows the compiler to store (by spilling to the stack) only what it knows is actually in use. Due to the lack of direct language support, many authors hav... | Coroutine |
c_fm4hsxho6gen | Russ Cox's libtask library is a good example of this genre. It uses the context functions if they are provided by the native C library; otherwise it provides its own implementations for ARM, PowerPC, Sparc, and x86. Other notable implementations include libpcl, coro, lthread, libCoroutine, libconcurrency, libcoro, ribs... | Coroutine |
c_7aly0876uy0n | Simon Tatham's contribution, based on Duff's device, is a notable example of the genre, and is the basis for Protothreads and similar implementations. In addition to Duff's objections, Tatham's own comments provide a frank evaluation of the limitations of this approach: "As far as I know, this is the worst piece of C h... | Coroutine |
c_f2p8rb4c4gky | In order to implement smart power approaches on both a domestic and international level, the United States must develop a legal framework for the use of smart power capabilities. Developing a legal foundation for smart power, however, demands a clear concept of these asymmetric threats, which is often difficult. The cy... | Smart power |
c_imxebwws1pdc | In order to implement the MinHash scheme as described above, one needs the hash function h to define a random permutation on n elements, where n is the total number of distinct elements in the union of all of the sets to be compared. But because there are n! different permutations, it would require Ω(n log n) bits just... | MinHash |
c_23eg14qnvar4 | In order to implement the Newton fractal, it is necessary to have a starting function as well as its derivative function: f ( z ) = z 3 − 1 f ′ ( z ) = 3 z 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f(z)&=z^{3}-1\\f'(z)&=3z^{2}\end{aligned}}} The three roots of the function are z = 1 , − 1 2 + 3 2 i , − 1 2 − 3 2 i {\displaystyl... | Newton fractal |
c_ihjca4ep700h | In order to implement the finite element method on a computer, one must first choose a set of basis functions and then compute the integrals defining the stiffness matrix. Usually, the domain Ω is discretized by some form of mesh generation, wherein it is divided into non-overlapping triangles or quadrilaterals, which ... | Stiffness matrix |
c_caps21c32wje | The simplest choices are piecewise linear for triangular elements and piecewise bilinear for rectangular elements. The element stiffness matrix A for element Tk is the matrix A i j = ∫ T k ∇ φ i ⋅ ∇ φ j d x . {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} _{ij}^{}=\int _{T_{k}}\nabla \varphi _{i}\cdot \nabla \varphi _{j}\,dx.} | Stiffness matrix |
c_plwauupq3sym | The element stiffness matrix is zero for most values of i and j, for which the corresponding basis functions are zero within Tk. The full stiffness matrix A is the sum of the element stiffness matrices. In particular, for basis functions that are only supported locally, the stiffness matrix is sparse. | Stiffness matrix |
c_2cg1zr6pnw4t | For many standard choices of basis functions, i.e. piecewise linear basis functions on triangles, there are simple formulas for the element stiffness matrices. For example, for piecewise linear elements, consider a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), and define the 2×3 matrix D = . {\displaystyle \mat... | Stiffness matrix |
c_k5t4rp7gjcll | Then the element stiffness matrix is A = D T D 4 area ( T ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} ^{}={\frac {\mathbf {D} ^{\mathsf {T}}\mathbf {D} }{4\operatorname {area} (T)}}.} When the differential equation is more complicated, say by having an inhomogeneous diffusion coefficient, the integral defining the element stiffn... | Stiffness matrix |
c_3n3r8zvzlzdn | The key step is then approximating η = α + ∫ X c ( t ) β ( t ) d w ( t ) = α + ∑ j = 1 ∞ β j ξ j {\displaystyle \eta =\alpha +\int X^{c}(t)\beta (t)\,dw(t)=\alpha +\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }\beta _{j}\xi _{j}} by η ≈ α + ∑ j = 1 p β j ξ j {\displaystyle \eta \approx \alpha +\sum _{j=1}^{p}\beta _{j}\xi _{j}} for a suitably ... | Generalized functional linear model |
c_o6jhdqn1ffix | In order to improve geometric fidelity, the format allows curving the triangle patches. By default, all triangles are assumed to be flat and all triangle edges are assumed to be straight lines connecting their two vertices. However, curved triangles and curved edges can optionally be specified in order to reduce the nu... | Additive Manufacturing File Format |
c_qt2idkx4tft1 | Curvature should not create a deviation from the plane of the flat triangle that exceeds 50% of the largest dimension of the triangle. To specify curvature, a vertex can optionally contain a child element to specify desired surface normal at the location of the vertex. The normal should be unit length and pointing outw... | Additive Manufacturing File Format |
c_tdyz9ctaxqqh | If this normal is specified, all triangle edges meeting at that vertex are curved so that they are perpendicular to that normal and in the plane defined by the normal and the original straight edge. When the curvature of a surface at a vertex is undefined (for example at a cusp, corner or edge), an element can be used ... | Additive Manufacturing File Format |
c_nefd2zv7m5uc | The element will take precedence in case of a conflict with the curvature implied by a element. When curvature is specified, the triangle is decomposed recursively into four sub-triangles. The recursion must be executed five levels deep, so that the original curved triangle is ultimately replaced by 1024 flat triangles... | Additive Manufacturing File Format |
c_d2bx3c2ilja1 | In order to improve on the DMFT approximation, the Hubbard model can be mapped on a multi-site impurity (cluster) problem, which allows one to add some spatial dependence to the impurity self-energy. Clusters contain 4 to 8 sites at low temperature and up to 100 sites at high temperature. | Dynamical mean field theory |
c_vfqw6xu3st7h | In order to improve our understanding of the neural and behavioral mechanisms of adaptive and maladaptive fear, investigators use a variety of translational animal models. These models are particularly important for research that would be too invasive for human studies. Rodents such as mice and rats are common animal m... | Fear |
c_r16ab2kyjswm | In order to improve performance in a new instruction set architecture, the Cydrome processors were based on a very long instruction word (VLIW) containing instructions from parallel operations. Software pipelining in a custom Fortran compiler generated code that would run efficiently. The numeric processor used a 256 b... | Cydrome |
c_1v2lnayvobbs | It also had a special mode where each of the operations could be executed sequentially. It implemented register rotation to aid in software pipelining of loops. There was an instruction cache only, since it was felt that a data cache would be inefficient on sparse array operations. | Cydrome |
c_4me1q5vor7q7 | The numeric processor also incorporated memory management and consequently employed virtual memory concepts. The memory subsystem implemented a 64 way interleaved 4-port memory. To ensure that there would be no "hot spots" within the memory system, the addresses to the memory were hashed to spread the accesses evenly a... | Cydrome |
c_qbn43lo5twp7 | It was implemented in ECL running at 25 MHz. Major functional modules were implemented using AMCC ECL ASICs. The project grew beyond its original definition to include a front-end general purpose processor ensemble based on the multiple 68020 processors running Unix System V. The numeric processor ran a small kernel th... | Cydrome |
c_7u89dhflvjv6 | The initial machine was dubbed the Cydra-5 and nine systems (three prototypes plus six production units) were built. In 1987 the machine saw its first public appearance at the first Supercomputer Conference held in Santa Clara, CA. A sample Cydra-5 is in storage at the Computer History Museum. | Cydrome |
c_mystpdvcpo9i | In order to improve the accuracy of the bidding process, the high card point count is supplemented by the evaluation of unbalanced or shapely hands using additional simple arithmetic methods. Two approaches are common – evaluation of suit length and evaluation of suit shortness. | Hand evaluation |
c_ip3zkfwvw2ae | In order to improve the optimisation of the valve timing for differing engine speeds and loads, the system is able to vary the timing and duration of the inlet valve opening. It achieves this by using a complex and finely machined mechanism to drive the inlet camshafts. This mechanism can accelerate and decelerate the ... | Variable Valve Control |
c_kqgqcs08k0vz | The system has the advantage that it is continuously variable rather than switching in at a set speed. Its disadvantage is the complexity of the system and corresponding price. Other systems will achieve similar results with less cost and simpler design (electronic control). For a more detailed description, see the san... | Variable Valve Control |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.