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c_8agkxt4d9t28 | In order to improve the perceived performance of a web page, there are numerous tools that can be helpful: Google Chrome: DevTools provides ways to measure the performance of a site giving you insights on how to improve. Webpagetest - SpeedIndex represents the average time it takes for the visible part of a site to be ... | Perceived performance |
c_lg8wof9bso2m | In order to improve the response during earthquakes of buildings and bridges, the superstructure may be separated from its foundation by various civil engineering mechanisms or machinery. All together, these implement the system of earthquake protection called base isolation. | Superstructure |
c_8jpe4ko8hd9i | In order to improve the spectral efficiency, SM has been modified to various advanced SM schemes: Quadrature Spatial modulation Improved Spatial modulation Generalized Spatial modulation Spatial media Based modulation Enhanced Spatial ModulationIn some of the above advanced SM methods, more than one transmitting antenn... | Spatial modulation |
c_s4fv1a30qwq7 | In order to improve the speed of floating-point division calculations on the Pentium chip over the 486DX, Intel opted to replace the shift-and-subtract division algorithm with the Sweeney, Robertson, and Tocher (SRT) algorithm. The SRT algorithm can generate two bits of the division result per clock cycle, whereas the ... | Pentium FDIV bug |
c_2srj85dehsox | In pathological cases the error can reach the fourth significant digit of the result, although this is rare. The error is usually confined to the ninth or tenth significant digit.Only certain combinations of numerator and denominator trigger the bug. One commonly-reported example is dividing 4,195,835 by 3,145,727. | Pentium FDIV bug |
c_djnvjz5nq3sz | Performing this calculation in any software that used the floating-point coprocessor, such as Windows Calculator, would allow users to discover whether their Pentium chip was affected.The correct value of the calculation is: When converted to the hexadecimal value used by the processor, 4,195,835 = 0x4005FB and 3,145,7... | Pentium FDIV bug |
c_lhaetil6zf7t | In order to improve the tolerability of amphotericin and reduce toxicity, several lipid formulations have been developed. Liposomal formulations have been found to have less renal toxicity than deoxycholate, and fewer infusion-related reactions. They are more expensive than amphotericin B deoxycholate.AmBisome (LAMB) i... | Amphotericin B |
c_40bd3490rgg4 | In order to improve water delivery in the State of California, an intertie, which is defined as a connection between 2 or more current utilities, was constructed between the Delta–Mendota Canal and the California Aqueduct. The Intertie was constructed in the rural agricultural region of the southwestern portion of the ... | Delta–Mendota Canal |
c_acguoqdmcdrp | This amount of water restores 35,000 acre feet of water annually to the Central Valley Project. The pumps use vertical power, which are more efficient than horizontal pumps, as it removes the need for a gearbox, as well as requires less maintenance and space. The four pumping units are from Cascade Pump Company from Sa... | Delta–Mendota Canal |
c_187ozduarref | Due to the structural deficiencies of the C.W. Bill Jones Pumping Plant, The Intertie improves the overall water delivery system, and allows maintenance and emergencies to be addressed more easily. Completion of the project was April 2012. The cost of construction was an estimated $29 million, and will be repaid by the... | Delta–Mendota Canal |
c_o639pwdv7sct | In order to improve whiteness, smoothness and gloss of paperboard, one or more layers of coating is applied. Coated paper is usually made up of: a pigment, which could be china clay, calcium carbonate or titanium dioxide, usually a combination of two an adhesive or binder as styrene-butadiene emulsions or starches and ... | Paper board |
c_bsljoe4hwf67 | In order to include electromagnetism into the geometry of general relativity, Hermann Weyl worked to generalize the Riemannian geometry upon which general relativity is based. His idea was to create a more general infinitesimal geometry. He noted that in addition to a metric field there could be additional degrees of f... | Classical unified field theories |
c_if7z6acwgq41 | This geometry generalized Riemannian geometry in that there was a vector field Q, in addition to the metric g, which together gave rise to both the electromagnetic and gravitational fields. This theory was mathematically sound, albeit complicated, resulting in difficult and high-order field equations. The critical math... | Classical unified field theories |
c_3v0bseruct8h | In order to incorporate magnetic systems into the first law of thermodynamics, it is necessary to formulate the concept of magnetic work. The magnetic contribution to the quasi-static work done by an arbitrary magnetic system is where H {\displaystyle H} is the magnetic field and B {\displaystyle B} is the magnetic flu... | Magnetic Thermodynamic Systems |
c_a2hnfs40hc16 | In order to incorporate principles of soft engineering into practice, shorelines must be redeveloped to achieve multiple objectives. For example, soft shoreline engineering has the ability to decrease costs, stabilize banks, enhance aesthetic value, protect riparian habitats, expand public access, and support a diversi... | Soft engineering |
c_3jkx6flsx8s6 | A typical assessment includes identifying the extent of the project area, evaluating existing uses, documenting amenities and characteristics such as habitats, species, public access, development, and considering impact of future desired use. If the team decides the site is fit to implement soft engineering, a complex ... | Soft engineering |
c_k0usz9tpbsyr | Interdisciplinary partnerships must be established at an early stage in the process to ensure the incorporation of environmental, social, and economic values, as well as target objectives implemented to measure progress. Priorities and alternative are established, with the team working together to decide on the best ma... | Soft engineering |
c_jngzyphu1fn0 | In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the torsion. This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s. | Albert Einstein |
c_7rz3tbmvro8p | In order to increase high operational readiness KBP has designed several vehicles to support the Pantsir-S1 in the field.Command Posts (CP) The unit Command Post is responsible for the automated control over combat operations of Air Defence (AD) units and subunits.Tasks accomplished by the regimental CP during warfare ... | Pantsir missile system |
c_745hpvdumx00 | In order to increase memory bandwidth, the Chip RAM data bus was extended to 32-bit width as in the A3000 (unlike AGA, the A3000's Chip RAM is 32-bit for CPU access only) and the Alice chip (replacing OCS/ECS Agnus) was improved to be able to support full-width access for bitplane DMA. Bandwidth was doubled again (to 4... | Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture |
c_ruzhp8y1aj48 | In order to increase profits and gain more market share, Alibaba, a China-based company, has implemented vertical integration deepening its company holdings to more than the e-commerce platform. Alibaba has built its leadership in the market by gradually acquiring complementary companies in a variety of industries incl... | Vertical monopoly |
c_hepkfg90wu6a | In order to increase sales, Brush introduced a lower priced version of the car. Sold between 1911 and 1912, the Liberty-Brush was a simplified version of the standard Runabout offered at a lower price. The most distinguishing feature between the two models were the fenders: the Brush had sweeping front and rear fenders... | Brush Runabout |
c_lxikvit7i624 | In order to increase the accuracy of blower door test results, air density corrections should be applied to all airflow data. This must be done prior to the derivation of building air leakage coefficients ( C B u i l d i n g {\displaystyle C_{Building}\,\!} ) and pressure exponents ( n B u i l d i n g {\displaystyle n_... | Blower door |
c_dlvvlkgji6ue | ). The following methods are used to correct blower door data to standard conditions.For depressurization testing, the following equation should be used: Q C o r r e c t e d = Q M e a s u r e d ∗ ρ I n ρ O u t {\displaystyle Q_{Corrected}=Q_{Measured}*{\rho _{In} \over \rho _{Out}}\,\!} Q C o r r e c t e d {\displaysty... | Blower door |
c_mjctxhhefy6d | = Airflow corrected to actual air density Q M e a s u r e d {\displaystyle Q_{Measured}\,\!} = Airflow derived using C F a n {\displaystyle C_{Fan}\,\!} and n F a n {\displaystyle n_{Fan}\,\!} | Blower door |
c_i7x32tmgqiw9 | ρ I n {\displaystyle \rho _{In}\,\!} = Air density inside the building, during testing ρ O u t {\displaystyle \rho _{Out}\,\!} = Air density outside the building, during testingFor pressurization testing, the following equation should be used: Q C o r r e c t e d = Q M e a s u r e d ∗ ρ O u t ρ I n {\displaystyle Q_{Co... | Blower door |
c_oemc6wblqn8i | The values ρ O u t ρ I n {\displaystyle {\rho _{Out} \over \rho _{In}}\,\!} and ρ I n ρ O u t {\displaystyle {\rho _{In} \over \rho _{Out}}\,\!} are referred to as air density correction factors in product literature. | Blower door |
c_i1ho3kkddqi5 | They are often tabulated in easy to use tables in product literature, where a factor can be determined from outside and inside temperatures. If such tables are not used, the following equations will be required to calculate air densities. ρ I n {\displaystyle \rho _{In}\,\!} | Blower door |
c_czs9kq40edl1 | can be calculated in IP units using the following equation: ρ I n = 0.07517 ∗ ( 1 − 0.0035666 ∗ E 528 ) 5.2553 ∗ ( 528 T I n + 460 ) {\displaystyle \rho _{In}=0.07517*(1-{0.0035666*E \over 528})^{5.2553}*({528 \over T_{In}+460})\,\!} ρ I n {\displaystyle \rho _{In}\,\!} = Air density inside the building, during testing... | Blower door |
c_2ep7keov24iz | = Elevation above sea level (ft) T I n {\displaystyle T_{In}\,\!} = Indoor Temperature (F) ρ O u t {\displaystyle \rho _{Out}\,\!} can be calculated in IP units using the following equation: ρ O u t = 0.07517 ∗ ( 1 − 0.0035666 ∗ E 528 ) 5.2553 ∗ ( 528 T O u t + 460 ) {\displaystyle \rho _{Out}=0.07517*(1-{0.0035666*E \... | Blower door |
c_nr588ax086dl | ρ O u t {\displaystyle \rho _{Out}\,\!} = Air density outside the building, during testing E {\displaystyle E\,\!} | Blower door |
c_09xxdjvpug2j | = Elevation above sea level (ft) T O u t {\displaystyle T_{Out}\,\!} = Outdoor Temperature (F)In order to translate the airflow values derived using C F a n {\displaystyle C_{Fan}\,\!} and n F a n {\displaystyle n_{Fan}\,\!} | Blower door |
c_ybgn8qk6n6pa | from the blower door manufacturer to the actual volumetric airflow through the fan, use the following: Q A c t u a l = Q F a n ∗ ρ R e f ρ A c t u a l {\displaystyle Q_{Actual}=Q_{Fan}*{\sqrt {\rho _{Ref} \over \rho _{Actual}}}\,\!} Q A c t u a l {\displaystyle Q_{Actual}\,\!} = Actual volumetric airflow through the fa... | Blower door |
c_u7c71nlwnnps | = Volumetric airflow calculated using manufacturer's coefficients or software ρ R e f {\displaystyle \rho _{Ref}\,\!} = Reference air density (typically 1.204 for kg/m3 or 0.075 for lb/ft3) ρ A c t u a l {\displaystyle \rho _{Actual}\,\!} = Actual density of air going through the fan ρ I n {\displaystyle \rho _{In}\,\!... | Blower door |
c_gg33l9onuprz | In order to increase the decimal division accuracy add as many zeros as required to the right of the dividend but still input it right justified and then proceed as with an integer division. It is important to know where the decimal point is, when you read the quotient (some markers, first ivory and then metal, were us... | Arithmometer |
c_rn2zn11f5n0x | In order to increase the focusing, resolving and scanning properties and to create different shaped radiation patterns the Fresnel zone plate and antenna can be assembled conformable to a curvilinear natural or man-made formation and used as a diffractive antenna-Radome. == Footnotes == | Fresnel zone antenna |
c_9yw3ijhzboyn | In order to increase the life-cycle of membrane filtration systems, energy efficient membranes are being developed in membrane bioreactor systems. Technology has been introduced which allows the power required to aerate the membrane for cleaning to be reduced whilst still maintaining a high flux level. Mechanical clean... | Ultrafiltration |
c_znk3mcrevvnw | Ultrafiltration modules have also been improved to allow for more membrane for a given area without increasing its risk of fouling by designing more efficient module internals. The current pre-treatment of seawater desulphonation uses ultrafiltration modules that have been designed to withstand high temperatures and pr... | Ultrafiltration |
c_4wzv6350y28l | In order to increase the load-carrying capacity anchors are assembled in group, moreover this allow also to arrange a bending moment resisting connection. For tension and shear load, the mechanical behavior is markedly influenced by (i) the spacing between the anchors and (ii) the possible difference in the applied for... | Anchor bolt |
c_i5fklwhahnl1 | In order to increase the specificity of aptamers selected by a given SELEX procedure, a negative selection, or counter selection, step can be added prior to or immediately following target incubation. To eliminate sequences with affinity for target immobilization matrix components from the pool, negative selection can ... | Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment |
c_b7v6ejzb2f5s | In order to increase traffic capacity and safety, a route may have two or more separate roads for each direction of traffic. Alternatively, a given road might be declared one-way. | Road traffic |
c_e4caygvlivea | In order to infect a cell, the envelope glycoprotein GP120 of the HIV virus interacts with CD4 (acting as the primary receptor) and a co-receptor: either CCR5 or CXCR4. This binding results in membrane fusion and the subsequent intracellular signaling that facilitates viral invasion. In approximately half of all HIV ca... | Co-receptor |
c_j85q0qlzfccx | In order to initiate a TCP connection, the client sends a TCP SYN packet to the server. In response, the server sends a TCP SYN+ACK packet back to the client. One of the values in this packet is a sequence number, which is used by the TCP to reassemble the data stream. | SYN cookies |
c_0pas82zcsngb | According to the TCP specification, that first sequence number sent by an endpoint can be any value as decided by that endpoint. As the sequence number is chosen by the sender, returned by the recipient, and has no otherwise-defined internal structure, it can be overloaded to carry additional data. The following descri... | SYN cookies |
c_e4jalz1mn9l2 | SYN cookies are initial sequence numbers that are carefully constructed according to the following rules: let t be a slowly incrementing timestamp (typically time() logically right-shifted 6 positions, which gives a resolution of 64 seconds) let m be the maximum segment size (MSS) value that the server would have store... | SYN cookies |
c_1dtxnsoldz0o | The server then performs the following operations. Checks the value t against the current time to see if the connection has expired. Recomputes s to determine whether this is, indeed, a valid SYN cookie. Decodes the value m from the 3-bit encoding in the SYN cookie, which it then can use to reconstruct the SYN queue en... | SYN cookies |
c_wpqkm8cv3tpi | In order to initiate a sustained fusion reaction, it is usually necessary to use many methods to heat the plasma. Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) involves injecting a high energy beam of neutral atoms, typically hydrogen or deuterium, into the core of the plasma. These energetic atoms transfer their energy to the plasma, ... | Madison Symmetric Torus |
c_6mk9ywg2bjm8 | As the beam passes through the plasma, the atoms are ionized as they bounce off the ions in the plasma. Because the magnetic field inside the torus is bent into a circle, the fast ions are hoped to be confined in the background plasma. The confined fast ions are slowed down by the background plasma, the same way air re... | Madison Symmetric Torus |
c_mbuwvsebrqx3 | The energy transfer from the fast ions to the plasma increases the plasma temperature. The actual injector can be seen from the observation window. It looks like a long silver cylinder laying on its side but tilted slightly downward against the torus near the back of the machine. | Madison Symmetric Torus |
c_m3nq5i0jdd1q | When the injector is pulsed, 20,000 volts accelerates the beam to about 30 amperes of current for about 1.5 milliseconds. Problems would occur if the fast ions aren't confined within the plasma long enough for them to deposit their energy. Magnetic fluctuations bedevil plasma confinement in this type of device by scram... | Madison Symmetric Torus |
c_luvowzbs0dto | In order to initiate a turn and the necessary lean in the direction of that turn, a bike must momentarily steer in the opposite direction. This is often referred to as countersteering. With the front wheel now at a finite angle to the direction of motion, a lateral force is developed at the contact patch of the tire. T... | Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics |
c_gqidd79nni4j | Where there is no external influence, such as an opportune side wind to create the force necessary to lean the bike, countersteering is necessary to initiate a rapid turn.While the initial steer torque and steer angle are both opposite the desired turn direction, this may not be the case to maintain a steady-state turn... | Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics |
c_xoyd681eq9l0 | The actual magnitude and orientation of both the sustained steer angle and sustained steer torque of a particular bike in a particular turn depend on forward speed, bike geometry, tire properties, and combined bike and rider mass distribution. Once in a turn, the radius can only be changed with an appropriate change in... | Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics |
c_x7qe46t449lg | In order to inject ions from an external ion source, the field between the electrodes is first reduced. As ion packets are injected tangentially into the field, the electric field is increased by ramping the voltage on the inner electrode. Ions get squeezed towards the inner electrode until they reach the desired orbit... | Orbitrap |
c_0055ygefu5mr | Each packet contains a multitude of ions of different velocities spread over a certain volume. These ions move with different rotational frequencies but with the same axial frequency. This means that ions of a specific mass-to-charge ratio spread into rings which oscillate along the inner spindle. | Orbitrap |
c_jsgaymksy4wd | Proof-of-principle of the technology was carried out using the direct injection of ions from an external laser desorption and ionization ion source. This method of injection works well with pulsed sources such as MALDI but cannot be interfaced to continuous ion sources like electrospray. All commercial Orbitrap mass sp... | Orbitrap |
c_ck88l5t99pnr | In order to input using Cangjie, knowledge of both the names of the radicals as well as their auxiliary shapes is required. It is common to find tables of the Cangjie radicals with their auxiliary shapes taped onto the monitors of computer users. One must also be familiar with the decomposition rules, lack of knowledge... | Cangjie input method |
c_pabkz8q99lvq | Typical touch-typists can type Chinese at 25 characters per minute (cpm), or better, using Cangjie, despite having difficulty remembering the list of auxiliary shapes or the decomposition rules. Experienced Cangjie typists can reportedly attain a typing speed from 60 cpm to over 200 cpm. according to Mr. Chen Minzheng,... | Cangjie input method |
c_cfnb9ibleiwc | In order to insulate their citizens from outside news sources, Russia created their own, monitored internet in the country. To do so, the state blocked and delegitimized news outlets that held opposing thoughts to their Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, as well as the ideas within his party. This "parallel internet" whil... | Militarization of cyberspace |
c_8sj55tixdy9j | In order to integrate all the most recent electron emitters, collectors, and theory into a single model, the EDT system must first be defined and derived. Once this is accomplished it will be possible to apply this theory toward determining optimizations of system attributes. There are a number of derivations that solv... | Electrodynamic tether |
c_5m4odxopqsbk | The derivation and numerical methodology of a full EDT system that includes a bare tether section, insulating conducting tether, electron (and ion) endbody emitters, and passive electron collection is described. This is followed by the simplified, all insulated tether model. Special EDT phenomena and verification of th... | Electrodynamic tether |
c_o2zi72bolpsp | In order to integrate its extensive bibliographic information with web-based content on nuclear issues, the Alsos team has worked in partnership with other high quality websites to create a gateway to nuclear resources online, Nuclear Pathways. That website provides federated searches of the Alsos Digital Library for N... | Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues |
c_7alrwqczt8o7 | In order to interact with games, algorithms must operate under the assumption that games all share common characteristics. In the book Half-Real: Video Games Between Real Worlds and Fictional Worlds, Jesper Juul gives the following definition of games: Games are based on rules, they have variable outcomes, different ou... | General video game playing |
c_okzyi67hwib9 | In order to internalize the positive externality imposed by immunizations payments equal to the marginal benefit must be made. In countries like the United States these payment usually come in the form of subsidies from the government. Before 1962 immunization programs in the United States were run on the local and sta... | Immunization |
c_rieunq196fr8 | Since 1962 and the Vaccination Assistance Act, the United States as a whole has been moving towards the socially optimal outcome on a larger scale. Despite government subsidies it is difficult to tell when social optimum has been achieved. | Immunization |
c_l8jq3dnrl3f4 | In addition to hardships determining the true social marginal benefit of immunizations we see cultural movements shifting private marginal benefit curves. Vaccine controversies have changed the way some private citizens view the marginal benefit of being immunized. If Individual A believes that there is a large health ... | Immunization |
c_0ei7l0l3ox0d | With fewer willing participants and a widening marginal benefit reaching a social optimum becomes more difficult for governments to achieve through subsidies. Outside of government intervention through subsidies, non profit organizations can also move a society towards the socially optimal outcome by providing free imm... | Immunization |
c_cjvokmeud8an | In order to internationalize a product, it is important to look at a variety of markets that the product will foreseeably enter. Details such as field length for street addresses, unique format for the address, ability to make the postal code field optional to address countries that do not have postal codes or the stat... | Software localisation |
c_57zvyt8422sx | In order to interpret the credible sets as confidence sets, a Bernstein–von Mises theorem is needed. In case of the Dirichlet process we compare the posterior distribution with the empirical process P n = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n δ X i {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} _{n}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\delta _{X_{i}}} . Suppose F {\dis... | Dirichlet process |
c_op8bgbwdmlb5 | In order to introduce the Ideal gas law and statistical forms of physics, it was necessary to postulate the existence of atoms. In 1738, Swiss physicist and mathematician Daniel Bernoulli postulated that the pressure of gases and heat were both caused by the underlying motion of molecules. In 1860, James Clerk Maxwell,... | Atomic Theory |
c_i2mqw3edgexz | In the 1870s, Josiah Willard Gibbs extended the laws of entropy and thermodynamics and coined the term "statistical mechanics." Einstein later independently reinvented Gibbs' laws, because they had only been printed in an obscure American journal. Einstein later commented that had he known of Gibbs' work, he would "not... | Atomic Theory |
c_ryggg9rbo68p | In order to introduce the diabatic transformation we assume now, for the sake of argument, that only two Potential Energy Surfaces (PES), 1 and 2, approach each other and that all other surfaces are well separated; the argument can be generalized to more surfaces. Let the collection of electronic coordinates be indicat... | Diabatic |
c_vm2s9tpq1whp | The nuclear kinetic energy is a sum over nuclei A with mass MA, T n = ∑ A ∑ α = x , y , z P A α P A α 2 M A w i t h P A α = − i ∇ A α ≡ − i ∂ ∂ R A α . {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {n} }=\sum _{A}\sum _{\alpha =x,y,z}{\frac {P_{A\alpha }P_{A\alpha }}{2M_{A}}}\quad \mathrm {with} \quad P_{A\alpha }=-i\nabla _{A\alpha }\equ... | Diabatic |
c_cautesbjheda | By applying the Leibniz rule for differentiation, the matrix elements of T n {\displaystyle T_{\textrm {n}}} are (where we suppress coordinates for clarity reasons): T n ( R ) k ′ k ≡ ⟨ χ k ′ | T n | χ k ⟩ ( r ) = δ k ′ k T n + ∑ A , α 1 M A ⟨ χ k ′ | ( P A α χ k ) ⟩ ( r ) P A α + ⟨ χ k ′ | ( T n χ k ) ⟩ ( r ) . {\disp... | Diabatic |
c_7m19ct4s3pmt | These elements are zero because φ k {\displaystyle \varphi _{k}} is real and P A α {\displaystyle P_{A\alpha }\,} is Hermitian and pure-imaginary. The off-diagonal elements of the momentum operator satisfy, ⟨ φ 2 | ( P A α φ 1 ) ⟩ ( r ) = ( P A α γ ( R ) ) + ⟨ χ 2 | ( P A α χ 1 ) ⟩ ( r ) . {\displaystyle \langle {\varp... | Diabatic |
c_5rgedrybj1gg | Assume that a diabatic angle γ ( R ) {\displaystyle \gamma (\mathbf {R} )} exists, such that to a good approximation ( P A α γ ( R ) ) + ⟨ χ 2 | ( P A α χ 1 ) ⟩ ( r ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\big (}P_{A\alpha }\gamma (\mathbf {R} ){\big )}+\langle \chi _{2}|{\big (}P_{A\alpha }\chi _{1}{\big )}\rangle _{(\mathbf {r} )}=0} ... | Diabatic |
c_4kj4hpmtpkl2 | By a small change of notation these differential equations for γ ( R ) {\displaystyle \gamma (\mathbf {R} )} can be rewritten in the following more familiar form: F A α ( R ) = − ∇ A α V ( R ) w i t h V ( R ) ≡ γ ( R ) a n d F A α ( R ) ≡ ⟨ χ 2 | ( i P A α χ 1 ) ⟩ ( r ) . {\displaystyle F_{A\alpha }(\mathbf {R} )=-\nab... | Diabatic |
c_4hsgcnhfwqqr | {\displaystyle \nabla _{A\alpha }F_{B\beta }(\mathbf {R} )-\nabla _{B\beta }F_{A\alpha }(\mathbf {R} )=0.} It can be shown that these conditions are rarely ever satisfied, so that a strictly diabatic transformation rarely ever exists. | Diabatic |
c_6kdm0xp8a1k7 | It is common to use approximate functions γ ( R ) {\displaystyle \gamma (\mathbf {R} )} leading to pseudo diabatic states. Under the assumption that the momentum operators are represented exactly by 2 x 2 matrices, which is consistent with neglect of off-diagonal elements other than the (1,2) element and the assumption... | Diabatic |
c_9jisnwff4a4s | On the basis of the diabatic states the nuclear motion problem takes the following generalized Born–Oppenheimer form ( T n + E 1 ( R ) + E 2 ( R ) 2 0 0 T n + E 1 ( R ) + E 2 ( R ) 2 ) Φ ~ ( R ) + E 2 ( R ) − E 1 ( R ) 2 ( cos 2 γ sin 2 γ sin 2 γ − cos 2 γ ) Φ ~ ( R ) = E Φ ~ ( R ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{pmat... | Diabatic |
c_j541y95qggod | The surfaces E 1 ( R ) {\displaystyle E_{1}(\mathbf {R} )} and E 2 ( R ) {\displaystyle E_{2}(\mathbf {R} )} are adiabatic PESs obtained from clamped nuclei electronic structure calculations and T n {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {n} }\,} is the usual nuclear kinetic energy operator defined above. Finding approximations for... | Diabatic |
c_ja0q0zwuw9ak | In order to investigate a surface having arbitrary structure, the RTM is used in static mode. That is, the atom falls on the static atomic mirror without moving the surface under investigation. Its evolution over the atomic mirror requires a certain position of the cantilever. The atom displays quantum revivals at mult... | Recurrence tracking microscope |
c_dg0s22fnyrxh | As the surface under study slightly moves, the position of the cantilever changes in the presence of the surface structure. Hence the initial distance between the atomic mirror and the bouncing atom over it changes. This change leads to a creation of initial energy for the atom and thus a different revival time. For ea... | Recurrence tracking microscope |
c_zj8eyb5tn0ky | The critical temperature T C {\displaystyle T_{C}} is given by T C = 2 ϵ k B {\displaystyle T_{C}={\frac {2\epsilon }{k_{B}}}} . The critical temperature for this model is only determined by the branching ratio γ {\displaystyle \gamma } and the site-to-site interaction energy ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } , a fact which... | Ising lattice |
c_yp5mocj5k3nm | In any case, for this Ising model it was established, that “the stability of the long-range correlation increases with increasing γ {\displaystyle \gamma } or increasing ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } .” For this topology, the spin-spin correlation was found to be zero between the extreme vertices and the central sites at... | Ising lattice |
c_wupaxjnuoqje | Based upon a review of other classical network models as a comparison, the Ising model on a closed Cayley tree was determined to be the first classical statistical mechanical model to demonstrate both local and long-range sites with non-vanishing spin-spin correlations, while at the same time exhibiting intermediate si... | Ising lattice |
c_0ahuedwo0w5n | Barth (1981) early on noted the possibility of interrelationships between (1) the classical large neural network model (with similar coupled divergent-convergent topologies) with (2) an underlying statistical quantum mechanical model (independent of topology and with persistence in fundamental quantum states): The most... | Ising lattice |
c_5elehkdq152h | In order to isolate a microbe from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment, for example in water or soil flora, or from living beings with skin flora, oral flora or gut flora, one has to separate it from the mix. Traditionally microbes have been cultured in order to identify the mi... | Isolation (microbiology) |
c_dbistag8s4q7 | In a liquid medium with few or no expected organisms, from an area that is normally sterile (such as CSF, blood inside the circulatory system) centrifugation, decanting the supernatant and using only the sediment will increase the chance to grow and isolate bacteria or the usually cell-associated viruses. If one expect... | Isolation (microbiology) |
c_hni1hs324wa0 | In order to isolate clones that contain regions of interest from a library, the library must first be screened. One method of screening is hybridization. Each transformed host cell of a library will contain only one vector with one insert of DNA. The whole library can be plated onto a filter over media. | Genomic library |
c_vy27yjrwss8i | The filter and colonies are prepared for hybridization and then labeled with a probe. The target DNA- insert of interest- can be identified by detection such as autoradiography because of the hybridization with the probe as seen below. Another method of screening is with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Some libraries ... | Genomic library |
c_av17eyuzvdc5 | In order to isolate noble-metalliferous materials, pyrolysis and/or hydrolysis procedures are used. In pyrolysis, the noble-metalliferous products are released from the other materials by solidifying in a melt to become cinder and then poured off or oxidized. In hydrolysis, the noble-metalliferous products are dissolve... | Refining (metallurgy) |
c_s7r4rplmumi1 | Afterwards, they go through cleaning stages or are recrystallized. The precious metals are separated from the metal salt by calcination. The noble-metalliferous materials are hydrolyzed first and thermally prepared (pyrolysed) thereafter. The processes are better yielding when using catalysts that may sometimes contain... | Refining (metallurgy) |
c_d0qib6rxud42 | In order to justify his claim that true and false are the only logical values, Roman Suszko (1977) observes that every structural Tarskian many-valued propositional logic can be provided with a bivalent semantics. | Two-valued logic |
c_4frdcgdmagrk | In order to justify the normal to a plane result above, a general examination of the product of a vector and bivector is required. Namely, This has two parts, the vector part where i = j {\displaystyle i=j} or i = k {\displaystyle i=k} , and the trivector parts where no indexes equal. After some index summation tricker... | Comparison of vector algebra and geometric algebra |
c_4x7xsjno74ej | Like the geometric product of two vectors, this geometric product can be grouped into symmetric and antisymmetric parts, one of which is a pure k-vector. In analogy the antisymmetric part of this product can be called a generalized dot product, and is roughly speaking the dot product of a "plane" (bivector), and a vect... | Comparison of vector algebra and geometric algebra |
c_o0elibzgg9p2 | In order to keep accurate records (e.g. of birth and death) and to be alert to instances of straying, shepherds must perform frequent head-counts of their flocks. Dating back at least to the medieval period, and continuing to the present in some areas like Slaidburn, farms were granted fell rights, allowing them access... | Yan tan tethera |
c_3ty18bniw2gp | For this reason, accurate counts are still necessary, and must be performed frequently. Generally, a count is the first action performed in the morning and the last action performed at night. A count is made after moving the sheep from one pasture to another, and after any operation involving the sheep, such as shearin... | Yan tan tethera |
c_onx8kh8k011e | In order to keep airports open during winter storms, runways and taxiways require snow removal. Unlike roadways, where chloride chemical treatment is common to prevent snow from bonding to the pavement surface, such chemicals are typically banned from airports because of their strong corrosive effect on aluminum aircra... | Snow cover |
c_lup46nxmxe79 | Terminal aprons may require 6 hectares (15 acres) or more to be cleared.Properly equipped aircraft are able to fly through snowstorms under instrument flight rules. Prior to takeoff, during snowstorms they require deicing fluid to prevent accumulation and freezing of snow and other precipitation on wings and fuselages,... | Snow cover |
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